Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Intégration ciblée"
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Carene, Dimitri. "Décrypter la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs en intégrant des données moléculaires, pharmacologiques et cliniques à l’aide de méthodes statistiques et informatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS589.
Texto completo da fonteCancer is the most frequent cause of death in the world, with 8.2 million death / year. Large-scale genome studies have shown that each cancer is characterized by a unique genomic profile. This has led to the development of precision medicine, which aims at targeting treatment using tumor genomic alterations that are patient-specific. In hormone-receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative early breast cancer, clinicopathologic characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the risk of distant relapse, despite their well-established prognostic value. The main objective of this thesis project was to use statistical and computational methods to assess to what extent genomic alterations are involved in distant breast cancer relapse in addition to classic prognostic clinicopathologic parameters. This project used clinical and genomic data (i.e., copy numbers and driver gene mutations) from the PACS04 and METABRIC trial.In the first part of my thesis project, I first evaluated prognostic value of copy numbers of predefined genes including FGFR1, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; CCND1, Cyclin D1; ZNF217, Zinc Finger Protein 217; ERBB2 or HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor, as well as a panel of driver gene mutations. Results from the PACS04 trial showed that FGFR1 amplification increases the risk of distant relapse, whereas mutations of MAP3K1 decrease the risk of relapse. Second, a genomic score based on FGFR1 and MAP3K1, allowed to identify three levels of risk of distant relapse: low risk (patients with a MAP3K1 mutation), moderate risk (patients without FGFR1 copy number aberration and without MAP3K1 mutation) and high risk (patients with FGFR1 amplification and without MAP3K1 mutation). Finally, this genomic score was validated in METABRIC, a publicly available database. In the second part of my thesis project, new prognostic genomic biomarkers of survival were identified using penalized methods of LASSO type, taking into account the block structure of the data.Keywords: Copy number aberrations (CNA), mutations, breast cancer (BC), biomarkers, variable selection methods, dimension reduction, cox regression
Lacombe, Laurie. "CRISPR-Cas9-based strategies for enhanced targeted integration". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL047.
Texto completo da fonteTransplantation of autologous corrected Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) emerges as an attractive strategy for treating blood, immune, and metabolic genetic disorders due to their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into any blood cell type. One popular approach to edit HSPCs relies on gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases. Targeted homology-directed integration using CRISPR-Cas9 in HSPCs enables precise insertion of therapeutic sequences, providing a long-term source of corrected cells. The Cas9 induced double-stranded break (DSB) can be repaired via three main pathways: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), where generated free strands are re-ligated, or Homology Directed Repair (HDR) and Microhomology-mediated End Joining (MMEJ), which uses a template DNA for repair. By providing an external template of interest, MMEJ and HDR can be hijacked to insert curative sequences at a chosen site. A universal gene therapy platform has been developed, with safe harbor loci like AAVS1 and HBA allowing integration of any therapeutic sequence. The HBA locus, with its high α-globin expression and asymptomatic gene loss, is particularly promising allowing the development of a universal platform for expression and secretion of therapeutic proteins into erythroid cells.However, this promising approach raises important challenges about enhancing and evaluating its efficacy and safety. To address these questions, various aspects of CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted integration were investigated, focusing on optimizing delivery methods, minimizing cell toxicity, and exploiting repair pathways to maximize integration efficiency.One of the key areas of investigation centered on the selection and optimization of delivery methods for introducing donor templates into target cells. We explored both non-viral and viral-based delivery approaches.The potential of AAV6 and IDLV delivery methods was found to be the most promising.Cellular toxicity is triggered by numerous tools utilized in targeted integration using CRISPR-Cas9. AAV and CRISPR/Cas9-induced DSBs decrease cell viability by activating the DNA Damage Response, further impacting HSPC engraftment capacity. Concerns about potential genotoxic effects have led us to explore protocols aimed at reducing toxicity while achieving sufficient rates of targeted integration.Homology-based repair pathways necessary for cassette integration are restricted to specific phases of the cell cycle, reducing the window of action for this strategy. MMEJ operates during G1/S phases, while HDR occurs during S/G2 phases. NHEJ, active throughout the cell cycle, is responsible for most CRISPR drawbacks, particularly chromosomal aberrations post-DSB. To promote HDR and MMEJ utilization, a chemical compound known to inhibit NHEJ has been tested. NHEJ inhibition resulted in a significant increase in targeted integration efficiency with both AAV and IDLV-mediated delivery.Having identified AAV6 as the optimal template delivery method and NHEJ inhibition as a means of enhancing targeted integration, the safety of the strategy at the targeted site was assessed. Using targeted long-read sequencing, characterization and quantification of CRISPR/Cas9-induced genomic alterations and targeted integration events were achieved, demonstrating the improved safety of our approach.Overall, these data highlight the potential of NHEJ inhibition as a promising strategy for tuning genome editing and enhancing DNA targeted integration
Jida, B. "Intégration du contexte par réseaux bayésiens pour la détection et le suivi multi-cibles". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544834.
