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Livros sobre o tema "Internal environment representations"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 8 de fevereiro de 2025

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1

University of California, Berkeley. Center for Environmental Design Research e International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, eds. External vs. internal representations in traditional environments. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley, 1992.

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2

Göttler, Christine, e Mia M. Mochizuki. Landscape and Earth in Early Modernity. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729437.

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Early modern views of nature and the earth upended the depiction of land. Landscape emerged as a site of artistic exploration at a time when environments and ecologies were reshaped and transformed. This volume historicizes the contingency of an ever-changing elemental world, reframing and reimagining landscape as a mediating space in the interplay between the natural and the artificial, the real and the imaginary, the internal and the external. The lens of the “unruly” reveals the latent landscapes that undergirded their conception, the elemental resources that resurfaced from the bowels of the earth, the staged topographies that unsettled the boundaries between nature and technology, and the fragile ecologies that undermined the status quo of human environs. Landscape and Earth in Early Modernity: Picturing Unruly Nature argues for an art history attentive to the vicissitudes of circumstance and attributes the regrounding of representation during a transitional age to the unquiet landscape.

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3

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations., ed. Internet posting of chemical "worst case" scenarios, a roadmap for terrorists: Joint hearing before the Subcommittees on Health and Environment and Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, February 10, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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4

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Environment. Automotive technologies for fuel economy: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, October 2, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Better internal controls needed to ensure complete air regulation dockets : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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6

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. Kyoto and the Internet: The energy implications of the digital economy : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, February 2, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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7

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. Kyoto and the Internet: The energy implications of the digital economy : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, February 2, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Cost and availability of reclamation bonds : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Ensuring an effective alternative fuels program : hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, July 29, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Problems in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's personnel security clearance program: Hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, March 15, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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11

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Problems in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's personnel security clearance program: Hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, March 15, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Problems in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's personnel security clearance program: Hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, March 15, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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13

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: State management of abandoned mine land funds : report to the Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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14

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Interior is acting to improve its Applicant Violator System : report to the chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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15

Office, General Accounting. United Nations: Targeted strategies could help boost U.S. representation : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.

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16

Office, General Accounting. Surface mining: Office of Surface Mining Response to management review recommendations : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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17

Office, General Accounting. Prescription drugs: Companies typically charge more in the United States than in Canada : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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18

Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Improvements needed in OSMRE's method of allocating obligations : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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19

Office, General Accounting. United Nations: Progress of procurement reforms : report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.

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20

Office, General Accounting. United Nations: U.S. participation in peacekeeping operations : report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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21

Office, General Accounting. United Nations: Status of U.S. contributions and arrears : report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1999.

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22

Office, General Accounting. United Nations: Status of U.S. contributions and arrears : report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.

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23

Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Focused leadership and comprehensive planning can improve Interior's management of Indian trust funds : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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24

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee. e United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Activities and Transportation Subcommittee., eds. H.R. 776, the Comprehensive National Energy Policy Act, Title I, Subtitle B, and Title III: Joint hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, the Information [i.e. Government Information], Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee, and the Government Activities and Transportation Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 776, to provide for improved energy efficiency, April 28, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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25

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. H.R. 776, the Comprehensive National Energy Policy Act, Title I, Subtitle B, and Title III: Joint hearing before the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, the Information [i.e. Government Information], Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee, and the Government Activities and Transportation Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 776, to provide for improved energy efficiency, April 28, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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26

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business., ed. Entrepreneurship in America: Fairness in regulatory enforcement : joint field hearing before the Committee on Small Business, United States Senate, and the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, August 19, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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27

Office, General Accounting. Mass transit: Many management successes at WMATA, but capital planning could be enhanced : report to the Subcommittee on the District of Columbia, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2001.

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28

Sang-in, Chŏn, ed. Hanʼguk hyŏndaesa: Chinsil kwa haesŏk. Kyŏnggi-do Pʻaju-si: Nanam Chʻulpʻan, 2005.

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29

Bäck, Hanna, e Gissur Ó. Erlingsson. Introduction. Editado por Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.43.

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This introduction to the section on the party system in Sweden starts with the premise that political parties are essential for the upholding of legitimacy in parliamentary democracies. Four chapters make up the section. The first focuses on the changing Swedish party system, where Social Democrats historically have held an exceptionally strong position, which has weakened during recent years. The second analyzes the parties’ internal organizational structure, suggesting that although Swedish parties have become more professionalized, and the ‘mass party’ has faded away, this does not imply they have become internally less democratic. The third chapter focuses on representation, arguing that Swedish parties today face a more complex environment than before, with more diversity among representatives. The concluding chapter suggests that some features of Swedish cabinets stand out in a comparative perspective, with many single-party minority governments, where the Social Democrats have ruled with the help of ‘support party coalitions’.

