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1
Sandberg, Maria. "Efficient treatment of forest industrial wastewaters : Energy efficiency and resilience during disturbances". Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13031.
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This work concerns the efficient treatment of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills by means of aerobic biological processes. For treatment processes there are many aspects of efficiency and the present study investigates both energy efficiency and purification efficiency during disturbances. Special focus is put on wood extractives, such as resin acids and fatty acids, since they can cause negative effects in fish and other organisms in the receiving waters. They can furthermore be toxic to microorganisms in a biological treatment plant. They also affect oxygen transfer, which is important for energy efficient aeration of aerobic biological treatment processes. This thesis includes five papers/studies and presents a strategy for efficient treatment of forest industrial wastewaters. The results should help creating resilient wastewater treatment strategies with efficient use of energy. One new strategy proposed here includes separation of extractives before the wastewater is treated biologically, and the use of the extra amount of sludge as an energy source, shifting the energy balance from negative to positive.
2
Dahmus, Jeffrey B. (Jeffrey Brian) 1974. "Applications of industrial ecology : manufacturing, recycling, and efficiency". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39901.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references.
This work applies concepts from industrial ecology to analyses of manufacturing, recycling, and efficiency. The first part focuses on an environmental analysis of machining, with a specific emphasis on energy consumption. Energy analyses of machining show that in many cases, the energy of actual material removal represents only a small amount of the total energy used in machining, as auxiliary processes can have significant energy requirements. These analyses also show that the embodied energy of the materials that are machined can far exceed the energy of machining. Such energy consumption data, along with material flow data, provide much of the information necessary to evaluate machining on the basis of environmental performance. The second part of this work focuses on material recycling at product end-of-life. In this section, a means of evaluating the material recycling potential for products is presented. This method is based on two measures: the value of the materials used in a product and the mixture of materials used in a product. This simple representation is capable of differentiating between products that are economically worthwhile to recycle and those that are not.
(cont.) Such information can in turn be used to help guide product design and recycling policy. The third part of this work focuses on the effectiveness of efficiency improvements in reducing environmental impact. Historical data from ten activities show that improvements in efficiency are rarely able to outpace increases in production. Thus, the overall impact of each of these activities has increased over time. Specific conditions and policies that do allow for efficiency improvements to reduce impact are identified and explored. Together, the three topics presented here provide information, analyses, and recommendations to help move industrial systems towards sustainability.
by Jeffrey B. Dahmus.
Ph.D.
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Bordoloi, Sanjeev K. "Flexibility, adaptability and efficiency in dynamic manufacturing systems /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Ho, Chun-Yu. "Growth and labor composition in the U.S. manufacturing : the role of equipment quality /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202003%20HO.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-30). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Apeaning, Raphael Wentemi. "Energy Efficiency and Management in Industries : a case study of Ghana’s largest industrial area". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77558.
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The judicious use of energy by industries is a key lever for ensuring a sustainable industrial development. The cost effective application of energy management and energy efficiency measures offers industries with an effective means of gaining both economic and social dividend, also reducing the negative environmental effects of energy use. Unfortunately, industries in developing countries are lagging behind in the adoption of energy efficiency and management measures; as such missing the benefits of implementation. This study is aims at enhance the knowledge of industrial energy efficiency and management strategies in Ghana, by investigating the present level of energy (and efficiency) management practices in Ghana largest industrial park (i.e. Tema industrial area). The study also incorporates the investigation of also investigation of barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measure; to shed light on the rationale for both the adoption and non-adoption of cost effective industrial energy efficient technologies in Ghana. This study was carried out using a semi-structure interview due to the explorative nature of the study. The interviews were conducted in sessions, in the first session respondents were asked describe the energy management strategies in used in the respective companies. In the second session, respondents were asked to fill a structured questionnaire covering the various aspects of the study. The results reveal that energy is poorly managed in the industrial area and there is an energy efficiency gap resulting from the low implementation energy efficiency measures. In addition the reveals that the important barriers impeding the implementation of cost effective energy efficiency technologies or measures in the surveyed firms principally stems from rational behavior economic barriers, which are deeply linked to the lack of government frameworks for industrial energy efficiency. The study also finds that economic gains related to ‘cost reductions resulting from lowered energy use’ and ‘threats of rising energy prices’ are the most important drivers for implementing energy efficiency measures or technologies.
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Nadvi, Khalid Mahmud. "Small firm industrial districts in Pakistan". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336324.
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Kim, Sanghong. "Statistical Modeling Method for Efficiency Improvement of Industrial Processes". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188626.
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Domashenko, Daria. "Industrial environment and its impact on man and efficiency". Thesis, Бердянський державний педагогічний університет, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14720.
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The work deals with industrial environment and its importance to a man and man’s efficiency. The interaction of man and technology in the production system should be considered during the design and creation of safe working conditions.Робота стосується питання промислового середовища та його значення для працездатності людини. Взаємодію людини та технології у виробничій системі слід враховувати під час проектування та створення безпечних умов праці.
Работа посвящена проблеме промышленной среды и ее значению для человека и его работоспособности. Взаимодействие человека и технологий в производственной системе следует учитывать при проектировании и создании безопасных условий труда.
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Prokhorenko, O. V. "Assessment of the efficiency of outsourcing at industrial enterprises". Thesis, Leipzig University, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/37781.
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Hixson, Scott. "Rapid industrial furnace thermal modeling for improved fuel efficiency". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5091.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 9, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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SGARBOSSA, FABIO. "MODELS FOR EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND LOGISTICS". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426885.
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In the last decades, the global markets have driven the manufacturing and service companies to be more flexible and efficient as for goods and services operations are concerned. More attention has also been paid to the performance of productive and logistic systems. In fact, the strict relation between flexibility and competitiveness of companies and efficiency of their productive plants and logistics is well known.
It is important to define, monitor and improve the efficiency of industrial and logistic systems. Many definitions of efficiency have been introduced and the most important is the Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE), introduced by Nakajima at the end of the ‘80s. This index quickly spread in many industrial fields and it connects the efficiency of productive and logistic systems to three main factors: the availability of systems, the quality of produced goods/services and the productive and logistics performance.
Between these factors, more attention has been paid to the parameter related to the availability of systems. Moreover, it is known that the availability is strictly linked to the survival behavior of systems.
In this field, the manuscript introduces several innovative theoretical models for the survival analysis of components and productive-logistics complex systems, with particular attention to the systems which operate in different operative conditions.
