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1

Motta, Jean-Paul. "Rôle de la balance protéolytique dans l'immunité de la muqueuse intestinale". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1883/.

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Le traitement des patients atteints de Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques de l'Intestin (MICI) représente un enjeu d'avenir. La réponse inflammatoire dans l'intestin impliquent la libération de plusieurs médiateurs, comme les protéases. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré qu'il y avait un déséquilibre entre ces protéases et leurs inhibiteurs au cours des MICI. D'une part, les tissus coliques de ces patients libéraient davantage d'activité protéolytique en comparaison aux tissus sains. D'autre part, les patients atteints de MICI exprimaient dans la muqueuse intestinale une quantité réduite d'ARN messager de l'élafine, un inhibiteur de protéase. Nous avons donc émis l'hypothèse que l'inflammation peut être réduite en rééquilibrant cette balance grâce à l'administration d'élafine. Nous avons utilisé des souris transgéniques pour l'expression de l'élafine de façon constitutive. Puis, nous avons utilisé un virus et des bactéries lactiques pour exprimer de façon transitoire cette molécule dans le côlon. En parallèle, nous avons développé des approches in vitro pour connaître le rôle de l'élafine dans la physiologie des cellules épithéliales de l'intestin. Grâce à ces différentes approches, nous avons montré que l'élafine réduisait : les symptômes de la maladie dans différents modèles, la libération de cytokines pro-inflammatoire, l'infiltration des cellules immunitaire et restaurait l'homéostasie de l'épithélium intestinal au cours de l'inflammation. Ces résultats nous ont permis de proposer que l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de protéases dans l'intestin au cours de l'inflammation constitue une nouvelle piste thérapeutique contre les MICI
Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents a major medical challenge. Inflammatory processes in the gut are induced by several cells and mediators. Among them, serine proteases are mediators involved in many pathways leading to inflammation in the gut. During this thesis, we have shown that serine proteases and their inhibitors were dysregulated during IBD. On one hand, colonic biopsies from IBD patients released higher amount of proteolytic activity than healthy controls did. On the other hand, the expression of elafin mRNA (i. E. A protease inhibitor) was downregulated in the mucosa of patients suffering from IBD. We have hypothesized that gut inflammation could be reduced by re-equilibrating that balance in the gut, using elafin inhibitor. We have developed several in vivo approaches to evaluate the therapeutic properties of elafin. We used transgenic mice expressing elafin constitutively, we have used recombinant viral vectors and recombinant lactic acid bacteria to express transiently elafin in the gut during colitis. We have also evaluated in vitro the role of elafin in the physiology of human intestinal epithelial cells. Using those different approaches, we have demonstrated that elafin reduced the clinical score of colitis in different models in mice, reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced immune cell infiltration and also restored epithelium homeostasis during inflammation. Those results led us to think that protease inhibitors have a promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD
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2

Walhin, Jean-Philippe. "The impact of exercise and energy balance on metabolic control and inflammation in humans". Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608332.

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The aims of the work described in this thesis are to examine the impact of physical activity/exercise and energy balance on metabolic control and inflammation and specifically whether exercise has independent benefits on various health-related outcomes above a role in energy balance. Chapter 3 examined whether a lifestyle intervention combining dietary advice with increased physical activity would further improve inflammatory markers compared to dietary advice alone and usual care in 494 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Motivational unsupervised diet and diet plus physical activity interventions led to reductions in inflammatory markers. Interestingly, there was no greater benefit from adding physical activity advice to dietary advice. Chapter 4 investigated whether daily vigorous-intensity exercise would counteract the metabolic changes induced by short-term overfeeding and reduced physical activity independent of any net attenuation of energy imbalance in healthy young men. The overfeeding and reduced activity model induced a state of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and altered expression of several key genes within adipose tissue. The inclusion of a daily vigorous-intensity exercise bout largely prevented these changes from taking place independent of any net effect on energy imbalance. Chapter 5 examined whether caloric restriction combined with vigorous-intensity exercise would further improve metabolic control and inflammatory markers compared to moderate-intensity exercise in middle-aged, overweight/obese men and postmenopausal women. Three weeks of caloric restriction combined with either vigorous or moderate-intensity physical exercise improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles and markers of inflammation. These results confirm the positive effects of combined caloric restriction and increased exercise in sedentary overweight men and women, but that exercise intensity does not seem to be so important. In conclusion, this thesis presents reasonable evidence that exercise per se has a positive impact upon metabolic control and inflammation independent of energy balance during an energy surplus but that a role in contributing to the health benefits during an energy deficit are less convincing.
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3

Lorvellec, Marie. "Dialogue entre le complément C1 et l'alarmine HMGB1 dans l'inflammation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALV033.

