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Charupa, Kotsuba, and Panasiuk. "INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33677.
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Chowdhury, Mehdi Mahmud. "Essays on international migration." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12013/.
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In recent time efforts are observed in re-evaluating the linkage between economic development and international migration. The thesis can be considered as an attempt to add something to those efforts. In this thesis we mainly analyse the effects of competition among the countries in international labour market and effects of migration on the research activities of firms. As appeared, these two issues so far have not received much attention of economic literature. We analyse the above mentioned two issues in chapters 4, 5 and 6 of the thesis. Before conducting the main analysis of the thesis, we have explored available data and literature on international migration in chapter 2 and 3. The two chapters were designed to give a global overview of international migration. In chapter 2 we have discussed about international migration using available statistics obtained from secondary sources. The data shows a steady but relatively slow growth rate of world migration since the World War Two. It has however been observed that migration of educated people has increased in recent times. We also have observed that remittances as a percentage of GDP and export are very high in many countries which confirm the importance of remittances. The data also shows that proximity of a wealthy country is an important determinant of international migration destination. In chapter 3 we have reviewed some issues of international migration. The discussion has covered the issues like the determinants of international migration, performance of migrants and consequences of migration in host country, ‘Brain Drain’ or ‘Brain Gain’, migration, remittances and economic development, initiatives of international bodies in international migration. Temporary migration has received special attention in the discussion. Many insights of the research conducted in the thesis have come directly from the reviews conducted in chapter 3. Chapter 4 and 5 set up models where two countries are engaged in competition with each other in sending people aboard. The competition in international labour market is immensely important in many developing countries. Many countries are highly dependent on the remittances thus competing with other countries in sending people to work abroad. These competitions play an active role in intergovernmental negotiations as the countries require to balance between ‘promotion’ of overseas employment and ‘protection’ of migrants. Within economic literature we have not seen efforts to model this competition of labour exporting countries. Chapter 4 has modelled a situation where two exporting countries send labour to a third country. This chapter assumes unskilled migration as such labour migration is entirely controlled by the respective governments. The governments want to send labour to get remittances in return thus engage in a Cournot-type competition with the other labour exporting country. The importing country on the other hand acts as a Stackelberg leader as it sets up its immigration tax policies by moving first. We have observed that the labour importer uses discriminatory tax policies for the different labour exporting countries to fulfil its national objective. The tax rate is higher for the country with higher labour endowment. Chapter 5 has adopted a similar model as chapter 4. However the assumption of unskilled migration has been replaced by the assumption of skilled migration. It is thus assumed that migrants do not need governments’ assistance to migrate or governments are not in a position to control migration. Thus they use taxes to control migration and maximise national income. In this regard the exporting countries engage in Bertrand type competition with each other in setting emigration tax rate. We have found that skilled migrants should be taxed by the exporting countries to maximise national income. The importing country again resorts to the discriminatory tax policy as obtained in chapter 4. The tax rate is as before higher for the country with higher labour endowment The analysis of chapter 6 can be linked with the recent literature of ‘Brain Drain’. We have assumed a model where two countries are engaged in strategic trade with each other. We have then analysed effects of labour market openness and migration on research and development of countries. It is assumed that the wage rates of one country is higher than the other country’s which gives the rationale for migration. With the opening up of labour market and threat of possible migration, wage rates of both skilled people who conduct research and unskilled people who conduct production fall. We have analysed mainly three cases – (1) only labour-importing country conducts R&D, (2) only labour exporting country conducts R&D and (3) both countries conduct R&D simultaneously. The analysis shows that the possibility of migration of only skilled people always increases R&D. It also increases welfare by reducing the price of output. However the migration of unskilled people may not always increase welfare. We expect that the analysis done in the thesis will be able to provide some guidelines in migration policy making. Firstly we observe no strong coalition among the labour sending countries to manage and control international migration, though labour importing countries are to some extent managing migration jointly. This thesis along with any possible future work may provide guidance in joint management of international migration by the exporting countries. Secondly, many exporting countries are subsidising skilled migration by providing training and other supports. The thesis is suggesting that labour exporting countries should tax the skilled migrants. In this regard the issue of skilled migration may need re-evaluation. Thirdly, the thesis is pointing towards some possible gains from skilled migration through increased research and development. This position is to some extent at a par with the literature of ‘Brain Drain’ that pointed towards the beneficial effects of skilled migration. In summary it appears that we have obtained some interesting results in the analysis done in the thesis. We hope that they will be proved useful in migration policies and will contribute in future progress of both developed and developing countries.
3
Slaymaker, Rachel. "Essays on international migration." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50664/.
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Immigration has become an increasingly salient issue across Europe in recent years. However, much of the existing economics literature focuses on the impact of immigration on labour markets. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of immigration on a host country, it is important to take a broader perspective. In this thesis we investigate some of the wider effects of immigration on host countries and their native citizens. The thesis contains three self-contained chapters, each of which tries to establish the causal effects of immigration on a separate socio-economic aspect of the host country. Chapter 2 investigates the causal link between migration and trade flows. We exploit the large, exogenous increase in migrants to the UK as a result of the 2004 EU enlargement. In contrast to the standard gravity model approach, we use a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, which enables us to compare changes in UK trade flows with accession countries to changes in UK trade flows with other central and eastern European countries. At the product level, separating goods according to their informational content using the classification put forward by Rauch (1999), we find evidence that UK imports from accession countries increased, and that this was driven by differentiated goods. In Chapter 3 we investigate whether the proportion of migrants in a local area affects the success of an anti-immigration political party. Using Swedish municipality-level data, we focus on the impact of large inflows of migrants, many of whom were refugees, from non-OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In order to address concerns over the endogeneity of migrant location, we exploit a refugee placement policy which aimed to disperse refugees across the country. Initial OLS estimates suggest that a one percentage point increase in the migrant share is associated with a 0.28 percentage point increase in the New Democracy vote share. However, we do not find evidence of a positive relationship between the arrival of refugees and the New Democracy vote share in our 2SLS estimation. Further analysis suggests that our OLS results are driven by municipalities surrounding the three major urban areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. In addition, we find no evidence that natives responded to an influx of migrants by relocating to another area. In Chapter 4 we examine the relationship between immigration and house prices. Focusing on the case of England and Wales, we exploit variation in migrant inflows across local authority districts to identify the effects of migration on changes in house prices. We build on existing papers by conducting the analysis at the local authority district level which enables us to better account for unobserved local level characteristics. In addition, we then exploit data on the postcode of each individual housing transaction in an attempt to better control for housing quality. In our OLS specifications we find no conclusive evidence of any relationship between migrant inflows and changes in house prices. We then address endogeneity concerns by using an instrument based on historical settlement patterns. Although our 2SLS estimates suggest that a 1% increase in the migrant share is associated with a 2.4% fall in house prices, we show that this effect is driven by local authorities in London, and that our instrument based on historical migrant settlement patterns is weak and fails to fulfil the relevance requirement for local authorities outside of London. These findings cast doubt over the suitability of the shift-share instrument for addressing endogeneity concerns in this setting.
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Hoxhaj, Rezart. "Essays in international migration." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12019.