Texto completo da fonteJida, Bassem. "Intégration du contexte par réseaux bayésiens pour la détection et le suivi multi-cibles". Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0233.
Texto completo da fonteThe general framework of this work concerns the driver assistance systems and more especially security. The objective here is to monitor the vehicle environment using a telemeter and inform the driver of potential hazardous situations. Maneuvers of collision avoidance or mitigation can then be considered. Two particular points have focused our attention : the object detection since it directly determines the overall performance of the method, and the association-tracking process which associates the available measurements to each tracked object. The telemetric data must be processed, through a detection stage that aggregates the measurement from the same object, in order to estimate the number of objects in the scene and their distance to the sensor. We propose in this thesis a method for object detection that uses not only the available measurements but also the geometric characteristics related to the applicative context. For the association stage, we particularly focus on the probabilistic data association methods that consider the available measure may not be linked to an object. These methods rely on the concept of detection and false alarm probabilities. These probabilities, and more particularly the probability of detection, are not only strongly linked to the detector, but also to the context of the scene (sensor/object and context object/object). To integrate the contextual information, we propose an association-tracking method based on the Bayesian networks. It allows an integration of the parameters related to the characteristics of the objects and the sensor in the determination of the detection probability
Aristizabal, Claudia. "Intégration des effets de site dans les méthodes d'estimation probabiliste de l'aléa sismique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU011/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe overall goal of this research work is of provide recommendations on how to integrate site effects into Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment, better known as PSHA, a well-known and widely used methodology. Globally used to estimate seismic hazard and risk at regional and local scales. We therefore review the methods available in the literature to obtain the seismic hazard curve at the surface of a soft soil site, starting with the simplest and most generic methods (partially probabilistic), up to the full site-specific methods (partially and fully probabilistic), requiring an excellent site-specific characterization, rarely available except exceptional cases such as the case of Euroseistest site. It is precisely on the example of this site that are compared a number of these methods, as well as a new one. And it is precisely at the Euroseistest that we performed an example of application of the different methods as well as a new one that we propose as a result of this work.The specificity and difficulty of these "site-specific" PSHA studies comes from the non-linear nature of the response of the soft sites, as well as from the fact that the reference rock controlling this response is often very rigid. The "rock to hard rock adjustment" and "convolution" aspects of the rock seismic hazard, together with the amplification function or the transfer function (empirical or numerical) of a site are therefore the subject of particular attention in these studies. comparative studies. A general framework is presented on how to simultaneously take into account the site-specific characteristics, such as the complete or reduced random variability ("single station sigma"), host-to -target adjustments and the linear / nonlinear behavior of a site, where we explain all the followed steps, the different corrections performed, the benefits and difficulties that we found in the process and the ways we sort them and discussing them when the answer was not straight forward.This comparative study is divided into two parts: the first deals with non-site-specific methods and site-specific hybrid methods (probabilistic evaluation of rock hazard and deterministic of the site response). The second deals with two approaches taking into account the convolution of rock hazard and the site response in a probabilistically way. One of the major results of the first is the increase of the epistemic uncertainty on the soft site hazard compared to the rock hazard, due to acumulation of uncertainties associated to each step. Another major common result to both studies is the very important impact of non-linearity on soft sites, as well as the complexity on how to account for them: the variability associated with the use of different non-linear simulation codes appears to be greater than the method-to-method variability associated with the two different full convolution probabilistic methods. We emphasize on the importance of improving the way in which the site effects are included into probabilistic seismic hazard methods, PSHA. And we also emphasize on the importance of instrumenting active sites with soft sediments, such as the Euroseistest, to test and validate numerical models.Finally, a summary of the results, the general conclusions, discussion of key methodological issues, and perspectives for improvement and future work are presented.Keywords: Site Effects, Epistemic Uncertainty, PSHA, single station sigma, host to target adjustments, linear and nonlinear site effects, soil site response
Thériault, Olivier. "Intégration d'un système vidéo de poursuite de cible à un simulateur "hardware in the loop" d'avion sans pilote et évaluation d'algorithmes de surveillance". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27137/27137.pdf.