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La protéase C1s est un élément central dans l’initiation de la voie classique du système du complément. Elle était auparavant considérée comme ciblant exclusivement les protéines C2 et C4 dans cette cascade protéolytique. Des découvertes récentes ont cependant mis en lumière la présence de C1s libre constitutivement active dans certaines pathologies, suggérant un rôle plus large de cette protéase au-delà de l'activation du complément. Parmi les cibles non-canoniques identifiées de C1s figure la protéine HMGB1, initialement décrite comme une protéine nucléaire impliquéedans la condensation de la chromatine et l'expression des gènes. Des études récentes ont démontré que HMGB1 peut également être localisée dans différents compartiments cellulaires et qu'elle joue un rôle crucial dans l'inflammation lorsqu'elle est libérée dans le milieu extracellulaire. Ce projet de thèse avait pour objectif principal d'élucider le rôle du clivage de HMGB1 par C1s dans la modulation de la réponse inflammatoire. Nos travaux ont démontré que les fragments de digestion de HMGB1 possèdent des effets distincts de la protéine entière sur l'activation du complément et laréponse cytokinique des macrophages. Nous avons notamment confirmé que la protéine entière active la voie classique du complément lorsqu’elle est fixée à une surface et qu’elle favorise la polarisation M1 des macrophages en réponse aux LPS. En revanche, le fragment f2 est capable d'activer la voie classique du complément même lorsqu’il est en solution, tandis que le fragment f3 inhibe la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les études cellulaires. De plus, nous avons exploré l'impact de l'état d'oxydo-réduction des cystéines sur les effets de HMGB1 et de ses fragmentsen utilisant des mutants mimétiques. La digestion de HMGB1 est restreinte lorsque la protéine est sous forme disulfure, suggérant un rôle important du pont disulfure dans l’accès aux sites de digestion par C1s. Les formes redox de la protéine entière ne semblent pas affecter sa capacité à activer le complément, tandis que le fragment f2 oxydé pourrait perdre sa capacité d'activation en solution. Ces résultats révèlent que le clivage de HMGB1 par C1s agit comme un chronomètre de l’inflammation, orchestrant la réponse inflammatoire via la transition d’une phase d’amplification pro-inflammatoireà une phase de résolution. Ces découvertes ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension des mécanismes complexes de l'inflammation et le développement de thérapies pour le traitement de pathologies inflammatoires
C1s protease is a central component in the initiation of the classical pathway of the complement system. It was originally believed to exclusively target proteins C2 and C4 in this proteolytic cascade. However, recent discoveries have highlighted the presence of constitutively active free C1s in certain pathologies, suggesting a broader role for this protease beyond complement activation. Among the non-canonical targets identified for C1s is the HMGB1 protein, initially described as a nuclear protein involved in chromatin condensation and gene expression.Recent studies have shown that HMGB1 can also be localized in different cellular compartments and plays a crucial role in inflammation when released into the extracellular environment. The main objective of this thesis project was to elucidate the role of C1s cleavage of HMGB1 in modulating the inflammatory response. Our work has shown that HMGB1 digestion fragments have distinct effects from the whole protein on complement activation and macrophage cytokine responses.In particular, we confirmed that the whole protein activates the classical complement pathway when bound to a surface and promotes M1 macrophage polarization in response to LPS. In contrast, fragment f2 is capable of activating the classical complement pathway, even when in solution, while fragment f3 inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell studies. In addition, we explored the impact of cysteine redox state on the effects of HMGB1 and its fragments using mimetic mutants. HMGB1 digestion is restricted when the protein is in disulfide form, suggesting an important role of the disulfide bridge in access to the C1s digestion site. The redox forms of the whole protein do notappear to affect its ability to activate complement, while oxidized fragment f2 may lose its ability to activate it in solution. These results reveal that C1s cleavage of HMGB1 acts as an inflammation timer, orchestrating the inflammatory response through the transition from a pro-inflammatory amplification phase to a resolution phase. These findings open new perspectives for understanding the complex mechanisms of inflammation and the development of therapies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
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4

Morton, Brian Edward. "The role of microRNA-155 as a master switch determining the balance of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic disorders". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9118/.

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Macrophages are a dynamic cell type and represent a key component of the immune response, with a broad range of activities throughout the body. They respond to external cues, including microbes, alarmins, and growth factors, to eliminate invading pathogens through initiation of inflammation. Subsequently, they carry out several regulatory roles, including clearance of cellular debris, the resolution of inflammation, and wound healing to restore tissue homeostasis after an inflammatory response. The ability of macrophages to change their phenotype in this manner must be tightly regulated, as dysregulated macrophage activity is central to the pathogenesis of both inflammatory and fibrotic autoimmune disorders, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), respectively. One of the mechanisms by which regulation of macrophages occurs is the microRNA network. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-protein coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through translational repression, destabilisation or degradation of target mRNA. miR-155 is a multi-functional miRNA that has roles in regulating the development and function of many immune cells, including macrophages. Abnormal expression of miR-155 is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders and cancers. We reported previously that miR-155 is elevated in RA and contributes to the chronic, pro- inflammatory response of macrophages by repressing key anti-inflammatory proteins. However, the role of miR-155 in the regulation of remodelling responses by macrophages is less well characterised. Modulation of miRNA activity in cells through the use of mimics and inhibitors has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases. Technologies involving the use of lipid vesicles as delivery agents for introducing therapeutics into target cells have shown potential in increasing the drug efficacy.
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5

Lattuada, Marco. "Effect of Ventilatory Support on Abdominal Fluid Balance in a Sepsis Model". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Klinisk fysiologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207218.

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In patients affected by acute respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) the leading cause of death is failure of different vital organs other than the lungs, so called multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The abdominal organs have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which mechanical ventilation can affect the abdominal compartment. One hypothesis is that mechanical ventilation can interfere with abdominal fluid balance causing edema and inflammation. We addressed the question whether different levels of ventilatory support (mechanical ventilation with different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure, PEEP, and spontaneous breathing with or without PEEP) can influence abdominal edema and inflammation in both healthy and endotoxin-exposed animals. The effect on lymphatic drainage from the abdomen exerted by different degrees of ventilatory support was evaluated (paper I). We demonstrated that endotoxin increases abdominal lymph production, that PEEP and mechanical ventilation increase lymph production but also impede lymphatic drainage; spontaneous breathing improves lymphatic drainage from the abdomen. By adapting a non-invasive nuclear medicine imaging technique and validating it (paper II), we have been able to evaluate extravascular fluid accumulation (edema formation) in the abdomen over time (paper III) demonstrating that edema increases during endotoxemia, mimicking a sepsis-like condition, and that spontaneous breathing, compared to mechanical ventilation, reduces extravascular fluid. Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in intestinal biopsies are reduced during spontaneous breathing compared to mechanical ventilation. Abdominal edema results in increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP): in paper IV we analyzed the effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on the respiratory system. Pulmonary shunt fraction increased with high IAP both in healthy and LPS animals, resulting in decreased level of oxygenation. These changes are only partially reversible by reducing IAP. In conclusion, mechanical ventilation is a life-saving tool but the possible side effect at the extra-pulmonary level should be considered, and the introduction of some degree of spontaneous breathing when clinically possible is a suggested choice.
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6

Le, Thuc Ophélia. "Rôle de l'inflammation hypothalamique dans les dérégulations de la balance énergétique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2015. http://theses.unice.fr/2015NICE4122.

