Artigos de revistas: "Inner cities – pennsylvania – philadelphia"

1

Aldrich, Mark. "The Great Sidetrack War: In Which Downtown Merchants and thePhiladelphia North AmericanDefeat the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1903–1904". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13, n.º 4 (outubro de 2014): 500–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000395.

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On November 21, 1903, the Pennsylvania Railroad announced that its north-south through trains would no longer enter Broad Street Station in downtown Philadelphia and would stop instead at West Philadelphia. Nor would the company sell tickets from that station to downtown. These schedule changes, which seemed minor to the company and were intended to reduce congestion in the central city, threatened downtown merchants and manufacturers who worried that buyers would shift to more accessible cities. Philadelphia had been sidetracked, theNorth Americanreported. The result was an eruption of boycotts, protests, and petitions that pitted nearly every local trade association against the railroad. Encouraged by theNorth American's editorials, partisan reporting, and stinging cartoons, the protesters forced the Pennsylvania to back down, and in March 1904, through trains returned to Broad Street. The newspaper cloaked this local business dispute in the language of antimonopoly, linking the fears of small businessmen to national anti-railroad concerns. The sidetrack episode also helped launch modern corporate public relations, as the Pennsylvania—stung by this threat to corporate autonomy—soon hired Ivy Lee as its first publicity agent.

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Lim, Jessica. "Community Engagement Instead of PILOTs". Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 8 (21 de novembro de 2019): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v8i0.9.

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In the United States, the endowments of non-profit research universities are climbing into the 8-figures and the wealth disparity between research universities and their home cities are becoming increasingly evident. Some of these universities are calling to their community engagement initiatives, including service-learning programs, as substitutes for direct monetary contributions to their home cities. This research article seeks to investigate the extent to which the University of Pennsylvania devotes its institutional resources to support its service-learning program, Academically Based Community Service courses, which it highlights as one of its initiatives that supports its Philadelphia community. This case study ultimately finds gaps in the institutional support that the University of Pennsylvania provides. The article’s findings call into question the extent to which community engagement can substitute direct monetary assistance to Universities’ communities.

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DeFilippis, James. "Michael Katz 2012: Why Don't American Cities Burn? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37, n.º 6 (24 de outubro de 2013): 2235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12131_2.

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Cunningham, Shayna D., Valerie Riis, Laura Line, Melissa Patti, Melissa Bucher, Celeste Durnwald e Sindhu K. Srinivas. "Safe Start Community Health Worker Program: A Multisector Partnership to Improve Perinatal Outcomes Among Low-Income Pregnant Women With Chronic Health Conditions". American Journal of Public Health 110, n.º 6 (junho de 2020): 836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305630.

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Safe Start is a community health worker program representing a partnership between a high-volume, inner-city, hospital-based prenatal clinic; a community-based organization; a large Medicaid insurer; and a community behavioral health organization to improve perinatal outcomes among publicly insured pregnant women with chronic health conditions in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As of June 2019, 291 women participated in the program. Relative to a comparison group (n = 300), Safe Start participants demonstrate improved engagement in care, reduced antenatal inpatient admissions, and shorter neonatal intensive care unit stays.

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Srinivasan, Raghavan, Bo Lan, Daniel Carter, Sarah Smith, Bhagwant Persaud, Kari Signor e Taha Saleem. "Safety Evaluation of Pedestrian Countdown Signals: Definitive Results from Two Cities in the United States". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2021): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211063471.

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The pedestrian countdown signals (PCS) treatment involves the display of a numerical countdown that shows how many seconds are left in the flashing DON’T WALK interval. Although many studies have attempted to evaluate the safety of PCS, the results have been inconsistent for many reasons, including inadequate sample size and the inability to control for possible bias from regression to the mean and from exposure. This study performed a before-after empirical Bayes analysis using data from 115 treated intersections in Charlotte, North Carolina and 218 treated intersections in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to evaluate the safety effects of PCS. The evaluation also included 136 reference intersections in Charlotte, and 597 reference intersections in Philadelphia. Following the implementation of PCS, total crashes decreased by approximately 8% and rear-end crashes decreased by approximately 12%, and these reductions were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Pedestrian crashes decreased by about 9% and this reduction was statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. Economic analysis revealed a benefit-cost ratio of 23 with a low of 13 and a high of 32.

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Sami, Neha. "SaiBalakrishnan2019: Shareholder Cities: Land Transformations along Urban Corridors in India. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 44, n.º 6 (novembro de 2020): 1104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12973.

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Sampson, R. J. "Why Don't American Cities Burn? By Michael Katz (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. 210 pp. $29.95)". Journal of Social History 47, n.º 2 (7 de novembro de 2013): 564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/sht077.

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Connolly, James J. T. "Susan M. Wachter and Kimberly A. Zeuli (eds.) 2013: Revitalizing American Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39, n.º 5 (setembro de 2015): 1056–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12265.

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Maier, Felix K. "Noel Lenski, Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civic Politics. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press 2016". Historische Zeitschrift 306, n.º 3 (5 de junho de 2018): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2018-1208.

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McNulty, Maggie, e Lara Roman. "Forgotten Contributions: The Overlooked Impact of Ellen Harrison and Early 20th Century Women in Urban Greening". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48, n.º 6 (1 de novembro de 2022): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.025.

