Artigos de revistas: "Insect-plant relationships"

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Harrewijn, Paul, Albert K. Minks e Chris Mollema. "Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships". Chemoecology 5-6, n.º 2 (junho de 1994): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01259434.

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Schoonhoven, Louis M. "Insect–plant relationships in a Linnaeus decor". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 128, n.º 1 (13 de maio de 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00715.x.

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Scriber, J. Mark. "Evolution of insect‐plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104, n.º 1 (julho de 2002): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01009.x.

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Jermy, T. "Evolution of insect-plant relationships - a devil's advocate approach*". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 66, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1993): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb00686.x.

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Barrett, Mark A., e Peter Stiling. "Relationships among Key deer, insect herbivores, and plant quality". Ecological Research 22, n.º 2 (25 de agosto de 2006): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0021-0.

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Andersson, Petter, Christer Löfstedt e Peter A. Hambäck. "Insect density–plant density relationships: a modified view of insect responses to resource concentrations". Oecologia 173, n.º 4 (24 de julho de 2013): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2737-1.

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Hopkins, Richard J., Nicole M. van Dam e Joop J. A. van Loon. "Role of Glucosinolates in Insect-Plant Relationships and Multitrophic Interactions". Annual Review of Entomology 54, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2009): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090623.

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Manners, Andrew G., William A. Palmer, K. Dhileepan, Graeme T. Hastwell e Gimme H. Walter. "Characterising insect plant host relationships facilitates understanding multiple host use". Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4, n.º 1 (23 de outubro de 2009): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-009-9079-2.

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Wu, Jinyu, Wanjiang Tang, Zhengyang Li, Amrita Chakraborty, Cao Zhou, Fei Li e Shulin He. "Duplications and Losses of the Detoxification Enzyme Glycosyltransferase 1 Are Related to Insect Adaptations to Plant Feeding". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n.º 11 (31 de maio de 2024): 6080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116080.

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Insects have developed sophisticated detoxification systems to protect them from plant secondary metabolites while feeding on plants to obtain necessary nutrients. As an important enzyme in the system, glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) conjugates toxic compounds to mitigate their harm to insects. However, the evolutionary link between GT1s and insect plant feeding remains elusive. In this study, we explored the evolution of GT1s across different insect orders and feeding niches using publicly available insect genomes. GT1 is widely present in insect species; however, its gene number differs among insect orders. Notably, plant-sap-feeding species have the highest GT1 gene numbers, whereas blood-feeding species display the lowest. GT1s appear to be associated with insect adaptations to different plant substrates in different orders, while the shift to non-plant feeding is related to several losses of GT1s. Most large gene numbers are likely the consequence of tandem duplications showing variations in collinearity among insect orders. These results reveal the potential relationships between the evolution of GT1s and insect adaptation to plant feeding, facilitating our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insect–plant interactions.

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Carlberg, Ulf. "Review: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships". Entomologica Fennica 5, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1994): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83806.

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Menken, S. B. J., Visser, J. H. & Harrewijn, P. (Eds.) 1992: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. - Series Entomologica, vol. 49. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston & London. 436 pp., 81 figs., 43 tables. Size 15.5 x 24.0 em. ISBN 0- 7923-2099-9. Price DFL 250.00.

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Firrao, Giuseppe. "Phytoplasmas: Genetics, Diagnosis and Relationships with the Plant and Insect Host". Frontiers in Bioscience 12, n.º 1 (2007): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/2153.

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Norin, T. "Chiral chemodiversity and its role for biological activity. Some observations from studies on insect/insect and insect/plant relationships". Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, n.º 11 (1 de janeiro de 1996): 2043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668112043.

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Nicoletti, Rosario, e Andrea Becchimanzi. "Talaromyces–Insect Relationships". Microorganisms 10, n.º 1 (26 de dezembro de 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010045.

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Facing the urgent need to reduce the input of agrochemicals, in recent years, the ecological relationships between plants and their associated microorganisms have been increasingly considered as an essential tool for improving crop production. New findings and data have been accumulated showing that the application of fungi can go beyond the specific role that has been traditionally assigned to the species, employed in integrated pest management as entomopathogens or mycoparasites, and that strains combining both aptitudes can be identified and possibly used as multipurpose biocontrol agents. Mainly considered for their antagonistic relationships with plant pathogenic fungi, species in the genus Talaromyces have been more and more widely reported as insect associates in investigations carried out in various agricultural and non-agricultural contexts. Out of a total of over 170 species currently accepted in this genus, so far, 27 have been found to have an association with insects from 9 orders, with an evident increasing trend. The nature of their mutualistic and antagonistic relationships with insects, and their ability to synthesize bioactive compounds possibly involved in the expression of the latter kind of interactions, are analyzed in this paper with reference to the ecological impact and applicative perspectives in crop protection.

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Wang, Xiao-Wei, e Stéphane Blanc. "Insect Transmission of Plant Single-Stranded DNA Viruses". Annual Review of Entomology 66, n.º 1 (7 de janeiro de 2021): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060920-094531.

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Of the approximately 1,200 plant virus species that have been described to date, nearly one-third are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and all are transmitted by insect vectors. However, most studies of vector transmission of plant viruses have focused on RNA viruses. All known plant ssDNA viruses belong to two economically important families, Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae, and in recent years, there have been increased efforts to understand whether they have evolved similar relationships with their respective insect vectors. This review describes the current understanding of ssDNA virus–vector interactions, including how these viruses cross insect vector cellular barriers, the responses of vectors to virus circulation, the possible existence of viral replication within insect vectors, and the three-way virus–vector–plant interactions. Despite recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these viruses, many aspects of plant ssDNA virus transmission remain elusive. More effort is needed to identify insect proteins that mediate the transmission of plant ssDNA viruses and to understand the complex virus–insect–plant three-way interactions in the field during natural infection.