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L’hypothalamus est une aire cérébrale clé pour le contrôle de la prise alimentaire et des dépenses énergétiques ; en intégrant des signaux périphériques (hormones, nutriments). Une inflammation dans l’hypothalamus pourrait perturber le fonctionnement de ce dernier, dérégulant l’homéostasie énergétique et induire une perte de poids ou l’obésité. Nous avons cherché à identifier les relais moléculaires entre l’inflammation et les systèmes neuropeptidergiques hypothalamiques régulant l’homéostasie énergétique, en nous concentrant sur les chimiokines. D’une part, nous avons montré que le récepteur CCR2 participe à la perte de poids liée à une inflammation aigue induite chez la souris par l’injection centrale de lipopolysaccharide bactérien, possiblement en induisant l’inhibition de l’activité des neurones hypothalamiques à MCH, peptide aux effets orexigènes. D’autre part, nous avons étudié les liens entre inflammation hypothalamique, gain de poids et/ou la consommation de régimes hyperlipidiques pouvant induire à terme une obésité. Nous avons trouvé, chez la souris, que 1) la chimiokine CCL5 favoriserait la prise de poids, possiblement en activant les neurones hypothalamiques à MCH ; 2) la nature des lipides d’un régime hyperlipidique impacterait la cinétique de développement de l’obésité, avec des changements du profil inflammatoire et 3) la consommation excessive de lipides induirait une gliose très précoce dans l’hypothalamus. L’ensemble de nos résultats souligne l’intérêt de cibler l’inflammation hypothalamique dans ces pathologies et identifient les chimiokines comme cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le traitement des dérégulations de la balance énergétique
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy homeostasis, in particular by controlling food intake and energy storage and expenditure by integration of peripheral humoral and nutrient-related signals. Hypothalamic inflammation could alter hypothalamic function, thus deregulate energy homeostasis and induce weight-loss or obesity. We sought to identify mediators that could act as intermediaries between inflammation and neuropeptidergic systems of the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, focusing on chemokines. First, we studied the effect of a central injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, mimicking a acute and strong inflammation state in mice. We identified the receptor CCR2 as a central actor in the weight-loss induced by this treatment, possibly by direct inhibitory effects on hypothalamic neurons expressing MCH, a peptide known to have orexigenic and energy conservative effects. Second, we studied links between hypothalamic inflammation, weight-gain and/or high-fat diets consumption that can induce, eventually, obesity. We found in mice that: 1) the chemokine CCL5 would promote weight-gain, possibly by enhancing the activity of hypothalamic MCH neurons; 2) altering the lipid composition of a high-fat diet changes the kinetics of the development of diet-induced obesity, together with changes in the inflammatory profile and 3) an excessive dietary lipid intake can induce very early gliosis in the hypothalamus. Taken together, our results underline the interest of reducing hypothalamic inflammation to fight feeding behavior deregulations and identify chemokines as putative therapeutic targets
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7

MERLOT, Élodie. "Modulation de la production de cytokines par l'environnement". Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007518.

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Les conséquences immunitaires d'un stress d'origine environnementale sont complexes et encore difficilement prévisibles. Le stress affecte le système immunitaire soit en agissant sur l'immunité innée, en altérant la réactivité inflammatoire, soit en agissant sur l'immunité acquise, en modulant la production de cytokines dites Th1 et Th2. L'environnement social
contribue largement au développement et à l'expression de maladies. Dans les espèces sociales, la position sociale occupée dans le groupe module la susceptibilité aux infections mais les supports endocriniens et immunitaires de ces différences de susceptibilité sont ignorés. La remise en cause de l'organisation sociale engendre un stress important dont les conséquences immunitaires sont encore sujettes à controverse.
Ce travail de thèse a pour objectifs (1) de décrire l'influence du statut social sur le fonctionnement des systèmes endocrinien et immunitaire, (2) de préciser les effets du stress
social sur la production de cytokines et la susceptibilité aux infections et (3) de rechercher des facteurs à l'origine de la variabilité des conséquences immunitaires du stress social.
Chez le porcelet, un regroupement après le sevrage élève transitoirement le cortisol salivaire et altère le comportement mais n'affecte pas la réactivité des lymphocytes sanguins.
La suite des travaux a utilisé une procédure de défaite sociale chronique chez la souris. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence une influence du statut social. En absence de stress, les
dominants présentent des niveaux de base de corticostérone et une réponse spécifique à la tuberculine supérieurs aux dominés. Suite à une défaite sociale, les dominants sont plus affectés que les dominés. La défaite sociale augmente la réactivité inflammatoire mais ne modifie pas de façon nette l'équilibre de la production de cytokines de type Th1 et Th2 et n'affecte pas l'immunité spécifique développée contre une infection mycobactérienne. Les conséquences immunitaires de la défaite sociale ne sont observées que lorsque le stress est associé à des combats et à des blessures. Ces travaux montrent que la réponse au stress dépend de l'histoire sociale de l'individu, en particulier de son statut social. De plus, les
répercussions immunitaires du stress dépendent aussi de l'histoire immunitaire récente. En effet, une réaction inflammatoire systémique inhibe la libération plasmatique de cytokines
inflammatoires en réponse à un stress psychologique ultérieur.
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8

Jonsson, Yvonne. "Cytokines and immune balance in preeclampsia : a survey of some immunological variables and methods in the study of preeclampsia". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med924s.pdf.

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9

Le, Thuc Ophélia. "Rôle de l'inflammation hypothalamique dans les dérégulations de la balance énergétique". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4122/document.