This thesis is structured in the following main parts:
1. Introduction of most important models of OEE and their relationship with availability of productive and logistic systems;
2. Discussion about the relation between survival behavior and operative conditions;
3. Definition and development of innovative theoretical models for the system reliability modeling and their validation thanks to several industrial applications;
4. Definition and development of innovative maintenance policies for the efficiency improvement, based on the extension of scientific literature, thanks to the theoretical models introduced in previous parts;
5. Definition of innovative model for the performance analysis of logistic systems, in particular for Automated Storage/Retrieval Systems and comparison with the existing models.
The research has also been carried out in collaboration with Prof. Hoang Pham, director of Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway – New Jersey (USA), during a period the author spent as “visiting researcher” in the Quality and Reliability Engineering Laboratory of that department.
The present work has carried out to the publishing of several scientific contributions in relevant International Journals and Conferences, like International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, International Journal of System Science and IEEE Transactions on Man, Cybernetics and Systems.Negli ultimi decenni, il mercato ha portato le aziende manifatturiere e di servizi ad essere più flessibili e efficienti nella produzione dei propri beni e servizi. Maggior attenzione è stata quindi posta nei confronti delle performance dei sistemi produttivi-logistici. É infatti noto lo stretto legame tra flessibilità e competitività delle aziende con l’efficienza degli impianti produttivi e della logistica caratterizzanti le stesse. É importante quindi riuscire a definire, monitorare e migliorare l’efficienza degli impianti industriali e dei sistemi logistici. Sono stati introdotte numerose definizioni di efficienza, tra le quali la più importante è l’Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE), introdotta alla fine degli anni ’80 da Nakajima. Tale indice si è presto diffuso in numerosi settori e lega l’efficienza dei sistemi produttivi e logistici a tre fattori principali: la disponibilità dei sistemi, la qualità dei beni/servizi e le performance produttive e logistiche. Tra questi fattori, maggior attenzione è stata posta al parametro relativo alla disponibilità dei sistemi. Inoltre è noto come la disponibilità dei sistemi sia strettamente legata al comportamento affidabilistico dei sistemi stessi. Su tale fronte, questo elaborato introduce innovativi modelli teorici per l’analisi dell’affidabilità e disponibilità di componente e sistemi logistico-produttivi, con particolare attenzione ai sistemi soggetti a diverse condizioni operative. La tesi si articola in tali principali parti: 1. Introduzione ai principali modelli di OEE e loro legame con la disponibilità dei sistemi logistico-produttivi; 2. Discussione del legame stretto tra comportamento affidabilistico e condizioni ambientali; 3. Sviluppo di modelli teorici innovativi per la modellazione delle caratteristiche affidabilistiche e loro validazione tramite applicazioni industriali; 4. Definizione e sviluppo di nuove politiche manutentive basate sull’estensione della letteratura scientifica grazie ai modelli teorici precedentemente verificati, per il miglioramento degli indici di efficienza; 5. Definizione di un nuovo modello per l’analisi delle performance di sistemi logistici quali gli Automated Storage/Retrieval Systems e comparazione con i modelli esistenti in letteratura. Il lavoro di tesi è stato sviluppato in stretta collaborazione anche con il Prof. Hoang Pham, direttore del Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway – New Jersey (USA), grazie ad un periodo di ricerca di alcuni mesi svolto dall’autore presso Quality and Reliability Engineering Laboratory di tale dipartimento. Il presente lavoro ha portato anche alla pubblicazione di diversi contributi su importanti riviste e convegni internazionali, quali International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, International Journal of System Science e IEEE Transactions on Man, Cybernetics and Systems.
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Wang, You-song. "An analysis of the technical efficiency in Hong Kong's construction industry /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20002890.
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Kharel, Govinda Prasad. "Evaluation of eco-efficiency of iron and steel industries in Nepal /". Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd397/4837462.pdf.
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Chen, Wen-Chih. "Integrating approaches to efficiency and productivity measurement". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25422.
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Al-Fawaz, Abdullah Daifullah. "High efficiency, low emission oil and gas-fired industrial combustors". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289804.
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Chin, Hok Ling Hawkins. "Efficiency externalities of foreign direct investment in China's industrial sector". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1468.
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Polinelli, Alexander. "Boiler efficiency and load distribution: Optimisation of an industrial process". Thesis, Polinelli, Alexander (2018) Boiler efficiency and load distribution: Optimisation of an industrial process. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44791/.
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As energy prices are predicted to rise in the upcoming years, new and innovative methods need to be implemented into industrial facilities which aim to reduce raw material consumption while still achieving the same energy throughput. The objective of this thesis is to review the potential for optimising how the steam load is allocated to three industrial-size water-tube boilers to minimise their total natural gas consumption for a given energy output. This thesis will be solely focused on the industrial boilers located at the Alcoa Wagerup Alumina Refinery in Western Australia.
A key component of the load optimisation strategy requires that the efficiency of each boiler is accurately calculated. A new indirect efficiency calculation was implemented on the refinery’s local control network (LCN) and was compared to the three existing calculations to assess which one accurately describes how the boiler efficiency varies with load. Testing showed, the indirect method proved to be the most accurate way of calculating the efficiency of each boiler and highlighted the differences in efficiency across the boilers.
Potential cost benefits associated with optimal load allocation was assessed using MATLAB1. Trial simulations that optimised yearly sets of plant data while keeping each boiler within specific constraints were performed. All simulated scenarios were able to save on natural gas consumption. The proposed control strategy aimed to redistribute the steam load between boilers through biasing their firing rate.
Honeywell Profit Suite (PS) was used to implement an advanced process control (APC) strategy into the refinery powerhouse. After conducting a risk assessment and ensuring that the required safeguards were in place, the controller was turned on. The APC was able to successfully allocate the load to each boiler in the most optimal manner, while keeping all control variables (CV) within their pre-defined set of constraints.
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Triebs, Thomas Peter. "The impact of institutional change on firm efficiency : three applications to energy market reform". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609058.
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Nehler, Therese. "The Non-Energy Benefits of Industrial Energy Efficiency : Investments and Measures". Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131831.