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30

Vlaeyen, Johan W. S. Learning and Conditioning in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the ways that individuals learn to adapt to changes due to painful experiences. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environment, and it includes non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, new knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may also modulate the perception of pain. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, and context-dependent, and it only occurs through inhibitory processes. The chapter reviews features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability. It concludes with a discussion of promising future directions.

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31

Halpin, Harry. Solving the Frame Problem Socially. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0014.

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The question of how technology impacts the existing forms of epistemology and forms a new kind of socially extended epistemology deserves a thorough philosophical investigation. Traditionally, epistemology has been bound to a vision of knowledge as internal beliefs justified via logical inference. This view was externalized by artificial intelligence research into knowledge representation. Yet historically this form of research has failed, with knowledge representation being unable to cope with the Frame Problem: How to capture a changing and fluid world in a formal system that can be mechanized? Today, people use search engines, tagging, and social media to leave an enactive “social trail” through the vast amount of information, creating new kinds of distributed and extended knowledge that challenges traditional theories of epistemology. This shaping of the epistemic environment allows humans to socially solve the Frame Problem and extend the bounds of knowledge via technological means.

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32

Webb, Paul, e Tim Bale. The Modern British Party System. 2^a ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217236.001.0001.

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This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview and account of the changing nature of party politics in Britain today. It draws on models of comparative politics to conduct a wealth of new empirical analysis to map and explain the ways in which the party system has evolved and the parties adapted to a changing political environment. Themes covered include the nature and extent of party competition, the internal life and organizational development of parties, the varieties of party system found across the UK, and the roles played by parties within the wider political system. The book also addresses the crisis of popular legitimacy confronting the parties, as well as assessing the scope for potential reform. While parties remain central to the functioning of Britain’s democracy, public disaffection with them is as high as it has ever been; reform of the system of representation and party funding is warranted, but there are unlikely to be any panaceas.

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33

Polzer, Mark E. Early Shipbuilding in the Eastern Mediterranean. Editado por Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton e Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0016.

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This article focuses on early shipbuilding in the Eastern Mediterranean provided by shipwreck and terrestrial excavations. The study of the construction of early watercraft is mainly in the form of artistic representation. Egypt is the largest depository of early watercraft. The details of Near Eastern ships are painted on the Theban tomb of Kenamun. Hull remains from Late Bronze Age shipwrecks excavated off the coast of Turkey provide archaeological evidence for Levantine ships. The only pre-classical Aegean shipwreck to be excavated and studied by nautical archaeologists is that of a trading vessel, that sank on the southwestern Turkish coast. Greek builders strengthened their hulls transversely with internal framing comprised of preassembled “made-frames” alternating with top-timbers. The ancient seafaring cultures of the eastern Mediterranean each developed their own unique set of solutions to create elegant, sturdy, and capable boats and ships well suited to their environments and intended purposes.

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34

Taylor, Sarah McFarland. Ecopiety. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479810765.001.0001.

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This bookanalyzes diverse representations of environmental moral engagement in contemporary mediated popular culture. It identifies and explores intertwining, co-constitutive, yet contrary stories of what the author terms “ecopiety” and “consumopiety” as they flow across multiple media platforms. The way these stories compete and conflict, vying for space as contested narratives in the public imagination, constitutes a central inquiry of the book. Drawing together theoretical insights from cultural studies, media studies, environmental humanities, and religious studies, the book offers a critical reading of primary source data drawn from such areas as the marketing of green consumer products, “greenwashed” corporate advertising, environmental mobile device applications, eco-themed reality television, the marketing of eco-funerals, Internet sharing of environmental tattoos, “green” fashion guides, and the media strategies of green hiphop activism. Taylor makes the case that a detailed, multichannel, cross-platform approach to cultural analysis is critical to understanding the kind of important “work” taking place as mediated popular culture plays an integral role in the “greening” of American moral sensibilities. Ecopiety delves into the complex and contested processes of remaking our world and rescripting the future in the digital age—a time when storytelling processes themselves are shaping and being shaped by new media outlets and digital sharing technologies.

