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Kukurudziak, Mykola S. "Problems of Masking and Anti-Reflective SiO2 in Silicon Technology". East European Journal of Physics, n.º 2 (2 de junho de 2023): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-2-33.
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The article examines the problems of thermal oxidation of silicon. Oxidation plays an important role in planar technology, which in turn is the basis of the technology of silicon integrated circuits, photodetectors and other solid-state electronics. During our production of silicon p-i-n photodiodes, a number of systematic types of defects and deterioration of product parameters caused by the degradation of masking or anti-reflective coatings during the manufacturing process were observed. A decrease in the insulation resistance of responsive elements in multi-element photodiodes was observed, which contributed to the increase of dark currents. A decrease in the responsivity of the products due to the degradation of the thickness or structure of the anti-reflective coating during technological operations, etc., was also revealed. It was established that the reason for the decrease in insulation resistance is the formation of inversion layers at the Si-SiO2 interface, the presence of which can be detected when measuring CV-characteristics. It was also established that chemical treatment of substrates with SiO2 in boiling acid solutions helps to reduce the thickness of the oxide. To avoid deviation of the thickness of the film from the condition of minimum reflection, it is necessary to grow a thicker layer of anti-reflective coating. It is noted that when etching the oxide during photolithography or when removing the PSG/BSG in hydrofluoric acid, it is not permissible to remove the cassette with plates from the solution for a long time, as this leads to uneven etching of the film due to the flow of the herb on the surface of the substrate. The causes of defect formation in Si and SiO2 during oxidation are given. Thus, with improper mechanical and chemical processing of the plates, cristobalite inclusions may form in the film during oxidation. Cristobalite has a higher density than quartz glass, and the boundaries between amorphous regions and denser crystalline regions represent voids, which can be filled both by impurities from the surface and by the diffusant in the diffusion process. Also, during oxidation in silicon, packing defects are often formed. Centers of defect genesis can be mechanical damage to the plate surface or growth defects.
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Yuan, Xin, Yilin Du, Zhihai Lin, Zhiqiang Liu e Lin Gu. "Effect of Water Uptake, Adhesion and Anti-Corrosion Performance for Silicone-Epoxy Coatings Treated with GLYMO on 2024 Al-Alloy". Polymers 14, n.º 15 (29 de julho de 2022): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153076.
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Water uptake, adhesion and corrosion performance of silicone-epoxy coating on 2024 Al-alloy treated with different GLYMO were systematically studied by gravimetry, electrochemical measurements, DSC, pull-off adhesion and salt spray tests. The results showed that GLYMO not only enhanced the cross-linking of the silicon-epoxy coating but also enhanced the bonding between the coating and the Al-alloy interface. This gives the coating better wet adhesion, less water absorption and improves the corrosion resistance of the coating. The micro-nano silane layer, preferentially between the coating and Al-alloy oxide layer, was validated by the model of the water concentration jump.
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Chaya, B. M., Prasant Kumar Pattnaik e K. Narayan. "Modeling and Analysis of Organic Light Emitting Diode with Thin Film Anti-Reflective Coatings". Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2020): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2751.
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The effects of anti-reflective coatings (ARC) on organic light emitting diode (OLED) optical characteristics are reported in this paper. The light output produced from the OLED is not 100%. But the emitted light is trapped due to various Modes. The losses at the glass air substrate interfaces of an OLED are addressed in this work. The Anti-Reflective coatings increase the light output by reducing OLED reflections at the interface between glass and air. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method and the Fresnel theory have been used to design the device and study the effects on OLED of the Single Layer Anti-Reflective Coating (SLAR) and Double Layer Anti-Reflective Coating (DLAR). The thicknesses and refractive indices of the layers of the anti-reflective coatings were optimized. We also compared the light out coupling power efficiency of the SLAR coated OLED with that of an OLED with a DLAR coating and also with Conventional OLED. The results show that the enhancement in light output efficiency of the DLAR coated OLED was slightly higher than that of the SLAR coated OLED.
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Xue, Z. Y., C. Q. Li, H. W. Niu, J. F. Ou, F. J. Wang, X. Z. Fang, W. Li e A. Amirfazl. "Fabrication of high-durability superhydrophobic coatings based on dual-sized SiC particles". Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 19, n.º 1 (26 de março de 2024): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2024.191.383.