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Improved industrial energy efficiency is viewed as an important means in the reduction of CO2 emissions and climate change mitigation. Various energy efficiency measures for improving energy efficiency exists, but even evaluated as cost-effective, there seems to be a difference between the energy efficiency measures that theoretically could be undertaken and which measures that actually are realised. On the other hand, industrial energy efficiency measures might yield extra effects, denoted as non-energy benefits, beyond the actual energy savings or energy cost savings. Based on interviews and a questionnaire, results showed that the Swedish industrial firms studied had observed various non-energy benefits. However, few of the non-energy benefits observed were translated into monetary values and included in investment calculations. Results indicated that this non-inclusion could be explained by lack on information on how to measure and monetise the benefits, but even if not translated into monetary values, some of the non-energy benefits were sometimes used qualitatively in investment decisions. The utilisation of the benefits seemed to depend on the type and the level of quantifiability among the perceived benefits. This thesis has also explored energy efficiency measures and non-energy benefits for a specific industrial energy-using process – compressed air. A literature review on energy efficiency in relation to compressed air systems revealed a large variation in which measures that could be undertaken to improve energy efficiency. However, few publications applied a comprehensive perspective including the entire compressed air system. Few non-energy benefits of specific energy efficiency measures for compressed air systems were identified, but the study provided insights into how non-energy benefits should be studied. This thesis suggests that energy efficiency and non-energy benefits in compressed air systems should be studied on specific measure level to enable the observation of their effects. However, the studies also addressed the importance of having a systems perspective; the whole system should be regarded to understand the effects of energy efficiency measures and related non-energy benefits.
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Alexander, Jennifer Karns. "The meanings of efficiency /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10426.
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Norman, Jonathan. "Industrial energy use and improvement potential". Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577741.
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This thesis aims to examine energy demand within UK industry and assess the improvement potential available through efficiency measures. The techniques employed throughout the work have been mainly engineering based, drawing on thermodynamics. Alongside this approach, an assessment of drivers and barriers to the technical potential was undertaken. Data availability was a key challenge in the current work. The variety in energy uses meant the use of publically available datasets was limited. A database was constructed utilising site level emissions data, and employed a subsector disaggregation that facilitated energy analysis. The database was used for an analysis of waste heat recovery options. Opportunities were identified in low temperature recovery, heat-ta-power technology, and the transport of heat. Each of these options would require further research and support to be fully realised. It was found that splitting the industrial sector into an energy-intensive and non-energy- intensive subsector, where the grouping was based on the drivers to energy efficiency, allowed generalisations to be made regarding future improvement potential. Based on analysis of past trends, it was found that the energy-intensive subsector has limited potential for further efficiency gains through currently used processes. To make significant improvements radical changes in current processes will be required. A study of the energy-intensive Cement subsector concurred with these findings. Future efficiency improvements in this subsector are likely limited without a shift to alternative cement production. The non-energy-intensive subsector was thought to have relatively greater improvement potential through existing processes. The analysis of these processes is limited by lack of data however. An analysis of the non-energy-intensive Food and drink subsector therefore focussed on improvements in supplying low temperature heat, rather than the efficiency of specific processes. Opportunities through improving steam systems, increasing combined heat-and-power use, and the adoption of heat pumps were found to offer similar improvement potentials.
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Ngui, Dianah Mukwate. "On the efficiency of the Kenyan manufacturing sector : an empirical analysis /". Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987661469/04.
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Folds, D. (Dennis). "Response organization and time-sharing in dual-task performance". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28616.
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Simanic, Branko. "Energy Auditing and Efficiency in a Chain Hotel : the Case of Scandic, Järva Krog". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32942.
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Energy efficiency and conservation measures in hotels is an area of research at the Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (KTH), Sweden. As a continuation of the research work, this project was focused on a hotel's resource-use performance, considering both internal and external factors that influence their consumption. The work comprised a literature study on energy efficiency and conservation measures in the built environment, focusing on hotel buildings, as well as an analysis of existing building assessment tools. An auditing and monitoring process was applied at one Scandic hotel, Järva Krog, which was selected with the support of Scandic management. Another four Scandic hotels were included in this study, using their data on energy/water consumption for the past five years. The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest single industries, experiencing rapid expansion in recent decades. The number of international tourist arrivals increased from 441 million in 1990 to 763 million in 2004 (WTO, 2005). The hotel industry forms the largest part of the tourism industry with more than 300 000 hotels worldwide. Hotels offer their lodging capacities with the highest possible comfort and quality, without compromise. High demands on comfort and the level of services offered require an intensive utilization of energy and water. The price of energy has been increasing continuously during the last few years, with electricity increasing 6 % on an annual basis, which has made energy expenses increase rapidly during the past years. Adding high energy costs to concerns about CO2 emissions, highlights the importance of accurate information for energy management within any hotel facility. A need to decrease energy expenditure demands depending of knowledge relating to hotel facility consumption. The objective of this thesis is to understand energy performance and energy distribution within one typical chain hotel facility, and how this understanding can be applied to a selected group of similar hotels as well as to define the relationship between the factors behind energy expenditure. Such factors include outdoor climate as an external quantitative factor; HVAC system efficiency, lighting, occupancy rate and number of food covers sold as internal quantitative factors; and personnel behavior, operation/maintenance routines/levels as internal qualitative factors.QC 20110427
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Johnstone, Iain. "Critical study of high efficiency deep grinding". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3586.
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The recent years, the aerospace industry in particular has embraced and actively pursued the development of stronger high performance materials, namely nickel based superalloys and hardwearing steels. This has resulted in a need for a more efficient method of machining, and this need was answered with the advent of High Efficiency Deep Grinding (HEDG). This relatively new process using Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) electroplated grinding wheels has been investigated through experimental and theoretical means applied to two widely used materials, M50 bearing steel and IN718 nickel based superalloy. It has been shown that this grinding method using a stiff grinding centre such as the Edgetek 5-axis machine is a viable process. Using a number of experimental designs, produced results which were analysed using a variety of methods including visual assessment, sub-surface microscopy and surface analysis using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), residual stress measurement using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, Barkhausen Noise Amplitude (BNA) measurements, surface roughness and Vickers micro-hardness appraisal. It has been shown that the fundamentals of the HEDG process have been understood through experimental as well as theoretical means and that through the various thermal models used, grinding temperatures can be predicted to give more control over this dynamic process. The main contributions to knowledge are made up of a number of elements within the grinding environment, the most important being the demonstration of the HEDG effect, explanation of the phenomenon and the ability to model the process. It has also been shown that grinding is a dynamic process and factors such as wheel wear will result in a continuous change in the optimum grinding conditions for a given material and wheel combination. With the significance of these factors recognised, they can be accounted for within an industrial adaptive control scenario with the process engineer confident of a more efficient use of time and materials to produce a higher quality product at lower cost.
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Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F. "Essays in production theory : efficiency measurement and comparative statics". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30734.