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Dans cette thèse, nous abordons deux thèmes de recherche étroitement liés à l'étude des migrations internationales. Bien qu'essentiels à la compréhension du phénomène migratoire, ces deux thématiques sont relativement peu développées dans la littérature existante. Dans un premier temps, nous traitons d'un déterminant fondamental de la migration : la formation des anticipations des migrants quant à leurs conditions de vie et leurs conditions économiques dans un pays (potentiel) de destination. Les perceptions relatives aux gains anticipés dans un pays de destination influencent l'inclination des migrants à se déplacer. Le premier essai de cette thèse porte sur les déterminants et les mécanismes de formation des anticipations de salaire dans le pays de destination des migrants. Dans un second temps, nous étudions l'impact de l'internationalisation des entreprises sur la migration du travail, et en particulier sur les mouvements internationaux de travailleurs qualifiés. Le second essai de cette thèse propose une analyse de la demande de travail, afin d'identifier les déterminants micro-économiques pouvant mener les entreprises étrangères à préférer des travailleurs étrangers à des travailleurs nationaux. Nous concentrons notre analyse sur l'Afrique, afin de mettre en lumière les effets potentiellement positifs de la migration internationale intra-firme sur le niveau de développement des pays receveurs. Le troisième essai de cette thèse propose un test empirique du modèle théorique récemment développé par Jayet et Marchal (2015), lequel prédit une relation de complémentarité entre flux de capitaux et flux de travailleurs qualifiés<br>This thesis investigates two topics which are crucial in the context of international migration flows but that have been so far rather neglected by the existing literature. The first topic concerns a fundamental determinant of migration, the expectations of migrants about life and economic conditions in the (potential) destination country. Migrants' perceptions about potential gains at destination influence their propensity to move. The first essay of this thesis sheds light on the mechanisms and determinants that influence immigrants’ expected wages at destination. The second topic addressed in this thesis – developed in the second and third essays – concerns the impact of firms' internationalization on labour migration, with a particular focus on the international movement of skilled workers. More in specific, in the second essay of this thesis, I employ a labour demand approach to understand the firm–level determinants that induce foreign firms to use foreign workers instead of native workers. Our focus on Africa, a growingly important destination in the geography of global investments flows, allows me to shed some lights on the potential pro-development effects of intra-firm international migration. In the third essay, I test empirically a recent theoretical model developed by Jayet and Marchal (2015) which predicts complementarity between capital flows and skilled workers migration flows. The primary objective of this study is to contribute to the debate on the relationship existing between migration and FDI flows. In addition, the analysis investigates some important country characteristics and factors that affect both FDI attraction and skilled worker migration
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Signorotto, C. "ESSAYS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/335010.
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This dissertation studies the economic implications of international migration for receiving countries. It
investigates, on the one hand, the close interplay between citizens' attitudes towards international migration,
the media coverage of politicians and politicians' accountability in the formation of migration policies, and,
on the other hand, the international transferability of human capital and immigrant performance in the host
country labor market.
After a review of the main literature on how immigration impacts the receiving country by affecting
the broad demographic trends, public finances and the demand and supply of health care (Chapter 1), the
investigation focuses on international migration and the destination country sentiment towards immigrants,
which may affect the behavior of politicians in the design of migration policies (Chapter 2). Finally, chapter
3 focuses on immigration in Italy and the transferability of immigrants' human capital in the Italian labor
market, investigating the profile of immigrants' returns to education and of immigrant-native wage differentials
over time.
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FALCO, CHIARA. "Essays on International Migration." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/95498.
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The thesis is composed by four chapters on International Migration.
The first chapter examines how the educational level attained by individuals affects their migration propensity. Using an original 2006 Ecuadorian survey, we implement a Regression Discontinuity Design and we control for potential endogeneity of the education explanatory variable with the 1977 school reform in Ecuador. We find that an increase in the educational level affects positively the migration propensity. Considering both country-specific characteristics and gender differentials, there is a positive and significant effects on the female migration propensity while no impact on male migration behavior. The results are consistent with theoretical models related to positive self-selection in response to labor market distortions.
The second chapter inquires empirically how migrants' desire to send remittances back home fosters integration at destination. Starting from a model by Stark and Dorn (2013) in which the aspiration to remit is shown to induce migrants to acquire costly host-country specific social and human capital in order to obtain higher income, we measure migrants' integration effort by social participation. Our results confirm the theoretical model.
The third chapter presents a theoretical framework to explain how cultural traits affect willingness to migrate, focusing in particular on the role played by radical Islam. In our model, more radical values imply a higher psychological cost of migrating deriving from the fact that connections with socio-religious friends and neighbors are not maintained
after migration, thus deterring individuals from migrating (Mayers, 2000). We test the prediction of the model by using micro-level data from the Arab Barometer. The results indicate that, ceteris paribus, more radical individuals are less willing to migrate. This finding is robust to alternative specifications of the model and to the use of econometric
techniques aimed at addressing the potential endogeneity of radical Islam. The result is also qualitatively unchanged when using aggregate data on actual outows of migrants.
This paper contributes to the literature on the individual-level determinants of the willingness to migrate and the cultural determinants of economic outcomes.
The fourth chapter aims to find how education is related to the probability to remit (i.e., extensive margin) and the level of remittances (i.e., intensive margin). Using the Spanish National Immigrant Survey from 2007 and selecting migrants from Ecuador. Our findings indicate that, after controlling for a wide set of individual covariates, there exists a negative association between remittances and migrants' educational level both at the extensive and intensive margin.
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Rudd, Dianne Marie. "Women and migration : internal and international migration in Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr914.pdf.
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Cattaneo, Cristina. "Three Essays on International Migration." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506846.
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Valette, Jérôme. "Three essays on international migration." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD008/document.
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Le sujet des migrations internationales a récemment fait l’objet d’une attention sans précédent dans l’opinion publique comme dans les médias. Or, si le débat sur les effets des migrations internationales semble plus que jamais d’actualité, celui-ci attire l’attention des économistes depuis plusieurs décennies déjà. La présente thèse s’insère ainsi dans la littérature économique sur les effets des migrations internationales en proposant trois essais empiriques sur les implications de la mobilité humaine, à la fois pour les migrants, les natifs dans leur pays d’accueil et leurs proches restés dans leur pays d’origine. Le Chapitre 2 revisite de manière empirique l’impact du multiculturalisme (mesuré par un indice de diversité à l’intérieur du groupe des migrants et par des effets de contamination) sur les performances macro-économiques des États Américains sur la période 1960-2010. Nous distinguons les effets du multiculturalisme par niveaux d’éducation, en contrôlant pour les variables standards de la littérature sur la croissance ainsi que pour l’hétérogénéité inobservée et en prenant en compte le statut légal des migrants ainsi que leur âge d’entrée aux États-Unis. Dans le but d’identifier un effet causal, nous comparons plusieurs stratégies d’identification différentes de la littérature existante. Nos résultats convergent vers un effet robuste positif et significatif de la diversité des diplômés du tertiaire sur le PIB par tête. Aucun effet de la diversité pour les niveaux d’éducation inférieurs, ou d’effets de contamination ne sont mis en évidence. Le Chapitre 3 s’insère dans la littérature sur les déterminants de la performance des migrants sur le marché du travail dans leur pays d’accueil. Nous regardons si l’attitude des natifs affecte ou non les durées de chômage des migrants en Allemagne. En utilisant des données de panel (GSOEP) au niveau individuel sur la période 1984-2012 et un modèle de durée, nous trouvons que des niveaux de confiance plus faibles des natifs envers les résidents d’un pays donné (mesurés à l’aide des enquêtes Eurobarometers) sont associés à des durées de chômage plus longues pour les immigrés originaires de ce pays. Nos résultats soulignent le fait que, différents groupes d’immigrés font face à des obstacles différents en fonction de leur origine, pour s’insérer sur le marché du travail. Le Chapitre 4 cherche quant à lui à comprendre si les migrants au niveau international contribuent ou non au progrès technologique dans les pays en développement en induisant un transfert de connaissances productives de leur pays d’accueil vers leur pays d’origine. En utilisant un indicateur pour le niveau de connaissances productives de chaque pays (ECI) et les stocks bilatéraux de migrants vers 20 pays de l’OCDE, nous montrons que la migration internationale est un canal de transmission important de la technologie<br>International migration recently attracted unprecedented public attention and media coverage. However, while the debate on the effects on international migration on the economy seems now more relevant than ever, it already attracts the attention of economic researchers for decades. The present thesis provides three empirical studies that investigate the implications of international migration both for migrants themselves, natives in their host countries and those left behind. Chapter 2 empirically revisits the impact of multiculturalism on the macroeconomic performance of US states over the 1960-2010 period. We test for skill-specific effects of multiculturalism, controlling for standard growth regressors and a variety of fixed effects, and accounting for the age of entry and legal status of immigrants. To identify causation, we compare various instrumentation strategies used in the existing literature. We provide converging and robust evidence of a positive and significant effect of diversity among college-educated immigrants on GDP per capita. Conversly, we find no impact of low-skilled diversity or contamination effects. Chapter 3 fits within the literature looking at the determinants of the performance of immigrants in the destination country labor markets. We investigate how natives’ attitudes affect immigrants’ unemployment duration in Germany. Using individual level panel data from the German Socio Economic Panel from 1984 to 2012, we use survival analysis methods to model immigrants’ unemployment durations. We find that lower trust levels of natives towards the citizens of a given country, measured using Eurobarometer surveys, positively influence the unemployment duration of immigrants originating from this country. Our results highlight the fact that immigrants face different obstacles depending on their origin when it comes to integrating destination country labor markets. Chapter 4 analyses whether international migrants contribute to increasing technological advances in developing countries by inducing a transfer of productive knowledge from developed countries back to migrants’ home countries. Using the Economic Complexity Index as a proxy for the amount of productive knowledge embedded in each countries and bilateral migrant stocks of 20 OECD destination countries, we show that international migration is a strong channel of technological transmission
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Tamura, Yuji. "Issues in contemporary international migration." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67792/.