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In recent years, inspired by “biomimicry”, superhydrophobic surfaces have gained significant attention. Superhydrophobic surfaces demonstrate notable advantages in addressing interfacial issues, and superhydrophobic coatings exhibit excellent waterproofness, anti-fouling, self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, and additional capabilities, making them promising next-generation waterproof materials. However, the complex preparation process, coupled with poor wear resistance and environmental durability, severely limits their practical applications. Therefore, this article started from simplifying the preparation process and improving the durability of the coatings. Epoxy resin (E51) was used as the film-forming material, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and dual-sized SiC particles (nano-SiC and micro-SiC) were used as the fillers. Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) was used as a binder interacting with epoxy resin to promote the interface interaction between the fillers and the polymers. This process resulted in the successful preparation of superhydrophobic coatings with outstanding comprehensive performance. When the ratio of μ-SiC to n-SiC was 1:1, the prepared coating exhibited the best superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle (WCA) of 167.4° and a sliding angle (SA) of 4.6°. Even after undergoing severe mechanical tests, such as sandpaper abrasion for 1000 cycles, sand impact for 100 cycles, cross-cut test, and tape-peeling for 70 cycles, the coatings still maintained their non-wetting Cassie-Baxter state. Furthermore, even after immersion in strong acid, strong alkali and 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions for 6 days, keeping at 500 ℃ for 2 hours, and exposure to ultraviolet for 6 days, the coatings still exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity. This suggested that the prepared coating had excellent chemical stability and high-temperature resistance. In addition, the superhydrophobic coating exhibited exceptional capabilities in self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, anti-icing, and de-icing properties. Furthermore, this coating, applicable to diverse substrates including board, steel, paper, and glass, demonstrated an impressive water contact angle (WCA) and sliding angle (SA). The spraying method offers the benefits of simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This is poised to significantly broaden its practical applications in various fields, including construction, transportation, and the chemical industry.
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Gischkat, Thomas, Daniel Schachtler, Igor Stevanovic, Zoltan Balogh-Michels, Roelene Botha, Andreas Bächli, Marco Cucinelli et al. "Substrate Cleaning Processes and Their Influence on the Laser Resistance of Anti-Reflective Coatings". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 23 (27 de novembro de 2020): 8496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238496.
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Substrate cleaning prior to coating has a strong influence on the performance of the optical component. Exemplary, none or inadequate cleaning reduces the resistance against laser irradiation drastically. Especially in laser components coated with anti-reflective layers, the interface between substrate and coating is one of the most limiting factors. This study investigates different precision cleaning processes and their influence on the laser resistance of ion-beam sputtered anti-reflective coatings. Therefore, a SiO2/Ta2O5 multilayer anti-reflective coating for a wavelength of 1064 nm and a normal angle of incidence was deposited onto high-quality fused silica substrates. Prior to deposition, the substrates were cleaned with various cleaning processes using different solutions and ultrasonic frequencies. To characterize the cleaned surface quality, the surfaces were analyzed with respect to root-mean-square (RMS) roughness and particle density. Laser damage was measured using a 1064 nm ns-pulsed laser test bench. It was found that an alcoholic pre-clean is recommendable to prevent laser damage caused by organic films remaining from the polishing process. The applied ultrasonic frequencies strongly influenced the particle density down to the sub-micrometer range and in consequence, the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). Ultrasonic cleaning at excessive power levels can reduce laser resistance.
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Pan, C. T., T. L. Yang, C. H. Chao, Z. K. Wang e P. R. Ni. "Study on Anti-Adhesion Layers Using AFM for Nanoimprint Process". Key Engineering Materials 661 (setembro de 2015): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.661.128.
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This study investigates how to improve the anti-adhesion issues between Silicon mold and nanostructures of hard polydimethylsiloxane (H-PDMS). A Silicon mold with different depths and widths was made using a focused ion beam (FIB). During the soft-lithography molding process, anti-adhesion layers were needed between the Silicon mold and H-PDMS samples to prevent the de-molding failure caused by the adhesion issues between the interfaces. This study adopts three methods to deposit anti-adhesion layers, such as liquid immersion, vapor deposition, and fluorine-doped diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) film. Perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane (PFOTCS) was used as a mold-releasing agent for the liquid immersion and vapor deposition methods. The contact angles between each film were measured to determine the effect of anti-adhesion on the molding process. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the adhesion force between the H-PDMS and anti-adhesion layers. The results show that the coatings of anti-adhesion layers are an effective approach to improve the formability of molding.
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Bangoura, Mama Aïssata, David Mimeau, Eric Balnois, Karine Réhel, Fabrice Azemar e Isabelle Linossier. "Impact of Molecular Weight on Anti-Bioadhesion Efficiency of PDMS-Based Coatings". Coatings 14, n.º 1 (21 de janeiro de 2024): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010149.