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Nonparametric linear programming tests for consistency with the hypotheses of technical efficiency and allocative efficiency for the general case of multiple output-multiple input technologies are developed in Part I. The tests are formulated relative to three kinds of technologies — convex, constant returns to scale and quasiconcave technologies. Violation indices as summary indicators of the distance of an inefficient observation from an efficient allocation are proposed. The consistent development of the violation indices across the technical efficiency and allocative efficiency tests allows us to obtain comparative measures of the degrees of technical inefficiency and pure allocative inefficiency. Constrained optimization tests applicable to cases where the producer is restricted to optimizing with respect to a subset of goods are also proposed. The latter tests yield the revealed preference-type inequalities commonly used as tests for consistency of observed data with profit maximizing or cost minimizing behavior as limiting cases. Computer programs for implementing the different tests and sample results are listed in the appendix.
In part II, an empirical comparison of nonparametric and parametric measures of technical progress for constant returns to scale technologies is performed using the Canadian input-output data for the period 1961-1980. The original data base was aggregated into four sectors and ten goods and the comparison was done for each sector. If we assume optimizing behavior on the part of the producers, we can reinterpret the violation indices yielded by the efficiency tests in part I as indicators of the shift in the production frontier. More precisely, the violation indices can be considered nonparametric chained indices of technical progress. The parametric measures of technical progress were obtained through econometric profit function estimation using the generalized McFadden flexible functional form with a quadratic spline model for technical progress proposed by Diewert and Wales (1989). Under the assumption of constant returns, the index of technical change is defined in terms of the unit scale profit function which gives the per unit return to the normalizing good. The empirical results show that the parametric estimates of technical change display a much smoother behavior which can be attributed to the incorporation of stochastic disturbance terms in the estimation procedure and, more interestingly, track the long term trend in the nonparametric estimates.
Part III builds on the theory of minimum wages in international trade and is a theoretical
essay in the tradition of analyzing the effects of factor market imperfections on resource allocation. The comparative static responses of the endogenous variables — output levels, employment levels of fixed-price factors with elastic supply and flexible prices of domestic resources — to marginal changes in the economy's exogenous variables — output prices, fixed factor prices and endowments of flexibly-priced domestic resources -— are examined. The effect of a change in a fixed factor price on other flexible factor prices can be decomposed Slutsky-like into substitution and scale effects. A symmetry condition between fixed factor prices and flexible factor prices is obtained which clarifies the concepts of "substitutability" and "complementarity" between these two kinds of factors. As an illustration, the model is applied to the case of a devaluation in a two-sector small open economy with rigid wages and capital as specific factors. The empirical implementation of the general model for the Canadian economy is left to more able econometricians but a starting point can be the sectoral analysis performed in Part II.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Gebremeskel, Anteneh. "New Service Development : Energy Efficiency Consultancy Service". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12907.
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For a longer period of time, manufacturing was the core business activity and hence service has gained lesser attention. However, a time came when manufacturers faced a huge challenge to stay profitable which apparently gave service to get more attention. The reason to this can be classified in to three categories: economic reasons, customer satisfaction and competitive advantage (Oliva et al., 2003). Understanding this, Volvo Group has set high target for revenues from soft products including service. In order to achieve this it is necessary to expand existing service offerings and explore more new service offerings. As part of this goal, Volvo Technology has been working on several projects. One of the projects which are closely related to this thesis is the Hauler Development Service (HDS) which started in 2008 for the trucking (Hauling) industry. HDS has two versions; HDS Green Field and HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness. HDS Green field focuses on starting up new road transport operations and establish business processes including system support on emerging markets. HDS Efficiency and Effectiveness focuses on performing assessments and improvement programs on already established firms on mature markets. These business offerings started to get their orders from customers and thus proving their functionality. However, unlike the trucking industry, the construction equipment business area within Volvo Group is lacking such business offerings today. Volvo Construction Equipment is the second largest business area within the Volvo group generating about 16 % of the total sales. Volvo CE is mostly offering hard products and wants to expand its service offerings and assume a better position as a professional service solution provider. The development of HDS for the trucking industry and the need for Volvo CE to expand its service offerings laid the background for this thesis. One of the market segments Volvo CE provides equipments is to the quarry and aggregate business segment. Customers with in this business area were successfully contacted and collaborated in this study. This master thesis investigated what the customers in the quarry and aggregate business area needs and problems are and developed a service concept which Volvo CE can offer while at the same time solving customer problems. This service concept was found out to be Energy Efficiency Improvement Service intended to help lower production costs of the customer by eliminating or lowering energy wastes and improve environmental impacts by lowering carbon emissions. Moreover, customer energy performance measures were studied and analysed if they are robust enough to be used as measures to the improvements inevitable by the new service offer, the Energy Efficiency Improvement Service. Results show that the energy performance measures currently in use are not robust enough, and suggest further development of energy performance measure system. In order to realize the service offer in a practical manner, the five lean principles (define value, identify value stream, floe, pull and continuous improvement) were tested if they can be used as tools to identify and measure energy wastes at the customers operation site and proved to be useful.
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Ellis, David Lambert. "The reliability and efficiency of serial digital data in industrial communications". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247334.
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Balani, Spandana. "Smart Grid Technologies for Efficiency Improvement of Integrated Industrial Electric System". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/115.
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The purpose of this research is to identify the need of Smart Grid Technologies in communication between industrial plants with co-generation capability and the electric utilities in providing the most optimum scheme for buying and selling of electricity in such a way that the fuel consumption is minimized, reliability is increased, and time to restore the system is reduced. A typical industrial plant load profile based on statistical mean and variance of industrial plants' load requirement is developed, and used in determining the minimum cost of producing the next megawatt-hours by a typical electric utility. The 24-hour load profile and optimal power flow program are used to simulate the IEEE 39 Bus Test System. The methodology for the use of smart grid technology in fuel saving is documented in the thesis. The results obtained from this research shall be extended to include several industrial plants served by electric utilities in future work by the UNO research team.
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Paramonova, Svetlana. "Re-viewing industrial energy-efficiency improvement using a widened system boundary". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132777.