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Broadly speaking, we deal with government activities and their migration-related consequences in this dissertation. There are two parts. The first part examines the influence of social welfare provision on individual demands for immigration. In the second part, we study the impact of tight border control on the incidence of labour exploitation in the migrant smuggling market. In Part 1, we theoretically show that the existence of redistributive welfare programmes reduces the difference between individual demands for immigration by creating a common economic interest among heterogeneous citizens. By analysing a survey data set that contains individual responses to immigration-related questions in the European Union, we also study the importance of the perceived impact of immigration on the national labour market and the domestic public finance for the desirable level of immigration. In Part 2, our theoretical model suggests that the government's battle against migrant smuggling may increase the labour exploitation of migrants on average. Furthermore, the common use of social networks by which the information about reliable smugglers is transmitted to potential migrants suggests that the migrant smuggling market may converge to an exploitative state in the long run if smugglers are impatient.
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Abel, Guy J. "International migration flow table estimation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/69577/.
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A methodology is developed to estimate comparable international migration flows between a set of countries. International migration flow data may be missing, reported by the sending country, reported by the receiving country or reported by both the sending and receiving countries. For the last situation, reported counts rarely match due to differences in defnitions and data collection systems. In this thesis, reported counts are harmonized using correction factors estimated from a constrained optimization procedure. Factors are applied to scale data known to be of a reliable standard, creating an incomplete migration flow table of harmonized values. Cells for which no reliable reported flows exist are then estimated from a negative binomial regression model fitted using the Expectation- Maximization (EM) type algorithm. Covariate information for this model is drawn from international migration theory. Finally, measures of precision for all missing cell estimates are derived using the Supplemented EM algorithm. Recent data on international migration between countries in Europe are used to illustrate the methodology. The results represent a complete table of comparable ows that can be used by regional policy makers and social scientist alike to better understand population behaviour and change.
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Домашенко, Марина Дмитрівна, Марина Дмитриевна Домашенко, Maryna Dmytrivna Domashenko, and D. S. Pimonenko. "Ukraine in international migration processes." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86612.
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Bettin, Giulia. "Three essays on international migration." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242121.
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Gruici, Simona. "International Security : Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15242.
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One of the most dynamic events of our time is the large extent of population movements within and across national boundaries. The causes of this movement of people include economic hardship due to various natural calamities such as earthquakes, droughts, famine and floods, as well as economic hardship due to lack of income. Political instabilities represent a central factor that is forcing the population movements at both national and international level. In most of the cases, reality is beeing perceived as follows: if international security is enhanced, so is national security. However, the phenomenon of migration is perceived as being a greater challenge in the field of security towards failure states, rather than it might affect any welfare postindustrial states. Nowadays we are facing a more globalized security environment, fact that is actually providing other states with the possibility to create a better security for their own nations. In order to gain this security immunity, the states should be able to enforce and protect the migration policies within international security. The relationship between migration and security became increasingly complex in the new millennium. As it follows, the focus of this theme is the correlation between migration´s consequences, both positive and negative, towards national security of host states. Furthermore, the topic of this paper is extending over ´what terrorism implies´. In order to reach a clear understanding, it has been analyzed the phenomenon of globalization and its forthcoming implications within both terrorism and migration. As a result of this transformation, terrorism has the power now to threat much more countries in the global area. Nevertheless, the purpose of this thesis is to examine which factors have an impact on international security, within a continental similarity. The central focus reflects over the Euro-Mediterranean area and to certain extends over the United States. The considered factors are: migration, loss/gain of governmental control, the political reaction after the attack of 9/11, spread of democracy (e.g. globalization), and creating citizenship.
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Nefodova, A. A. "Migration policy and regulation of the international labor force migration." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75548.
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У роботі досліджено сутність міжнародної міграції робочої сили, класифікація цього явища та певні стратегії міграційної політики з метою запобігання нелегальної трудової міграції. Був проведений аналіз вже існуючих стратегій міграційної політики та їх ефективності. Основною метою цього дослідження є розробка рекомендацій щодо підвищення ефективності вже існуючих стратегій міграційної політики та внесення певних змін задля забезпечення їх більшої ефективності.<br>The master’s thesis examines the essence of the term “international labor migration”, the classification of this phenomenon and certain strategies of migration policy in order to prevent illegal labor migration. The focus was on the analysis of the existing migration policy strategies and the effectiveness of these strategies. The main aim of this research is to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of existing migration policy strategies and for making some changes to improve its effectiveness.
16
Saraogi, Amrita. "Essays on international migration and remittances." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.651283.
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During the last two decades, Central and East-European (CEE) countries and in particular, Moldova has experienced large-scale labour emigration as well as significant increases in the associated worker's remittance flows. At least one-fourth of Mo ldova's economically active population has emigrated and worker's remittances amount to some 30 percent of its GDP. Against this backdrop, the essays included in this thesis aim to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of remittance flows from workers in the host country to their household in the origin country through the investigation of three aspects: (1) the factors that account for the receipt of remittances across households in Moldova; (2) relationship between remittances and future migration intentions of non-migrants living in remittance receiving households; and (3) the impact of remittances on the enrolment status of children and young adults. Using household survey data for Moldova, the results show that altruism and investment are the two main motives behind remittance flows to Moldova. Moreover, the analysis also suggests that remittances help loosen the liquidity constraints of households. Thus, on one hand it is shown that remittances trigger migration intentions among nonmigrants either through their signalling property or through by alleviating credit constraints of recipient households. On the other hand, children in remittance-receiving families are more likely to be enrolled for education compared to similar children in non-recipient families.
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Oelgemoller, Eva Christina. "Migration management : the radical violence of the international politics of migration." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39688/.
