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1
Latif, Mojib. Das Ende der Ozeane: Warum wir ohne die Meere nicht überleben werden. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2014.
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Bijutsukan, Ibaraki-ken Kindai. Kōkansuru jiba-- 6-tsu no koten: 1996-nen 6-gatsu 29-nichi--7-gatsu 28-nichi = Exhibitions of six artists : interactive--individual. Mito-shi: Ibaraki-ken Kindai Bijutsukan, 1996.
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Tavares-Cromar, Annette Fatima. A study of niche overlap, species interactions and the food web of a macroinvertebrate riffle community in Duffin Creek, Ontario. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.
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Schaible, Ulrich E., e Haas Albert. Intracellular niches of microbes: A pathogens guide through the host cell. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009.
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Wolfgang, Büchs, e Gesellschaft für Ökologie (Germany). Arbeitskreis "Agrarökologie." Tagung, eds. Nicht bewirtschaftete Areale in der Agrarlandschaft: Ihre Funktionen und ihre Interaktionen mit landnutzungsorientierten Ökosystemen = Uncultivated areas in rural landscapes : ecological functions and interactions with agroecosytems. Berlin: Parey Buchverlag, 1999.
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Holland, John H. 7. Co-evolution and the formation of niches. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0007.
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What is a niche? ‘Co-evolution and the formation of niches’ explains that the term ‘niche’ is widely used to describe an important part of the hierarchical organization of complex adaptive systems: local use of signals and resources. Using Markov processes, a mathematical theory of niches can be formed that allows for multiple species with interaction networks that involve loops and recirculation. When realistic niches are considered, the diversity of the niche dwellers stands out. We see a complicated recirculation of resources and signals. How did this complex network of interactions evolve? The short answer is co-evolution through recombination of building blocks, often accompanied by an exaggeration of some of the resulting characteristics.
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Owen, Jennifer C., Dana M. Hawley e Kathryn P. Huyvaert, eds. Infectious Disease Ecology of Wild Birds. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746249.001.0001.
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Disease ecology is an interdisciplinary field that recognizes that the host–parasite interaction is shaped by the environment and can affect and be affected by the processes that occur across all levels of ecological organization. This book focuses on the dynamics of infectious diseases for wild avian hosts across different scales of biological organization—from within-host processes to landscape-level patterns. Parasite–bird interactions are both influenced by and have consequences for every level of ecological hierarchy, from the physiology, behavior, and evolution of individual hosts up to the complex biotic and abiotic interactions occurring within biological communities and ecosystems. As the most diverse group of extant vertebrates, birds have evolved to utilize every ecological niche on earth, giving them the capacity to serve as a host of pathogens in every part of the world. The diversity of birds is outmatched only by the diversity of the parasite fauna infecting them. Given the overwhelming diversity of both avian hosts and their parasites, we have only scratched the surface regarding the role that pathogens play in avian biology and the role that birds play in the maintenance and spread of zoonotic pathogens. In addition to this understudied diversity, parasite–bird interactions are increasingly occurring in rapidly changing global environments—thus, their ecology is changing—and this shapes the complex ways by which parasites influence the interconnected health of birds, humans, and shared ecosystems. The chapters in this book illustrate that the understanding of these complex and multiscale interactions requires an inherently integrative approach.
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Gow, Neil A. R., e Alistair J. P. Brown. Physiology and metabolism of fungal pathogens. Editado por Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum e Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0003.
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The metabolism and physiology of an invading fungal pathogen determine the outcome of its interaction with the host. The pathogen must be able to assimilate nutrients to grow and colonize diverse host niches. Meanwhile, the host attempts to restrict this growth by withholding some essential nutrients, by imposing stresses, and by inducing innate immune defences. These interactions involve complex regulatory networks that ultimately dictate the equilibrium between pathogen killing and the establishment of commensal or pathogenic associations.
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Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches (Interspecific Interactions). University Of Chicago Press, 2003.
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Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches (Interspecific Interactions). University Of Chicago Press, 2003.
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Chase, Jonathan M. Interspecific Interactions : Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches. University of Chicago Press, 2003.
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Tidal flat ecology: An experimental approach to species interactions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt e Michael P. Speed. Secondary defences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0006.
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In this chapter we consider defences that are usually deployed during, or just before, contact between a prey and its predator: so-called ‘secondary’ defences. Secondary defences are found right across the tree of life and therefore come in very many forms, including: 1.) chemical defences; 2.) mechanical defences; and 3.) behavioural defences. Here we review selected examples that provide useful illustrations of the ecological and evolutionary characteristics associated with secondary defences. We discuss costs of secondary defences, placing emphasis on the consequences of such costs, especially as they relate to forms of social interaction. We show also that the acquisition of secondary defences may modify niche, life history, and habitat range of prey animals and review a well-known and significant study of predator–prey co-evolution of defensive toxins of prey and resistance to those toxins in predators. We include a small selection of examples and ideas from the plant and microbe defence literature where we think a broader perspective is helpful. We begin the chapter by considering the evolutionary mechanisms that favour secondary defence evolution.