Texto completo da fontePalomar, Quentin. "Intégration de matériaux nanostructurés dans la conception et la réalisation de biocapteurs sans marquage pour la détection de cibles d'intérêt". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV069/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe main purpose of this work was the design and the development of biosensors by using non-marking transduction methods, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), for the detection of targets of interests. To this end, various molecular architectures have been developed to allow the transduction of the signal resulting from the recognition between the bioreceptor and its substrate, and thus lead to the detection of the target.The systems developed are based on the integration of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes or tungsten disulfide, to ensure the immobilization of the biospecific entity at the surface of the sensor. The advantages of these materials are multiples, since they allow a very large increase in the specific surface area and are also used in the functionalization of the surface of the electrode. Indeed, one of the major challenges encountered in the development of biosensors is the strategy involved in the immobilization of the biospecific entity on the surface of the sensor.This work was initially interested in the realization and characterization of thin films of these nanomaterials as well as their transfer to the surface of an electrode. In this context, the aim is to design porous bioarchitectures based on electrogenerated functional polymers around carbon nanostructures allowing the penetration of large biomolecules such as antibodies to develop high-performance immunosensors.The second part of the work was oriented towards the design of biosensors using these different materials. The reliability of the process has been validated by the design of immunological systems for the detection of the anti-cholera toxin antibody and dengue toxin antibody.Finally, a last enzymatic biosensor, based on the use of tungsten disulfide nano-sticks, has been developed. The latter allows the detection of two molecules of interest, catechol and dopamin, by the use of polyphenol oxidase
Waller, Pierre. "Modélisation numérique de l'interaction et diagnostic expérimental du faisceau d'électrons dans un Tube à Ondes Progressives spatial". Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077247.
Texto completo da fonteSun, Zhigang. "Modélisation acoustique de l’énergie moyenne diffusée par une distribution aléatoire de cibles spheriques sous-marines : Validité de la technique d'écho-intégration pour la mesure de l'abondance de cibles sous-marines". Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0069.
Texto completo da fonteThe estimation of fish abundance b the echo-interation method is based on the assumption that the echo energy returned from randomly distributed targets is proportional to the quantity of those targets. Three factors can affect this linearity : the interference of direct echoes the shadowing effect and the multiple scattering among the targets. In this work, the influence of the three factors upon the linearity of the echo-integration method is studied. Among the three component parts of work, the first pert deals with the calculation of impulse of a rigid sphere to a Dirac pressure transmission. The second part is devoted to the modelling of the interference effect in the energy investigation of echoes scattered by planar distribution of spheres. Some formulas are developed to provide a fast way to evaluate the interface contribution of echoes. The third art concerns with the modelling of the echo energy scattered by a 3D distribution of spheres. The contributions of the interference effect. The shadowing effect and the second order scattering among the targets are studied for rigid soft fluid and elastic spheres. The numerical results show that the linearity of the echo-integration method is tightly related to the material structure of the targets, the target quantity, and the working frequency. A wideband transducer is preferable for the implementation of the echo-interaction method and favourable to tar t identification. However using a wideband transducer does not necessarily improve the linearity between the energy scattered by the target and the quantity of those targets. The hypothesis of the linearity is acceptable especially when the target distribution is not dense. In certain cases where the number density of targets is relatively high, measurement over two different thicknesses of the volume is necessary to determining the quantity of targets
Zerbato, Madeleine. "Caractérisation de l'intron de groupe II P1.LSU/2 en vue de son utilisation en ciblage génomique". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0024/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn ex vivo hematopoietic gene therapy, lentiviral vectors can be used to transduce hematopoietic progenitors. However, the use of non site-specific integrating vectors may lead to insertional mutagenesis. I evaluated the level of transduction of hematopoietic progenitor cells at the single-cell level by measuring vector copy number in individual colony-forming cell units. It was shown that the frequency of transduced progenitor cells and the distribution of VCN in hematopoietic colonies may depend upon experimental conditions. Nevertheless, the use of vectors that can target the integration of the transgene into a specific-site of the host genome would overcome genotoxicity issues. I evaluated the use of a group II intron for genomic targeting. Group II introns are self-splicing mobile elements that can integrate into precise genomic locations by homing. Engineered group II introns are commonly used for targeted genomic modifications in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes, probably due limited catalytic activation in these cells. I studied the brown algae Pylaiella littoralis Pl.LSU/2 group II intron which is uniquely capable of in vitro ribozyme activity at unusually low level of magnesium. Recombinant Pl.LSU/2 IEP expressed in Escherichia coli was purified and showed a reverse transcriptase activity either alone or associated with intronic RNA. The Pl.LSU/2 intron was showed to splice accurately in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and splicing efficiency was improved by the maturase activity of the intron-encoded protein. However, spliced transcripts were not expressed, and intron splicing was not detected in human cells, as well as homing of Pl.LSU/2 in E. coli and S. cerevisiae
Toumi, Abdelmalek. "Intégration des bases de connaissances dans les systèmes d'aide à la décision : application à l'aide à la reconnaissance de cibles radar non-coopératives". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2036.