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In the 1980s, the narrative of international migration was significantly altered in Europe. This thesis examines how this new narrative was brought about by policy-makers and shows how the narrative re-configured our understanding of international migration. Empirically, the focus of the thesis is the Inter-Governmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies in Europe, North America and Australia (IGC). These consultations are situated in the context of debates in the 1970s and 80s concerning ‘free-market conservatism'. The thesis argues that these debates comprised the conditions of possibility for the emergence of an 'informal plurilateralism'. Through thus far confidential memos between high ranking public servants, summaries distributed across embassies, background papers, minutes of meetings and personal letters, I trace the development of an altered discourse and the construction of a new figure: the ‘illegal migrant'. ‘Migration Management', I argue, is best seen as a hegemonic paradigm which embodies a tool-box of mechanisms for governments to deal with international migration; introduces a distinctive way of treating human mobility; prescribes specific ways of constructing migrants, including a minority of illegal migrants who remain just outside of the European external boundaries, stripped of their juridico-political status. As such, these migrants are suspended from the community of those with a place and function. The figure of the suspended migrant points to the disappearance of the political, understood as a space where public encounter of the heterogeneous is possible. This raises crucial questions about what democracy is, how it works and how the political can be realised in a climate where the logic of necessity and efficiency has filled the space previously occupied by bipolar grand-narratives. Most urgently, it raises questions about the way in which the value of a human being is established, granted or denied. Arendt and Rancière help me to start addressing these questions.
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Marchal, Léa. "Theory and empirical evidence on contemporary international migration : Five contributions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12013.
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Cette thèse contribue à l’économie de la migration. Ce domaine de recherche analyse les raisons pour lesquelles les individus migrent, et quelles sont les conséquences pour les sociétés d’origine et d’accueil. Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur les déterminants de la mobilité internationale. Plus particulièrement, nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure la mondialisation détermine la migration internationale. Plusieurs définitions du terme de mondialisation existent. Il s’agit d’un processus d’intégration mondiale des marchés mondiaux pouvant être caractérisé par une normalisation progressive des réglementations nationales et par un accroissement de la concurrence entre agents économiques. Ce processus résulte de la libéralisation du commerce et des flux de facteurs de production, et d’une amélioration des technologies de transport et de communication. Plus précisément, nous étudions (i) la façon dont la migration internationale interagit avec les autres flux internationaux, à savoir le commerce international et les investissements directs étrangers, et (ii) la façon dont les décisions individuelles de migrer sont affectées par l’intégration croissante des économies<br>This thesis contributes to the economics of migration. This field of research analyses why people move and the consequences for origin and host societies. Our work focuses on the determinants of the international mobility of people, particularly on how globalisation forces shape international migration. Various definitions of the term globalisation exist. Here, it is defined as a global integration process of world markets that can be characterised by a progressive standardisation of national regulations and increasing competition among economic agents. This process results from trade and factor flow liberalisation, as well as from an improvement of communication and transport technologies. More precisely, we study (i) how international migration interacts with other international flows, namely trade and foreign direct investment, and (ii) how migration decisions are impacted by the growing integration of economies
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King, Karen Margaret Newbold K. Bruce. "International and internal migration dynamics of Canadian immigrants subsequent migrations and intermediate destinations /." *McMaster only, 2006.
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Klanarong, Nisakorn. "Female international labour migration from Southern Thailand /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk632.pdf.
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Vadean, Florin-Petru. "Essays in international migration and migrants' remittances." Thesis, University of Kent, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523526.
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Mascarenhas-Keyes, Stella. "Migration and the international Catholic Goan community." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400545.
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Magee, Jonathan D. "International labour migration in English league football." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245937.
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Shrestha, Maheshwor. "Essays on the determinants of international migration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104492.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 163-167).<br>This thesis explores the determinants of international migration of low-skilled workers, in particular, from Nepal to Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries. The first chapter explores how potential migrants trade the risks (of mortality) with (financial) rewards of migrating abroad. The second chapter investigates how potential migrants learn about mortality rates abroad from the incidents of migrant deaths. The third chapter investigates how various 'push' and 'pull' shocks affect international migration when a low-cost low-return destination like India is also available for the migrants. Do potential migrants have accurate information about the risks and returns of migrating abroad? And, given the information they have, what is their revealed willingness to trade risks for higher earnings? To answer these questions, the first chapter sets up and analyzes a randomized field experiment among 3,319 potential work migrants from Nepal to Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries. The experiment provides them with information on wages and mortality incidences in their choice destination and tracks their migration decision three months later. I find that potential migrants severely overestimate their mortality rate abroad, and that information on mortality incidences lowers this expectation. Potential migrants without prior foreign migration experience also overestimate their earnings potential abroad, and information on earnings lowers this expectation. Using exogenous variation in expectations for the inexperienced potential migrants generated by the experiment, I estimate migration elasticities of 0.7 in expected earnings and 0.5 in expected mortality. The experiment allows me to calculate the trade-off the inexperienced potential migrants make between earnings and mortality risk, and hence their value of a statistical life (VSL). The estimates range from $0.28 million to $0.54 million ($0.97m - $1.85m in PPP), which is a reasonable range for a poor population. At this revealed willingness to trade earnings for mortality risk, misinformation lowers migration. In the second chapter, I study how potential work migrants infer mortality rates from incidents of migrant deaths. Using administrative databases on deaths and outflows of work-migrants from Nepal to Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries, I investigate how death of a migrant from a district affects subsequent migration from the district. After controlling for confounds using district-month, destination-month and district-destination fixed effects, I find two key features of the migration response. First, migrant death lowers migration from the district in the subsequent 12 months. There is limited substitution across destinations as well as spillovers to neighboring districts. Second, the migration response to a migrant death is stronger when there are more migrant deaths in the recent past. This indicates that the potential migrants over-weight recent deaths in forming their beliefs on mortality rates abroad. I then convert the migration response to change in perceived mortality rate abroad using the earnings elasticity of migration and the value of statistical life from the first chapter. I find that one migrant death increases the perceived mortality rate by 6.7 per thousand for a two-year migration episode. This response is too large to be explained by a model of rational Bayesian learning. Models of learning fallacy, such as belief in the law of 'small' numbers, in conjunction with other heuristic decision making rules, can explain high response to death as well as large observed overestimation of mortality rate. In the third chapter, I study migration choices in the presence of liquidity constraints and varying costs of migration. I present a simple theoretical framework that analyzes migration response to both push and pull factors in such settings. This framework implies that a shock to the push factors in the origin leads to differential observed response to migration to various destinations, as they affect different parts of the wealth distribution. I test the implications of this framework in context of international migration from Nepal using a panel of 452 villages observed at three points in the 2000s. I use rainfall shocks and deaths due to conflict as 'push' shocks and growth in manufacturing and construction in destination countries as the 'pull' shocks. I find that a rainfall shock that increases household income by US$ 100 increases migration to India by 54 percent but has no effect on migration elsewhere. Increase in conflict, which reduces consumption and amenity of the wealthier more, increases migration abroad, particularly from the urban areas. Increase in demand from the destination countries, particularly the Gulf countries and Malaysia has strong effects on migration to those destinations. These findings are consistent with the theoretical framework, and suggest presence of large liquidity constraints. Increase in income can boost migration to India whereas a reduction in cost of migration might increase profitable migration elsewhere. The responsiveness to 'pull' shocks suggests that households are willing to take advantage of these opportunities.<br>by Maheshwor Shrestha.<br>Ph. D.
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Wang, Yun. "Three Essays on International Trade and Migration." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3803.
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My dissertation encompasses three different topics on empirical international trade and migration. The first chapter investigates the short run effects of regional trade agreements on trade costs. It is widely accepted that the reinforcement of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) aiming at trade costs reduction among trade partners requires time. This paper investigates the effects of RTAs on trade costs over time by using unique micro-price data. We confirm that having an RTA on average lowers trade costs significantly. Furthermore, data shows significant and negative effects of RTAs on trade costs over time. Specifically, besides the initial impact on trade costs, having an RTA continuously lower trade costs every year after the commencement of the RTA.
The second chapter decomposes the overall effects of gravity variables on trade through three gravity channels: duties/tariffs (DC), transportation-costs (TC), and dyadic-preferences (PC). Compared to the existing literature, additional channel of PC is introduced and shown to dominate the other two channels, with adjacency contributing about 45 percent, distance about 32 percent, colony about 14 percent, free trade agreements about 7 percent, and language about 2 percent. The results imply that gravity variables mainly capture the effects of demand shifters rather than supply shifters (as implied by the existing literature).