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Silicone elastomer coatings have shown successful fouling release ability in recent years. To further enhance the design of silicone coatings, it is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms that contribute to their performance. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the molecular weight of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and antibioadhesion efficiency. PDMS-based coatings were prepared via a condensation reaction, with a controlled molecular weight ranging from 0.8 to 10 kg·mol−1. To evaluate changes in surface wettability and morphology, contact angle experiments and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed. Finally, the antibioadhesion and self-cleaning performance of PDMS coatings was carried out during in situ immersion in Lorient harbor for 12 months. Despite small variations in surface properties depending on the molecular weight, strong differences in the antibioadhesion performance were observed. According to the results, the best antibioadhesion efficiency was obtained for coatings with an Mn between 2 and 4 kg·mol−1 after 12 months. This paper provides for the first time the impact of the molecular weight of PDMS on antibioadhesion efficiency in a real marine environment.
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Juska, Vuslat B., e Alan O'Riordan. "(Digital Presentation) Micro-Surface Engineering of Integrated Silicon Microtechnologies for the Development of Sensing and Biosensing Platforms". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 61 (9 de outubro de 2022): 2260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612260mtgabs.
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Microfabrication techniques used in semiconductor industry deliver high yield of devices and silicon microtechnologies undoubtedly have a reputation of a well-established platform for manufacture. A Silicon-wafer is the most commonly used substrate due to its low-cost; therefore for decades several protocols have been developed in order to process this particular material for micro-nano electronics. Today, it is possible to manufacture ultramicro-nano scale devices with multiple steps of lithography, deposition, and lift-off. Clearly, such progress of microsystems has been one of the major interests of biology-based research fields due to the need for small-reproducible devices with appropriate interface features, in particular for biosensing-applications. Biosensing technologies have an important contribution to a daily basis life with the examples of glucometers, pregnancy tests, Covid-19 tests, etc. Microtechnologies combined with sensing systems are clearly a rising-star due to several benefits of microfabrication protocols such as excellent reproducibility, miniaturization capabilities, low-cost and design flexibility for device fabrication. Establishment of a successful fabrication route of ultramicro devices with high reproducibility is a challenge. Figure1 shows an example fabrication-flow of one of our devices. We have developed several successful fabrication flows for device manufacturing and we have developed several designs of gold chips based on band-electrode-array[1], disk-electrode-array[2], and multiplexing[3] for varying (bio)sensing applications. Figure2 shows a series of SEM images of designed, fabricated and foam-modified devices. One of the significant key of using such tiny devices is the electrochemical reproducibility of the gold surfaces to establish a successful sensing platform. Therefore we assessed the effect of several cleaning protocols on the electrochemical characteristics of ultramicro-electrode-devices. As an example, Figure3a shows one of the 6-sensing-electrodes on a multiplexed-device(1µm-width,45µm-length). After the cleaning protocol of chip, we studied cyclic voltammetry in a redox probe(5mM Fe(CN)6 3–/4– in 1M KCl). Clearly, applied protocol provides reproducible redox-active sensing-electrode surfaces therefore; we obtained overlapping voltammograms of 6-electrode-on-chip(Figure3b). We also investigated the surface morphology of the gold surface(Figure3c). We discovered that the cleaning protocol increases surface-roughness which may lead a redox-active surface. One another key aspect of our study is the application of these tiny devices. We in particular studied miniaturization of hydrogen-bubble template with chips to explore scaling-down limits of in situ template. Figure2 represents many of designs applied with in situ template studied in highly acidic solution under high negative voltages. We explored the electro-catalytic activity of these foam deposits. For example, Figure3d shows one of the sensing electrodes on multiplexed-device after Cufoam deposition. This device is capable of oxidizing glucose in 0.1M NaOH[1a, 4] at a voltage of +0.8V(Figure3e). Therefore we assessed the linear-range between glucose concentration and device response(Figure3f). One of the parameters we have studied was reusability of multiplexed device and Figure3g shows 10-subsequest measurements studied with a single device. We have shown the application of such devices in whole serum samples and also river water for chemical oxygen demand concentration determination. The other application we have been developing via multiplexing is immunosensor development for animal health. We have developed a simple anti-fouling matrix which allowed us to study in a complex matrix. Figure 4a summarizes the development protocol of antifouling matrix which was studied with CV after fresh antifouling coating and after incubation with either 5% BSA or serum overnight. Figure 4b shows the SEM image of one of the sensing electrode on chip after the gold deposition. We use these needle-like gold depositions as a high surface area substrate where we apply the antifouling matrix. Then, via carbodiimide chemistry we immobilized anti-Haptoglobin antibodies onto surface which is specific to haptoglobin protein (one of the immunosensors on chip). With this study we are aiming to detect several biomarkers from milk of cow after calving. This publication has emanated from research conducted with the financial support of Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine on behalf of the Government of Ireland under Grant Numbers [16/RC/3835), DAFM stimulus AgriSense II Grant Number 17/RD/US-ROI/56, and EU Horizon 2020 (DEMETER 857202). [1] aV. B. Juska, A. Walcarius, M. E. Pemble, Acs Appl Nano Mater 2019, 2, 5878-5889; bV. B. Juska, M. E. Pemble, Analyst 2020, 145, 402-414. [2] V. Buk, M. E. Pemble, Electrochimica Acta 2019, 298, 97-105. [3] aL. A. Wasiewska, I. Seymour, B. Patella, R. Inguanta, C. M. Burgess, G. Duffy, A. O'Riordan, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2021, 333, 129531; bB. O'Sullivan, B. Patella, R. Daly, I. Seymour, C. Robinson, P. Lovera, J. Rohan, R. Inguanta, A. O'Riordan, Electrochimica Acta 2021, 395. [4] V. B. Juska, G. Juska, J Chem Technol Biot 2021, 96, 1086-1095. Figure 1
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Jamaluddin, N. I. I. M., M. Y. Bermakai e M. Z. Mohd Yusoff. "Numerical analysis of MgF2/SiO2 bilayers anti-reflective coating of light trapping in silicon solar cells by ray tracer software". Chalcogenide Letters 19, n.º 8 (5 de setembro de 2022): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2022.198.529.