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L’hypothalamus est une aire cérébrale clé pour le contrôle de la prise alimentaire et des dépenses énergétiques ; en intégrant des signaux périphériques (hormones, nutriments). Une inflammation dans l’hypothalamus pourrait perturber le fonctionnement de ce dernier, dérégulant l’homéostasie énergétique et induire une perte de poids ou l’obésité. Nous avons cherché à identifier les relais moléculaires entre l’inflammation et les systèmes neuropeptidergiques hypothalamiques régulant l’homéostasie énergétique, en nous concentrant sur les chimiokines. D’une part, nous avons montré que le récepteur CCR2 participe à la perte de poids liée à une inflammation aigue induite chez la souris par l’injection centrale de lipopolysaccharide bactérien, possiblement en induisant l’inhibition de l’activité des neurones hypothalamiques à MCH, peptide aux effets orexigènes. D’autre part, nous avons étudié les liens entre inflammation hypothalamique, gain de poids et/ou la consommation de régimes hyperlipidiques pouvant induire à terme une obésité. Nous avons trouvé, chez la souris, que 1) la chimiokine CCL5 favoriserait la prise de poids, possiblement en activant les neurones hypothalamiques à MCH ; 2) la nature des lipides d’un régime hyperlipidique impacterait la cinétique de développement de l’obésité, avec des changements du profil inflammatoire et 3) la consommation excessive de lipides induirait une gliose très précoce dans l’hypothalamus. L’ensemble de nos résultats souligne l’intérêt de cibler l’inflammation hypothalamique dans ces pathologies et identifient les chimiokines comme cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le traitement des dérégulations de la balance énergétique
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy homeostasis, in particular by controlling food intake and energy storage and expenditure by integration of peripheral humoral and nutrient-related signals. Hypothalamic inflammation could alter hypothalamic function, thus deregulate energy homeostasis and induce weight-loss or obesity. We sought to identify mediators that could act as intermediaries between inflammation and neuropeptidergic systems of the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, focusing on chemokines. First, we studied the effect of a central injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, mimicking a acute and strong inflammation state in mice. We identified the receptor CCR2 as a central actor in the weight-loss induced by this treatment, possibly by direct inhibitory effects on hypothalamic neurons expressing MCH, a peptide known to have orexigenic and energy conservative effects. Second, we studied links between hypothalamic inflammation, weight-gain and/or high-fat diets consumption that can induce, eventually, obesity. We found in mice that: 1) the chemokine CCL5 would promote weight-gain, possibly by enhancing the activity of hypothalamic MCH neurons; 2) altering the lipid composition of a high-fat diet changes the kinetics of the development of diet-induced obesity, together with changes in the inflammatory profile and 3) an excessive dietary lipid intake can induce very early gliosis in the hypothalamus. Taken together, our results underline the interest of reducing hypothalamic inflammation to fight feeding behavior deregulations and identify chemokines as putative therapeutic targets
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10

Coquerelle, Caroline. "Contrôle des réponses immunitaires de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210397.

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Depuis leur découverte en 1973 par Steinman et Cohn, le rôle des cellules dendritiques dans l’initiation des réponses immunitaires a largement été documenté. En effet, les cellules dendritiques constituent les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes professionnelles capables de détecter des molécules microbiennes et inflammatoires afin d’activer le système immunitaire. Outre leur implication dans l’induction des réponses immunes, de plus en plus d’études suggèrent que les cellules dendritiques interviennent dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires via la sécrétion de cytokines anti-inflammatoires et/ou l’activation ou l’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs. Ceux-ci incluent les cellules T régulatrices issues naturellement du thymus et les cellules T régulatrices induites en périphérie.

Des résultats obtenus au sein de notre laboratoire ont mis en évidence l’importance des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures chargées avec des antigènes étrangers. Nous avons, dès lors, étudié le rôle du récepteur CTLA-4 exprimé constitutivement à la surface des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures et dans un modèle d’inflammation intestinale. L’injection d’anticorps anti-CTLA-4 induit in vitro et in vivo une inhibition de la production d’IFNγ et protège les souris de la colite pro-Th1 induite par l’instillation de TNBS. Cette protection corrèle étroitement avec l’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs exprimant fortement la molécule ICOS et sécrétant de l’interleukine 10. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que l’interleukine 10 et l’indoléamine 2, 3 dioxygénase seraient impliquées dans la fonction régulatrice des lymphocytes T ICOShigh.

Nous avons également analysé les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels. Nos résultats suggèrent une régulation différente des réponses Th1 en présence et en absence de cette population régulatrice. En effet, les réponses Th1 sont dépendantes de l’interleukine 12 en présence de lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels, alors qu’en leur absence, la molécule CD70 est requise.

En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits contrôlent les réponses immunes de type Th1. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence des stratégies distinctes par lesquelles ces deux populations régulatrices contrôlent la réponse immune. Ces résultats complètent la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation du système immunitaire et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’approche immunothérapeutique.


Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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11