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Many women and women-run associations were involved in historical urban beautification in the United States, especially tree planting, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While men had formal roles as city foresters, arborists, horticulturalists, and landscape architects, women from elite families sometimes labored for free to organize and advocate for urban tree planting. Tightly knit social circles of high-society women in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, yielded much greater influence in nascent tree planting and park creation movements than has generally been recognized. They often contributed their time, finances, input, and skill to landscape planting projects; however, they were not considered equal to the men who were compensated employees. These women planted, plotted, studied, and persevered, overcoming preconceived notions of womanhood, although their meaningful efforts were often viewed as merely an offshoot of their feminine domestic role. For women, limited by opportunities in male-dominated arenas, shaping their cities was a socially accepted means for empowerment. Ellen Waln Harrison (1846 to 1922) was a key figure in civic beautification in her hometown of Philadelphia and beyond. Ellen Harrison was married to Charles Custis Harrison, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, and she personally oversaw campus landscaping efforts, and was referred to as his “right hand.” Her story is emblematic of a larger trend regarding women in botany, horticulture, and urban forestry around the turn of the 20th century.

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Sauer, Carrie E., e Betsy R. Mastaglio. "Assessing the State of Practice of the Role and Siting Issues Related to Curbless Streets in an Urban Context". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2605, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2605-06.

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The conventional streets of major cities are often designed with rights-of-way that are channelized with physical delineation for different modes. Shared, or curbless, streets represent a new approach to using the public right-of-way where physical edges and sometimes demarcations are removed. All modes share space and negotiate movement through interaction. Various cities have deployed curbless streets in different ways, for different reasons, and with different outcomes. This paper examines curbless street design as a concept and as an opportunity for cities. The effect of curbless street design on surrounding communities’ safety, quality of life, economic vitality, and mobility is addressed through peer city case studies and literature reviews. The peer city project data inform best practices for implementing curbless street design concepts and identify supportive traits and characteristics common to successful projects. On the basis of these findings, siting strategies and opportunities are presented for consideration in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This paper assesses the state of research and practice with respect to curbless streets to build a shared knowledge base from which curbless streets can be sited.

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Zhong, Yichen, Amy H. Auchincloss, Brian K. Lee, Ryan M. McKenna e Brent A. Langellier. "Sugar-Sweetened and Diet Beverage Consumption in Philadelphia One Year after the Beverage Tax". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 4 (19 de fevereiro de 2020): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041336.

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In January 2017, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) implemented an excise tax ($ 0.015/ounce) on sugar-sweetened and diet beverages. This study is a general population-based study to report on the longer-term impacts of the tax on within-person changes in consumption 12 months after implementation. A quasi-experimental difference-in-difference design was used to contrast Philadelphia vs. nearby comparison cities (Trenton, New Jersey; Camden, New Jersey; and Wilmington, Delaware) at baseline (December 2016–January 2017) vs. 12-month follow-up (December 2017–February 2018). A random-digit-dialing phone survey was administered to a population-based cohort. Analyses assessed changes in 30-day consumption frequency and ounces of sugar-sweetened and diet beverages (and a substitution beverage, bottled water) in the analytic sample (N = 515). After 12 months, relative to the comparison group, Philadelphians were slightly more likely to decrease their frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (39.2% vs. 33.5%), and slightly less likely to increase their frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (38.9% vs. 43.0%). The effects of the tax estimated in the adjusted difference-in-difference analysis were very small (for example, changes in monthly sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in Philadelphia relative to comparison cities was −3.03 times or −51.65 ounces) and confidence intervals were very wide. Results suggested that, one year after implementation, there was no major overall impact of the tax on general population-level consumption of sugar-sweetened or diet beverages, or bottled water. Future studies should test whether the tax’s effect differs in vulnerable sub-populations.

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13

Lawman, Hannah G., Kevin A. Henry, Annaka Scheeres, Amory Hillengas, Ryan Coffman e Andrew A. Strasser. "Tobacco Retail Licensing and Density 3 Years After License Regulations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2012–2019)". American Journal of Public Health 110, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305512.

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Objectives. To evaluate changes in licensed tobacco retailers and retailer density 5 years before and 3 years after novel tobacco retailer licensing regulations were implemented in a large, urban area. Methods. We used administrative tobacco license data (n = 23 806 licenses, 2012–2019) to calculate (1) annual retailer density by district (n = 18), (2) density by district and school income status, and (3) retailers within 500 feet of schools (n = 673) before and after regulations. Results. Observed tobacco retailer density declined by 20.3% (from 1.97 to 1.57 per 1000 daytime residents) 3 years after regulation implementation. Regression results showed a decline in the trend of retailers per 1000 daytime population (b = −0.19; 95% confidence interval[CI] = −0.23, −0.14) that was modestly but significantly greater in low-income districts (interaction b = −0.18; 95% CI = −0.25, −0.11) and a 12% decline in the rates of retailers near schools (rate ratio = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.85, 0.92) following implementation of the regulations. We did not observe similar density changes in comparable cities. Conclusions. Tobacco retailer licensing strategies can be an effective policy approach to reduce the availability of tobacco and tobacco marketing, lessen socioeconomic disparities in tobacco retailer density, and decrease the number of tobacco outlets near schools.

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14

Mallach, Alan. "Brent D. Ryan 2012: Design after Decline: How America Rebuilds its Shrinking Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, n.º 4 (11 de junho de 2014): 1539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12173_2.

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Chee, Shuzhen, Sarah Rivera, Aaron Algren Huntley, Lauren Lundahl, Claire Bocage, David E. Holt, Brittany Watson e Terri H. Lipman. "A veterinary and nursing collaboration to increase access to healthcare". Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 12, n.º 3 (17 de novembro de 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v12n3p84.

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Hypertension is associated with almost 25% of US deaths. Philadelphia has the highest prevalence of hypertension of the 6 largest cities in the US, predominantly in non-Hispanic Black communities. Social determinants of health (SDOH) contribute to the development of hypertension and limit access to preventative resources and treatment. This case study describes an interprofessional collaboration between the University of Pennsylvania Schools of Nursing and Veterinary Medicine to offer blood pressure screenings at the annual MLK Day of Service Wellness and Vaccination Clinic. Clients were approached for blood pressure screenings and health education. Sixty-seven clients (48.2%), largely from zip codes with high levels of hypertension, agreed to blood pressure screening; 45 (67.2%) clients were hypertensive. Our One Health clinic could be a model to reach residents in marginalized communities.