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Cally, Jordan. International Capital Markets. Editado por Golden Jeffrey. 2a ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849001.001.0001.
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This book provides a critical analysis of and context to international capital markets, their regulation and their institutions. The book takes a comparative and developmental perspective, examining the characteristics, interaction and regulation of developed markets in the US, UK and the EU, as well as Asian markets such as Hong Kong and China. In addition to examining Malaysia’s efforts to create an international regulatory framework for Islamic finance, the book looks at other niche markets of the world, such as Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore, Ireland, Bahrain and Dubai. There is both a detailed analysis of complex concepts, supporting the competing regulatory goals and techniques, as well as a conceptual overview of the regulatory landscape, making this book an indispensable resource. Current issues such as the delineation of regulated and unregulated markets, stratification of markets, and the capital market activities of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are explained. Practitioners, scholars and post-graduate students will find this book to be a valuable guide to understanding the regulation and practice of international capital markets.
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Brown, Ruth, Valerie Jones e Ming Wang, eds. The New Advertising. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216979425.
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The era of "big data" has revolutionized many industries—including advertising. This is a valuable resource that supplies current, authoritative, and inspiring information about—and examples of—current and forward-looking theories and practices in advertising. The New Advertising: Branding, Content, and Consumer Relationships in the Data-Driven Social Media Erasupplies a breadth of information on the theories and practices of new advertising, from its origins nearly a quarter of a century ago, through its evolution, to current uses with an eye to the future. Unlike most other books that focus on one niche topic, this two-volume set investigates the overall discipline of advertising in the modern context. It sheds light on significant areas of change against the backdrop of digital data collection and use. The key topics of branding, content, interaction, engagement, big data, and measurement are addressed from multiple perspectives. With contributions from experts in academia as well as the advertising and marketing industries, this unique set is an indispensable resource that is focused specifically on new approaches to and forms of advertising. Readers will gain an understanding of the distinct shifts that have taken place in advertising. They will be able to build their knowledge on frameworks for navigating and capitalizing on today's fragmented, consumer-focused, digital media landscape, and they will be prepared for what the future of advertising will likely bring.
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Brown, Ruth E., Valerie K. Jones e Ming Wang, eds. New Advertising. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216979432.
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The era of "big data" has revolutionized many industries—including advertising. This is a valuable resource that supplies current, authoritative, and inspiring information about—and examples of—current and forward-looking theories and practices in advertising. The New Advertising: Branding, Content, and Consumer Relationships in the Data-Driven Social Media Erasupplies a breadth of information on the theories and practices of new advertising, from its origins nearly a quarter of a century ago, through its evolution, to current uses with an eye to the future. Unlike most other books that focus on one niche topic, this two-volume set investigates the overall discipline of advertising in the modern context. It sheds light on significant areas of change against the backdrop of digital data collection and use. The key topics of branding, content, interaction, engagement, big data, and measurement are addressed from multiple perspectives. With contributions from experts in academia as well as the advertising and marketing industries, this unique set is an indispensable resource that is focused specifically on new approaches to and forms of advertising. Readers will gain an understanding of the distinct shifts that have taken place in advertising. They will be able to build their knowledge on frameworks for navigating and capitalizing on today's fragmented, consumer-focused, digital media landscape, and they will be prepared for what the future of advertising will likely bring.
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Brönmark, Christer, e Lars-Anders Hansson. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0001.
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The chapter introduces the reader to the book structure, including the overall topics the abiotic frame, the organisms, biotics, food web interactions and biodiversity and environmental threats. In addition to laying out the structure, this chapter brings up some overarching concepts such as the niche, generalists versus specialists and factors determining the distribution of organisms in natural ecosystems.
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Nicht-intendierte Handlungsfolgen: Zweckwidrige Effekte zielgerichteter Handlungen als Steuerungsproblem der Sozialplanung. Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1987.
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Brönmark, Christer, e Lars-Anders Hansson. The Biology of Lakes and Ponds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.001.0001.
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The Biology of Lakes and Ponds focuses on the interactions between the abiotic frame, such as turbulence, temperature, pH and nutrients, and the organisms, including interactions with and among organisms at the individual, population and community level. The book fills this niche between traditional limnology and evolutionary ecology by focusing on physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations among organisms to abiotic and biotic factors and how interactions between biotic processes and abiotic constraints determine the structure and dynamics of lake and pond systems. In addition, the book describes and analyses the causes and consequences of human activities on freshwater organisms and ecosystems and covers longstanding environmental threats, such as eutrophication and acidification, as well as novel threats, such as biodiversity loss, use of everyday chemicals and global climate change. However, also signs of improvement and the possibilities to restore degraded ecosystems are discussed and provide hope for future generations.