López, Vicario Cristina. "La importancia del balance en ácidos grasos omega-3 y omega-6 en la esteatohepatitits no alcohólica asociada a la obesidad". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396210.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) son lípidos de membrana que confieren propiedades estructurales y fisiológicas a la célula. Los PUFA son considerados ácidos grasos esenciales porque nuestro organismo los obtiene a través de la dieta. Se clasifican en dos grandes famílias: omega-6 y omega-3. Ambas comparten 3 rutas biosintéticas para la formación de medidadores lipídicos de la inflamación: ciclooxigenasas, lipoxigenasas y citocromo P450 (CYP). La competencia existente entre los omega-6 y los omega-3 por las mismas vías puede generar desequilibrios metabólicos. Una relación omega-6/omega-3 elevada consecuente de un exceso de omega-6 en la dieta puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que cursan con inflamación. Los ratones fat-1 representan un modelo animal transgénico con una relación omega-6/omega-3 equilibrada debido a la presencia del gen fat-1 procedente del nematodo C. elegans. Este gen, ausente en mamíferos, codifica para la enzima omega-3 desaturasa que cataliza la conversión de los omega-6 en omega-3 permitiendo el enriquecimiento de los tejidos con omega-3. La enfermedad del hígado graso de origen no alcohólico (EHGNA) es un síndrome con etiología multifactorial que incluye un amplio espectro de anormalidades hepáticas que van desde la esteatosis hasta la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA), y en algunos casos puede progresar a cirrosis hepática. La prevalencia de EGHNA está aumentando a nivel mundial paralelamente con el aumento de la obesidad. Desde que la obesidad es un problema emergente de salud pública, la identificación de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas es primordial para la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicas asociadas a la obesidad. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo esencial de este trabajo es investigar la efectividad de un balance equilibrado entre los PUFA omega-6 y omega-3 en la prevención de la EHGNA asociada a la obesidad mediante la utilización del modelo de ratón transgénico fat-1. RESULTADOS: Los resultados del primer estudio indican que el enriquecimiento tisular con omega-3 mediante la expresión transgénica del gen fat-1 representa efectos protectores frente a la EHNA. El restablecimiento del balance omega-6/omega-3 acompañado de intervenciones farmacológicas dirigidas a enzimas específicas delta-5/delta-6/delta-9 desaturasas producen un efecto protector sobre la esteatosis hepática y la inflamación. Los resultados del segundo estudio demuestran que la estabilización de los epóxidos derivados de los omega-3 generados a partir del CYP mediante la inhibición de la epóxido hidrolasa soluble (sEH) ejerce efectos beneficiosos en contrarrestar los desórdenes metabólicos asociados con la obesidad. Además, este estudio lanza más luz sobre el papel de la sEH en la homeostasis celular mostrando evidencias que los epóxidos de los omega-3 y la inhibición de la sEH regula la autofagia en los tejidos sensibles a la insulina, especialmente en el hígado. CONCLUSIÓN: Este proyecto de investigación pone de manifiesto que la modulación de la composición tisular en mediadores lipídicos derivados de los omega-3 para reestablecer el balance omega-6/omega-3 representa una estrategia prometedora en la prevención y la terapia de las comorbilidades relacionadas con la obesidad, como es el caso de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are membrane lipids that confer structural and physiological properties to the cell. PUFA are considered essential fatty acids because are obtained through the diet. PUFA are classified in omega-6 and omega-3 and both types share the same pathways for the synthesis of lipid mediators: ciclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 (CYP). The competition between omega-3 and omega-6 for the same pathways could lead to metabolic unbalance. High intakes of the inflammatory omega-6 accompanied by a decrease in the amount of the anti-inflammatory omega-3 in the diet could contribute to the progression of inflammatory diseases. Fat-1 mice have a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio because they express the fat-1 gene from C.elegans. This gene encodes an omega-3 desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of omega-6 fatty acids into the omega-3. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disorder that includes a wide spectrum of hepatic manifestations ranging from fatty liver or hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in which hepatic steatosis is accompanied by inflammation. Obesity and insulin resistance are the best known risk factors for NAFLD. Since prevalence of obesity is an emerging public health issue, identifying novel targets in NAFLD is of paramount importance in the prevention of metabolic liver disease. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio in the prevention of obesity-induced NAFLD by using transgenic fat-1 mice. The results of the first study indicate that omega-3 tissue enrichment represent protective actions against NASH. The restoration of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio accompanied by pharmacological interventions of delta-5/delta-6/delta-9 desaturases produces anti-steatotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The results of the second study demonstrate that stabilization of CYP metabolites derived from omega-3 fatty acids through inhibition of the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase exerts beneficial actions in cellular homeostasis by regulation autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin-sensitive tissues, especially liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, these findings strongly support that modulation of tissue lipid composition to restore the omega-6/omega-3 ratio represent a promising strategy to prevent obesity-related comorbidities, such as fatty liver disease.
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12

Brenet, Alexandre. "Contribution à l'étude des conséquences de l'épilepsie sur le développement cérébral et l'activité des cellules microgliales". Thesis, Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP7135.