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Anti-reflective coating (ARC) application is continuously being developed extensively and widely for the manufacture of coatings on the surfaces of optical devices which are hugely essential, desirable, and required, particularly on silicon solar cells. Single layer ARC is sufficient, but double layer ARC tremendously enhances solar cell efficiency by covering a wider range of the solar spectrum. Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 and silicon dioxide, SiO2 are the ARC coatings used in this work, with wavelengths in the range from 300 to 1200 nm. The optical properties of bilayer ARC coatings were obtained by varying the thickness of the double coatings and see how the ARC effects Si solar cells. Wafer ray tracer was used in PV Lighthouse software to simulate and model MgF2 and SiO2 bilayer ARC coatings in order to fully understand the performance and impacts of the coatings on Si solar cells. This simulation work contains the analysis of reflection, absorption, transmission, and Jmax, which have been compared to many other theoretical results gathered from other studies and researches. To conclude, the absorption of the wavelength is highest between 500 nm to 900 nm leads to lowest reflection. The output shows that bilayer anti-reflective coatings with the thickness of 75 nm MgF2 and SiO2 are much more effective where the value of Jmax is reach 32.80 mA/cm2. The Jmax enhancement compare to reference is 27.13% is achieved.
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Sayed, Hassan, Z. S. Matar, M. Al-Dossari, A. F. Amin, N. S. Abd El-Gawaad e Arafa H. Aly. "The Design and Optimization of an Anti-Reflection Coating and an Intermediate Reflective Layer to Enhance Tandem Solar Cell Photons Capture". Crystals 12, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010057.
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We have theoretically demonstrated an efficient way to improve the optical properties of an anti-reflection coating (ARC) and an intermediate reflective layer (IRL) to enhance tandem solar cell efficiency by localizing the incident photons’ energy on a suitable sub-cell. The optimum designed ARC from a one-dimensional ternary photonic crystal, consisting of a layer of silicon oxynitride (SiON), was immersed between two layers of (SiO2); thicknesses were chosen to be 98 nm, 48 nm, and 8 nm, respectively. The numerical results show the interesting transmission properties of the anti-reflection coating on the viable and near IR spectrum. The IRL was designed from one-dimensional binary photonic crystals and the constituent materials are Bi4Ge3O12 and μc-SiOx: H with refractive indexes was 2.05, and 2.8, respectively. The numbers of periods were set to 10. Thicknesses: d1 = 62 nm and d2 = 40 nm created a photonic bandgap (PBG) in the range of [420 nm: 540 nm]. By increasing the second material thickness to 55 nm, and 73 nm, the PBG shifted to longer wavelengths: [520 nm: 630 nm], and [620 nm: 730 nm], respectively. Thus, by stacking the three remaining structures, the PBG widened and extended from 400 nm to 730 nm. The current theoretical and simulation methods are based on the fundamentals of the transfer matrix method and finite difference time domain method.
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El-Lateef, Hany M. Abd, Mohamed Gouda, Mai M. Khalaf, Manal A. A. Al-Shuaibi, Ibrahim M. A. Mohamed, Kamal Shalabi e Reda M. El-Shishtawy. "Experimental and In-Silico Computational Modeling of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized by Gelatin as an Eco-Friendly Anti-Corrosion Barrier on X60 Steel Alloys in Acidic Environments". Polymers 14, n.º 13 (22 de junho de 2022): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132544.