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Improved energy efficiency in industry is important for reaching the targets within the EU strategy for increased sustainability. However, energy efficiency is not always prioritised within companies, and the improvement potential remains large. This paradox called an energyefficiency gap is explained by energy-efficiency barriers. The low interest in energy efficiency is also explained by the fact that it is not within companies’ core competences and not perceived as strategic. The public policies aiming at closing the gap have thus far been concentrated on the faster diffusion of energy-efficient technologies. This is not sufficient, and the gap can be extended by including energy management practices. To bridge the extended gap, there is a need to introduce an extended system perspective. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the industrial energy-efficiency potential and possibilities for reaching this potential using an extended system boundary. In this thesis, the extended gap was quantified by means of classification of the energy data covering the most electricity-intensive Swedish industrial companies. The results show that technology-related measures represent 61% of energy savings, whereas management-related measures account for 38%. Energy efficiency due to management-related measures can be improved with lower costs. The energy-efficiency potentials for different levels of industrial motor systems were quantified, showing that the highest potential is found in the measures that include personal involvement and the optimisation of routines. This proves that the general approaches based on technological diffusion seem to not be sufficient to solve the energy paradox. The evaluation of the Swedish energy audit programme for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) proved that there is a lack of energy-related knowledge among SMEs. The implementation rate of measures proposed in the audits is only 54%, while there is also a need to reach the SMEs not covered by the programme. The international study of energy-efficiency potentials did not indicate energy management to be considered by SMEs at all. To bridge the extended gap, the external experts’ knowledge on how to work with energy efficiency has to stay within companies. For this, there is a need for methods based on longterm orientation as well as a systematic view of complicated processes. The methods should be universal and applied in a particular context. An example of such a method for large industries is presented in this thesis, whereas applying it to SMEs is problematic due to limited resources. Participating in networks for energy efficiency can be a way to initiate energy-efficiency work within SMEs on a continuous basis. Moreover, this thesis shows that there is a need for the development of a common taxonomy for energy data as well as the development of a central portal where energy data can be reported and stored. This would simplify the monitoring of energy end-use, the control of measures implementation and the comparison between processes, companies and sectors.Förbättrad industriell energieffektivitet är viktig för att nå målen i EU:s strategi för ökad hållbarhet. Att energieffektivisera är inte prioriterat inom företagen och potentialen är därför stor. Denna paradox kallas för energieffektiviseringsgapet och förklaras av hinder för energieffektivisering. Det låga intresset för energifråga beror också på att den inte ligger inom företagens kärnkompetens och inte uppfattas som strategisk. De styrmedel som syftar till att överbrygga gapet har hittills handlat om snabbare spridning av energieffektiv teknik. Detta är inte tillräckligt och gapet kan utvidgas genom att inkludera energiledningsåtgärder. För att överbrygga det utvidgade gapet behövs ett utvidgat systemperspektiv. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka den industriella energieffektiviseringspotentialen och möjligheter för att nå den genom att utvidga systemgränsen. I denna avhandling kvantifierades det utvidgade gapet med hjälp av kategorisering av energidata som inkluderar de mest elintensiva svenska industriföretagen. Resultaten visar att teknikrelaterade åtgärder utgör 61% av energibesparingar medan energiledningsrelaterade åtgärder står för 38%. Dessutom kan energieffektivisering genom energiledningsrelaterade åtgärder förbättras med lägre kostnader. Energieffektiviseringspotentialer för olika nivåer av industriella elmotorsystem kvantifierades och det visar sig att den högsta potentialen ligger i de åtgärder som inkluderar personaldeltagandet och optimering av rutiner. Det bevisar att de vanliga metoder som baseras på tekniska lösningar inte till fullo kan lösa energiparadoxen. Utvärderingen av det svenska energikartläggningsprogrammet för små och medelstora företag (SMF) som gjordes i denna avhandling visar en brist på kunskap inom energiområdet bland de företagen. Implementeringsgraden av åtgärder föreslagna i kartläggningar står för endast 54%, medan det också finns ett behov av att nå de SMF som inte omfattas av programmet. En internationell studie av energieffektiviseringspotentialen i SMF indikerade att energiledning inte prioriteras bland dessa överhuvudtaget. För att överbrygga det utvidgade gapet måste externa kunskaper om hur man arbetar med energi stanna inom företagen. För detta behövs metoder som baseras på långsiktighet och systematisk syn på komplicerade industriella processer. Metoderna bör vara universella och tillämpas i en särskild kontext. Ett exempel på en sådan metod för stora företag presenteras i avhandlingen men att tillämpa den på SMF är problematiskt på grund av begränsade resurser. Deltagandet i nätverk för energieffektivisering kan vara ett sätt att initiera energiarbetet inom SMF på en kontinuerlig basis. Dessutom bevisar avhandlingen ett behov av skapandet av en gemensam taxonomi för energidata samt av en central portal där data kan rapporteras och lagras. Detta skulle förenkla övervakning av slutenergianvändning, kontroll av åtgärdsimplementering samt jämförelse mellan processer, företag och branscher.
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Bergström, Johan. "CFD for mixing efficiency in commercial and industrial advanced air oxidation". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233760.
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Ozone treatment of pollutants in air is a relatively young technology with limited literature available. To the authors knowledge no literature discussing simulations of commercial ozone treatment without UV-lamps in gas phase has been published up to this point.The purpose of this project was to identify issues and propose recommendations related to the distribution of ozone in industrial ducting and the injection of ozone into commercial ducting. The injection rate of the ozone mixture is small relative to the flow of the treated air stream. In such cases ozone is easily swept away and confined to a limited section of the ducts, affecting overall efficiency. The injection inlet and ducting were simulated together in both 2D and 3D environments using COMSOL Multi-physics with CFD, CAD and transport of diluted species modules.Improving mixing in industrial ducting was simple in comparison to the commercial ducting where the flow is complex. For the commercial application simulations showed that the mixing efficiency varies greatly between injection positions. Based on CFD data in the commercial ducting two models for injection point analysis were developed.2D and 3D simulations showed different result for injections inside the main duct, the 3D case could properly simulate rotating flows inside the main duct which makes certain injection points in the main duct more effective that predicted in 2D.This master thesis project was done in cooperation between Royal Institute of Technology and Ozonetech in Sweden.
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Carter, Shane. "Industrial energy efficiency: Using data analytics to monitor excess pump use". Thesis, Carter, Shane (2016) Industrial energy efficiency: Using data analytics to monitor excess pump use. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40395/.
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Pumping is a common function in almost all industrial processes and it is often a significant contributor to energy consumption and maintenance costs. In large continuous processes there can be many hundreds of pumps installed, which must be monitored and controlled by control room operators along with potentially thousands of other process variables. In a complex operating environment the status of relatively simple devices, such as pumps, can easily be overlooked. This can result in more pumps being run than is required, which in turn results in results in higher energy cost and increased maintenance requirements. This dissertation details the process, methods and results obtained from a project that used industrial process control information technology to monitor the number of running pumps, produce notifications, and energy calculations when excessive drive use was detected.
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Soua, Ridha. "Wireless sensor networks in industrial environment : energy efficiency, delay and scalability". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978887.