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Cervero, Robert. Paratransit in America. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400695193.
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Paratransit challenges the conventional approach to public transport in the United States, which depends on fixed-route, fixed-schedule, publicly owned or regulated systems such as buses and trains. Paratransit is a type of service which relies on small vehicles which are frequently privately owned and operated, and which may not work on a schedule. The various options concerning service types, market niches, and effectiveness are discussed, along with the future of paratransit. Case studies describe paratransit systems in the U.S. and other places, and the interaction of paratransit with more traditional systems.
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Haas, Albert, e Ulrich E. Schaible. Intracellular Niches of Microbes: A Microbes Guide Through the Host Cell. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.
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Mittelbach, Gary G., e Brian J. McGill. Community Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835851.001.0001.
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Community Ecology provides a broad, up-to-date coverage of ecological concepts at the community level and is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and ecological researchers. The field of community ecology has undergone a transformation in recent years, from a discipline largely focused on processes occurring within a local area to a discipline encompassing a much richer domain of study, including the linkages between communities separated in space (metacommunity dynamics), niche and neutral theory, the interplay between ecology and evolution (eco-evolutionary dynamics), and the influence of historical and regional processes in shaping patterns of biodiversity. To fully understand these new developments, however, students continue to need a strong foundation in the study of species interactions, and how these interactions are assembled into community modules and ecological networks. Trait-based assembly rules are presented as another approach to understanding community assembly, especially for real-world communities that may contain hundreds of species. This new edition fulfils the book’s original aims, both as a much-needed up-to-date and accessible introduction to modern community ecology, and in identifying the important questions that are yet to be answered. This research-driven textbook introduces state-of-the-art community ecology to a new generation of students, adopting reasoned and balanced perspectives on as-yet-unresolved issues. Pictures and graphics throughout the text allow students to visualize advanced concepts.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling e Nicholas A. J. Graham. Reef fish. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses factors that have led to reef fish diversity. Geographic drivers for fish diversity, ranging from global historical events to local-scale drivers, are examined. Age and growth in reef fish are explored, followed by larval fish ecology. Colour diversity in modern reef fish is examined, along with mechanisms that have developed to enhance feeding success or predation avoidance. Different ecological feeding niches of coral reef fish are described and examples are given to illustrate the wide range of feeding mechanisms. The science around the abundance, biomass and trophic interactions of reef fish assemblages is examined. The range of fish feeding habits is detailed and functional roles of fish explored. Finally, the implications of changes in the reef fish community through fishing and habitat degradation are examined, highlighting the cascade effect of impacts on reefs, and how the influences of different disturbances interact to influence coral reef fish.
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Allen, John O., e Clayton E. Jewett. Slavery in the South. Greenwood, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216015260.
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Slavery in the United States is once again a topic of contention as politicians and interest groups argue about and explore the possibility of reparations. The subject is clearly not exhausted, and a state-by-state approach fills a critical reference niche. This book is the first comparative summary of the southern slave states from Colonial times to Reconstruction. The history of slavery in each state is a story based on the unique events in that jurisdiction, and is a chronicle of the relationships and interactions between its blacks and whites. Each state chapter explores the genesis, growth and economics of slavery, the life of free and enslaved blacks, the legal codes that defined the institution and affected both whites and blacks, the black experience during the Civil War, and the freedmen's struggle during Emancipation and Reconstruction. The commonalities and differences can be seen from state to state, and students and other interested readers will find fascinating accounts from ex-slaves that flesh out the fuller picture of slavery state- and country-wide. Included are timelines per state, photos, numerous tables for comparison, and appendixes on the numbers of slaveholders by state in 1860; dates of admission, secession, and readmission; and economic statistics. A bibliography and index complete the volume.
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Butz, Martin V., e Esther F. Kutter. Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0006.
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While reward-oriented learning can adapt and optimize behavior, this chapter shows how behavior can become anticipatory and selectively goal-oriented. Flexibility and adaptability are necessary when living in changing environmental niches. As a consequence, different locations in the environment need to be distinguished to enable selective and optimally attuned interactions. To accomplish this, sensorimotor learning is necessary. With sufficient sensorimotor knowledge, the progressively abstract learning of environmental predictive models becomes possible. These models enable forward anticipations about action consequences and incoming sensory information. As a consequence, our own influences on the environment can be distinguished from other influences, following the re-afference principle. Moreover, inverse anticipations enable the selection of the behavior that is believed to reach current goals most effectively. Coupled with motivations, goal-directed behavior can be generated self-motivatedly. Furthermore, curious, information seeking, epistemic behavior can be generated. The remainder of the book addresses how the brain accomplishes this goal-oriented, self-motivated generation of behavior and thought, where the latter can be considered mental behavior.