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35

Gallagher, Shaun. Enactivist Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.001.0001.

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Enactivist Interventions explores central issues in the contemporary debates about embodied cognition, addressing interdisciplinary questions about intentionality, representation, affordances, the role of affect, and the problems of perception and cognitive penetration, action and free will, higher-order cognition, and intersubjectivity. It argues for a rethinking of the concept of mind, drawing on pragmatism, phenomenology, and cognitive science. It interprets enactivism as a philosophy of nature that has significant methodological and theoretical implications for the scientific investigation of the mind. Enactivist Interventions argues that, like the basic phenomena of perception and action, sophisticated cognitive phenomena like reflection, imagining, and mathematical reasoning are best explained in terms of an affordance-based skilled coping. It thus argues for a continuity that runs between basic action, affectivity, and a rationality that in every case remains embodied. It also discusses recent predictive models of brain function and outlines an alternative, enactivist interpretation that emphasizes the close coupling of brain, body, and environment rather than a strong boundary that isolates the brain in its internal processes. The extensive relational dynamics that integrates the brain with the extra-neural body opens into an environment that is physical, social, and cultural and that recycles back into the enactive process. Cognitive processes are in the world, situated in affordance spaces defined across evolutionary, developmental, and individual histories, and are constrained by affective processes and normative dimensions of social and cultural practices.

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36

Di Paolo, Ezequiel, Thomas Buhrmann e Xabier Barandiaran. Sensorimotor Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786849.001.0001.

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This book elaborates a series of contributions to a non–representational theory of action and perception. It is based on current theoretical developments in the enactive approach to life and mind. These enactive ideas are applied and extended to provide a theoretically rich, naturalistic account of sensorimotor meaning and agency. This account supplies non–representational extensions to the sensorimotor approach to perceptual experience based on the notion of the living body as a self–organizing dynamic system in coupling with the environment. The enactive perspective entails the use of world–involving explanations, in which processes external to an agent co–constitute mental phenomena in ways that cannot be reduced to the supply of information for internal processing. These contributions to sensorimotor theories are a dynamical–systems description of different types of sensorimotor regularities or sensorimotor contingencies, a dynamical interpretation of Piaget's theory of equilibration to ground the concept of sensorimotor mastery, and a theory of agency as organized networks of sensorimotor schemes, with its implications for sensorimotor subjectivity. New tools are provided for examining the organization, development, and operation of networks of sensorimotor schemes that compose regional activities and genres of action with their own situated norms. This permits the exploration of new explanations for the phenomenology of agency experience that are favorably contrasted with traditional computational approaches and lead to new empirical predictions. From these proposals, capabilities once beyond the reach of enactive explanations, such as the possibility of virtual actions and the adoption of socially mediated abstract perceptual attitudes, can be addressed.

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37

Bunt, Gary R. Hashtag Islam. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643168.001.0001.

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This book explores the diverse ways digital technology is shaping how Muslims across vast territories relate to religious authorities in fulfilling spiritual, mystical, and legalistic agendas. From social networks to websites, essential elements of religious practices and authority now have representation online. Muslims, embracing the immediacy and general accessibility of the internet, are increasingly turning to cyberspace for advice and answers to important religious questions. Online environments often challenge traditional models of authority, however. One result is the rise of digitally literate religious scholars and authorities whose influence and impact go beyond traditional boundaries of imams, mullahs, and shaikhs. The book shows how online rhetoric and social media are being used to articulate religious faith by many different kinds of Muslim organizations and individuals, from Muslim comedians and women’s rights advocates to jihad-oriented groups, such as the “Islamic State” and al-Qaeda, which relied on strategic digital media policies to augment and justify their authority and draw recruits. Hashtag Islam makes clear that understanding CIEs is crucial for the holistic interpretation of authority in contemporary Islam.

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38

Shergaziev, Uranbek, ed. GLOBAL FOOD FORUM — 2021 DIALOGUE WITHOUT BORDERS. EurAsian Scientific Editions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56948/gebt7753.