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An eco-friendly and a facile route successfully prepared novel cerium oxide nanoparticles functionalized by gelatin. The introduced CeO2@gelatin was investigated in terms of FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, chemical mapping, FT-IR, and (TGA) thermal analyses. These characterization tools indicate the successful synthesis of a material having CeO2 and gelatin as a composite material. The prepared composite CeO2@gelatin was used as an environment-friendly coated film or X60 steel alloys in acidizing oil well medium. Moreover, the effect of CeO2 percent on film composition was investigated. LPR corrosion rate, Eocp-time, EIS, and PDP tools determined the corrosion protection capacity. The CeO2@gelatin composite exhibited high protection capacity compared to pure gelatin; in particular, 5.0% CeO2@gelatin coating film shows the highest protection capacity (98.2%), with long-term anti-corrosive features. The % CeO2@gelatin-coated films formed the protective adsorbed layer on the steel interface by developing a strong bond among nitrogen atoms in the CeO2@gelatin film and the electrode interface. Surface morphology using FESEM measurements confirmed the high efficiency of the fabricated CeO2@gelatin composite on the protection X60 steel alloys. DFT calculations and MC simulations were explored to study the relations between the protection action and the molecular construction of the coated systems, which were in good alignment with the empirical findings.
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Huang, Yu-Chun, e Ricky Wenkuei Chuang. "Study on Annealing Process of Aluminum Oxide Passivation Layer for PERC Solar Cells". Coatings 11, n.º 9 (31 de agosto de 2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091052.
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In this study, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) equipment was used to deposit Al2O3 film on a p-type silicon wafer, trimethylaluminum (TMA) and H2O were used as precursor materials, and then the post-annealing process was conducted under atmospheric pressure. The Al2O3 films annealed at different temperatures between 200–500 °C were compared to ascertain the effect of passivation films and to confirm the changes in film structure and thickness before and after annealing through TEM images. Furthermore, the negative fixed charge and interface defect density were analyzed using the C-V measurement method. Photo-induced carrier generation was used to measure the effective minority carrier lifetime, the implied open-circuit voltage, and the effective surface recombination velocity of the film. The carrier lifetime was found to be the longest (2181.7 μs) for Al2O3/Si post-annealed at 400 °C. Finally, with the use of VHF (40.68 MHz) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) equipment, a silicon nitride (SiNx) film was plated as an anti-reflection layer over the front side of the wafer and as a capping layer on the back to realize a passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) solar cell with optimal efficiency up to 21.54%.
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Kukurudziak, M. S. "Method of “cleaning” the surface of responsive elements of silicon p-i-n photodiodes from dislocations". Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 14, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2023): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp14.02.182.
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Investigating the formation of inversion layers (IL) at the Si-SiO2 interface in the manufacturing technology of silicon photodetectors, some dynamics of dislocations after isothermal annealing were revealed, which were absent in samples without inversion. After selective etching of samples with inversion layers, localization of dislocations on the periphery of responsive elements (RE) with accumulation of guard rings (GR) or other elements of n+-type topology outside the RE was observed. This testified to the movement of dislocations on the surface of the Si-SiO2 structures with IL in the direction of the periphery of the crystal during isothermal annealing, which contributed to a significant decrease in the density of structural defects in RE. The described phenomenon can be used to obtain highly doped defect-free silicon structures. Since the presence of dislocations or other violations of the crystal lattice negatively affect the parameters of the products. In the case of using the described phenomenon as a technological method of “cleaning” the surface of silicon structures, there is a need for controlled formation of IL. One of the methods of forming inversion layers can be thermal oxidation in hydrochloric acid vapors according to the principle of dry-wet-dry oxidation (for p-type silicon). Another method that does not require additional materials is the annealing of Si-SiO2 structures at a temperature of 900–950 Celsium degrees in a nitrogen atmosphere for ≥ 240 minutes. Inversion channels, in this case, will be formed due to the redistribution and diffusion of metal impurities in the oxide (which were introduced during previous thermal operations) to the Si-SiO2 interface. In the described case, these structural defects after annealing were localized in the GR, which is also an active element of the phododiodes, as it limits the dark current of the RE, accordingly, the dark current of the GR should also be low. To be able to implement this method, it is necessary to create passive n+-regions on the periphery of the crystals, limited by oxide, which will be the locations of defects after annealing. It can be both separate areas of arbitrary shape and a concentric ring outside the GR. Elements that will be the locations of defects on the periphery can be cut off at the stage of separating the substrates into crystals. After annealing, it is necessary to remove the IL and form an anti-reflective coating by any known method, since the presence of inversion channels contributes to the growth of dark currents. When examining the morphology of defect localization areas after annealing under high-magnification microscopes and with the help of an atomic force microscope, the formation of hexagonal and round defects, which are partial marginal Frank dislocation loops, was observed. The mechanism of dislocation movement described in this article has not been thoroughly studied by us and requires additional research, but it may be related to Cottrell atmospheres and their interaction with IL
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Hirsch, Emilia W., Linfeng Du, Demetre J. Economou e Vincent M. Donnelly. "Evidence for anti-synergism between ion-assisted etching and in-plasma photoassisted etching of silicon in a high-density chlorine plasma". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 38, n.º 2 (março de 2020): 023009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5138189.