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16

Blee, Kathleen M. "Why Don’t American Cities Burn? By Michael B. Katz. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Pp. viii+210. $29.50." American Journal of Sociology 118, n.º 3 (novembro de 2012): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/667781.

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Reed, Adolph. "Why Don't American Cities Burn? By Michael B. Katz. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. 224p. $29.95 cloth, $24.95 paper." Perspectives on Politics 11, n.º 3 (setembro de 2013): 952–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592713001655.

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Strom, Elizabeth. "Heywood T. Sanders 2014: Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39, n.º 4 (julho de 2015): 847–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12243.

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Lewellyn, Conor, e Bridget Wadzuk. "Evaluating the Risk-Based Performance of Bioinfiltration Facilities under Climate Change Scenarios". Water 11, n.º 9 (24 de agosto de 2019): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091765.

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Many communities throughout the world are utilizing green infrastructure practices to mitigate the projected impacts of climate change. While some areas of the world are anticipating droughts, other areas are preparing for an increased flood risk, due to changes in precipitation volume and intensity. Cities rely on practices such as bioinfiltration to sustainably capture stormwater runoff and provide resilience against climate change. As cities aim to increase resilience and decrease climate-change-associated risks, a greater understanding of these risks is needed. A risk-based approach was used to evaluate bioinfiltration design and performance. Climate projections from the Couple Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 were used to create near-term (2020–2049) and long-term (2050–2079) climate datasets for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, using two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5). Both near-term and long-term climate models demonstrated increased precipitation and daily temperatures, similar to other areas in the U.S. Northeast, Midwest, Great Plains, and Alaska. Climate data were used to model bioinfiltration practices using continuous simulation hydrologic models. Overflow events and cumulative risk increased from bioinfiltration sites when compared to the baseline scenario (1970–1999). This study demonstrates how to apply a risk-based approach to bioinfiltration design using climate projections and provides recommendations to increase resilience in bioinfiltration design.

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Beauregard, Robert. "Design After Decline: How America Rebuilds Shrinking Cities. By Brent D. Ryan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Pp. 261. $45.00 (cloth)." Social Service Review 87, n.º 3 (setembro de 2013): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674350.

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Sokalska, O. "The transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania: from William Penn's Great Law to the Penitentiary House at Walnut Street Prison". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, n.º 74 (31 de janeiro de 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.7.

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The article analyzes the transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania (1682–1790) in the context of changes in criminal laws: from the formal consolidation in the Code of Laws of 1682 of reformatories with hard labor to the organization in Philadelphia in 1790 of the first penitentiary house with a regime of solitary confinement. It is defined that before the states gained independence, correctional houses, if they functioned in some cities, then as institutions of forced labor and the purpose of correction was not before them. The Revolutionary War for Independence had a decisive impact on the reform of the penal system, which resulted in the adoption of the state constitution, which contained a prescription to revise the penal system. The Criminal Law of 1786 established the main punishment for serious crimes as imprisonment combined with hard labour, but the regime of imprisonment did not change in any way, and public hard labour was recognized as ineffective. It is established that the main actors in the further search for a model of serving a sentence of imprisonment in Pennsylvania were members of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. The main steps of the reformers in 1788-1790 were aimed at introducing legislative changes in the field of execution of punishments with an emphasis on solitary confinement based on the practical experience of reformatories in England and prison theory. As a result of the Society's initiatives, in 1790, An Act to reform the penal laws of the state was adopted, in which the main elements of the sentencing regime were hard labor and unremitted solitude in order to correct criminals and prevent new crimes. For this purpose, it was prescribed to build a separate building with single cells in the yard of Walnut Street Prison for the detention of dangerous criminals. The law established a mechanism for control and supervision of the prison, as well as regulated the regime principles of serving the sentence, which were largely borrowed from the experience of English workhouses.

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Grant, Amber, Sara Edge, Andrew A. Millward, Lara A. Roman e Cheryl Teelucksingh. "Centering Community Perspectives to Advance Recognitional Justice for Sustainable Cities: Lessons from Urban Forest Practice". Sustainability 16, n.º 12 (7 de junho de 2024): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16124915.

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Cities worldwide are grappling with complex urban environmental injustices. While environmental justice as a concept has gained prominence in both academia and policy, operationalizing and implementing environmental justice principles and norms remains underexplored. Notably, less attention has been given to centering the perspectives and experiences of community-based actors operating at the grassroots level, who can inform and strengthen urban environmental justice practice. Through ethnographic, participant-as-observer methods, interviews, and geovisualizations, this study explores the perspectives, experiences, knowledge, and practices of community-based urban forest stewards in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) who are invested in addressing environmental injustices through urban tree-planting and stewardship. Interviewees were asked how they were addressing issues of distribution, procedure, and recognition in urban forest planning and practice, as well as the socio-political and institutional factors that have influenced their perspectives and practices. Particular attention is given to how urban forest stewards implement recognitional justice principles. Findings from this study exposed several complex socio-political challenges affecting steward engagement in community-led tree initiatives and the broader pursuit of environmental justice, including discriminatory urban planning practices, gentrification concerns, underrepresentation of Black and Latinx voices in decision-making, volunteer-based tree-planting models, and tree life cycle costs. Nevertheless, urban forest stewards remain dedicated to collective community-building to address environmental injustices and stress the importance of recognizing, listening to, dialoguing with, and validating the perspectives and experiences of their neighbors as essential to their process.

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Drake, H. A. "Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civic Politics. By Noel Lenski . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. x + 404 pp. $79.95 cloth." Church History 86, n.º 2 (junho de 2017): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640717000658.