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Some industrial applications require deterministic and bounded gathering delays. We focus on the joint time slots and channel assignment that minimizes the time of data collection and provides conflict-free schedules. This assignment allows nodes to sleep in any slot where they are not involved in transmissions. Hence, these schedules save the energy budjet of sensors. We calculate the minimum number of time slots needed to complete raw data convergecast for a sink equipped with multiple radio interfaces and heterogeneous nodes traffic. We also give optimal schedules that achieve the optimal bounds. We then propose MODESA, a centralized joint slots and channels assignment algorithm. We prove the optimality of MODESA in specific topologies. Through simulations, we show that MODESA is better than TMCP, a centralized subtree based scheduling algorithm. We improve MODESA with different strategies for channels allocation. In addition, we show that the use of a multi-path routing reduces the time of data collection .Nevertheless, the joint time slot and channels assignment must be able to adapt to changing traffic demands of the nodes ( alarms, additional requests for temporary traffic ) . We propose AMSA , an adaptive joint time slots and channel assignment based on incremental technical solution. To address the issue of scalability, we propose, WAVE, a distributed scheduling algorithm for convergecat that operates in centralized or distributed mode. We show the equivalence of schedules provided by the two modes.
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Soua, Ridha. "Wireless sensor networks in industrial environment : energy efficiency, delay and scalability". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066029.
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Certaines applications industrielles nécessitent des délais de collecte déterministes et bornés, nous nous concentrons sur l'allocation conjointe de slots temporels et de canaux sans conflit qui minimisent la durée de collecte. Cette allocation permet aux noeuds de dormir dans n'importe quel slot où ils ne sont pas impliqués dans des transmissions. Nous calculons le nombre minimal de slots temporels nécessaire pour compléter la collecte de données brute pour un puits équipé de plusieurs interfaces radio et des demandes de trafic hétérogènes. Nous donnons également des ordonnancements optimaux qui permettent d'atteindre ces bornes optimales. Nous proposons ensuite MODESA, un algorithme centralisé d'allocation conjointe de slots et de canaux. Nous montrons l'optimalité de MODESA dans des topologies particulières. Par les simulations, nous montrons que MODESA surpasse TMCP , un ordonnancement centralisé à base de sous-arbre. Nous améliorons MODESA avec différentes stratégies d'allocation de canaux. En outre , nous montrons que le recours à un routage multi-chemins réduit le délai de collecte.Néanmoins, l'allocation conjointe de slot et de canaux doit être capable de s'adapter aux changements des demandes des noeuds (des alarmes, des demandes de trafic supplémentaires temporaires). Nous proposons AMSA , une solution d'assignation conjointe de slots et de canaux basée sur une technique incrémentale. Pour aborder la question du passage à l'échelle, nous proposons, WAVE , une solution d'allocation conjointe de slots et de canaux qui fonctionne en mode centralisé ou distribué. Nous montrons l'équivalence des ordonnancements fournis par les deux modesSome industrial applications require deterministic and bounded gathering delays. We focus on the joint time slots and channel assignment that minimizes the time of data collection and provides conflict-free schedules. This assignment allows nodes to sleep in any slot where they are not involved in transmissions. Hence, these schedules save the energy budjet of sensors. We calculate the minimum number of time slots needed to complete raw data convergecast for a sink equipped with multiple radio interfaces and heterogeneous nodes traffic. We also give optimal schedules that achieve the optimal bounds. We then propose MODESA, a centralized joint slots and channels assignment algorithm. We prove the optimality of MODESA in specific topologies. Through simulations, we show that MODESA is better than TMCP, a centralized subtree based scheduling algorithm. We improve MODESA with different strategies for channels allocation. In addition, we show that the use of a multi-path routing reduces the time of data collection .Nevertheless, the joint time slot and channels assignment must be able to adapt to changing traffic demands of the nodes (alarms, additional requests for temporary traffic) . We propose AMSA , an adaptive joint time slots and channel assignment based on incremental technical solution. To address the issue of scalability, we propose, WAVE, a distributed scheduling algorithm for convergecat that operates in centralized or distributed mode. We show the equivalence of schedules provided by the two modes
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Naravane, Sayli. "Effect of industrial noise on occupational skill performance capability". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, 2009.Includes bibliographical references.
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Nagy, Szabolcs, Małgorzata Sikorska e P. G. Pererva. "Estimation of economic efficiency of power engineering". Thesis, Харківський національний університет будівництва та архітектури, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36541.
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McKenzie, Taylor. "Railroads, Their Regulation, and Its Effect on Efficiency and Competition". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22734.
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Railroads have been subject to federal regulation since 1887. Due to the development of competing modes of transportation and changes in types of products being shipped, regulation began to impede efficiency and viability of firms, leading to partial deregulation of the industry in 1980. Partial deregulation allowed railroads to reduce costs, notably through mergers and line abandonment, which were aggressively pursued following deregulation and led to dramatic efficiency gains. However, concerns remain over increased consolidation, lack of competition in the industry, and the ability of firms to continue to realize efficiency gains. This dissertation investigates more recent developments in the rail industry with an eye towards regulation's effect and role.
I begin with a study into the markups of price over marginal cost and elasticities of scale in the rail industry. Scale elasticities provide information on where firms are operating on their average cost curves, and markups provide a more theoretically appealing method of examining pricing behavior than the revenue-to-variable-cost measure currently used by regulators. I extend previously developed methods to identify markups and scales for each firm and in each year. I find prices well in excess of marginal cost, and evidence firms are operating near minimum efficient scale, indicating efficiency gains from deregulation may be fully realized.
I then present a study that examines productivity changes in the rail industry and the role of technological change. I extend stochastic frontier frameworks to allow productivity and the state of technology to evolve flexibly through time and vary across firms. I find firms turn towards technological innovation to realize productivity gains when other channels previously offered by deregulation are not available.
I finish with a study of allocative errors in the rail industry. I again extend a stochastic frontier model to include differences in production across firms and allow allocative errors to be correlated with competitive pressures. I find that incorporating flexibility into the description of firm production is crucial for obtaining unbiased estimates of allocative errors, overcapitalization is prevalent in the rate-regulated rail industry, and additional competition does not appear to reduce inefficiency.
This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.
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Cheah, Eng-Tuck. "The implications of information processing efficiency on decision making". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/184037/.