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Develioglu, Aysegul, Levent Trabzon e Yunus Alphan. "Design, Fabrication and Characterization of n-Si Columnar Structures for Solar Cell Applications". Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, n.º 1 (23 de janeiro de 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666181019123035.
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Background: Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) provides oblique deposition and substrate motion to engineer thin film microstructures in three dimensions on nano scale. Using this technique zigzag, chevrons, staircase, post, helical and various type of nanostructures including 3-D multilayers can be obtained from various metals with controllable morphologies. The aim of the study is to increase surface porosity and junction using GLAD method area for thin film solar cells and therefore to increase p-n junction area. This provides efficient charge separation and strong light absorption. Methods: Glancing angle deposition using e-beam evaporation technique has been employed to create 3- D silicon nano-structures on the surface. Al and Ag contact layers were deposited by thermal evaporation technique. Hole-conductor polymer PEDOT: PSS was spin coated onto n type silicon thin film. Reflectance spectra were measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to image surface and cross-section with and without PEDOT: PSS. Also, transmission spectra of PEDOT: PSS was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy. Surface wettability properties and contact angles of silicon samples were measured by contact angle measurement with water. Results: Columnar structures possess less reflection compared to the flat surface depending on surface porosity. This phenomenon shows that these structures can be used as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells and optical devices to decrease reflectivity and increase light harvesting with higher efficiency. Contact angle decreases when surface roughness increases therefore we can see that columnar structures are more hydrophilic compared to dense films. Flat silicon has 98° contact angle while columnar structures have 71° and 61°. PEDOT: PSS exhibits high transparency in the range from 200 to 1100 nm of wavelength of light, which resembles to solar radiation inside the atmosphere. Also, SEM images of the samples show that silicon columnar structures form better contact with PEDOT: PSS than flat surface. Conclusion: GLAD technique has been used to achieve homogenous rough surface by e-beam evaporation. Both cross-sectional and top-view SEM images show that columnar structures have higher porosity than flat surfaces. The response of UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that columnar structures have less reflection due to highly porous surface. With increasing incident flux angle, antireflection property of the surfaces was enhanced by surpassing the surface reflection. Due to the reduced hydrophobicity of porous structures, organic polymer can be distributed homogenously in between the columnar structures with increased p-n junction interface area. PEDOT: PSS is highly conductive, and it is highly transparent material in the range of the wavelength typically seen in the solar radiation. This makes it easier for light to reach to Si interface to generate electrons and holes. These results provide better understanding of Si- based heterojunction solar cells efficiency improvement with surface modification. This study also shows dependency of optical and electrical activity to surface geometry and surface porosity.
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Farias, N., S. Beckman, A. T. Lee e A. Suzuki. "Simulated Performance of Laser-Machined Metamaterial Anti-reflection Coatings". Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 15 de junho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02751-7.
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AbstractLenslet-coupled antenna arrays have been used in CMB experiments and are the baseline technology for the next-generation satellite missions such as LiteBIRD and PICO. Lenslets are small hemispherical lenses mounted on the focal plane that couple light to the detectors and are typically made of silicon or alumina due to their high focusing power and low absorption loss. To minimize reflection at the vacuum-dielectric interface, lenslets require anti-reflection (AR) coatings. Metamaterials have been used in large microwave optical components because they avoid any mismatch on the thermal expansion between the lens and its coating, but so far they have only been machined on surfaces of comparatively large radius of curvature. As a first step to understand the feasibility of machining metamaterial AR layers in lenslets through laser-etching for the LiteBIRD mission, a model in ANSYS HFSS was developed. The goal of the simulation was to optimize transmission in three frequency bands while meeting assumed laser machinability constraints and optical requirements. Simulation results from flat silicon show that an AR metamaterial coating made under the assumed conditions is feasible, and the baseline parameters for further curved-surface studies are provided.
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Dhawan, Prerak, Maria Gaudig, Alexander Sprafke, Peter Piechulla, Ralf B. Wehrspohn e Carsten Rockstuhl. "Anti‐Reflective Graded‐Index Metasurface with Correlated Disorder for Light Management in Planar Silicon Solar Cells". Advanced Optical Materials, 27 de março de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.202302964.