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Widestrom, Amy. "Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities. By Heywood T. Sanders. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. 528p. $59.95." Perspectives on Politics 14, n.º 2 (junho de 2016): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716000748.

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Drennan, Matthew P. "Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities by Heywood T.Sanders. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. 592 pp. $59.95." Political Science Quarterly 130, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2015): 786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polq.12411.

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del Pozo, Brandon, Alex Knorre, Michael J. Mello e Aaron Chalfin. "Comparing Risks of Firearm-Related Death and Injury Among Young Adult Males in Selected US Cities With Wartime Service in Iraq and Afghanistan". JAMA Network Open 5, n.º 12 (22 de dezembro de 2022): e2248132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.48132.

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ImportanceIn 2020, homicides in the United States saw a record single-year increase, with firearm injuries becoming the leading cause of death for children, adolescents, and young adults. It is critical to understand the magnitude of this crisis to formulate an effective response.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether young adult males living in parts of 4 major US cities faced a firearm-related death and injury risk comparable with risks encountered during recent wartime service in Iraq and Afghanistan.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study of young adult males aged 18 to 29 years living in the top 10% most violent zip codes in each domestic setting (as measured by fatal shooting rates), fatal and nonfatal shooting data for 2020 and 2021 were aggregated at the zip code level for 4 of the largest US cities (Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Wartime mortality and combat injury rates for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan were used to assess relative risk.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe relative risk of firearm-related death and nonfatal shootings in each setting as compared with combat death and injury in the comparator setting.ResultsOf 129 826 young adult males aged 18 to 29 years living in the top 10% most violent zip codes in the 4 cities studied, 45 725 (35.2%) were Black, 71 005 (54.7%) were Hispanic, and 40 355 (31.1%) were White. Among this population, there were 470 homicides and 1684 firearm-related injuries. Young adult males living in the most violent zip code of Chicago (2585 individuals aged 20-29 y) and Philadelphia (2448 individuals aged 18-29 y) faced a higher risk of firearm-related homicide than US soldiers who were deployed to Afghanistan, with risk ratios of 3.23 (95% CI, 2.47-4.68) and 1.91 (95% CI, 1.32-3.46), respectively. In expanding the analysis to the top 10% of the cities’ most violent zip codes, the risks in Chicago likewise exceeded those of combat death faced by military service members, with a risk ratio of 2.10 (95% CI, 1.82-2.46), and the risks in Philadelphia were comparable with those of deployment to war 1.15 (95% CI, 0.98-1.39). Nonfatal shooting risks were comparable with, or exceeded, the injury risk of combat in Iraq, producing a combined annual firearm risk of 5.8% in Chicago and 3.2% in Philadelphia. However, these findings were not observed in the most violent zip codes of Los Angeles and New York City, where young men faced a 70% to 91% lower risk than soldiers in the Afghanistan war across fatal and nonfatal categories (eg, fatal shooting in most violent zip code in Los Angeles: risk ratio, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.26-0.34; nonfatal shooting in top 10% most violent zip codes in New York: risk ratio, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.08-0.10). The risk of violent death and injury observed in the zip codes studied was almost entirely borne by individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic groups: Black and Hispanic males represented 96.2% of those who were fatally shot (452 individuals) and 97.3% of those who experienced nonfatal injury (1636 individuals) across the 4 settings studied.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, for young adult men in several of the communities studied, firearm violence carried morbidity and mortality risks that exceeded those of war. Health equity requires prioritizing effective responses.

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Gobaud, Ariana N., Christina A. Mehranbod, Elinore Kaufman, Jonathan Jay, Jessica H. Beard, Sara F. Jacoby, Charles C. Branas, Brady Bushover e Christopher N. Morrison. "Assessing the Gun Violence Archive as an Epidemiologic Data Source for Community Firearm Violence in 4 US Cities". JAMA Network Open 6, n.º 6 (2 de junho de 2023): e2316545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16545.

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ImportanceFirearm injury is a major public health burden in the US, and yet there is no single, validated national data source to study community firearm violence, including firearm homicide and nonfatal shootings that result from interpersonal violence.ObjectiveTo assess the validity of the Gun Violence Archive as a source of data on events of community firearm violence and to examine the characteristics of individuals injured in shootings.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional observational study compared data on community firearm violence from the Gun Violence Archive with publicly available police department data, which were assumed to be the reference standard, between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. Cities included in the study (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New York, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and Cincinnati, Ohio) had a population of greater than 300 000 people according to the 2020 US Census and had publicly available shooting data from the city police department. A large city was defined as having a population greater than or equal to 500 000 (ie, Philadelphia, New York City, and Chicago). Data analysis was performed in December 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEvents of community firearm violence from the Gun Violence Archive were matched to police department shootings by date and location. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of the data were calculated (0.9-1.0, excellent; 0.8-0.9, good; 0.7-0.8, fair; 0.6-0.7, poor; and &lt;0.6, failed).ResultsA total of 26 679 and 32 588 shooting events were documented in the Gun Violence Archive and the police department databases, respectively, during the study period. The overall sensitivity of the Gun Violence Archive over the 6-year period was 81.1%, and the positive predictive value was 99.0%. The sensitivity steadily improved over time. Shootings involving multiple individuals and those involving women and children were less likely to be missing from the Gun Violence Archive, suggesting a systematic missingness.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings support the use of the Gun Violence Archive in large cities for research requiring its unique advantages (ie, spatial resolution, timeliness, and geographic coverage), albeit with caution regarding a more granular examination of epidemiology given its apparent bias toward shootings involving multiple persons and those involving women and children.

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Nogueira, Xavier Rojas, e Jeremy Mennis. "The Effect of Brick and Granite Block Paving Materials on Traffic Speed". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 19 (1 de outubro de 2019): 3704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193704.