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This thesis investigates the implications of information processing efficiency on decision making with respect to the ability of decision makers to process information in a rational and timely manner. In order to examine the different aspects of information efficiency with respect to decision making, three different settings were used. First, attitudes and perceptions held by individual decision makers play an important role in the information processing stage of a decision. Therefore, the first thrust of this thesis seeks to investigate the impact of demographic characteristics of decision makers (socially responsible investors (SRIs)) on their attitudes and perceptions (in relation to their corporate social responsibility (CSR) views). The results show that demographic characteristics are useful predictors of CSR views held by SRIs. This implies that companies can reduce their cost of capital by attracting the affluent members of SRIs community and increase their CSR rankings by creating diversity in their corporate boardrooms. These efforts, if undertaken by companies, can help increase share price of the respective companies. Government agencies can also encourage companies to implement CSR agendas by requiring companies to implement CSR agendas which will appeal to the specific members in the SRIs community (clientele effect). Second, the ability of decision makers to process information in a rational manner can be seriously undermined when decision makers are expected to match the different motivations underlying their own or others‟ objectives with the multiple choices which are available to them. In the second thrust of the thesis, a state contingent (UK horseracing pari-mutuel betting market) with multi-competitor choices is used to illustrate the discovery of the determinants of demand (day-of-the-week, weekend, public holiday, number of races in the same hour, field size, televised races, flat and jump races, race quality, timing of the race during the day, insider trading, track conditions, bookmakers‟ over-round and risk attitude of bettors) unique to different groups of decision makers (bettors). The results demonstrate that unique sets of determinants can be used to identify the different types of decision makers (that is, sophisticated and unsophisticated bettors). Clearly, the discovery of these unique determinants for demand can be used by the respective authorities (British Horseracing Board, Horseracing Betting Levy and Tote boards) in deciding which variables are important to influence the behavior of the respective decision makers (bettors and horseracing authorities). Third, decision makers ought to be able to arrive at a decision in a timely manner. The third thrust of this thesis attempts to investigate the speed of adjustment with respect to the arrival of new and unexpected information in understanding the financial integration process in the Asia Pacific region (APR). Using stock market capitalization as a measure of equity market size, it was also found that more advanced equity markets are more informationally efficient that those less advanced equity markets possibly due to the fact that the infrastructure which supports information flow enables information to be easily accessible by investors for decision making. The results suggest that a more integrated equity market in the APR can lead to a greater speed of adjustment with respect to information shocks. Therefore, domestic governments have a role to play in ensuring the necessary infrastructure to facilitate information flow is improved and better integrated with neighbouring equity markets. Finally, the thesis concludes that demographic characteristics play an important role in influencing the rational information processing involved in decision making by individuals. When confronted with choices, decision makers are affected by their various motivations and those who seek to capitalise on others‟ decisions need to be aware of these motivations. In addition, the infrastructure on which information flows is essential in influencing the speed at which information is processed
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Nguyen, Hien Phuc. "National competitiveness of Vietnam : determinants, emerging key issues and recommendations". Frankfurt : Peter Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993179398/04.
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Jozaffe, Lyndon Brian. "Implementing lean manufacturing to improve production efficiency in the manufacturing operations at the Aspen General facility". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/529.
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South African producers are constantly facing competition from foreign organisations in their domestic markets. The adverse effects of this competition stem, in part, from the low levels of productivity which characterise South African industry and which is well documented by the National Productivity Institute of South Africa. The concept of continuous improvement offers a proven methodology for increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of production processes. Given the situation that faces South African producers, it would seem appropriate to investigate how the concept of continuous improvement can be applied to a specific South African manufacturing organisation, like the Aspen Pharmacare General Facility, in order to improve its effectiveness and efficiency.
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Rattanaphunsri, Nopparat. "Reengineering the purchasing process at Loxley Public Company Limited". Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998rattanaphunsrin.pdf.
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Davies, Gwyn Robert. "SCADA software-based techniques for the management and improvement of industrial efficiency". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54995/.
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SCADA, DCS and BMS systems are prevalent across a range of large industrial and commercial installations. The core research contribution of this thesis was to examine whether suitable, non-time critical, algorithms could be developed for deployment on these style of systems. The objective being to use the existing industry standard low frequency signals, for fault detection and diagnosis, condition based control and performance monitoring. This has indicated the potential for applying academic research in a new fashion across industry to improve operational efficiency. A representative SCADA system was used and the work focussed on the industrial water infrastructure in a deep bed filtration plant, a coal fired power station and a gas turbine research establishment. In the water filtration plant innovative software was developed which diagnosed the location of pipe work blockages. A second programme was developed which passively monitored system variables, giving an indication of filter bed fouling and detecting abnormal system conditions. This functionality was used to provide a robust fault tolerant condition based backwash strategy for the filters. A third programme utilised a novel, threshold based, approach to diagnose the individual severity of combined blockages, allowing condition based back wash to continue, even under extreme abnormal blockage conditions. The second area considered was based upon a cooling process located in a power station. An ideal condenser performance surface was successfully assimilated into SCADA software infrastructure, thus vastly improving on existing manual monitoring approaches and providing operators with real time efficiency information. Associated work at a gas turbine research facility demonstrated the further scope for gathering and displaying efficiency information using SCADA software. The work undertaken proved that a research approach can be encapsulated in non-time critical, low frequency algorithms suitable for application to supervisory systems.
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McKenna, Russell. "Industrial energy efficiency : interdisciplinary perspectives on the thermodynamic, technical and economic constraints". Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507763.
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Overreliance on energy from fossil fuels is unsustainable because of their regional depletion and associated environmental impacts. The British industrial sector accounts for around one fifth of final energy demand and one third of carbon emissions nationally. This thesis attempts to quantify the potential for industrial energy efficiency from the current baseline, by adopting thermodynamic and economic perspectives. The methodology involves a top-down analysis of energy trends within the manufacturing sector to determine the baseline against which changes are measured, leading to bottom-up case studies which explicitly consider the detailed mechanisms affecting energy demand. Top-down analysis highlights the diversity between industrial sectors, for which a sectoral classification based on process homogeneity is proposed. It also enables the long term, systemic potential for efficiency improvements to be estimated and identifies the barriers to uptake. Bottom-up case studies are better suited to identifying the sectoral potential in the short to medium term. Firstly, the technical potential for heat recovery from industrial sectors is quantified by recourse to thermodynamic quality and spatial considerations. Secondly, an energy and exergy analysis of a glass furnace enables a distinction between avoidable and unavoidable losses, leading to the identification of economic savings. Thirdly, a process integration study at a pulp and paper mill based on a pinch analysis and optimisation of a heat exchanger network highlights economic efficiency improvements. This thesis demonstrates that realising the full industrial energy efficiency potential requires improvements to public policy intended to overcome market-related barriers, especially the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the Carbon Trust, with additional scope for a mandatory efficiency standard relating to motors. Energy efficiency has to part of a company’s overall strategy to be effective. Future work should focus on heterogeneous sectors and the broader effects on industrial energy efficiency of globalisation and the shift towards services.
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Brus, Alexander. "Validation of energy efficiency requirements for machine tools and industrial washing machines". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256062.