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Zagare, Frank C., e Branislav L. Slantchev. Game Theory and Other Modeling Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.401.
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Game theory is the science of interactive decision making. It has been used in the field of international relations (IR) for over 50 years. Almost all of the early applications of game theory in international relations drew upon the theory of zero-sum games, but the first generation of applications was also developed during the most intense period of the Cold War. The theoretical foundations for the second wave of the game theory literature in international relations were laid by a mathematician, John Nash, a co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics. His major achievement was to generalize the minimax solution which emerged from the first wave. The result is the now famous Nash equilibrium—the accepted measure of rational behavior in strategic form games. During the third wave, from roughly the early to mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, there was a distinct move away from static strategic form games toward dynamic games depicted in extensive form. The assumption of complete information also fell by the wayside; games of incomplete information became the norm. Technical refinements of Nash’s equilibrium concept both encouraged and facilitated these important developments. In the fourth and final wave, which can be dated, roughly, from around the middle of the 1990s, extensive form games of incomplete information appeared regularly in the strategic literature. The fourth wave is a period in which game theory was no longer considered a niche methodology, having finally emerged as a mainstream theoretical tool.
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Bose, Shibani. Mega Mammals in Ancient India. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120412.001.0001.
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The book ventures to look into eras bygone in order to chronicle the passage of three mega species—the rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), tiger (Panthera tigris), and elephant (Elephas maximus)—across millennia in early north India. It carefully sifts through an archive comprising faunal remains and visual depictions retrieved from the archaeological record as well as a gamut of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and classical Western accounts to document the presence of these mega animals in various cultural niches from hunter-gatherer societies to the first urban civilization of India and beyond. The narrative goes beyond treating these species as mere cultural icons to one that is also sensitive to their importance as markers of ecology. The focus is two-fold: to comprehend perceptions, attitudes, and sensibilities oscillating between veneration and persecution in order to reconstruct the cultural dimensions of human–megafaunal relations in the past, as also to use these species to understand the larger ecology of ancient India. At a time when the conservation of our megafaunal heritage is a major concern for biologists, ecologists as well as conservationists, this book underlines the need to historicize human interactions with these mega mammals keeping in mind that an animal’s past is critical in thinking about its future.
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Krishnaswamy, Sudhir, e Divij Joshi. THE PHILOSOPHY AND LAW OF INFORMATION REGULATION IN INDIA. Centre for Law and Policy Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/2c0l1p0r.
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India is immersed in several simultaneous battles over the regulation and control of information. While the COVID-19 pandemic has ignited concerns over state-mandated information gathering of the health and personal information of residents, the expanded use of the Aadhaar biometric identity system threatens to make it an essential cipher for every interaction between the state and citizens. At the same time, the earlier momentum towards building strong legislative mandates to disclose public information to promote government accountability and enhance service delivery appears to have stalled. Further, the legislative efforts to regulate both public and private use of personal and non-personal information proceeds at a glacial pace. While these developments occur in different containers and niches of the legal ecosystem, they are grounded in one common conceptual, philosophical and legal puzzle: how should we regulate the access to, and the use of, information by public and private actors? This question becomes all the more salient with the surge in new forms of information collection and processing at a speed and scale made possible by big data collection and algorithmic decision-making technologies. ‘The Philosophy and Law of Information Regulation in India’ project is an effort to collate inter-disciplinary scholarship on the subject of the law and philosophy of information regulation, with a specific focus on India. We recognise that such an effort cannot be bound by legal scholarship alone, and must encompass and contend with the normative assumptions of various approaches towards information technologies.
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Krebs, Dennis L. Survival of the Virtuous. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197629482.001.0001.
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Survival of the Virtuous offers an account of how moral traits evolved in the human species. It explains why we are not necessarily bad by nature, why we are not evolved to look out only for number one, and why nice guys need not finish last. It offers an account of how virtuous behaviors such as altruism, justice, honesty, loyalty, self-control, purity, and respect for authority evolved in our species (and in other species as well). It argues that the key to solving puzzles of morality such as what it is, how we acquire moral traits, why we sometimes behave badly, and how we make moral decisions lies in figuring out what adaptive functions moral traits served in early human environments and how they are influenced by social learning, culture, and strategic social interactions in the modern world. It offers evidence that the primary function of virtuous behaviors is to enable individuals to advance their interests by cooperating with others and that moral decision-making mechanisms evolved and develop in a Russian doll manner. Uniquely human “new brain” mechanisms that enable us to make moral decisions in rational ways evolved on top of “old brain” mechanisms that induce us (and some other animals) to make moral decisions in more emotional-intuitive ways. Although we tend to become increasingly rational as we develop, we retain the capacity to make moral judgments in primitive ways, and reason is a tool that can be used for good or evil.