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Slowing traffic speed in urban areas has been shown to reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities due to automobile accidents. This research aims to measure how brick and granite block paving materials, which were widely used historically prior to the use of asphalt paving in many cities, may influence free flow traffic speed. Traffic speeds for 690 vehicles traversing street blocks paved with asphalt, granite block, and brick materials were measured using a radar gun on a sample of 18 matched pair (asphalt and historic paving material) street blocks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fixed effects linear regression was used to estimate the effect of paving material on vehicle speed after controlling for the street class (e.g., arterial versus local road) and the matched pair. Results indicate that brick reduced speeds by approximately 3 mph (~5 km/h) and granite block reduced speeds by approximately 7 mph (~11 km/h), as compared to asphalt paved city streets, which we attribute to drivers intentionally slowing due to road roughness. This research suggests that brick and granite block paving materials may be an effective traffic calming strategy, having implications for reducing negative health outcomes associated with pedestrian–automobile collisions.

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Xu, Xiaofan, Dylan Schreiber, Qing Lu e Qiong Zhang. "A GIS-Based Framework Creating Green Stormwater Infrastructure Inventory Relevant to Surface Transportation Planning". Sustainability 10, n.º 12 (11 de dezembro de 2018): 4710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124710.

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The stormwater runoff that carries pollutants from the land adjacent to road transportation systems may impair the water environment and threaten the ecosystem and human health. A proper management approach like green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) can help control flooding and the runoff pollutants. One barrier for GSI analysis relevant to system-level surface transportation planning is the lack of the inventory of GSI in many U.S. cities. This study aims to develop a GIS-based framework for creating GSI inventory in a time and labor efficient way, different from the traditional survey-based method. The new proposed framework consists of three steps, including road categorization, GSI mapping, and GSI type identification using the GIS data, high-resolution land-cover image, and Google Earth street view pictures. The new approach was tested in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and also applied in Tampa, Florida. The results showed that the new GIS-based framework can achieve similar accuracy to the survey-based method while saving time and labor. The GSI inventory created in the study demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed framework for analyzing the status of GSI implementation and identifying gaps for future planning in terms of potential locations and underrepresented GSI types.

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Laska, Melissa Nelson, Kelley E. Borradaile, June Tester, Gary D. Foster e Joel Gittelsohn. "Healthy food availability in small urban food stores: a comparison of four US cities". Public Health Nutrition 13, n.º 7 (8 de dezembro de 2009): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009992771.

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AbstractObjectiveGiven that small food stores may be important retail food sources in low-income urban communities, our objective was to examine cross-city comparative data documenting healthy food availability within such facilities, particularly those located in low-income areas and nearby schools.DesignFood stores in Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota; Oakland, California; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania were selected for assessment based on proximity to low-income schools. Stores were defined as: (i) single-aisle (n 45); (ii) small (2–5 aisles; n 52); and (iii) large (≥6 aisles; n 8). Staff conducted in-store audits to assess the presence/absence of twenty-eight healthy items, organized within five categories: (i) fresh fruits/vegetables, (ii) processed fruits/vegetables, (iii) healthy beverages/low-fat dairy, (iv) healthy snacks and (v) other healthy staple foods.ResultsThe availability of healthy food items was low, particularly in single-aisle and small stores, and there was significant cross-site variability in the availability of healthy snacks (P < 0·0001) and other healthy staple foods (P < 0·0001). No cross-site differences existed for fruits/vegetables or healthy beverages/low-fat dairy availability. Healthy food availability scores increased significantly with store size for nearly all food/beverage categories (P < 0·01).ConclusionsOverall, healthy food availability in these venues was limited. Region-specific factors may be important to consider in understanding factors influencing healthy food availability in small urban markets. Data suggest that efforts to promote healthy diets in low-income communities may be compromised by a lack of available healthy foods. Interventions targeting small stores need to be developed and tailored for use in urban areas across the USA.

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Chapin, Tim. "Heywood T. Sanders. (2015).Convention Center Follies: Politics, Power, and Public Investment in American Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 528 pages. $59.95 (hardcover)." Journal of the American Planning Association 81, n.º 3 (3 de julho de 2015): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1077078.

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Kriehn, Emmy, Kenneth Tamminga e Travis Flohr. "Spatial Indices for Convivial Greenstreets". Sustainability 15, n.º 24 (13 de dezembro de 2023): 16781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416781.

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Streetside gardening is an informal, resident-initiated activity undertaken in dense urban areas worldwide. Yardless urban areas with a high incidence of informal streetside gardening are called Convivial Greenstreets (CG). Site investigations in European and several U.S. cities over the last decade suggest that social, ecological, and local climate benefits may be found where CG are most intense. The aim of this research is to fill a gap in the research literature by better understanding the spatial distribution of CG and the potential benefits associated with them. Using inner-core neighborhoods in Delft, The Netherlands, and Philadelphia, USA, as test cases, we devised a Convivial Greenstreet Intensity (CGI) index to provide a consistent method for mapping and comparing levels of streetside gardening activity across neighborhoods and cities. We show that CG spatial patterning and quantification of informal gardening intensity using in situ documentation and integrated GIS and Google Earth analyses are feasible and should prove useful as a basis for further research. With the development of a reliable method for measuring and mapping informal streetside gardening activity with a focus on visually accessible biomass, we hope that opportunities for investigating links between convivial greenstreets and urban microclimatic and physical and mental health will be facilitated.

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Strasser, Ulrike. "Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565. By Walter Simons. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Pp. xv+335. $22.50." History of Religions 43, n.º 4 (maio de 2004): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426745.