The third chapter utilizes an immigration inflow data set from OECD countries during the period of 1984 to 2015 to shed light on how institutional quality affects the immigration rate. With the analysis in the fixed-effects framework, we construct a set of country-time specific institutional quality indexes to examine their effects on the immigration rate. The paper shows that other than the network effects, GDP difference, and migration costs, institutional qualities in both destination and source countries matter when it comes to potential migration decisions. Specifically, better socioeconomic conditions in the destination countries, and worse foreign debt, budget balance, government stability, internal conflicts, and corruption conditions in the source countries increase the immigration inflow.
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Disbudak, Cem. "International Migration, Transnational Migration, And The Making Of Corum As An "." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1103241/index.pdf.
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International migration is an important issue that has become even more important with the recent globalization process and economic restructuring. Economic activities that stem from this process have provided new opportunities for labor
exporting countries. In the past, the focus was on remittances but today the entrepreneurial activities of transnational entrepreneurs have become more important.
Many developing countries have recently concentrated their policies upon this group of entrepreneurs and they try to increase the economic benefits from their activities.
Turkey is also one of the major labor exporting countries. New economic opportunities that concern the activities of transnational entrepreneurs have emerged for Turkey
recently. These entrepreneurs are very important especially at the regional level. In Ç<br>orum, several transnational entrepreneurs founded their firms. They contribute to
employment, exports and income considerably. These entrepreneurs succeed by making use of their social capital and network. They also create positive externalities
by encouraging other local entrepreneurs to export. Our findings show that these entrepreneurs need consulting and information<br>therefore, the state should get involved
in this process more actively. Only then can one expect greater benefits from the ongoing process.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim. "Migration, ethnicity and conflict : the environment of insecurity and Turkish Kurdish international migration." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6007/.
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This thesis examines the motivations, mechanisms and prospects of Turkish Kurdish international migration in relation to the Environment of Insecurity as a set of combined socio-economic and political factors triggered by an ethnic conflict. The analysis focuses on three different, but complementary, levels of analysis. The research comprises first, the analysis of the environment of insecurity in Turkey emphasising its broader socio-economic, legal-political, and demographic aspects; second, the patterns and processes of international migration involving Turkish Kurds investigating the motivations, the mechanisms, and the future migration potentials; third, the role of the expression of ethnicity and of ethnic conflict. A mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods to address different levels of analysis and different aspects of migration is adopted. The analysis of Turkish Demographic Health Survey data examines the extent to which an environment of insecurity exists for Turkish Kurds. The findings of the Turkish International Migration Survey data outline the patterns of individual migration motives, mechanisms and future intentions. Finally, semi-structured in-depth interviews examine the role of the ethnic conflict and the expression of ethnicity to clarify the relationship between Turkish Kurdish international migration and the ethnic environment of insecurity while also presenting a live account of migration motivations and mechanisms. The research shows that the environment of insecurity is an issue of ethnic conflict and it constitutes the major facilitating factor in Turkish Kurdish international migration resulting in large asylum migration flows. Due to the armed ethnic conflict between the PKK and the Turkish Army in Turkey during the last two decades of the last century, recent migration patterns of Turkish Kurds are dominated by clandestine migration. Along with legal migrations (e.g. economic, family, education), irregular migration appears as a strong trend involving asylum migration and illegal migration. Tightening immigration controls in Europe also prompts this. The conflict situation also serves as an opportunity framework for some who wanted to migrate. While migration is appearing as a liberating event for Turkish Kurdish ethnicity it is found that Kurdish immigrants have not fully exploited the opportunities for exercising their ethnicity. However, for many, migration from Turkey to Germany is an act of escape and so is an expression of ethnicity.
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Bourgeon, Pauline. "Essays on the impact of shocks on international flows and productivity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E023.
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Cette thèse aborde différentes thématiques dans le champ de l’économie internationale et de la macroéconomie. Les travaux de recherche développés dans cette thèse étudient l’impact des chocs de différentes natures sur les flux de migrations internationales, de commerce international et sur la croissance de la productivité. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’évolution des flux migratoires en réaction à des chocs conjoncturels. L’estimation du modèle à partir des données nous permet de conclure qu’à la fois les chocs structurels et les chocs conjoncturels influent les flux de migration. Une augmentation de 10% du salaire du pays de destination conduirait à une augmentation du flux migratoire vers ce pays de destination de près de 8%, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Le second chapitre étudie dans quelles mesures les chocs financiers affectent le niveau des exportations des entreprises, avec un focus particulier sur les entreprises qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines. Nous trouvons que les entreprises qui font face à des frictions financières exportent entre 4% et 10% de moins que celles qui ne sont pas soumises à ces frictions. Nos résultats montrent également que parmi les exportateurs en difficulté financière, ceux qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines réduisent encore davantage leurs exportations. Dans le chapitre trois, nous étudions comment les frictions financières peuvent conduire à des distorsions dans l’allocation des ressources. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans les pays développés financièrement, les capitaux ne permettent pas forcément une amélioration de l’allocation efficace du travail entre les firmes<br>This thesis covers various issues in international economics and macroeconomics.It studies the role of several types of shocks on international migration, firms’ export strategies and sectoral productivity growth. The three chapters exploit different sources of data and use recent econometrics approaches to deal with these issues.Chapter one contributes to the literature on international migration by looking at the role of short-run fluctuations as determinants of the location choice of the migrants. We find evidence that business cycles and employment rates at destination affect the intensity of gross bilateral flows.Chapter two investigates how financial frictions impact firms’ foreign sales, especially for firms that export to long distance export markets. We find that firmsfacing financial frictions export from 4 to 10% less than the ones without anyfinancial constraints. Our results also suggest that amongst exporters facing financial difficulties, those who export to faraway destinations reduce their exportsales more.Chapter three investigates how financial frictions affect the efficiency with which labor allocates across firms within a sector. Results suggest that an increase intangibility decreases the productivity growth rate of an industry located in highly financially developed country and this lower productivity growth rate is largely explained by the reallocation of labour across firms within the sector
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Meeus, Wilhelmina E. A. M. ""Pull" factors in international migration of health professionals." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1337_1216733023.
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<p>This secondary daa study, framed in social constructinism theory, descibes and analyses the "<br>pull"<br>factors influencing migration of health professionals developing to developed countries. <br>The literature review sets the context withing which international migration takes place and explores relevant aspects of the G8, globalisation, and the gGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services. <br>The research demonstrates that temprary or permanent internationsl migration occurs for employment or study purposes. <br>It further confirms that, despite the lack of accurate data from African counties, the number of health professionals leaving th continent has increased significantly during the 1990's.</p>
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Adi, Rianto. "The impact of international labour migration in Indonesia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha2345.pdf.
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Wren, Karen. "International migration to Denmark : majority and minority perspectives." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341834.
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Heitmueller, Axel. "Essays on international migration and regional labour markets." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/308.
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Murard, Elie. "Three Essays on the Economies of International Migration." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0190.