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Jurado-Rivera, José A., Alfried P. Vogler, Chris A. M. Reid, Eduard Petitpierre e Jesús Gómez-Zurita. "DNA barcoding insect–host plant associations". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, n.º 1657 (11 de novembro de 2008): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1264.

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Short-sequence fragments (‘DNA barcodes’) used widely for plant identification and inventorying remain to be applied to complex biological problems. Host–herbivore interactions are fundamental to coevolutionary relationships of a large proportion of species on the Earth, but their study is frequently hampered by limited or unreliable host records. Here we demonstrate that DNA barcodes can greatly improve this situation as they (i) provide a secure identification of host plant species and (ii) establish the authenticity of the trophic association. Host plants of leaf beetles (subfamily Chrysomelinae) from Australia were identified using the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron as barcode amplified from beetle DNA extracts. Sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses provided precise identifications of each host species at tribal, generic and specific levels, depending on the available database coverage in various plant lineages. The 76 species of Chrysomelinae included—more than 10 per cent of the known Australian fauna—feed on 13 plant families, with preference for Australian radiations of Myrtaceae (eucalypts) and Fabaceae (acacias). Phylogenetic analysis of beetles shows general conservation of host association but with rare host shifts between distant plant lineages, including a few cases where barcodes supported two phylogenetically distant host plants. The study demonstrates that plant barcoding is already feasible with the current publicly available data. By sequencing plant barcodes directly from DNA extractions made from herbivorous beetles, strong physical evidence for the host association is provided. Thus, molecular identification using short DNA fragments brings together the detection of species and the analysis of their interactions.

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Valdés-Correcher, Elena, Audrey Bourdin, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Xoaquín Moreira, Andrea Galmán, Bastien Castagneyrol e Arndt Hampe. "Leaf chemical defences and insect herbivory in oak: accounting for canopy position unravels marked genetic relatedness effects". Annals of Botany 126, n.º 5 (28 de maio de 2020): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa101.

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Abstract Background and Aims Highly controlled experiments document that plant genetic diversity and relatedness can shape herbivore communities and patterns of herbivory. Evidence from the field is, however, scarce and inconsistent. We assessed whether a genetic signal underlying herbivory can be detected in oak woodlands when accounting for variation at smaller (within-tree) and larger (among-stand) scales. Methods We tested relationships between tree genetic relatedness, leaf chemical defences and insect herbivory for different canopy layers in 240 trees from 15 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) forest stands. We partitioned sources of variability in herbivory and defences among stands, individuals and branches. Key Results Leaf defences, insect herbivory and their relationship differed systematically between the upper and the lower tree canopy. When accounting for this canopy effect, the variation explained by tree genetic relatedness rose from 2.8 to 34.1 % for herbivory and from 7.1 to 13.8 % for leaf defences. The effect was driven by markedly stronger relationships in the upper canopy. Conclusions Our findings illustrate that considerable effects of the host plant genotype on levels of leaf chemical defences and associated insect herbivory can be detected in natural tree populations when within-individual variation is properly accounted for.

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Fufa, Diriba, e Emana Getu. "The Hidden World of Insect-Plant Interactions: a review". SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 46, n.º 3 (27 de março de 2024): 356–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i3.12.

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This review examines the hidden world of plant-insect interactions by emphasizing on the sensory perception and behavior of phytophagous insects, nutritional influence on insect reproduction, host plant resistance, Insects, weed and crop interaction, Insect pollinator plant interaction, tri-trophic interaction, and insect biotechnology. It explores how insects use sensory cues to forage for food, find mates, perceive dangers, and navigate their environment. It also examines the influence of host plants on insect behavior and the use of chemical cues for communication. The potential use of semio-chemicals in pest management for sustainable agriculture is highlighted. Nutritional factors and their impact on insect reproductive success are also discussed, emphasizing the need for balanced diets. The different categories of host plant resistance and their effects on insects are examined. The interdependent relationships between insects, plants, and weeds in agricultural ecosystems are explored, with a focus on the role of insect pollinators. The decline of insect pollinators and the importance of studying them are emphasized. The importance of tri-trophic interactions in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity is discussed. Moreover, the role of biotechnological techniques like genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics in understanding insect plant interactions as well as developing insect pest control strategies is discussed. The potential use of natural products produced by plants in environmentally friendly pest control methods is also examined. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive exploration of insect-plant interactions and the potential for sustainable pest control methods.

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Städler, Erich. "Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata and the International Symposia on Insect–Plant Relationships: a ‘mutualistic’ symbiotic relationship!" Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 128, n.º 1 (9 de maio de 2008): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00716.x.

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Mason, Charles J. "Complex Relationships at the Intersection of Insect Gut Microbiomes and Plant Defenses". Journal of Chemical Ecology 46, n.º 8 (15 de junho de 2020): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01187-1.

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NORIN, T. "ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Chemodiversity and Its Role for Biological Activity. Some Observations from Studies on Insect/Insect and Insect/Plant Relationships". ChemInform 28, n.º 13 (4 de agosto de 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199713304.

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Hassan, Zaid Naji, Nassreen N. Mzhr e Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq. "Relationships between Insects and their Host Plants-Co-Evolution Review". South Asian Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, n.º 05 (5 de outubro de 2023): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjps.2023.v05i05.003.

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Co-evolved is the mostly passable opinion for the development of insect-harbor-cultivate connections, whilst, it enable be offered that its essential prelude are unsuitable: (1) generality Plant-eating insects have highly minimum inhabitance intensities comparison to the bio conglomerate of their harbor cultivates , subsequently, they ability seldom be significant chosen agents for the vegetative; (2) insect- harbor-cultivate reactions are not indispensable hostile: monoeater- and oligoeater insects, whether their count is obviously elevated, may perfect organize the multitude of their harbor cultivates (reciprocal usefulness); Therefore, (3) durability to insects is not a comprehensive needful in vegetation and it Not possible clarify the existence of subaltern vegetation materials; (4) equivalent development pathways of vegetations and insects which must outcome from co development reactions are scarce, whereas numerous intimately concerning insects nourish on Vegetarian highly Away vegetation Varieties - a connection which not possible be concerning to co- development. So, the opinion of successive development is suggested: the development of blossom vegetations encouraged via chosen agents (e.g., environment, ground, vegetation- vegetation, reactions etc.), which are numerous extra powerful than insect offensives originate the biochemically varied dietary rule for the development of Plant-eating insects, whereas the last do not Significantly impact the development of vegetations.