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L'épilepsie est une maladie neurologique qui touche plus de 50 millions de personnes dans le monde. Elle se caractérise par des crises récurrentes dues à la surexcitation synchrone et spontanée de populations neuronales du cerveau. Les crises sont de nature très variable et les symptômes dépendent de la zone du cerveau touchée et de son étendue. Le terme «troubles épileptiques» est par conséquent préféré. Ceux-ci peuvent avoir de nombreuses causes, soient génétiques (par exemple, le syndrome de Dravet, une épilepsie infantile rare, provoquée dans 80% des cas par la mutation hétérozygote du gène SCN1A), soient environnementales (par exemple, après un empoisonnement aux organophosphorés, des composés présents dans les pesticides et les agents de guerre neurotoxiques). Dans les deux cas, les traitements actuels ne permettent pas un contrôle optimal des crises. Une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie de ces différentes formes d'épilepsie est donc nécessaire pour trouver de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et de nouveaux anticonvulsivants. Les cellules microgliales, les macrophages résidents du cerveau ont de nombreuses fonctions qui varient en fonction de la maturité du cerveau. Les microglies sont les gardiennes de l'homéostasie cérébrale, assurant en permanence le bon fonctionnement des neurones. Ce sont des cellules immunitaires capables de moduler leur activité en fonction des dangers qu'elles détectent. De plus, elles ont un rôle particulier dans la plasticité synaptique et la modulation de l'excitabilité neuronale. Ces différents rôles ont suscité de nombreuses hypothèses sur l'implication de ces cellules dans la physiopathologie des troubles épileptiques. Pour certaines, les microglies sont nocives pour l'excitabilité des neurones, par leur activation et la sécrétion chronique de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Pour d'autres, elles ont un rôle bénéfique, la microglie tamponnant l'hyperexcitabilité neuronale et diminuant ainsi la fréquence des crises. L'objectif de mon travail de thèse était d'étudier les mécanismes de l'épileptogenèse impliquant les cellules microgliales afin d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. J'ai développé deux modèles d'épilepsie chez le poisson zèbre, un modèle génétique du syndrome de Dravet et un modèle d'empoisonnement aux organophosphorés. Ceux-ci m'ont permis d'étudier les modifications du système nerveux central au cours de l'épileptogenèse. J'ai ainsi montré un déséquilibre de la balance excitateur/inhibiteur vers l'excitation qui pourrait déclencher des crises d'épilepsie. En utilisant le modèle de Dravet, j'ai également caractérisé les changements morphologiques, comportementaux et moléculaires des cellules microgliales après des crises. Ces travaux améliorent notre compréhension des conséquences des crises d'épilepsie dans le cerveau et contribuent à ouvrir la voie à la découverte de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour traiter différentes formes d'épilepsie
Epilepsy is a neurological disease affecting some 50 million people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent seizures due to the synchronous and spontaneous overexcitation of neuronal populations in the brain. Seizures vary widely in nature, and symptoms dependon the area of the brain affected and its extent. The term ‘epileptic disorders’ is accordingly preferred. These can have many causes, including both genetic (e.g. Dravet syndrome, a rare infantile epilepsy caused in 80% of cases by the heterozygous mutation of the SCN1A gene), and environmental (e.g. after poisoning with organophosphates, compounds present in pesticides and neurotoxic warfare agents). Whether for Dravet syndrome or organophosphate poisoning, current treatments do not enable optimal control of seizures. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of these different forms of epilepsy is thus needed to find new therapeutic targets and new anticonvulsants. Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the brain. These cells have many functions, which can vary depending on the maturity of the brain. The microglia are the guardians of cerebral homeostasis, continuously ensuring the proper functioning of neurons. They are immune cells able to modulate their activity according to the dangers they detect. In addition, microglia have a special role in synaptic plasticity and the modulation of neuronal excitability. These different roles have prompted numerous hypotheses on the involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of epileptic disorders. In some, microglia are harmful for the excitability of neurons, through their activation and the chronic secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Others lend them a beneficial role, with microglia buffering neuronal hyperexcitability and thus decreasing the frequency of seizures. The objective of my PhD work was to study the mechanisms of epileptogenesis involving microglial cells in order to identify new therapeutic targets. I developed two models of epilepsy in zebrafish, a genetic model of Dravet syndrome and a model of organophosphate poisoning. These enabled me to study the modifications of the central nervous system during epileptogenesis. I specifically demonstrated an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance toward excitation that could trigger epileptic seizures. Using the Dravet model, I also successfully characterized the morphological, behavioral and molecular changes of microglial cells after seizures. This work improves our understanding of the consequences of epileptic seizures in the brain and helps pave the way for the discovery of new therapeutic targets to treat different forms of epilepsy
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Guerci, Philippe. "Current and new therapies for the critically injured microcirculation The macro- and microcirculation of the kidney Endothelial dysfunction of the kidney in sepsis. Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis, Chapter 89 Impact of fluid resuscitation with hypertonic-hydroxyethyl starch versus lactated ringer on hemorheology and microcirculation in hemorrhagic shock Glycocalyx Degradation Is Independent of Vascular Barrier Permeability Increase in Nontraumatic Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats Glycocalyx shedding during stepwise hemodilution and microvascular permeability A LED-based phosphorimeter for measurement of microcirculatory oxygen pressure The role of bicarbonate precursors in balanced fluids during haemorrhagic shock with and without compromised liver function Effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation in resuscitation fluids on renal microcirculatory oxygenation, inflammation, and function in a rat model of endotoxemia Effect of Polyethylene-glycolated Carboxyhemoglobin on Renal Microcirculation in a Rat Model of Hemorrhagic Shock Resuscitation with PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin preserves renal cortical oxygenation and improves skeletal muscle microcirculatory flow during endotoxemia". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0053.

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Au cours des 20 dernières années, la microcirculation a été considérée comme la pierre angulaire du développement de la défaillance d’organe chez les patients critiques. De toute évidence, la microcirculation est devenue une cible thérapeutique. En raison de la complexité de la microarchitecture de ce système fonctionnel, variant d'un organe à l'autre, une thérapie ne peut pas «convenir pour tout». Les altérations observées dans la microcirculation sevèrement endommagée sont de 3 ordres: (i) le contenant défini par les différentes couches de la paroi vasculaire, y compris les cellules endothéliales et un gel protecteur appelé glycocalyx répandu à la surface, où le contact avec le sang est établi, (ii) le contenu représentant le plasma qui coule avec les différents éléments figures du sang et (iii) les tissus extraluminaux environnants. La microcirculation peut être endommagée de diverses manières, avec différents niveaux de dommage à ces éléments constitutifs. Ainsi, pour réanimer de manière appropriée la microcirculation lésée, le choix de la thérapie optimale ou du faisceau de thérapies doit être rationalisé avec une analyse méticuleuse des dommages subis par la microcirculation. Ainsi, l'évaluation de la microcirculation doit être obligatoirement multivariée. Dans cette thèse, la recherche s'est principalement concentrée sur un organe, le rein. La première partie est consacrée à la revue des mécanismes structurels et fonctionnels de la microcirculation rénale en condition physiologique et également septique. La deuxième partie tente d'identifier les rôles respectifs de chacun des composants de la microcirculation dans des conditions critiques notamment le glycocalyx et la viscosité du plasma. La perméabilité de la barrière vasculaire a été étudiée dans les modèles de choc hémorragique et d'hémodilution chez les rongeurs. Les principaux résultats suggèrent qu'il existe une gradation du niveau de lésion de la barrière vasculaire. La dernière partie de la thèse a examiné comment les thérapies actuelles et anciennes peuvent moduler la microcirculation en termes d'oxygénation, d'inflammation et de flux microcirculatoire dans le rein. Parmi les thérapies étudiées, la N-acétylcystéine était efficace pour limiter l'inflammation et augmenter l'oxygénation dans le rein. Une nouvelle génération de transporteur d'oxygène à base d'hémoglobine a montré une certaine efficacité dans le modèle endotoxémique murin. Dans l'ensemble, ces différents résultats se rejoignent pour montrer l'importance d'avoir une analyse multivariée de la microcirculation, car chacune des thérapies agit sur un aspect spécifique de celle-ci. Nous espérons que les résultats de cette recherche ouvrent la voie à une médecine plus personnalisée pour les patients
For the past 20 years, the microcirculation has been regarded as cornerstone in the development of organ failure in critically ill patients. Eventually, the microcirculation became a therapeutic target. Due to the complexity of the microarchitecture of this functional system, varying across organs, one therapy cannot “fit all”. The alterations observed in the critically injured microcirculation involve: (i) the container defined by the different layers of the vascular wall including the endothelial cells and a protective gel called the glycocalyx spread on the surface, where contact with blood is made, (ii) the contents representing the flowing plasma and the different elements of blood and (iii) the extraluminal surrounding tissue. The microcirculation can be injured in various ways, with different levels of injury to these constitutive elements. Thus, to appropriately resuscitate the injured microcirculation, the choice of the optimal therapy or bundle of therapies should be rationalized with a meticulous analysis of the damages suffered by the microcirculation. The evaluation of the microcirculation should be multivariate. In this thesis, the research was mainly focused on the kidney. The first part is dedicated to the review of the structural and functional mechanisms of the renal microcirculation in both healthy and septic states. The second part tries to identify the respective roles of each of the components of the microcirculation in critical conditions especially the glycocalyx and plasma viscosity. The vascular barrier permeability was investigated in hemorrhagic shock and hemodilution models in rodents. The main findings suggest that a gradation in the level of injury to the vascular barrier permeability exist.The last part of the thesis investigated how current and older therapies can modulate microcirculation in terms of oxygenation, inflammation and microcirculatory flow within the kidney. Among therapies investigated, N-acetylcysteine was efficient at limiting inflammation and increasing oxygenation within the kidney. A new generation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier showed some efficacy in murine endotoxemic model. Overall, these different findings coalesce to show the importance of having a multivariate analysis of the microcirculation, as each of the therapies acts on a specific aspect of it. Hopefully, this research helped pave the way for a more personalized medicine for the patients
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14