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AbstractRecently, many research efforts have been dedicated to improving light coupling into solar cells and reducing optical losses. Promising candidates regarding scalability include direct nano‐structuring of the absorber layer, anti‐reflective (AR) coatings, or combining both, e.g., pyramidal textures with a conformal coating. However, many of these methods are either insufficient or infeasible for application in thin solar cells. Moreover, approaches based on directly texturing the silicon interface simultaneously strongly increase surface recombination, thus degrading the electronic properties of the solar cell. To circumvent these issues, conformal graded‐index metasurfaces with a correlated positional disorder for light trapping in solar cells are proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this contribution. When considered as a part of a prototypical solar cell geometry, a broadband reduction in reflection is observed that results in photocurrent enhancement. The combined consideration of disorder and conformal graded‐index layers outperforms structures containing only one of these components. The computational guidance toward optimized designs promises to adjust the framework to other settings. The possibility for large‐scale fabrication of the samples paves the way toward a future generation of supporting photonic structures in solar cells.
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Hartig, Torge, Asmaa T. Mohamed, Nasra F. Abdel Fattah, Aydin Gülses, Tim Tjardts, Esther Afiba Kangah, Kwing Pak Gabriel Chan et al. "iCVD Polymer Thin Film Bio‐Interface‐Performance for Fibroblasts, Cancer‐Cells, and Viruses Connected to Their Functional Groups and In Silico Studies". Advanced Materials Interfaces, 10 de outubro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300587.
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AbstractThin polymer coatings are used to improve the interface between biological species and functional materials. Their interaction is significantly influenced by the functional groups and roughness of the polymer film and prediction of the interaction is thus of great interest. However, for conventional polymer films, this cannot be examined independently because of the interplay of defects, residual solvent molecules, roughness, and functional groups. Solvent‐free polymer films prepared by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) exhibit conformal, defect‐free characteristics and enable precise tailoring of the functional groups. This facilitates to isolate the contribution of functional groups on the bio‐interface performance. Consequently, in silico studies can enable a prediction of ligand interaction in anti‐viral activity for SARS‐CoV‐2 based on defined polymer and key protein structures. Furthermore, the cell viability of human fibroblasts can be traced back to the functional groups of the repeating units. For human liver cancer cell culture, it turns out that more sophisticated models are needed. The insilico‐iCVD approach can enable precise tailoring of complex polymer films optimized for the respective interfaces. In addition, this first big scan of the bio‐interface performance of iCVD films enables a solid starting point in areas like anticancer, antiviral, and biocompatibility for future studies.
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Kisselgof, Larisa, e J. R. Lloyd. "Electromigration Induced Failure as a Function of Via Interface". MRS Proceedings 473 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-473-401.
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ABSTRACTFailure of test structures composed of pairs of W vias connected by lengths of Al/0.5%Cu conductor were compared as a function of the position of the via with respect to the conductor link. In one configuration, the current was passed from first level to a conductor link on second level and in the other the current was passed from second level to one on the first. In each case the links were identical in cross section, length and composition. There was a significant difference in the performance with respect to electromigration lifetime between these configurations as well as a difference in the failure mode. In the first level links, where the current passed first through a a 350A thick TiN ARC (Anti-Reflective Coating) layer and then a 150A Ti layer, the lifetime was significantly shorter than that of the second level samples where the current was passed across an interface of Al3Ti intermetallic compound. In addition, the failure mode was different, the first metal links failing directly under the via whereas in second metal link, the failures were away from the via in the metal link itself.
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Ji, Yixiong, Wangxian Chen, Di Yan, James Bullock, Yang Xu, Zhenghua Su, Wentong Yang et al. "An ITO‐Free Kesterite Solar Cell". Small, 28 de setembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202307242.
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AbstractPhotovoltaic thin film solar cells based on kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) have reached 13.8% sunlight‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency. However, this efficiency is still far from the Shockley‐Queisser radiative limit and is hindered by the significant deficit in open circuit voltage (VOC). The presence of high‐density interface states between the absorber layer and buffer or window layer leads to the recombination of photogenerated carriers, thereby reducing effective carrier collection. To tackle this issue, a new window structure ZnO/AgNW/ZnO/AgNW (ZAZA) comprising layers of ZnO and silver nanowires (AgNWs) is proposed. This structure offers a simple and low‐damage processing method, resulting in improved optoelectronic properties and junction quality. The ZAZA‐based devices exhibit enhanced VOC due to the higher built‐in voltage (Vbi) and reduced interface recombination compared to the usual indium tin oxide (ITO) based structures. Additionally, improved carrier collection is demonstrated as a result of the shortened collection paths and the more uniform carrier lifetime distribution. These advances enable the fabrication of the first ITO‐free CZTSSe solar cells with over 10% efficiency without an anti‐reflective coating.
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Suslov, Dmytro, Matěj Komanec, Eric R. Numkam Fokoua, Daniel Dousek, Ailing Zhong, Stanislav Zvánovec, Thomas D. Bradley, Francesco Poletti, David J. Richardson e Radan Slavík. "Low loss and high performance interconnection between standard single-mode fiber and antiresonant hollow-core fiber". Scientific Reports 11, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88065-2.