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Isman, Murray B., Ruying Feng e Dan L. Johnson. "DETOXICATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN FIVE SPECIES OF FIELD-COLLECTED MELANOPLINE GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)". Canadian Entomologist 128, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128353-2.

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Detoxicative enzyme systems, such as the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, gluthione S-transferases, and general esterases, have been widely studied in holometabolous insects (e.g. Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera). These, and other enzyme systems, play important roles in insecticide resistance, but are also important in insect–host plant relationships, because host range can partially depend on the ability of an insect to cope with putatively toxic allelochemicals in an otherwise suitable host plant (e.g. Lindroth 1989). In some cases, differences in the relative activities of these enzymes between closely related insect taxa can have significant biological consequences (Siegfried and Mullin 1989).

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Schoonhoven, Louis M. "Insect‐Plant Relationships: the whole is more than the sum of its parts". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 115, n.º 1 (abril de 2005): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00302.x.

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Hwang, Jeong Ho, Mean-Young Yim, Sung-Yeol Kim, Seong Jin Ji e Wang-Hee Lee. "Sweep Sampling Comparison of Terrestrial Insect Communities Associated with Herbaceous Stratum in the Riparian Zone of the Miho River, Korea". Insects 13, n.º 6 (25 de maio de 2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060497.

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To investigate insect and plant community relationships in riparian zones, terrestrial insect communities were compared in plant communities in the riparian zone of the Miho River, Korea. The sweep netting method was used to sample insects in 50 m transects in three herbaceous plant communities. In 2020, each plant community—Chenopodium album, Beckmannia syzigachne, and Artemisia indica—was swept 100 times (50 sweeps × 2). In 2021, two communities had an additional 100 sweeps collected using 10 subsamples of 10 sweeps (excluding C. album communities). The surveyed dominant species or subdominant species of the insect community in each site preyed on the dominant plant species at the site. The Bray–Curtis similarity was significantly higher than the Sørensen similarity when comparing datasets across different years for the same plant species community. The predicted optimum sampling size to obtain approximately 80% of the total species estimated to be at each survey site, for effective quantitative collection of terrestrial insect herbivores in each plant community, was examined. Fifty sweeps were required for the A. indica community and 100 sweeps were required for the B. syzigachne community. The results of this study provide important data for riparian biodiversity conservation and future pest monitoring.

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Kaur, Navneet, Daniel K. Hasegawa, Kai-Shu Ling e William M. Wintermantel. "Application of Genomics for Understanding Plant Virus-Insect Vector Interactions and Insect Vector Control". Phytopathology® 106, n.º 10 (outubro de 2016): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-16-0111-fi.

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The relationships between plant viruses and their vectors have evolved over the millennia, and yet, studies on viruses began <150 years ago and investigations into the virus and vector interactions even more recently. The advent of next generation sequencing, including rapid genome and transcriptome analysis, methods for evaluation of small RNAs, and the related disciplines of proteomics and metabolomics offer a significant shift in the ability to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and transmission by insect vectors. Genomic technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine the response of insect vectors to the presence of ingested viruses through gene expression changes and altered biochemical pathways. This review focuses on the interactions between viruses and their whitefly or thrips vectors and on potential applications of genomics-driven control of the insect vectors. Recent studies have evaluated gene expression in vectors during feeding on plants infected with begomoviruses, criniviruses, and tospoviruses, which exhibit very different types of virus-vector interactions. These studies demonstrate the advantages of genomics and the potential complementary studies that rapidly advance our understanding of the biology of virus transmission by insect vectors and offer additional opportunities to design novel genetic strategies to manage insect vectors and the viruses they transmit.

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Anantanarayanan, Raman. "Two exquisite hemipteran galls of India with notes on the physiology of gall induction by Sternorrhyncha". ENTOMON 41, n.º 4 (31 de dezembro de 2016): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v41i4.212.

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The Indian subcontinent is rich with gall-inducing insects. The varieties of galls they induce offer bountiful opportunities to explain the dynamics of insect-plant interactions. Close to 90% of gall-inducing insects across the world are known to be specific to certain plants and such specialist behaviour offers them for use as ideal models to explain and characterize insect-plant relationships, which bear long-term advantages in managing insects that live and feed on economically important plants. In such a context, I illustrate in this paper, the intimacy of relationships between two gall-inducing Hemiptera (Apsylla cistellata tied to Mangifera indica and Mangalorea hopeae tied to Hopea ponga), which are native to the Indian subcontinent. In this article I emphasize that studying the biology of gall-inducing insects unequivocally demands a clear understanding of the stress and reparative physiology of the plant as well, further to that of the feeding biology of the inducing insect. Since all known gall-inducing insects (Hymenoptera excepted) induce galls by feeding action, I have explained the vitality of knowing about mouth parts, salivary secretions, and the mechanisms that arise in plants consequent to insect feeding with regard to the Hemiptera. My plea is that with the vast variety of various gall-inducing insects, we in India have a large canvas to paint the details of the physiology and metabolomics involved in insect-plant interactions clearly, because these insects are highly specialized in selecting their hosts, and also because these insects live embedded within plant tissues for certain period of time. In an ecological context, these insects are more easily amenable to monitor in field contexts than other free-living insects.

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Madhuri, Burjikindi, Kolli Bharghavi, Vinutha R K, Neeli Priyanka, Srija P, Supraja K V L e Methuku Anil Kumar. "Impact of Plant on Insect Behavior and Sex Pheromone Emission". UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, n.º 12 (18 de maio de 2024): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i124103.