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Cette thèse présente trois études empiriques sur les migrations internationales. Le chapitre 1 examine l'effet de la migration aux Etats-Unis d'un membre du ménage sur les autres membres qui restent au pays, dans les régions rurales du Mexique. Utilisant une enquête ménage longitudinale, je montre que le bien-être des membres non-migrants de la famille s'améliore à la fois en termes de consommation et de temps libre hors travail. Ceci grâce aux transferts monétaires du migrant et au fait que le départ d'un agriculteur augmente la productivité du travail agricole pour ceux qui restent dans la ferme familiale. Dans le chapitre 2, j'étudie les problèmes méthodologiques que les économistes confrontent lorsqu'ils tentent d'identifier empiriquement l'effet causal de la migration sur les non- migrants restés au pays. Je propose une nouvelle méthode permettant de prendre en compte la sélection des migrants à l'intérieur du ménage, problème largement ignoré par la littérature actuelle. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse à la manière dont les flux migratoires en Europe ont pu modifier les attitudes des natifs vis à vis des politiques de redistribution et d'immigration au cours de la dernière décennie. Les résultats suggèrent que ces attitudes dépendent crucialement des perceptions des effets de l'immigration sur les salaires et sur les allocations sociales nettes d'impôt. Les natifs semblent moins favorables à la redistribution sociale lorsque l'immigration peu qualifiée augmente mais le sont davantage face à l'immigration qualifiée. Les natifs peu qualifiés semblent s'opposer davantage à l'immigration peu qualifiée qu'à celle qualifiée, et inversement pour les natifs qualifiés<br>This PhD dissertation presents three empirical studies on the economics of international migration. Chapter 1 examines how the migration of a household member to the United States affects the welfare of the other members left behind in rural areas of Mexico. Using a panel household survey, I show that non-migrants are better-off in terms of consumption and leisure time because (i) remittances sent by migrant exceed his/her initial contribution to the househok income and because (ii) the out- migration of a farmer raises the productivity of agricultural labor for those staying behind in the farm. Chapter 2 addresses the methodological issues empirical economists confront when they seek to identify the causal impact of migration on members left behind at origin. I propose a new method that takes into account the intra- household selection of migrants, i. E. The decision of which family members migrate and which stay behind, a problem that has remained largely ignored in the literature. Chapter 3 examines the effect of immigrant inflows in Europe on the evolution of natives' attitudes towards redistribution and immigration policy over the last decade. I find that attitudes are not only shaped by non-economic preferences, e. G. Racial prejudice or differential altruism, but that they are also importantly determined by concerns on how immigration may affect the labor market, i. E. Wages, and the Welfare State's finances, i. E. Net social benefits
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Jennissen, Roel. "Macro-economic determinants of international migration in Europe." Amsterdam : Dutch University Press, 2004. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/rw/2004/r.p.w.jennissen/.
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Abel, Guy, and Joel E. Cohen. "Bilateral international migration flow estimates for 200 countries." Springer Nature, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0089-3.
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Data on stocks and flows of international migration are necessary to understand migrant patterns and
trends and to monitor and evaluate migration-relevant international development agendas. Many
countries do not publish data on bilateral migration flows. At least six methods have been proposed
recently to estimate bilateral migration flows between all origin-destination country pairs based on
migrant stock data published by the World Bank and United Nations. We apply each of these methods
to the latest available stock data to provide six estimates of five-year bilateral migration flows between
1990 and 2015. To assess the resulting estimates, we correlate estimates of six migration measures
from each method with equivalent reported data where possible. Such systematic efforts at validation
have largely been neglected thus far. We show that the correlation between the reported data and the
estimates varies widely among different migration measures, over space, and over time. We find that
the two methods using a closed demographic accounting approach perform consistently better than the
four other estimation approaches.
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Han, Donglin. "International migration and domestic politics : perspectives from overseas return migration in China, 1920-2007 /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20HAN.
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Guo, Jing. "The regulation of international irregular migration : a study of irregular migration from China to USA and the role of international norms." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880485.
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Frey, Reik. "International and domestic Migration Patterns : International immigration effect on internal out-migration patterns in the German states between 1993 and 2016." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44226.
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Internal migration has frequently been subject of empirical research. This study attempts to find a relationship between international immigration and internal out-migration in all German states, covering the time period between 1993 and 2016. The underlying theories were established by Card et al. (2008), Schlömer (2012), Florida (2002) and Chiswick and Miller (2015). These were used to develop a modified version of the gravity model. The dataset was received from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt). The regressions were executed using a fixed effects model and a pooled OLS as a robustness check. The empirical findings suggest no evidence of a statistically significant effect of international immigration on internal out-migration patterns in the covered period. Control variables suggest policymakers to focus on other factors when the effects of immigration policies on internal out-migration are being considered.
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Kreikemeier, Udo, and Jens Wrona. "Two-Way Migration between Similiar Countries." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-197867.
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We develop a model to explain two-way migration of high-skilled individuals between countries that are similar in their economic characteristics. High-skilled migration results from the combination of workers whose abilities are private knowledge, and a production technology that gives incentives to firms for hiring workers of similar ability. In the presence of migration cost, high-skilled workers self-select into the group of migrants. The laissez-faire equilibrium features too much migration, explained by a negative migration externality. We also show that for sufficiently low levels of migration cost the optimal level of migration, while smaller than in the laissez-faire equilibrium, is strictly positive. Finally, we extend our model into different directions to capture stylized facts in the data and show that our baseline results also hold in these more complex modelling environments.
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Karolak, Helbert Kristian. "Gender disparity in Swedish Migration : Opportunities for women in Swedish migration." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-383573.
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Gender discrimination is a world-wide matter, it is the consequence of the type of violence that is built into structures and effectively deprives women from basic liberties and opportunities (Baliamoune-Lutz, 2013:01-02: Galtung, 2015:181). As many women cannot stay in their countries because of ongoing conflicts, poverty, persecution and their position in the society, -exactly the same reasons prevent them from leaving. At the time that poverty and conflicts have driven a massive increase in global migration, it has become a most urgent topic in question (IMR, 2017:04). The prolonged gender discrepancy by granted residence permits has been a social phenomenon lacking national recognition in Sweden. This study reveals how large the gender discrepancy in Swedish migration is and how the opportunities for women are developing. A more detailed review of women’s opportunities by categories of residence permits between 2009 and 2017 reveals the deficiencies on gender disparity in Swedish migration and acknowledges the main causes. It is suggested by this study that the measured and identified indifferences are translated into women’s needs and provided with structural interventions to improve the currently existing conditions of the opportunities for women in Swedish migration. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the importance of gender disparity by the opportunities for women in Swedish migration. The empirical research investigates women’s opportunities and development on obtained residence permits between the years 2009 and 2017. Method: This study is of inductive methodology using a grounded theory. The systematic collection of data and discovered patterns have been linked to theories of gender discrimination. Data: The used method is a cross-sectional study of more than one case with the interest of variation by the usage of quantifiable data and variables; the material is collected from the Swedish migration agency and sorted into 1,052,654 cases by gender, category of residence permits and year. Result: The result of this statistical research showed that Women are less likely to have a residence permit by all categories but one in Sweden. Over the past nine years women have been underrepresented by granted residence permits by each year and in total with 44.8% and the share is continuing to decrease. The study also revealed that the vast majority of migrants originated from developing and least developing countries where women are exposed to a considerably higher degree of gender discrimination. The gender discrepancy by obtained residence permits in Sweden is somewhat similar to the emigration in developing and least developing countries. As women outnumber men by 51.5% of the total immigration stock in industrial countries, in developing and least developing countries, women make up for only 45.6% of the total immigration stock. Gender discrimination is presumably the contributing factor to the gender discrepancy in Swedish migration. It is suggested by this study to implement structural interventions by increasing the share of the category family reunification in order to obtain an equal distribution of women and men by obtained residence permits.
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Nie, Wanli. "The Interrelationship between migration and family behaviours: internal migration within China and international migration from China to the U.S." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667882.