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AbstractWe demonstrate halving the record-low loss of interconnection between a nested antiresonant nodeless type hollow-core fiber (NANF) and standard single-mode fiber (SMF). The achieved interconnection loss of 0.15 dB is only 0.07 dB above the theoretically-expected minimum loss. We also optimized the interconnection in terms of unwanted cross-coupling into the higher-order modes of the NANF. We achieved cross-coupling as low as −35 dB into the LP$$_{11}$$ 11 mode (the lowest-loss higher-order mode and thus the most important to eliminate). With the help of simulations, we show that the measured LP$$_{11}$$ 11 mode coupling is most likely limited by the slightly imperfect symmetry of the manufactured NANF. The coupling cross-talk into the highly-lossy LP$$_{02}$$ 02 mode ($$>2000$$ > 2000 dB/km in our fiber) was measured to be below −22 dB. Furthermore, we show experimentally that the anti-reflective coating applied to the interconnect interface reduces the insertion loss by 0.15 dB while simultaneously reducing the back-reflection below −40 dB over a 60 nm bandwidth. Finally, we also demonstrated an alternative mode-field adapter to adapt the mode-field size between SMF and NANF, based on thermally-expanded core fibers. This approach enabled us to achieve an interconnection loss of 0.21 dB and cross-coupling of −35 dB into the LP$$_{11}$$ 11 mode.
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Jun, Min-Ju, Thanh Mien Nguyen, Sung-jo Kim, Na-Yeong Kim, Ah Young Lee, Jong H. Kim, Jin-Woo Oh e Ji-Youn Seo. "Novel Strategy towards Light Absorption Enhancement of Organic Solar Cells using M13 Bacteriophage". Solar RRL, 14 de setembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300684.
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In organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, the development of efficient light‐harvesting organic donor and acceptor materials and the design of a device structure with appropriate visible light transmittance play an important role in increasing their power conversion efficiency. Light manipulation strategies in OPV cells are widely used to improve photovoltaic performance. One of the most popular technologies is anti‐reflective coating (ARC), which enhances light utilization in devices. However, ARC has been investigated less in OPV cells than in organic silicon solar cells. In this study, a novel approach that employs the natural biomaterial M13 bacteriophage (M13) as an intermediate layer with a thickness of a few nanometers between the hole transport layer (HTL) and indium tin oxide (ITO) is investigated. The functional surface hydrophilicity, obtained by genetic manipulation of M13 improved the light transmittance by more than 84% over the visible wavelength range of the OPV cells. Furthermore, it enhanced the coherence between the hole transport layer and the photoactive layer. Therefore, the photocurrent density (J sc ) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) significantly increased, producing a high photovoltaic performance (PV parameters). The proposed approach of using natural biomaterials is the basis for a novel, low‐cost and eco‐friendly design for light manipulation in solar cells.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Jun, Sang Eon, Seokhoon Choi, Shinyoung Choi, Tae Hyung Lee, Changyeon Kim, Jin Wook Yang, Woon-Oh Choe, In-Hyuk Im, Cheol-Joo Kim e Ho Won Jang. "Direct Synthesis of Molybdenum Phosphide Nanorods on Silicon Using Graphene at the Heterointerface for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction". Nano-Micro Letters 13, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00605-7.
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Highlights MoP nanorod-array catalysts were directly synthesized on graphene passivated silicon photocathodes without secondary phase. Mo-O-C covalent bondings and energy band bending at heterointerfaces facilitate the electron transfer to the reaction sites. Numerous catalytic sites and drastically enhanced anti-reflectance of MoP nanorods contribute to the high solar energy conversion efficiency. Abstract Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been widely investigated as photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Using high-temperature processes to get crystallized compounds with large-area uniformity, it is still challenging to directly synthesize these catalysts on silicon photocathodes due to chemical incompatibility at the heterointerface. Here, a graphene interlayer is applied between p-Si and MoP nanorods to enable fully engineered interfaces without forming a metallic secondary compound that absorbs a parasitic light and provides an inefficient electron path for hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, the graphene facilitates the photogenerated electrons to rapidly transfer by creating Mo-O-C covalent bondings and energetically favorable band bending. With a bridging role of graphene, numerous active sites and anti-reflectance of MoP nanorods lead to significantly improved PEC-HER performance with a high photocurrent density of 21.8 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE and high stability. Besides, low dependence on pH and temperature is observed with MoP nanorods incorporated photocathodes, which is desirable for practical use as a part of PEC cells. These results indicate that the direct synthesis of TMPs and TMDs enabled by graphene interlayer is a new promising way to fabricate Si-based photocathodes with high-quality interfaces and superior HER performance. Graphic Abstract