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Insects intricately interact with host plants, significantly impacting their behavior and chemical communication, especially in phytophagous species. Insect physiology and behavior, particularly sex pheromone communication, are influenced by host plants, which improves mating and reproduction. While some insects release sex pheromones in response to cues from plants, others use the molecules of their host plants to synthesize sex pheromone precursors. Host plants chemicals synergize with sex pheromones, aiding in insect communication and reproductive success. These interactions shape various aspects of insect behavior, from aggregation formation to mate and host finding strategies, and even reproductive isolation among related species. Understanding these relationships is essential for comprehending ecological dynamics and devising sustainable pest management strategies.

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Tallamy, Douglas W. "Creating Living Landscapes: Why We Need to Increase Plant/Insect Linkages in Designed Landscapes". HortTechnology 27, n.º 4 (agosto de 2017): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03699-17.

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Specialized relationships between animals and plants are the norm in nature rather than the exception and landscape designs that destroy them also degrade local ecosystem function. Plants that evolved in concert with local animals provide for their needs better than plants that evolved elsewhere. The most common and arguably most important specialized relationships are those that have developed between insect herbivores and their host plants. Here, I explain why this is so, why specialized food relationships determine the stability and complexity of the local food webs that support animal diversity, and why our yards and gardens are essential parts of the ecosystems that sustain us. I also discuss how we can use our residential and corporate landscapes to connect the isolated habitat fragments around us and produce valuable ecosystem services, and what we can do to make our landscapes living ecosystems once again.

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Hahn, Philip G., e John L. Orrock. "Land-use history alters contemporary insect herbivore community composition and decouples plant-herbivore relationships". Journal of Animal Ecology 84, n.º 3 (23 de novembro de 2014): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12311.

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Altmann, Scott H. "Crown condition, water availability, insect damage and landscape features: are they important to the Chilean tree Nothofagus glauca (Nothofagaceae) in the context of climate change?" Australian Journal of Botany 61, n.º 5 (2013): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13015.

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An understanding of the impact that climate change will have on dominant plant species is important given the central role of these species in ecosystem functioning. Southern beech (Nothofagus Blume) is a central genus in the forests of the southern cone of South America, with Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser a dominant, at-risk tree inhabiting the drought-prone region of central Chile. The present study explored the relationships among several environmental variables that may be critical to understanding the impact of climate change on N. glauca, most importantly crown condition, plant water availability, insect leaf damage and landscape features. Furthermore, the study examined whether these variables differed between individuals from drier or wetter stands distributed within a north–south geographic area. Multiple regression modelling detected important relationships for the dependent variable crown condition with branch midday water potential, N. glauca diameter at breast height and vegetative cover, as well as with landscape variables in interaction with different plant vigour and water availability measures. Negative correlations between insect damage and plant water availability measures were observed at two field sites. Overall, crown condition and water availability were higher, and insect damage was lower, in wetter stands. The results of the present study have important negative implications for the species in terms of climate change and can be applied to future investigations.

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Pan, Kaixuan, Leon Marshall, Koos Biesmeijer e Geert R. de Snoo. "The distributions of insect, wind and self pollination of plants in the Netherlands in relation to habitat types and 3D vegetation structure". Journal of Pollination Ecology 30 (20 de abril de 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)684.

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Plants can be pollinated in many ways, with insect, wind and selfing as the most common modes. While it seems likely that the occurrence of pollination modes is correlated with environmental conditions, e.g. vegetation structure, and this remains uncertain. Here, we mapped the composition of pollination modes of different plant groups (woody species, herbs, and grasses) across (semi-)natural habitats and their distributions in relation to 3D vegetation structure in the Netherlands. We found insect pollination is the most common mode across (semi-)natural habitats for woody species and herbs. Woody species pollinated by insects showed an even higher percentage in dune, river swamp and swamp peat than in other habitat types, whereas herbs showed a higher percentage of insect pollination in dune than in other habitat types. Grasses were always pollinated by wind or wind-self in all habitats. Woody plants pollinated by wind showed a positive relationship with canopy densities in three different strata from 2 to 20 m vegetation, while insect pollination showed a positive relationship with the canopy density of 0.5 to 2 m vegetation. All grass presented negative relationships with canopy density. Herbs showed different relationships with canopy densities of different strata dependent on pollination modes. Insect-pollinated species increased with canopy densities of low strata but decreased with canopy density of high strata, whereas wind-pollinated species decreased with canopy density of both low and high strata. We conclude that habitat and vegetation structure are important factors driving the distribution of pollination modes.

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Anderson, Robert S. "WEEVILS AND PLANTS: PHYLOGENETIC VERSUS ECOLOGICAL MEDIATION OF EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN CURCULIONINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 125, S165 (1993): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm125165197-1.

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AbstractA great proportion of biodiversity is accounted for by organisms, particularly insects, intimately associated with plants. Knowing whether ecological or phylogenetic factors chiefly influence the evolution of host plant associations is essential to understanding speciation in, and therefore factors influencing diversity of, phytophagous insects. Through examination of known host plant associations in Curculioninae and comparison with available reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of certain taxa of Curculioninae, little, if any, evidence for cospeciation (parallel cladogenesis) is found. In curculionine taxa where sufficient host plant and/or phylogenetic data are available, weevil species are narrowly to broadly oligophagous; a number of related weevil species are associated with a single host plant species; many weevil genera have host plant ranges spanning distantly related plant taxa; and available weevil reconstructed phylogenies are not concordant with plant relationships. Rather, for at least some weevil taxa, evolution appears to be mediated by one or more of a variety of strictly ecological factors, particularly habitat associations. General applications of these results include biological control, pollination biology, conservation and restoration biology, and use of patterns in insect – host plant associations to resolve problems in plant classification.