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The collection presents the reports of participants of the Global Food Forum organized by Moscow State University of Food Production (MSUFP) jointly with the Council for Science and Continuing Education of the Eurasian Peoples’ Assembly, with the support of the Federation Council Committee on Agriculture and Food Policy and Environmental Management of the Federal Assembly and the assistance of Moscow Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization. The Global Food Forum 2021 became a venue for wide-ranging discussion of plans and actions realised in the Russian Federation and a number of foreign organisations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. A number of proposals were made towards coordination of inter-sectoral actions along the entire chain of food systems (production, transportation, storage, distribution and consumption), drawing special attention to the problems coupled with Sustainable Development Goals in scientific research, their expansion and allocation of necessary resources for these purposes, training of required personnel, including highly qualified staff. The Forum was attended by representatives of 28 universities and research institutes from such countries as: Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Germany, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan, Bulgaria and the UAE. The global attention to the Forum is accounted for by the importance of uniting world community efforts for identification and prevention of internal and external threats to food security, for development of common constructive decisions on improvement of food systems, on achieving progress, through the food resource, in respect of all 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals with the view of sustainable reproduction of healthy and full-value life.

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39

Evaluating internal operation and implementation of the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards program (CFATS) by the Department of Homeland Security: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, February 3, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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40

United Nations: U.S. participation in peacekeeping operations : report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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41

United Nations: Status of U.S. contributions and arrears : report to the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1999.

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42

Feigenbaum, Eric. Profiles of the Mannequin. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350418141.

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They’ve been referred to as the quintessential silent sales force, but they are so much more than fancy clothes hangers. Mannequins breathe life, emotion, and animation into retail environments across the world. They are works of art that tap into the emotions and aspirations of all who engage with them. Profiles of the Mannequintracks the history and evolution of these intriguing figures from the headless models of 1900 right up to today’s virtual mannequins. Exploring shifts in representation of gender, race and body type, this study chronicles the connection between mannequins and movements in art, the humanities, current affairs, and fashion. Beautifully illustrated and engagingly told, fascinating in-depth interviews with creative professionals recount their experiences, philosophies, and stories of the mannequin and its impact on our culture as both a utilitarian object and as an artistic statement. Interviewees include:-Carol Barnhart, former owner and CEO, Carol Barnhart Inc. -Harry Cunningham, former Senior Vice President Store Planning, Design, and Visual Merchandising, Saks Fifth Avenue -James Damian, former President of Hindsgaul Mannequins USA -Paul Olszewski, former National Director of Windows and Internal Flagship Marketing, Macy’s -Barbara Paris Gifford, Curator, Museum of Art and Design (MAD), New York -Ralph Pucci, mannequin designer, gallery owner and entrepreneur -Rob Smith, the CEO and Founder of the Phluid Project, the first gender-neutral store in the retail industry Profiles of the Mannequin is an exposé exploring not only the physical manifestation of the mannequin, but also the philosophies, techniques, and cultural and sociological impact of the creative visionaries who brought these seemingly inanimate objects to life. Mannequins have been referred to as the quintessential silent sales force. While they have fulfilled an important utilitarian function in terms of displaying and ultimately selling apparel, they have assumed an even greater role with a more enduring effect. They cross the line from being a strictly functional selling tool, to an infusion of life, emotion, and animation into retail environments across the world. They are works of art that tap into the emotions and aspirations of all who engage them. Moreover, they are time-honored barometers, measuring the pulse of society, and the heartbeat of culture. The evolving mannequin has consistently responded to current events, social and cultural movements, and nuances of the moment. As such, they provide an engaging historical bookmark, measuring the events and happenings of the times. This book will examine the important contributions of those who have advanced the art of the mannequin. It’s a comprehensive study of the influential authorities whose vision and perspectives serve as a guideline for all studying the social, cultural and historical impact of these sculptural forms. In assembling and documenting the many personalities or ‘Profiles of the Mannequin,’ the author conducted a series of in-depth interviews with colleagues, educators, historians, and industry leaders; including museum curators, designers, fashion forecasters, manufacturers and highly respected visual merchandising directors.

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43

Mass transit: Information on SEPTA commuter rail operations : report to the honorable Bob Edgar, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1986.

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44

Mass transit: Actions needed for the BART airport extension : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Transportation, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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45

Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.