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Schorr, Alvin L. "Reviews : Reinventing Cities: Equity Planners Tell Their Stories Norman Krumholz and Pierre Clavel Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1994. 253 pages. $49.95 (HB), $22.95 (PB". Journal of Planning Education and Research 14, n.º 3 (abril de 1995): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9501400314.

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Roman, Lara, Indigo Catton, Eric Greenfield, Hamil Pearsall, Theodore Eisenman e Jason Henning. "Linking Urban Tree Cover Change and Local History in a Post-Industrial City". Land 10, n.º 4 (12 de abril de 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040403.

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Municipal leaders are pursuing ambitious goals to increase urban tree canopy (UTC), but there is little understanding of the pace and socioecological drivers of UTC change. We analyzed land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) from 1970–2010 to examine the impacts of post-industrial processes on UTC. We interpreted land cover classes using aerial imagery and assessed historical context using archival newspapers, agency reports, and local historical scholarship. There was a citywide UTC increase of +4.3 percentage points. Substantial UTC gains occurred in protected open spaces related to both purposeful planting and unintentional forest emergence due to lack of maintenance, with the latter phenomenon well-documented in other cities located in forested biomes. Compared to developed lands, UTC was more persistent in protected open spaces. Some neighborhoods experienced substantial UTC gains, including quasi-suburban areas and depopulated low-income communities; the latter also experienced decreasing building cover. We identified key processes that drove UTC increases, and which imposed legacies on current UTC patterns: urban renewal, urban greening initiatives, quasi-suburban developments, and (dis)investments in parks. Our study demonstrates the socioecological dynamism of intra-city land cover changes at multi-decadal time scales and the crucial role of local historical context in the interpretation of UTC change.

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Kermanshah, A., S. Derrible e M. Berkelhammer. "Using Climate Models to Estimate Urban Vulnerability to Flash Floods". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, n.º 9 (setembro de 2017): 2637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0083.1.

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Abstract Climate change will impact urban infrastructure networks by changing precipitation patterns in a region. This study presents a novel vulnerability assessment framework for infrastructure networks against extreme rainfall-induced flash floods, with a specific application to transportation. The framework combines climate models, network science, geographical information systems (GIS), and stochastic modeling to compile a vulnerability surface (VS). Daily precipitation simulations for 2006–2100 from the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are used to produce a stochastic simulation of extreme flash flood events in five U.S. cities—that is, Boston, Massachusetts; Houston, Texas; Miami, Florida; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—under two different climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). To assess the impact of these events, percentage drops in static (i.e., overall properties and robustness topological indicators) and dynamic (i.e., GIS accessibility and travel demand metrics) network properties are measured before and after simulated extreme events. The results of these metrics are inputs on a radar diagram to form a VS. Overall, the results show that changes in flash flood frequency due to climate change can have a significant impact on road networks, as was demonstrated recently in Houston, Texas. The magnitude of these impacts is chiefly associated with the geographic location of the cities and the size of the networks. The proposed framework can be reproduced in any city around the world, and researchers can use the results as guidelines for infrastructure design and planning purposes. Moreover, sensitivity analysis to varying greenhouse gas concentration trajectories can help local and national authorities to prioritize strategies for adaptation to climate change in more vulnerable regions.

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Bouchard, C. B. "Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. By Walter Simons (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. xv plus 335 pp. $65.00)". Journal of Social History 37, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2003): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2003.0167.

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Holland, Dan, Terri Baltimore e Phil Hallen. "Root Shock at Twenty: Reflections from Pittsburgh". Built Environment 50, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2024): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.233.

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The publication of Mindy Fullilove's Root Shock in 2004 turned the oftcited narrative of top-down progress on its head. For the first time, the words of ordinary neighbourhood folk emerged as counter points to urban renewal and rapid community change. Now, twenty years later, the process Fullilove established still resonates among the people with whom she interacted. One city she profiled, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, suffered through several rounds of emotional and physical trauma in the form of African American displacement from urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s, then the demolition of public housing units in the 1990s and early-2000s. This article synthesizes the responses of Terri Baltimore, a neighbourhood activist from Pittsburgh's Hill District; Phil Hallen, the former President of the Maurice Falk Medical Fund which funded Mindy's research in Pittsburgh; and Duquesne University history professor Dan Holland as they recount their reactions to Root Shock in 1994 and the inspiration Mindy Fullilove continues to provide today. But as a new round of root shock unfolds – the exodus of African Americans from traditional inner-city neighbourhoods as a result of gentrification – Fullilove's lessons provide a cautionary tale for how cities respond to the latest housing crisis.

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Ridner, Judith A. "Frontier Cities: Encounters at the Crossroads of Empire. By Jay Gitlin, Barbara Berglund, and Adam Arenson (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) 296 pp. $45.00 cloth and ebook". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, n.º 3 (novembro de 2013): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_00589.

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Thomas, June Manning. "Reviews : Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in U.S. Cities William W. Goldsmith and Edward J. Blakely Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1992. 247 pages. $49.95 (HB), $19.95 (PB". Journal of Planning Education and Research 13, n.º 1 (outubro de 1993): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9301300116.

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Kaplan, Scott, Justin S. White, Kristine A. Madsen, Sanjay Basu, Sofia B. Villas-Boas e Dean Schillinger. "Evaluation of Changes in Prices and Purchases Following Implementation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes Across the US". JAMA Health Forum 5, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2024): e234737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.4737.