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Labadessa, Rocco, Luigi Forte e Paola Mairota. "Exploring Life Forms for Linking Orthopteran Assemblage and Grassland Plant Community". Hacquetia 14, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2015-0012.

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AbstractOrthopterans are well known to represent the majority of insect biomass in many grassland ecosystems. However, the verification of a relationship between the traditional descriptors of orthopteran assemblage structure and plant community patterns is not straightforward. We explore the usefulness of the concept of life forms to provide insights on such ecosystem level relationship. For this purpose, thirty sample sites in semi-natural calcareous grasslands were classified according to the relative proportion of dominant herbaceous plant life forms. Orthopteran species were grouped in four categories, based on the Bei-Bienko’s life form categorization. The association among plant communities, orthopteran assemblages and environmental factors was tested by means of canonical correspondence analysis. Orthoptera groups were found to be associated with distinct plant communities, also indicating the effect of vegetation change on orthopteran assemblages. In particular, geobionta species were associated with all the most disturbed plant communities, while chortobionta and thamnobionta seemed to be dependent on better preserved grassland types. Therefore, the use of life forms could help informing on the relationships of orthopteran assemblages with grassland conservation state. Information on such community relationships at the local scale could also assist managers in the interpretation of habitat change maps in terms of biodiversity changes.

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Toju, Hirokazu, e Teiji Sota. "Adaptive divergence of scaling relationships mediates the arms race between a weevil and its host plant". Biology Letters 2, n.º 4 (18 de julho de 2006): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0514.

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Coevolution of exaggerated morphologies between insects and plants is a well-known but poorly understood phenomenon in evolutionary biology. In the antagonistic interaction between a seed-predatory insect, the camellia weevil ( Curculio camelliae ), and its host plant, Japanese camellia ( Camellia japonica ), we examined the evolutionary trajectory of an exaggerated offensive trait of the weevil (rostrum length) in terms of scaling relationship. Sampling throughout Japan revealed that the ratio of the rostrum length to overall body size was correlated with the ratio of the pericarp thickness to overall fruit size across the localities. We found a geographical interpopulation divergence in a parameter pertaining to the allometric equation of rostrum length (the coefficient a in y = ax b , where y and x denote rostrum and body lengths, respectively), and the pattern of geographical differentiation in the allometric coefficient was closely correlated with the variation in the pericarp thickness of Japanese camellia. Our results provide a novel example of a geographically diverged scaling relationship in an insect morphology resulting from a coevolutionary arms race with its host plant.

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Labandeira, Conrad C. "The Paleobiology of Pollination and its Precursors". Paleontological Society Papers 6 (novembro de 2000): 233–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000784.

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Perhaps the most conspicuous of associations between insects and plants is pollination. Pollinating insects are typically the first and most obvious of interactions between insects and plants when one encounters a montane meadow or a tropical woodland. The complex ecological structure of insect pollinators and their host plants is a central focus within the ever-expanding discipline of plant-insect interactions. The relationships between plants and insects have provided the empirical documentation of many case-studies that have resulted in the formulation of biological principles and construction of theoretical models, such as the role of foraging strategy on optimal plant-resource use, the advantages of specialized versus generalized host preferences as viable feeding strategies, and whether “pollination syndromes” are meaningful descriptions that relate flower type to insect mouthpart structure and behavior (Roubik, 1989; Ollerton, 1996; Waser et al., 1996; Johnson and Steiner, 2000). Much of the recent extensive discussion of plant-insect associations has centered on understanding the origin, maintenance, and evolutionary change in plant/pollinator associations at ecological time scales and increasingly at longer-term macroevolutionary time intervals (Armbruster, 1992; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999). Such classical plant-insect association studies—cycads and cycad weevils, figs and fig wasps, and yuccas and yucca moths—were explored at modern time scales and currently are being examined through a long-term geologic component that involves colonization models based on cladogenetic events of plant and insect associates, buttressed by the fossil record (Farrell, 1998; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999; A. Herre,pers. comm.). In addition to tracing modern pollination to the earlier Cenozoic and later Mesozoic, there is a resurgence in understanding the evolutionary history of earlier palynivore taxa (spore, prepollen and pollen consumers), which led toward pollination as a mutualism (Scott et al., 1992).

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Adroit, Benjamin, Vincent Girard, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Frédéric Terral e Torsten Wappler. "Plant-insect interactions patterns in three European paleoforests of the late-Neogene—early-Quaternary". PeerJ 6 (20 de junho de 2018): e5075. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5075.

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Plants and insects are constantly interacting in complex ways through forest communities since hundreds of millions of years. Those interactions are often related to variations in the climate. Climate change, due to human activities, may have disturbed these relationships in modern ecosystems. Fossil leaf assemblages are thus good opportunities to survey responses of plant–insect interactions to climate variations over the time. The goal of this study is to discuss the possible causes of the differences of plant–insect interactions’ patterns in European paleoforests from the Neogene–Quaternary transition. This was accomplished through three fossil leaf assemblages: Willershausen, Berga (both from the late Neogene of Germany) and Bernasso (from the early Quaternary of France). In Willershausen it has been measured that half of the leaves presented insect interactions, 35% of the fossil leaves were impacted by insects in Bernasso and only 25% in Berga. The largest proportion of these interactions in Bernasso were categorized as specialist (mainly due to galling) while in Willershausen and Berga those ones were significantly more generalist. Contrary to previous studies, this study did not support the hypothesis that the mean annual precipitation and temperature were the main factors that impacted the different plant–insect interactions’ patterns. However, for the first time, our results tend to support that the hydric seasonality and the mean temperature of the coolest months could be potential factors influencing fossil plant–insect interactions.

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Simaika, John P., Michael Samways e Sven M. Vrdoljak. "Species turnover in plants does not predict turnover in flower-visiting insects". PeerJ 6 (21 de dezembro de 2018): e6139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6139.