Harvey, Alison Elise. "Energy balance, inflammation, and tumor progression : the role of NF-[kappa]B". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3279.

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Obesity is an established risk and progression factor for many types of cancer, including pancreatic and colon cancer, and is characterized by abnormal metabolic hormone production and a chronic low-grade state of inflammation. However, the links between obesity, hormones, inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon and pancreatic tissue are poorly understood. Calorie restriction (CR), an anti-obesity dietary regimen with potent anticancer effects, reduces serum metabolic hormones and protumorigenic cytokines. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a metabolic hormone that activates NF-[kappa]B, a key regulator of inflammation. NF-[kappa]B is a transcription factor that mediates transcription of many cancer- and inflammation-related genes and is upregulated in both colon and pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that CR inhibits colon and pancreatic tumor cell growth through modulation of hormone-stimulated NF-[kappa]B activation and protumorigenic gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we used CR and ad libitum feeding to generate a lean and overweight (control) phenotype, respectively; in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with MC38 colon cancer cells or Panc 02 pancreatic cancer cells, and analyzed the effect of diet on circulating hormone levels, markers of inflammation, and tumor growth. We also investigated the in vitro effects of IGF-1 on NF-[kappa]B activation and downstream protumorigenic gene expression in MC38 and Panc 02 cells. CR, relative to control diet, reduced body weight, circulating IGF-1 levels, and transplanted MC38 and Panc 02 tumor growth, as well as protumorigenic gene expression in the MC38 and Panc 02 tumor microenvironment. IGF-1 increased cell viability, NF-[kappa]B nuclear translocation and DNA binding, transcriptional activation, and downstream gene expression of inflammation and other protumorigenic genes in MC38 colon cancer cells and Panc 02 pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Knockdown studies of NF-[kappa]B in Panc 02 cells using si-RNA established that the IGF-1-induced increase in protumorigenic gene expression is mediated, at least partially, through an NF-[kappa]B-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, these findings in models of pancreatic and colon cancer help clarify the links between obesity, IGF-1, NF-[kappa]B-mediated inflammation, and cancer. This work provides the underpinnings for several new molecular targets and strategies to test in model systems and translational studies for preventing or controlling obesity-related cancer.
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15

Hays, Drew. "Energy balance modulation and pancreatic tumor growth : the role of NF-kB". 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/22659.

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Obesity is a known risk factor for many types of cancer including pancreatic. Calorie restriction (CR), an anti-obesity diet regimen, has potent anticancer effects that may be mediated through its ability to reduce serum metabolic hormones and protumorigenic cytokines such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. IGF-1 is a metabolic hormone responsive to nutrient status that activates the inflammatory, cancer-related pathway, nuclear factor (NF)-[kappa]B. For this report, we tested the hypothesis that CR, via regulation of IGF-1, inhibits pancreatic tumor cell growth through modulation of NF-kB activation and protumorigenic gene expression. Male athymic nude mice were randomized to either a control diet consumed ad libitum (n=15) or a 30% CR diet (n=15) for 17 weeks, at which time, mice were injected with human pancreatic cancer cells (MiaPaca) and tumor growth was monitored for 6 weeks. Translocation of p65, a regulatory element of NF-[kappa]B, and expression of its downstream gene targets were analyzed in excised tumors. CR mice weighed less, (p<0.05), and had smaller tumors (p=0.022) relative to controls. Tumors from CR mice, relative to controls, demonstrated significant decreases in NF-[kappa]B downstream genes CCND1, RELA, Survivin, VEGF, and XIAP. These findings parallel our previous studies in pancreatic tumors from mouse origin, and suggest that the inhibitory effects of CR on MiaPaca pancreatic tumor growth are associated with decreased NF-kB activation.
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Helfer, Gisela, A. W. Ross, L. M. Thomson, C. D. Mayer, P. N. Stoney, P. J. McCaffery e P. J. Morgan. "A neuroendocrine role for chemerin in hypothalamic remodelling and photoperiodic control of energy balance". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8381.