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ImportanceSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are promoted as key policies to reduce cardiometabolic diseases and other conditions, but comprehensive analyses of SSB taxes in the US have been difficult because of the absence of sufficiently large data samples and methods limitations.ObjectiveTo estimate changes in SSB prices and purchases following SSB taxes in 5 large US cities.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study with an augmented synthetic control analysis, changes in prices and purchases of SSBs were estimated following SSB tax implementation in Boulder, Colorado; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Oakland, California; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, California. Changes in SSB prices (in US dollars) and purchases (volume in ounces) in these cities in the 2 years following tax implementation were estimated and compared with control groups constructed from other cities. Changes in adjacent, untaxed areas were assessed to detect any increase in cross-border purchases. Data used for this analysis spanned from January 1, 2012, to February 29, 2020, and were analyzed between June 1, 2022, and September 29, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were the changes in SSB prices and volume purchased.ResultsUsing nutritional information, 5500 unique universal product codes were classified as SSBs, according to tax designations. The sample included 26 338 stores—496 located in treated localities, 1340 in bordering localities, and 24 502 in the donor pool. Prices of SSBs increased by an average of 33.1% (95% CI, 14.0% to 52.2%; P &lt; .001) during the 2 years following tax implementation, corresponding to an average price increase of 1.3¢ per oz and a 92% tax pass-through rate from distributors to consumers. SSB purchases declined in total volume by an average of 33.0% (95% CI, −2.2% to −63.8%; P = .04) following tax implementation, corresponding to a −1.00 price elasticity of demand. The observed price increase and corresponding volume decrease immediately followed tax implementation, and both outcomes were sustained in the months thereafter. No evidence of increased cross-border purchases following tax implementation was found.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, SSB taxes led to substantial, consistent declines in SSB purchases across 5 taxed cities following price increases associated with those taxes. Scaling SSB taxes nationally could yield substantial public health benefits.

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Hamarneh, Basema. "Noel Lenski: Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civic Politics, Empire and After, Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania Press) 2016, 416 pp., ISBN 978-0-8122-4777-0, £ 74,–." Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 23, n.º 2 (15 de julho de 2019): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zac-2019-0017.

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Brady, Kathleen A., Deborah S. Storm, Azita Naghdi, Toni Frederick, Jessica Fridge e Mary Jo Hoyt. "Perinatal HIV Exposure Surveillance and Reporting in the United States, 2014". Public Health Reports 132, n.º 1 (12 de dezembro de 2016): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354916681477.

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Objective: We sought to describe the current status of perinatal HIV exposure surveillance (PHES) activities and regulations in the United States and to make recommendations to strengthen PHES. Methods: In 2014, we sent an online survey to health departments in the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and 6 cities and counties (Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California). We analyzed responses from 56 of the 59 (95%) jurisdictions. Results: Thirty-three of 56 jurisdictions (59%) reported conducting PHES and following infants to determine their infection status. Of the 33 jurisdictions performing PHES, 28 (85%) linked maternal and infant data, but only 12 (36%) determined the HIV care status of postpartum women. Themes of respondents’ recommendations for strengthening PHES centered on updating laws and regulations to support PHES, reporting all HIV test results and linking vital records with PHES data to identify and follow HIV-exposed infants, communicating with health care providers to improve reporting, training staff, and getting help from experienced jurisdictions to implement PHES. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that data on perinatal exposure collected through the current system are inadequate to comprehensively monitor and prevent perinatal HIV exposure and transmission. Comprehensive PHES data collection and reporting are needed to sustain the progress that has been made toward lowering perinatal HIV transmission rates. We propose that minimum standards be established for perinatal HIV exposure reporting to improve the completeness, quality, and efficiency of PHES in the United States.

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Lindquist, Sherry C. M. "Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565. By Simons Walter. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. xvi + 335 pp. $65.00 cloth." Church History 71, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700096463.

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Classen, Albrecht. "The Marvels of the World: An Anthology of Nature Writing Before 1700, ed. Rebecca Bushnell. Penn Studies in Landscape Architecture. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021, xii, 363 pp., 35 b/w ill." Mediaevistik 34, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.50.

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After Rebecca Bushnell had taught a graduate course in 2017 dedicated to the early modern English discourse on nature and natural history, she realized the great need for a solid anthology of relevant texts, and the book under review represents the result of her extensive efforts to collect and edit important contributions by philosophers, mystics, and poets from late antiquity to the high and late Middle Ages, and especially from ca. 1500 until ca. 1700, addressing the following subject matters: 1. natural philosophy and natural knowledge; 2. plants; 3. animals; 4. weather, climate, and seasons; 5. inhabiting the land; 6. gardens and gardening; and 7. outlandish natural worlds. This is already an impressive gamut of important topics, but I am sorely missing aspects such as ‘water,’ ‘forests,’ ‘mountains,’ ‘birds,’ ‘fish,’ and then the inner (caves, volcanoes, etc.) and also the outer sphere, the stars, the planets, and the moon.

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Arrington-Sanders, Renata, Kimberly Hailey-Fair, Andrea Wirtz, Travis Cos, Noya Galai, Durryle Brooks, Marne Castillo et al. "Providing Unique Support for Health Study Among Young Black and Latinx Men Who Have Sex With Men and Young Black and Latinx Transgender Women Living in 3 Urban Cities in the United States: Protocol for a Coach-Based Mobile-Enhanced Randomized Control Trial". JMIR Research Protocols 9, n.º 9 (16 de setembro de 2020): e17269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17269.