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Congruence between plant and insect diversity is considered possibly useful in conservation planning, as the better known plants could be surrogates for the lesser known insects. There has been little quantification of congruence across space, especially in biodiversity rich areas. We compare here species richness, and turnover relationships between plants and flower-visiting insects across space (0.5–80 km) in natural areas of a biodiversity hotspot, the Greater Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. A total of 22,352 anthophile individuals in 198 species and 348 plant species were sampled. A comparison between the plants and anthophiles suggest significant concordance between the two assemblages. However, turnover was weaker in plants than in anthophiles. Plant turnover decreased with greater geographical distance between plot pairs. In contrast, insect turnover remained high with increasing geographical distance between plot pairs. These findings suggest that while patterns of plant diversity and distribution shape flower-visiting insect assemblages, they are not reliable surrogates. The conservation significance of these results is that specialist mutualisms are at greatest risk, and that set-asides on farms would help improve the functional connectivity leading to the maintenance of the full range of mutualisms.

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Avanesyan, Alina, Cameron McPherson e William O. Lamp. "Analysis of Plant Trait Data of Host Plants of Lycorma delicatula in the US Suggests Evidence for Ecological Fitting". Forests 13, n.º 12 (29 de novembro de 2022): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122017.

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Plant traits, used by the invasive insect herbivores to find and select suitable hosts, can play an important role in insect host range expansion. With regard to invasive Lycorma delicatula, it is not well explored, however, how the plant origin affects insect host selection, and whether native and introduced host plants differ in their morphology, lifespan, as well as environmental requirements for growth. We addressed this issue in our study through the comprehensive assessment of 25 relevant plant traits (a total of 27,601 records retrieved from the TRY database), as well as the origin and phylogenetic relationships of 37 host plants of L. delicatula in the U.S. Our results showed that only leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, and canopy size were significantly greater in the introduced hosts than that in native plants. We did not detect a significant effect of the plant origin on other characteristics. Additionally, no significant differences between native and introduced hosts of L. delicatula in genetic distances from introduced Ailanthus altissima (the most preferred host) were detected. These results, for the first time, suggest strong evidence for ecological fitting which might drive the host plant selection of L. delicatula and its rapid spread in the U.S.

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Olivier, Chrystel Y., D. Thomas Lowery e Lorne W. Stobbs. "Phytoplasma diseases and their relationships with insect and plant hosts in Canadian horticultural and field crops". Canadian Entomologist 141, n.º 5 (outubro de 2009): 425–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-cpa02.

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AbstractPhytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens consisting of more than 50 phylogenetic groups that cause devastating diseases in various crops worldwide. They are obligate parasites restricted to the phloem tissue of the host plant and are transmitted from plant to plant mostly by leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). They reproduce within the tissues of their insect vectors and are transferred in the salivary secretions to new host plants during feeding. Phytoplasma epidemiology involves a tritrophic relationship between the pathogen and usually several hosts and vectors. The host-plant range depends on the number of vectors, their feeding habits, and their dispersal pattern. Interactions between phytoplasmas and their vector hosts are complex and influenced by insects' vectoring abilities and the consequences of infection for vectors. In Canada, seven phytoplasma taxa have been detected in various crops. Aster yellows, the primary vector of which is the leafhopper Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes), is the most common and widespread. X-disease, transmitted by at least eight leafhopper species, is economically damaging to all cultivated species of Prunus L. (Rosaceae). Clover proliferation, also transmitted by M. quadrilineatus, is the causal agent of important diseases such as clover proliferation and alfalfa witches' broom. Ash yellows and pear decline have caused economic problems for several decades, while bois noir, a quarantinable disease in Canada, was detected in Ontario and British Columbia for the first time only recently. Because of their cryptic nature, phytoplasmas are difficult to manage; quarantine measures and insecticide sprays remain the most common control measures. However, integrated pest management techniques using beneficial insects, biotechnology, and plant resistance are emerging.

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Katili, Moh Zulkifli, Yeni Herdiyeni e Medria Kusuma Dewi Hardhienata. "Leveraging Biotic Interaction Knowledge Graph and Network Analysis to Uncover Insect Vectors of Plant Virus". Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 10, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2024): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.10.1.94-109.

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Background: Insect vectors spread 80% of plant viruses, causing major agricultural production losses. Direct insect vector identification is difficult due to a wide range of hosts, limited detection methods, and high PCR costs and expertise. Currently, a biodiversity database named Global Biotic Interaction (GloBI) provides an opportunity to identify virus vectors using its data. Objective: This study aims to build an insect vector search engine that can construct an virus-insect-plant interaction knowledge graph, identify insect vectors using network analysis, and extend knowledge about identified insect vectors. Methods: We leverage GloBI data to construct a graph that shows the complex relationships between insects, viruses, and plants. We identify insect vectors using interaction analysis and taxonomy analysis, then combine them into a final score. In interaction analysis, we propose Targeted Node Centric-Degree Centrality (TNC-DC) which finds insects with many directly and indirectly connections to the virus. Finally, we integrate Wikidata, DBPedia, and NCBIOntology to provide comprehensive information about insect vectors in the knowledge extension stage. Results: The interaction graph for each test virus was created. At the test stage, interaction and taxonomic analysis achieved 0.80 precision. TNC-DC succeeded in overcoming the failure of the original degree centrality which always got bees in the prediction results. During knowledge extension stage, we succeeded in finding the natural enemy of the Bemisia Tabaci (an insect vector of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Virus). Furthermore, an insect vector search engine is developed. The search engine provides network analysis insights, insect vector common names, photos, descriptions, natural enemies, other species, and relevant publications about the predicted insect vector. Conclusion: An insect vector search engine correctly identified virus vectors using GloBI data, TNC-DC, and entity embedding. Average precision was 0.80 in precision tests. There is a note that some insects are best in the first-to-five order. Keywords: Knowledge Graph, Network Analysis, Degree Centrality, Entity Embedding, Insect Vector

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Meineke, Emily K., e T. Jonathan Davies. "Museum specimens provide novel insights into changing plant–herbivore interactions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1763 (19 de novembro de 2018): 20170393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0393.