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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecological techniques, based upon the annual variability of tree rings, are commonly used to analyze the disturbance histories of old-growth stands. Dendroecological methods make it possible to reconstruct the stand history over several centuries in the past by analyzing the frequency, intensity, duration and spatial scale of disturbances causing the death of trees. Combining the dendroecological techniques with the detailed measurements of stand structure, snag volume, CWD volume, and the analyses of regeneration species composition and structure allows us to identify the factors responsible for the changes in dynamics of mixed mountain forests. Various disturbance agents affect some species selectively, while some disturbances promote the establishment of tree seedlings of specific species by modifying environmental conditions. Describing the disturbance regime requires a broad scope of data on stand structure, on dead wood and tree regeneration, while various factors affecting all the stages of tree growth should be taken into consideration. On the basis of the already published data from permanent sample plots, combined with the available disturbance history analyses from the Western Carpathians, three research hypotheses were formulated. 1. The species composition of mixed mountain forests has been changing for at least several decades. These directional changes are the consequence of simultaneous conifer species decline and expansion of beech. 2. The observed changes in species composition of mixed mountain forests are the effect of indirect anthropogenic influences, significantly changing tree growth conditions also in the forests that are usually considered natural or near-natural. Cumulative impact of these indirect influences leads to the decrease of fir share in the tree layer (spruce decline has also been observed recently),and it limits the representation of this species among seedlings and saplings. The final effect is the decrease of fir and spruce share in the forest stands. 3. Small disturbances, killing single trees or small groups of trees, and infrequent disturbances of medium size and intensity dominate the disturbance regime in mixed mountain forests. The present structure of beech-fir-spruce forests is shaped both by complex disturbance regime and indirect anthropogenic influences. The data were gathered in permanent sample plots in strictly protected areas of Babia Góra, Gorce, and Tatra National Parks, situated in the Western Carpathians. All plots were located in the old-growth forest stands representing Carpathian beech forest community. The results of the measurements of trees, snags, coarse woody debris (CWD) and tree regeneration were used for detailed description of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands. Tree ring widths derived from increment cores were used to reconstruct the historical changes in tree growth trends of all main tree species, as well as the stand disturbance history within the past two to three hundred years. The analyses revealed complex disturbance history in all of the three forest stands. Intermediate disturbances of variable intensity occurred, frequently separated by the periods of low tree mortality lasting from several decades up to over one hundred years. The intervals between the disturbances were significantly shorter than the expected length of forest developmental cycle, in commonly used theories describing the dynamics of old-growth stands. During intermediate disturbances up to several dozen percent of canopy trees were killed. There were no signs of stand-replacing disturbances, killing all or nearly all of canopy trees. The periods of intense tree mortality were followed by subsequent periods of increased sapling recruitment. Variability in disturbance intensity is one of the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of beech and conifer species in mixed forests. The recruitment of conifer saplings depended on the presence of larger gaps, resulting from intermediate disturbances, while beech was more successful in the periods of low mortality. However, in the last few decades, beech seems to benefit from the period of intense fir mortality. This change results from the influence of long-term anthropogenic disturbances, affecting natural mechanisms that maintain the coexistence of different tree species and change natural disturbance regimes. Indirect anthropogenic influence on tree growth was clearly visible in the gradual decrease of fir increments in the twentieth century, resulting from the high level of air pollution in Europe. Synchronous decreases of fir tree rings’ widths were observed in all three of the sample plots, but the final outcomes depended on the fir age. In most cases, the damage to the foliage limited the competitive abilities of fir, but it did not cause a widespread increase in tree mortality, except for the oldest firs in the BGNP (Babia Góra National Park) plot. BGNP is located in the proximity of industrial agglomeration of Upper Silesia, and it could be exposed to higher level of air pollution than the other two plots. High level of fir regeneration browsing due to the deer overabundance and insufficient number of predators is the second clear indication of the indirect anthropogenic influence on mixed mountain forests. Game impact on fir regeneration is the most pronounced in Babia Góra forests, where fir was almost completely eliminated from the saplings. Deer browsing seems to be the main factor responsible for limiting the number of fir saplings and young fir trees, while the representation of fir among seedlings is high. The experiments conducted in fenced plots located in the mixed forests in BGNP proved that fir and sycamore were the most preferred by deer species among seedlings and saplings. In GNP (Gorce National Park) and TNP (Tatra National Park), the changes in species composition of tree regeneration are similar, but single firs or even small groups of firs are present among saplings. It seems that all of the analysed mixed beech-fir-spruce forests undergo directional changes, causing a systematic decrease in fir representation, and the expansion of beech. This tendency results from the indirect anthropogenic impact, past and present. Fir regeneration decline, alongside with the high level of spruce trees’ mortality in recent years, may lead to a significant decrease in conifers representation in the near future, and to the expansion of beech forests at the cost of mixed ones.

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Balyshev, Marat. Astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. “Naukova Dumka”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/978-966-00-1863-1.

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Resumo:

The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.

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