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Background The US National HIV/AIDS Strategy 2020 calls for increasing access to care, improving outcomes of people living with HIV, and targeting biomedical prevention efforts, including access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in communities where HIV is most heavily concentrated. The cities of Baltimore, Maryland (MD); Washington, DC; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PA) are disproportionately burdened by high rates of new cases of HIV infection, with high prevalence among young Black and Latinx men who have sex with men (YBLMSM) and young Black and Latinx transgender women (YBLTW) aged 15-24 years. Objective This study aims (1) to identify and recruit YBLMSM and YBLTW who are at risk or living with HIV in Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA; and Washington, DC, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) with targeted seed selection, and (2) to assess the efficacy of a coach-based mobile-enhanced intervention (MEI) compared with standard of care (SOC) to increase successful engagement and retention into HIV, PrEP, and substance use treatment care across the HIV care and prevention continua in 3 Mid-Atlantic cities. This paper describes the protocol and progress as of October 20, 2019. Methods This study uses a multiphase mixed methods design. The first phase is a formative, qualitative research with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The second phase consists of evaluating the ability of RDS with targeted seed selection. The third phase includes 2 embedded randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where participants complete a baseline sociobehavioral survey, rapid HIV testing, and eligible youth enroll in parallel status-dependent RCTs that randomize the participant to 1 of 2 study arms: MEI with coach or SOC. Participants are asked to complete a web-based survey and provide biologic specimens—HIV-1 RNA (viral load) or HIV-1 antibody test and urine drug screen—at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months, and an exit interview at 18 months. Results A formative qualitative research was conducted in February 2017 and May 2018, and this led to further refinement of recruitment and study methods. Aim 1 recruitment began in September 2017 with subsequent enrollment into the RCTs. Recruitment is ongoing with 520 participants screened and 402 (77.3%) enrolled in aim 1 by October 2020. Of these, 159 are enrolled in the 2 randomized trials: 36 (22.6%) HIV-positive not virally suppressed (aim 2) and 123 (77.4%) high-risk HIV-negative (aim 3). Conclusions This study has the potential to significantly impact the medical and substance use services provided to YBLMSM and YBLTW in the United States by providing rigorous scientific evidence outlining approaches and strategies that improve the uptake and engagement of YBLMSM and YBLTW in the HIV treatment and prevention continuum. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03194477; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03194477 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17269

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Jansen, Katherine L. "Walter Simons. Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. xvi + 335 pp. index, append, illus. map. bibl. $65. ISBN: 0-8122-3604-1." Renaissance Quarterly 56, n.º 2 (2003): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1261887.

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Gendzel, Glen. "The Sports Franchise Game: Cities in Pursuit of Sports Franchises, Events, Stadiums, and Arenas. By Kenneth L. Shropshire · Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. xii + 102 pp. Index and notes. $24.95. ISBN 0-8122-3121-X." Business History Review 69, n.º 3 (1995): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117344.

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Silva, Uiran Gebara da. "THE CONSTANTINIAN QUESTION REVISITED - N. Lenski Constantine and the Cities. Imperial Authority and Civic Politics. Pp. x + 404, ills, maps. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Cased, £52, US$79.95. ISBN: 978-0-8122-4777-0." Classical Review 67, n.º 1 (10 de novembro de 2016): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x16002377.

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Singh, Ankit Kumar, Boris Bravo-Ureta, Richard McAvoy e Xiusheng Yang. "GREENBOX Technology III - Financial Feasibility for Crop Production in Urban Settings". Journal of the ASABE 66, n.º 6 (2023): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15345.

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Highlights We proposed to use GREENBOX technology for urban crop production in warehouse settings. We assessed the profitability of the application of GREENBOX technology using Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) to evaluate the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP). We conducted sensitivity analyses on NPV, IRR, and PP over different scenarios. GREENBOX was found financially feasible for all the hypothetical scenarios in major cities in the USA. Abstract. Food security pressure, especially in urban areas, continues to rise due to surging demand for food resulting from a growing population and declining resources. It has been critical to improve crop production and make food readily available to consumers without traveling long distances in an economically sustainable manner. The novel GREENBOX technology uses Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) principles for leafy green crop production in urban structures. A GREENBOX is an individual thermally insulated chamber with an artificial lighting source and a soilless cultivation system (hydroponics) in an environment that is controlled at the grower's discretion. This study performed a financial feasibility study of GREENBOX technology for urban crop production in various scenarios to evaluate the system's profitability from an individual business's perspective and used market prices of the goods and services paid for or received by a project. The representative GREENBOX unit in the base case scenario had dimensions of a standard shipping pallet (1.0 x 1.2 x 0.9 m, or 40 x 48 x 36 in) and included thermally insulated walls, an LED artificial lighting source, a camera for monitoring growth, a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic growth platform, and an environmental monitoring and control system. A warehouse can host numerous GREENBOX units for mass production. We carried out a benefit-cost analysis by assessing the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP). These parameters were evaluated for a base case scenario from data collected or estimated for a representative GREENBOX unit. We also applied the base case scenario to investigate the financial performance of the GREENBOX setup in selected urban areas in the United States; New York City (New York), Miami (Florida), Los Angeles (California), Dallas (Texas), Atlanta (Georgia), Chicago (Illinois), Boston (Massachusetts), and Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). We then carried out a sensitivity analysis on NPV, IRR, and PP by keeping all the parameters in the base case scenario invariant except for one at a time. We obtained a summary equation to understand the variation of the financial parameters with changing lettuce sale price, electricity cost, rental cost, labor cost, and the number of GREENBOX units. A GREENBOX unit would require an initial investment of $398 to assemble and an annual outflow of $157 to cover operating expenses. GREENBOX cultivation was financially viable in the base case scenario and in all the cities studied, with varying degrees of financial performance. The sensitivity analysis revealed that GREENBOX cultivation was financially viable in all scenarios except when skilled labor costs were beyond $19/hr, and there were fewer than 300 GREENBOX units. A statistically significant regression equation was derived in which rising rental costs, labor costs, and electricity prices negatively impacted the NPV, while the rising lettuce sales price and the number of GREENBOX units positively impacted the NPV. GREENBOX farming may serve as a local source of fresh crops for urban customers, with various benefits including improved food security, greater freshness and nutrition of food, the potential to contribute to the local economy by the creation of jobs and revenues from sales, and educational opportunities through extension programs on food nutrition and production. Keywords: Agricultural business, Environmental control, GREENBOX, Lettuce, Urban agriculture.

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