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Mounting evidence shows that species interactions may mediate how individual species respond to climate change. However, long-term anthropogenic effects on species interactions are poorly characterized owing to a lack of data. Insect herbivory is a major ecological process that represents the interaction between insect herbivores and their host plants, but historical data on insect damage to plants is particularly sparse. Here, we suggest that museum collections of insects and plants can fill key gaps in our knowledge on changing trophic interactions, including proximate mechanisms and the net outcomes of multiple global change drivers across diverse insect herbivore–plant associations. We outline theory on how global change may affect herbivores and their host plants and highlight the unique data that could be extracted from museum specimens to explore their shifting interactions. We aim to provide a framework for using museum specimens to explore how some of the most diverse co-evolved relationships are responding to climate and land use change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.

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Ederli, Luisa, Gianandrea Salerno e Mara Quaglia. "In the tripartite combination Botrytis cinerea–Arabidopsis–Eurydema oleracea, the fungal pathogen alters the plant–insect interaction via jasmonic acid signalling activation and inducible plant-emitted volatiles". Journal of Plant Research 134, n.º 3 (18 de março de 2021): 523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-021-01273-9.

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AbstractIn ecosystems, plants are continuously challenged by combined stress conditions more than by a single biotic or abiotic factor. Consequently, in recent years studies on plant relationships with multiple stresses have aroused increasing interest. Here, the impact of inoculation with fungal pathogens with different lifestyles on Arabidopsis plants response to the following infestation with the invasive crop pest Eurydema oleracea was investigated. In particular, as fungal pathogens the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea and the biotroph Golovinomyces orontii were used. Plants exposed to B. cinerea, but not to G. orontii, showed reduced herbivore feeding damage. This difference was associated to different hormonal pathways triggered by the pathogens: G. orontii only induced the salicylate-mediated pathway, while B. cinerea stimulated also the jasmonate-dependent signalling, which persisted for a long time providing a long-term defence to further herbivore attack. In particular, the lower susceptibility of B. cinerea-infected Arabidopsis plants to E. oleracea was related to the stimulation of the JA-induced pathway on the production of plant volatile compounds, since treatment with VOCs emitted by B. cinerea inoculated plants inhibited both insect plant choice and feeding damage. These results indicate that necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi modulate host volatile emission, thus affecting plant response to subsequent insect, thereby increasing the knowledge on tripartite plant–microbe–insect interactions in nature.

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Trivellone, Valeria, Yanghui Cao e Christopher H. Dietrich. "The timetree of phytoplasmas reveals new insights into the relationships with their insect and plant hosts". Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 9, n.º 1 (2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-4677.2019.00120.8.

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Marullo, R. "Host-plant range and relationships in the Italian thrips fauna". Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 39, n.º 1-3 (maio de 2004): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aphyt.39.2004.1-3.23.

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Ryss, A. Yu. "Ways of the parasitism origin in the phytonematode orders Tylenchida and Aphelenchida". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 313, n.º 3 (25 de setembro de 2009): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2009.313.3.257.

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The following principal features of the plant parasitic nematode evolution are listed and illustrated. Phytonematodes have been originated from saprotrophic nematodes (bacterio- and mycotrophic ones), firstly plant hosts and later insect vectors were consequently included in their life cycle. The speciation factors were changing depending on the stage of evolution of the host–parasite relationships. In the primitive plant parasitic nematode taxa the species divergence is associated with the soil-climatic conditions; in the most advanced taxa of the sedentary phytonema todes the co-evolution with their plant host taxa took place; in the nematode taxa associated with insect vectors the insect families served as the speciation factors for nematodes. At the key steps of the host-parasite relations evolution, similar adaptations appeared independently in different phylogenetic lines. In transition to endoparasitic feeding, the stylet enforced and the lobe of the enlarged pharyngeal glands was formed. As the adaptations to the migratory endoparasitism in plant tissues, posterior part of the female body shortened and the posterior genital system branch located there, reduced in the postembryogenesis. In the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes the topic and trophic relations with plant hosts were developing independently (incoherently) in different phylogenetic lines. But all sedentary phytonematodes have common features: the specialized infective juvenile stages were differentiated in the life cycle; the diameter of adult female body, occupied with a hypertrophied genital system with mature eggs containing infective juveniles, has been increased significantly. In insect-vectored nematode taxa the special dispersal entomophilic stages were differentiated in the life cycles by two different phylogenetic lines: in one line the transmission juvenile stages (dauerlarvae) were formed, in the second line – the inseminated but not egg-producing transmission females were arisen. The parallelisms in development of similar adaptations indicate the general principles and tendencies of the plant parasitic nematode evolution.

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Borkent, Sara, e Simon Hodge. "Glasshouse Evaluation of the Black Soldier Fly Waste Product HexaFrass™ as an Organic Fertilizer". Insects 12, n.º 11 (28 de outubro de 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110977.

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The mass farming of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.), to produce insect-based feed for livestock and fish, results in considerable amounts of insect frass, which contains substantial amounts of organic matter and bioavailable nutrients. Insect frass has shown good potential as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer. This study examined the effects of HexaFrass™ on the growth of common vegetables and herbs under glasshouse conditions. In an organically-rich potting mix, HexaFrass™ increased shoot dry weight by an average of 25%, although this effect was variable among test plants. In other trials, application of HexaFrass™ caused an increase in plant growth similar to that obtained by applying chicken manure and a commercial organic fertilizer. Increases in shoot and root dry weight showed quadratic relationships with HexaFrass™ dose, indicating that application of excessive quantities could lead to plant inhibition. Shoot:root dry matter ratio tended to increase with HexaFrass™ dose suggesting there was no specific stimulation or enhancement of root growth. Overall, these results provide further evidence of the potential of insect frass as an effective organic fertilizer for vegetables and herbs.