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The dissertation investigates the interrelationship between migration and family behaviours, marriage and fertility, in the Chinese context. I apply event history techniques using data from an ethno-survey, several national-level censuses and population sample survey. Chapter 2 explores the effect of international migration on marriage chance for males and females separately. Chapter 3 studies how international migration affects fertility under the condition that the country of origin experienced strong family policies, e.g., the one-child policy. Chapter 4 explores how spousal separation due to migration affects marital fertility at couple level. The dissertation adds an interesting country case of understanding the interrelationship between migration and family events. Moreover, it accounts for the correlation between events due to unobserved characteristics. Lastly, it emphasizes the importance of socio-economic status in shaping the migration and family dynamics.<br>La investigació tracta la interrelació entre la migració i els comportaments familiars, el matrimoni i la fertilitat, en el context xinès. S’apliquen tècniques d’història de l’esdeveniment, mitjançant l’ús de dades d’una enquesta etnogràfica, diversos censos de nivell nacional i enquestes de mostres de població. El capítol 2 explora l’efecte de la migració internacional sobre la possibilitat de contraure matrimoni tant per a homes i dones. El capítol 3 estudia com la migració internacional afecta la fertilitat, en aquelles persones que el seu país d’origen tingui polítiques familiars fortes, per exemple, la política d’un únic nen a la Xina. El capítol 4 explora com la separació conjugal causada per la migració afecta la fertilitat a nivell de parella. La investigació afegeix un cas interessant per a la comprensió de la interrelació entre migració i esdeveniments familiars. A més, representa la correlació entre els esdeveniments a causa de les característiques no observades. Finalment, l’estudi destaca la importància de l’estatus socioeconòmic en la configuració de la migració i la dinàmica familiar.
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Boynton, Elspeth Whitney. "Protectionism and national migration policy in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19953.
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In the past two decades, South Africa has become the "new migration hub" in Africa. The country has witnessed the dramatic rise of people flowing into its borders post-apartheid from the continent and beyond. However, in response to the large influx of migrants (legal and illegal), South Africa has adopted protectionist and nationalistic migration policies, emphasizing border control, rather than migration facilitation or migrant protection. Despite South Africa's post-apartheid commitments to human rights, democracy, and Pan-Africanism, the restrictive nature of these laws has led to the mistreatment and neglect of refugee and asylum seekers, the unlawful detention and deportation of legal in-migrants, and the failure to address societal xenophobia. These policies have also contributed to a severe skills shortage in South Africa, impeding the growth of the South African economy, while also thwarting SADC's ability to govern migration cooperatively in the region. In light of the most recent migration reforms implemented in 2014, instigating more protectionism, this thesis examines and seeks to explain why South Africa has adopted and continues to maintain these policies post-apartheid despite their negative implications and lack of congruence with South Africa's new national identity. The international relations theories of constructivism and neoclassical realism (NCR) are used to understand and explain South Africa's decision to maintain a protectionist migration agenda. Ultimately, the thesis argues that South Africa's reasons for adopting a protectionist migration agenda are numerous and exist at all levels of analysis. These reasons include (1) South Africa's formation of an exclusionary national identity post-apartheid, (2) the persistence of mass legal and illegal in-migration to the country, (3) the institutionalized perception of migration as a threat to national and social security by South African policy-makers/media/community leaders, and (4) the failure of the state to provide adequate social service delivery, impacting the implementation of more liberal policies in the new millennium.
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Maro, Mkasafari Grace. "Economic impact of international labour migration on Lesotho's development, 1986-1998: towards an international labour migration policy for the Southern African region." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007496.
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The aim of the thesis is to identify the pressures that contributed to the rise in international labour migration in Lesotho, and to investigate how these pressures are impacting upon the modernization process in the country, particularly at a time when employment opportunities are scarce in the southern African region. International labour migration has been used as a development tool throughout history, but especially in the 20th century by developing countries with dual labour markets. Newly independent developing countries with dual labour markets adapted the strategy of import substitution industrialization (lSI), with an emphasis on protecting infant industries and promoting pro-labour policies. In the post-colonial period the international demand for lowskilled workers rose, particularly in the North (developed countries), and in mineral rich countries including the oil exporters and South Africa, and the newly industrialising countries in East Asia. International labour migration to these countries was adapted as an integral development tool by the governments of the lSI countries. Most migrants were low-skilled and temporary workers in the destination countries. Although no multilateral institutional framework existed, usually both the sending and receiving countries adapted unilateral and bilateral migration policies to guarantee the gains from migration. Workers were thus "protected" to varying degrees under such agreements. From the 1970s, the North experienced a slowdown in the growth in demand for unskilled workers. In the 1980s, many lSI countries experienced devastating economic crises that forced them to abandon the lSI policy and adapt the export-led industrialisation (EOI) policy with an emphasis on trade liberalization. The switch from lSI to EOI in developing countries with dual labour markets led to the downsizing of public sector employment, the removal of marketing boards formally used by small-scale agricultural farmers, and the expansion of export processing zones (EPZs). These outcomes resulted in a rise in push internal migration, and international migration from these countries especially to other developing countries. At the same time, since the late 1980s, capital has acquired greatly enhanced mobility at the global level. The adaptation of EOI and the full mobility of capital at the global level altered the institutional structure within which labour migration was governed both nationally, and internationally. At the national level stricter unilateral policies were reinforced by receiving countries for low-skilled labour, while less strict policies applied for skilled labour. These remain in operation in conjunction with the earlier bilateral agreements. At the international level, there remains a lack of policy to regulate international labour migration. Under the current enhanced mobility of capital, international migrants are thus left vulnerable. Lesotho fits this pattern. Faced with a dual economy and an abundance of semi-skilled labour, Lesotho has been a principal supplier of labour to the South Africa's mining industry since its independence. Lesotho's industrial diversification thus mirrors South Africa's industrial diversification. In the lSI phase (1968 - 1987), international labour migration became the most important tool of economic welfare generation in Lesotho. Bilateral agreements were signed in the early 1970s between Lesotho and South Africa to guarantee the gains from migration. Since the late I980s, the mining industry in South Africa began to downsize production and employment. Fewer novice miners from Lesotho were recruited to work in South Africa. The adaptation of the EOI policy in Lesotho in 1987 introduced EPZ industrialization and trade liberalization. Nevertheless, the retrenchment of mine workers from South Africa is occurring at a time when Lesotho is experiencing an employment crisis. The political independence of South Africa in 1994 was accompanied by stricter international migration policies by the new democratic government of South Africa. Most migrant workers in South Africa are thus now faced with a two-door policy (of the earlier bilateral agreements and the amendments to the Aliens Control Act). This system has left migrant workers vulnerable to exploitation by both employers and the law (police) in South Africa. Nevertheless, international migration from Lesotho to South Africa continues to expand, particularly of the new type of migration - semiskilled female workers in the services sector. At the same time, South Africa is also experiencing an employment crisis. The most important policy implications are, firstly, that migration is subject to the same "casualisation" as other work, with the effects made worse by the "statelessness" of migrants, who are most vulnerable to exploitation. Secondly, multilateralism is needed (e.g., SADC) and holistic, multilateral policies are required. It is clear that under the new global division of labour ad hoc policy towards international labour migration is ineffective.
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Zhi, Hui. "Hot Pot : a visual essay on Chinese international students in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för migration, etnicitet och samhälle (REMESO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177976.
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Hamada, Yuko. "Global Governance and International Migration: A Bridge Too Far?" Gadjah Mada University Press, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15886.
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Annett, Kevin Daniel. "International labor migration : a comparative perspective on Canadian policy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26357.
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More than twenty million human beings are pursuing work in foreign lands in the 1980's, the majority of them unskilled men or families in search of higher wages. These migrant workers are the most vulnerable souls among us, for they lack legal status in a world where the statusless are immediate victims. Nevertheless, both developing and mature economies have relied on these mobile workers as a cheap labor source, and have used and discarded migrants according to economic and political expediency. From the Mexican bracero smuggled illegally into the United States to the massive foreign workforce of Saudi Arabia, migrants have been imported with impunity because of their low wage utility, but universally have been kept in a temporary, stateless condition with few guaranteed rights.