Texto completo da fonteThis Framework deals with varied and specific approaches. The methodology used to design the complete processing chain from the acquisition step and image ISAR (Opposite Synthetic Aperture Radar) reconstruction to the classification and decision making, is issued from artificial intelligence approach. This is in flowing the process of Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD) which has been adapted to radar target recognition system. For a better control and to achieve a validation function of the assisted target recognition task, system architecture is modular-designed and the acquisition system is studied from an anechoic chamber of ENSIETA (Brest, France) in a specific environment of experimentation. Thus, in order to increase the discriminating capacity of the target signal, the ISAR imaging technics are used to give more detailed information on the target geometry and particularly to produce the helpful information for human interpretation. The decision making is based on the image classification, in particular on multimedia retrieval field. Hence, the some feature vectors are examined from shape and global target structure. Finally, The target recognition and decision-making task consists in providing the adequate means, not only of interpretability and validation but also of control and optimization
Prifti, Edi. "Une approche bioinformatique intégrative pour la recherche de cibles physiopathologiques dans les maladies complexes : une application aux données transcriptomiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066175.
Texto completo da fonteMonot, Clément. "La particule ribonucléoprotéique de l'élément L1 humain : spécificité de l'activité transcriptase inverse et partenaires cellulaires". Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4062.
Texto completo da fonteLINE-1 (L1) elements are mobile genetic elements, comprising up to 20% of the contemporary human genome, in which they are the only autonomously active element. They replicate through an RNA intermediate in a process named retrotransposition. Replication-competent L1 copies code for two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, that associate in cis with their own RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the functional intermediate of retrotransposition. L1s « jump » actively in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, leading occasionally to genetic diseases. These elements are also expressed and mobile in a number of cancers. L1 insertion sites are generally considered as random. The molecular determinants of L1 insertion, as well as many steps of the retrotransposition cycle, remain uncertain. To get further insight in the molecular mechanisms of L1 retrotransposition, we first explored the biochemical properties of the L1 RNP, by measuring their reverse transcriptase activity in vitro on various DNA substrates. Using this approach, we observed that L1 RNPs do not equally extend DNA substrates, which differ in sequence or structure, to initiate cDNA synthesis. Our work suggests that the specificity and flexibility of L1 reverse transcription priming contribute to the choice of target sites. In a second approach, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens in order to discover cellular partners of the L1 RNP, which could contribute and/or regulate retrotransposition, We found that ORF2p interacts with a group of nuclear receptors. These proteins contain a DNA binding domain, which recognizes specific DNA sequences spread in the genome, and a ligand binding domain, driving transcriptional regulation of target genes. Our data suggest that these factors participate to L1 retrotransposition, potentially by tethering L1 RNPs to specific genomic regions. Altogether, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between mobile genetic elements and their host genome, and their impact on human genome plasticity
Monot, Clément. "La particule ribonucléoprotéique de l'élément L1 humain : spécificité de l'activité transcriptase inverse et partenaires cellulaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://theses.unice.fr/2013NICE4062.