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Chapman, D. F., G. R. Edwards e Z. N. Nie. "Plant responses to climate and relationships with pasture persistence". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3207.

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Relationships between climatic factors and persistence of grazed perennial ryegrass and white clover pastures in New Zealand are reviewed from an ecophysiological perspective. 'Persistence' is defined in terms of physical survival of plants of sown cultivars: the effects of climate on plant populations are considered. Substantial information is available on the population dynamics of perennial ryegrass and white clover in different climatic environments, particularly on the influence of drought on populations. Substantial, direct negative effects of drought on the density of perennial ryegrass tillers and white clover stolons have been recorded, though populations have generally recovered after release from drought conditions. Otherwise, the effects of climaterelated resource limitations on population size are more likely to be interactive, working in concert with other factors such as management, soil fertility and insect pest challenges to limit the capacity of homeostatic responses to restore the optimal (for long term survival) balance between above- and below-ground resources. The relative extent to which more recent cultivars of perennial ryegrass are able to tolerate multiple, simultaneous resource limitations compared to older cultivars (with different phenotype) is considered, but there is little direct evidence on this matter. Issues that should be considered in future pasture persistence research are identified and discussed. One of these concerns is the persistence of trait expression in cultivars bred for specific traits. More research on this topic is warranted, since molecular plant breeding techniques are strongly based on trait manipulation, and genotype x environment interactions can be expected in the spatially and temporally variable environment of grazed pastures. Keywords: drought, ecology, plant breeding, ryegrass, white clover

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Isbatullah, Muhammad, Syarif Hidayat Amrullah e Rita Harnita. "Inventory of Warehouse Pests on Grain Samples at the Plant Quarantine Laboratory of the Makassar Agricultural Quarantine Center". Journal Of Biology Education 6, n.º 1 (8 de julho de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/jobe.v6i1.19741.

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This study aims to determine and record the types of warehouse pest insects found in several export grain commodities in the plant quarantine laboratory of the Makassar Agricultural Quarantine Center. Data on the types of warehouse pest insects on several grain commodities were obtained by sampling as much as 2 kg from each commodity. Grain commodities are taken in warehouses: rice, corn, green beans, coffee, and cocoa. Then take insects found on the surface or inside the grain. The types of warehouse pest insects found in grain samples were identified based on insect morphology. Then secondary data related to kinship relationships between insect species and data on optimal environmental factors for insect growth are taken from book and journal references. The number of warehouse pest insects found in several export grain commodities in the plant quarantine laboratory of BBPK Makassar is eight types. Insect pests are only found in rice, corn, and cocoa commodities. Types of insect pests found, namely Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Araecerus fasciculatus, Ahasverus advena, Ephestia kuehniella, and Sitotroga cerealella.

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Bottero, Irene, Simon Hodge e Jane Stout. "Taxon-specific temporal shifts in pollinating insects in mass-flowering crops and field margins in Ireland". Journal of Pollination Ecology 28 (9 de julho de 2021): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)628.

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In intensively cropped agricultural landscapes, the vegetation in edges and hedges (henceforth “field margins”) represents an important semi-natural habitat providing fundamental resources for insect pollinators. We surveyed the pollinating insects associated with two mass-flowering crops, apple and oilseed rape, and compared the insect fauna of the main crop with that in the field margins in the grass-dominated agricultural landscapes of Ireland. Different insect groups responded differently to the presence of the flowering crop, with honey and bumble bees more abundant in crops than margins during crop flowering, but more hover flies and butterflies in margins throughout. The composition of the insect assemblage also shifted over time due to taxon-specific changes in abundance. For example, solitary bees were most abundant early in the season, whereas hover flies peaked, and butterflies declined, in mid-summer. The temporal shift in insect community structure was associated with parallel changes in the field margin flora, and, although we found no relationship between insect abundance and abundance of field margin flowers, Bombus abundance and total insect abundance were positively correlated with floral diversity. After the crop flowering period, floral abundance and diversity was maintained via margin plants, but by late summer, floral resources declined. Our results confirm the importance of field margins for insect pollinators of entomophilous crops set within grass-dominated landscapes, even during the crop flowering period, and provide additional support for agri-environment schemes that protect and/or improve field margin biodiversity. The results also demonstrate that although shifts in insect and plant communities may be linked phenologically there may not always be simple relationships between insect and floral abundance and richness.

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Parachnowitsch, A. L., e E. Elle. "Insect Visitation to Wildflowers in the Endangered Garry Oak, Quercus garryana, Ecosystem of British Columbia". Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2005): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i2.113.

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The Garry Oak Ecosystem (GOE) is a fragmented and endangered ecosystem in Canada, and is currently the focus of conservation and restoration efforts in British Columbia. However, little is known about the basic biology of GOE forbs, or their relationships with pollinating insects. We monitored wildflowers and their insect visitors in 25 quadrats within a 25 × 25 metre plot, located in a fragment of the GOE near Duncan, British Columbia, for six weeks (the majority of the flowering period). Overall, 21 native and non-native forb species flowered in our quadrats during the survey, and we observed an additional six forb species flowering outside of our quadrats. Eight forbs were visited within quadrats by a total of 13 insect taxa, identified to morphospecies. Visits by eight additional morphospecies were observed outside of the quadrats. In general, visitation was low; however, most insect morphospecies were observed visiting more than one plant species, and most plant species were visited by more than one insect morphospecies, suggesting that pollination may be generalised in this community. A Chi-squared analysis indicated that insect visitation was not proportional to the relative abundance of forbs, with higher than expected visitation to Common camas (Camassia quamash), and no observed visits to 11 species, most with very small (putatively unattractive) flowers. The most frequent insect visitor was the introduced Honeybee, Apis mellifera, followed by native mason bees (Osmia spp.) and mining bees (Andrena spp.). Our observations provide baseline data for future, detailed studies that should investigate the importance of plant-pollinator mutualisms for sustainability of populations and communities in this rare ecosystem.

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