Canada is an exception to this global trend, and this fact is the subject of my thesis. Although facing the same general economic compulsions of other nations, especially the competitive need to lower its costs of production, Canada has imported few migrant workers since the 1950's, and has pursued a policy of settling immigrants as residents rather than maintaining a temporary foreign workforce. The reasons for this constitute the central problem of my thesis.
Being a global and systemic phenomenon, labor migration must be studied in a comparative manner. This is particularly true when one considers the variety of cultural and policy responses which attend the arrival of migrant workers in different countries. Accordingly, my investigation of the reasons for Canada's policy approach to migrant labor begins with a consideration of the nature and evolution of policy responses of other nations to migrants. Such a comparative analytical method provides a more complete profile of migratory labor as well as a yardstick against which the Canadian experience can be contrasted.
My general conclusions are the result of a comparative and historical appreciation of labor migration to Canada. A settlement tradition, a small and fluctuating labor market, and a political and cultural aversion to temporary labor migration have combined to create Canada's notably durable policy approach to migrant workers since World War II; one which has consciously limited the size of the non-settled foreign worker population despite the economic benefits of cheap migrant labor.
My study has also illuminated the almost universally narrow policy approach of governments to migrant workers, who initially are conceived of in purely economic terms without regard to their long-term social impact. Reflective of immediate political and economic interests, public policy is inherently adaptive and shifting, and accordingly governments have lacked a broad perspective on both migrant workers and the social-economic problems which engender their importation.
My final observation is one which recognizes the indivisibility of moral and "practical" issues regarding migrant workers. The latter are people, not a lifeless economic category, and are victims of global inequalities which prompt migration abroad. Unfortunately, the humanity of the migrant is the first reality ignored by policy-makers and employers. It has been convenient for powerful men to keep migrants stateless and devoid of rights so as to better exploit their labor. In this way, the modern migrant resembles the Holocaust era Jew who first had to be deprived of his and her nationality before mass annihalation was possible. The twentieth century is a graphic testament to the fact that the statusless person is wholly at the mercy of others.
Thus, for moral and analytical reasons, ultimate answers to the problems created by migrating populations are not possible without addressing global rather than purely national conditions, and without replacing pragmatic self-interest with empathic understanding.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Bratsiotis, Nikos. "Migration into the European Union : an international relations perspective." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405470.
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Abreu, Alexandre José Germano de. "International migration and sending country development : impacts and policies." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3651.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>The various multifaceted relationships between international migration and sending country development have given rise to an entire subfield in the intersection of the migration and development literatures that has come to be known as the 'migration-development nexus'. In particular, as acknowledged by many leading authors in this field, the central issue of whether emigration ultimately fosters or hinders development is one that remains largely unsettled. Regardless of any such general conclusions, however, many sending country governments have in the past few decades implemented a variety of policies aimed at tapping into the potential of emigration and of their emigrated communities in order to facilitate their domestic development processes. This dissertation thus focuses on the linkages between international migration and the economic development of the sending —countries as well as on the policy implications of these linkages and does this in three steps: first, a deductive analytical discussion is made of the impacts of emigration upon sending country development, as proxied by its impacts upon the stocks of the various production factors (particularly labour and various forms of capital). In order to do this, the 'migration-development matrix' is introduced - an analytical tool aimed at classifying the various linkages between migration and development according to the logical moment in the migration process in which they occur as well as to the production factor undergoing changes. Second, an attempt is made to formalise the conclusions and insights from the preceding discussion in order to present a general, albeit preliminary, 'migration-development model'. Finally, a survey is presented of some of the most common and/or noteworthy policies that have sought to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs associated with the migration-development nexus. The overall aim is to bring the numerous insights from the migration-development literature under the light of a specifically macroeconomic perspective in order to contribute to a better understanding of one of the most crucial and controversial aspects of globalisation.<br>As ligações diversas e multifacetadas entre as migrações internacionais e o desenvolvimento dos países emissores deram origem a todo um subcampo da literatura, na intersecção das áreas das migrações e do desenvolvimento, designado por 'nexo migrações-desenvolvimento'. Em particular, a questão central da avaliação do impacto geral positivo ou negativo da emigração sobre os processos de desenvolvimento continua a suscitar abundante controvérsia. Porém, à margem de tais conclusões gerais, numerosos governos de países emissores têm vindo ao longo das últimas décadas a implementar toda uma série de políticas com o objectivo de mobilizar o potencial da emigração e das comunidades emigradas no sentido de contribuírem para os processos internos de desenvolvimento. Assim, esta dissertação examina as relações entre as migrações internacionais e o desenvolvimento ecanómico dos -países emissores, bem como as implicações políticas dessas relações, em três momentos: em primeiro lugar, leva-se a cabo uma análise de tipo dedutivo, com base numa revisão crítica da literatura, dos impactes da emigração sobre o desenvolvimento dos países emissores tal como indiciado pelos seus impactes sobre os stocks dos diversos factores de produção (em particular, trabalho e várias formas de capital). Com vista a alcançar este objectivo, é primeiramente sugerido o recurso à 'matriz migrações-desenvolvimento' - uma ferramenta analítica que é apresentada com o objectivo de auxiliar a classificação dos diversos efeitos da emigração sobre a capacidade produtiva, de acordo com o momento lógico do processo migratório em que ocorrem e com o factor produtivo afectado. Em segundo lugar, procede-se a uma tentativa de formalização das conclusões procedentes da discussão realizada nos capítulos anteriores com vista à apresentação de um versão preliminar de um modelo geral 'migrações-desenvolvimento'. Finalmente, apresenta-se uma recensão de algumas das políticas mais comuns e/ou interessantes que têm vindo a ser adoptadas com o objectivo de maximizar os benefícios e minimizar os custos associados ao nexo migrações-desenvolvimento. O objectivo último deste trabalho consiste, assim, em reexaminar os contributos da literatura 'migrações-desenvolvimento' a partir de uma perspectiva especificamente macroeconómica, de modo a contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de um dos mais cruciais e controversos aspectos da globalização.
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Barvinok, V., Анна Сергіївна Воронцова, Анна Сергеевна Воронцова, Anna Serhiivna Vorontsova, and J. Sergienko. "International migration and the COVID-19 pandemic: literature review." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81008.
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Дослідження присвячено питанням міжнародної міграції в контексті пандемії.<br>Исследование посвящено вопросам международной миграции в контексте пандемии.<br>The study focuses on international migration in the context of a pandemic.
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Nakamatsu, Tomoko. "Marriage, migration and the international marriage business in Japan." Thesis, Nakamatsu, Tomoko (2002) Marriage, migration and the international marriage business in Japan. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/220/.
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This thesis examines the development of the international marriage business in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s, and the experiences of female participants from China, South Korea, and the Philippines who married through this system and currently live in Japan.
The study treats these women as active female migrants and contributes to a gendered understanding of the process of contemporary migration. The thesis argues for an acknowledgement of the way in which the international marriage business served the purposes of marriage and migration for women in male dominant and economically stratified societies in Asia, without downplaying the fact that the same system and its ideology oppresses women. The study argues that, for these women, participation in international marriage by introduction was about marriage and migration. Analysis of the intricate sites of marriage and migration was thus critical to understanding their experiences. The thesis also argues for recognition of the diverse and complex experiences of the women participants.
Part I of this study investigates the macro-economic, social and political factors that influenced development of the international marriage business in Japan. It analyses representations of international introduction marriage and its female participants, and maps the ways in which patriarchal gender ideology in the international marriage business system intersects with global capitalism, and other hegemonic power relations operating in contemporary Japan.
Part II examines the marriage and migration experiences of 45 women. The section identifies conflicts faced by the women and examines processes of negotiation inside and outside the family domain. It investigates the extent of the women's agency in their decision to many and live in a foreign country, covering interconnected arenas of marriage, family, paid work, involvement in women's groups and questions of legal citizenship. The women's narratives demonstrate the importance of articulating a structurally embedded analysis with active female agency in the study of international marriage migration.