Texto completo da fonteLINE-1 (L1) elements are mobile genetic elements, comprising up to 20% of the contemporary human genome, in which they are the only autonomously active element. They replicate through an RNA intermediate in a process named retrotransposition. Replication-competent L1 copies code for two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, that associate in cis with their own RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the functional intermediate of retrotransposition. L1s « jump » actively in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, leading occasionally to genetic diseases. These elements are also expressed and mobile in a number of cancers. L1 insertion sites are generally considered as random. The molecular determinants of L1 insertion, as well as many steps of the retrotransposition cycle, remain uncertain. To get further insight in the molecular mechanisms of L1 retrotransposition, we first explored the biochemical properties of the L1 RNP, by measuring their reverse transcriptase activity in vitro on various DNA substrates. Using this approach, we observed that L1 RNPs do not equally extend DNA substrates, which differ in sequence or structure, to initiate cDNA synthesis. Our work suggests that the specificity and flexibility of L1 reverse transcription priming contribute to the choice of target sites. In a second approach, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens in order to discover cellular partners of the L1 RNP, which could contribute and/or regulate retrotransposition, We found that ORF2p interacts with a group of nuclear receptors. These proteins contain a DNA binding domain, which recognizes specific DNA sequences spread in the genome, and a ligand binding domain, driving transcriptional regulation of target genes. Our data suggest that these factors participate to L1 retrotransposition, potentially by tethering L1 RNPs to specific genomic regions. Altogether, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between mobile genetic elements and their host genome, and their impact on human genome plasticity
Commo, Frederic. "Analyse génomique en médecine de précision : Optimisations et outils de visualisation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS132/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn oncology, a new paradigm tries to impose itself ; analyzing patient’s tumors, and identifying molecular alterations matching with targeted therapies to guide a personalized therapeutic orientation. Here, We discuss the molecular alterations possibly relevant for a therapeutic orientation, as well as the methods used for their identification : among the alterations of interest, copy number variations are widely used, and we more specifically focus on comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). We show, using well characterized cell lines, that identification of CNV is not trivial. In particular, the choice for centralizing profiles can be critical, and different strategies for adjusting profiles on a theoretical 2n baseline can lead to erroneous interpretations. Next, we show, using tumor samples, that a major consequence is to include, or miss, targetable alterations within the decision procedure. This work lead us to develop a comprehensive workflow, dedicated to aCGH analysis. This workflow supports the major aCGH platforms, ensure a full traceability of the entire process and provides interactive visualization tools to assist the interpretation. This workflow, called rCGH, has been implemented as a R package, and is available on Bioconductor. The interactive visualization tools are available on line, and are ready to be installed on any institutional server
Essaadi, Essahbi. "Integration and interdependency : identification of the ruptures in the case of East-Asian countries". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22022.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis analyzes the feasibility of a monetary union in East Asia in a dynamic view and employ the appropriate tools which are close to the specific way of the regional economy trajectory in the region. Starting from OCA literature, we test four main criteria in four separate chapter. In the first chapter, we present a stylized fact for different regional financial arrangement. Following existence literature, we test dynamic of financial integration through stock market index interdependence proxy. The second Chapter presents long term perspective of exchange rate in East Asia with a recommendation of Inflation Targeting policy as a common regional monetary policy. The adoption of such policy insures an internal equilibrium and maintains stability of competitiveness through the stability of exchange rate. We investigate in the third Chapter business cycles synchronization in East Asia. A new measure of business cycle synchronization based on spectral analysis has been introduced. Our empirical methodology reinforces previous chapter finds of a clear economic integration in the region for the last decade. The last Chapter thoroughly investigates the reaction of an external shock and a monetary shock at different period for some East Asia economies
Bah, Adama. "Essays on Development Policies : Social Protection, Community-Based Development and Regional Integration". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10441.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, I aim to contribute to the recent international development debate, by providing an analysis of some of the policies that are considered key elements of a development strategy. Focusing on social protection, community-based development and regional integration, I consider aspects related to their design, implementation and evaluation. In the first chapter, I propose a method to estimate ex ante vulnerability to poverty, defined as the probability of being poor in the near future given one’s current characteristics. This is based on the premise that effective social protection policies should aim not only to help the poor move out of poverty, but also to protect the vulnerable from falling into it. In the second chapter, I consider the issue of identifying the poor in a context of targeting social protection programs using a Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) approach, which precision, and therefore usefulness relies on the selection of indicators that produce accurate predictions of household welfare. I propose a method based on model random sampling to identify indicators that are robustly and strongly correlated with household welfare, measured by per capita consumption. These indicators span the categories of household private asset holdings, access to basic domestic energy, education level, sanitation and housing. The third and fourth chapters of this thesis provide an ex-post analysis of development policies and focus in particular on the unintended consequences of a community-driven program and on the reasons for the lack of progress in regional economic integration. The third chapter assesses whether the reaction of the two distinct rebel groups that operate in the Philippines to the implementation of a large-scale community-driven development project funded by foreign aid is consistent with the idea that these two groups have different ideologies, characteristics and motives for fighting. It is based on a unique geo-referenced dataset that we collected from local newspaper reports on the occurrence of conflict episodes involving these rebel groups, and on the predictions of a rent-seeking model of insurgency. The findings are consistent with the proposed classification of the rebel groups; the impact of the foreign aid project on each rebel group depends on their ideological stance. In the last chapter, I analyze how civil conflicts affect the economic fate of African regional economic communities through its effect on the synchronicity of regional partners’ economies. I find that conflict decreases business cycle synchronicity when it occurs within a regional economic community, both for the directly affected countries and for their more peaceful regional peers
Bonneau, Olivier. "Modélisation et intégration du contexte dans le cadre de la détection de cibles en imagerie radar". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17298.
Texto completo da fonte