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Yes
Long-term and reversible changes in body weight are typical of seasonal animals. Thyroid hormone (TH) and retinoic acid (RA) within the tanycytes and ependymal cells of the hypothalamus have been implicated in the photoperiodic response. We investigated signalling downstream of RA and how this links to the control of body weight and food intake in photoperiodic F344 rats. Chemerin, an inflammatory chemokine, with a known role in energy metabolism, was identified as a target of RA. Gene expression of chemerin (Rarres2) and its receptors were localised within the tanycytes and ependymal cells, with higher expression under long (LD) versus short (SD) photoperiod, pointing to a physiological role. The SD to LD transition (increased food intake) was mimicked by 2 weeks of ICV infusion of chemerin into rats. Chemerin also increased expression of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin, implicating hypothalamic remodelling in this response. By contrast, acute ICV bolus injection of chemerin on a 12h:12h photoperiod inhibited food intake and decreased body weight with associated changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in growth and feeding after 24hr. We describe the hypothalamic ventricular zone as a key site of neuroendocrine regulation, where the inflammatory signal, chemerin, links TH and RA signaling to hypothalamic remodeling.
BBSRC (grant number BB/K001043/1) and the Scottish Government.
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17

Hsiao, Ssu-Fan, e 蕭似帆. "Effects of different banana extracts on Th1/Th2 immune balance, inflammation and PC-3 and MCF-7 cells’ apoptosis". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77101628159682468570.

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碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
101
Banana grown widely in tropical and subtropical countries, has been used for treatments of ulcerative colitis, diabetes and hypertension. However, the physiologically active ingredients in banana remain unclear. To unravel active immunomodulatory compounds in banana, components rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols and essential oils, were extracted from banana (Musa sapientum L.) using three different solvents with different polarity, including water, methanol, and n-hexane. The extracts were subjected to evaluate their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions in vitro. The active components were further selected to treat human prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells using direct addition or immunotherapy. The effects of different banana extracts on Th1/Th2 immune responses were first investigated using mouse primary splenocytes. The results showed that banana sarcocarp polysaccharide (BSP) had potent potential to regulate Th1/Th2 immune responses toward Th1 immune balance. Banana peel n-hexane extracts (BPHE) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory in the splenocytes. BPHE showed the most anti-inflammatory potential among six different extracts using mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence or presence of LPS. Furthermore, the effects of BPHE on cytokines secretion profile by peritoneal macrophages under specified preventive and curative experiments were assayed. BPHE inhibited both pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokine secretions by peritoneal macrophages in a specified curative experiment, suggesting that BPHE has an inhibitory property to immune responses. In adddition, BSP was purified using gel filtration with sepharose 6B gel, showing that there were two major components fraction-1 (F1) and fraction-2 (F2) in BSP. Both F1 and F2 were suggested proteo-polysaccharides based on their total sugar and protein composition ratios. The molecular weights of F1 and F2 were distributed at >37,000 kDa and 3.4 kDa, respectively, estimated using gel filtration and high performance size-exclusion chromatography. The monosaccharide compositions showed that F1 and F2 were rich in mannose (53.2%) and glucose (94.0%), respectively, using HPLC-UV assay method. In comparison with isolated F1 and F2, F1 modulated Th1/Th2 immune balance toward Th1-inclination, but F2 toward Th2- inclination. We concluded that F1 was a major active component with an immunomodulatory property in BSP. F1 and BPHE were further selected to treat PC-3 and MCF-7 cells using direct addition or immunotherapy. The effects of F1, BPHE and conditioned media of imuune cells cultured with F1 or BPHE on pro-/anti-apoptoic gene expression were determined. The results showed that BPHE direct addition and the conditioned medium of peritoneal macrophages cultured with BPHE, as well as the conditioned medium of splenocytes or peritoneal macrophages cultured with F1 increased pro- (Bax)/anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) gene expression ratios of PC-3 cells. Overall, F1 and BPHE from banana might induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells through direct action or immunotherapy to achieve anticancer effects.
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Chow, Janet. "A Pathobiont of the Mammalian Microbiota Balances Intestinal Inflammation and Colonization". Thesis, 2011. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/6368/1/Chow%2C_Janet_Thesis.pdf.

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Humans and mammals are colonized by a multitude of microbial organisms that have co‐evolved with their hosts for millions of years. The majority of these microbes reside in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a complex and dynamic consortium. Though most associations with the host are symbiotic or commensal, some resident bacteria have the potential to cause disease under certain conditions. We refer to these bacteria as ‘pathobionts.’ Pathobionts are distinct from opportunistic pathogens, which are often acquired from the environment and cause acute infections. Bacterial type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are one mechanism for mediating close host‐microbial interactions. Herein we report that the T6SS of H. hepaticus, a pathobiont of the murine intestinal microbiota, mediates critical protective functions during association with its mammalian host. In cell cultures, infection of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) with H. hepaticus T6SS mutants results in increased bacterial association compared to wild‐type bacteria. In animals, T6SS mutants colonize the lower GI tract to a higher degree. Most importantly, H. hepaticus defective in type VI secretion is unable to restrain potent innate and adaptive immune responses in an animal model of experimental colitis. In addition, the H. hepaticus T6SS directs an anti‐inflammatory gene expression profile in IECs, and CD4+ T cells from mice colonized with T6SS mutants produce increased proinflammatory interleukin‐17 cytokine in response to IECs presenting H. hepaticus antigens. Thus, our findings reveal that H. hepaticus has evolved a T6SS as a mechanism to actively maintain a non‐pathogenic, symbiotic relationship in the GI tract by regulating bacterial colonization and host inflammation. Disturbances in the dynamic interaction between gut bacteria and the intestinal immune system may lead to exacerbated host inflammation. As intestinal bacteria profoundly influence host biology, our findings support an emerging hypothesis that alterations in the composition of the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is a critical factor in various human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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