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Production equipment accounts for a large portion of the energy use from industry. But so far there has been no standardized way of requiring energy efficiency when purchasing a new machine. Scania is therefore implementing energy efficiency requirements in their purchasing process for production equipment. As a part of this, there needs to be a way of validating that the requirements have been fulfilled. This study aims to find how requirements on energy efficiency in production equipment can be validated in a user friendly and time efficient way. Firstly, the energy efficiency requirements set by Scania and by regulations are mapped. Then these requirements are clearly defined to enable a validation. Two component-level measurements of one machine tool and one industrial washing machine are analyzed. And then a cost analysis is conducted to determine the timespan that can be said to be time efficient for a validation procedure. The results from this are used to develop a validation method and an interactive protocol to make the validation more user friendly. This method is then tested through a simulated validation. The method proposed consists of two parts, an inspection and a measurement. The inspection is purely visual and validates the requirements on efficiency class for electrical motors and pumps, as well as requirements of specific equipment. The measurement is performed by running the machine through four different machine states in eight steps and validates requirements on when energy is used, and how much is used. The proposed method validates all energy efficiency requirements set by Scania for machine tools and industrial washing machines. It can be performed in a timespan that is far shorter than what is cost efficient. The proposed method can validate requirements on the energy use from any electrical components, compressed air use, and visually confirm that required equipment is present and some of its properties based on labelling. It will also be able to validate any new requirements on the energy use of electrical components, meaning it can easily be applied to other types of production equipment.Produktionsutrustning står för en stor andel av energianvändningen inom industrin. Men än så länge finns det inget standardiserat sätt att kravställa energieffektivitet vid inköp av nya maskiner. Scania har därför börjat implementera krav på energieffektivitet i deras inköpsprocess för produktionsutrustning. Som en del av detta behövs ett sätt att validera att de ställda kraven också uppfylls. Denna studie undersöker hur krav på energieffektivitet kan valideras på ett användarvänligt och tidseffektivt sätt. Först kartläggs de energieffektivitetskrav som ställs av Scania och lagstiftning. Dessa krav definieras sedan så tydligt som möjligt för att möjliggöra en validering. Två mätningar av energianvändning på komponentnivå på en bearbetningsmaskin och en industriell tvättmaskin analyseras. Sedan utförs en kostnadsanalys för att avgöra ett tidsspann som kan sägas vara tidseffektivt för en valideringsprocess. Resultaten från detta används sedan för att utveckla en valideringsmetod och ett interaktivt protokoll. Denna metoden testas sedan genom en simulerad validering. Den föreslagna metoden består av två delar, en inspektion och en mätning. Inspektionen är endast visuell och validerar kraven på effektivitetsklass på motorer och pumpar, samt krav på specifik utrustning. Mätningen utförs genom att köra maskinen genom fyra olika maskinlägen i åtta steg och validerar krav på när energi används, och hur mycket som används. Den föreslagna metoden validerar alla krav på energieffektivitet som Scania ställer på bearbetningsmaskiner och industriella tvättmaskiner. Den kan utföras under ett tidsspann som är mycket kortare än gränsen för vad som är kostnadseffektivt. Den föreslagna metoden kan validera krav på energianvändning från elektriska komponenter, tryckluftsanvändning, och visuellt bekräfta att kravställd utrustning är på plats och vissa egenskaper baserat på märkningen. Metoden kommer också att kunna validera alla nya krav på energianvändning från elektriska komponenter, vilket innebär att den enkelt kan appliceras på andra typer av produktionsutrustning.
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Vialetto, Giulio. "Energy efficiency in industrial facilities - Improvements on energy transformation and data analysis". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425926.
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During these years of my Ph.D. studies the main aim of the research work was to improve the efficiency on energy generation into industrial facilities.
Novelties are proposed both on the devices used for energy generation and on energy consumption data analytics. In the first part of the thesis, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Reversible Solid Oxide Cell (RSOC) are proposed: these technologies have many advantages such as high efficiency on energy generation, heat available at high temperature, and modularity.
A new heat recovery for a modular micro-cogeneration system based on SOFC is presented with the main goal of improving the efficiency of an air source heat pump with unused heat of fuel cell exhausted gases. The novelty of the system proposed is that exhaust gases after the fuel cell are firstly used to heat water and/or used to produce steam, then they are mixed with the external air to feed the evaporator of the heat pump with the aim of increasing energy efficiency of the latter. This system configuration decreases the possibility of freezing of the evaporator as well, which is one of the drawbacks for air source heat pump in climates where temperature close to 0 °C and high humidity could occur. Results show that the performance of the air source heat pump increases considerably during cold season for climates with high relative humidity and for users with high electric power demand.
As previously cited, not only SOFC but also RSOC are deeply analysed in the thesis to define innovative energy generation system with the possibility of varying H/P ratio to match energy generation and demand in order to avoid mismatching and, consequently, integration system with a lower system. The aim is to define a modular system where each RSOC module can be switched between energy generation mode (fuel consumption to produce electricity and heat) and energy consumption (electricity and heat are consumed to produce hydrogen, working as Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells) to vary overall H/P of the overall system. Hydrogen is a sub-product of the system and can be used for many purposes such as fuel and/or for transport sector. Then a re-vamping of the energy generation system of a paper mill by means of RSOCS is proposed and analysed: a real industrial facility, based in Italy with a production capacity of 60000 t/y of paper, is used as case study. Even if the complexity of the system increases, results show that saving between 2% and 6% occurs. Hydrogen generation is assessed, comparing the RSOC integrated system with PEM electrolysis, in terms of both primary energy and economics. Results exhibit significant primary energy and good economic performance on hydrogen production with the novel system proposed.
In the thesis novelties are proposed not only on energy system “hardware” (component for energy generation) but also on “software”. In the second part of the thesis, artificial intelligence and machine learning methods are analysed to perform analytics on energy consumption data and consequently to improve performances on energy generation and operation strategy.
A study on how cluster analysis could be applied to analyse energy demand data is depicted. The aim of the method is to design cogeneration systems that suit more efficiently energy demand profiles, choosing the correct type of cogeneration technology, operation strategy and, if they are necessary, energy storages. A case study of a wood industry that requires low temperature heat to dry wood into steam-powered kilns that already uses cogeneration is proposed to apply the methodology in order to design and measure improvements. An alternative cogeneration system is designed and proposed, thermodynamics benchmarks are defined to evaluate differences between as-is and alternative scenarios. Results show that the proposed innovative method allows to choose a more suitable cogeneration technology compared to the adopted one, giving suggestions on the operation strategy in order to decrease energy losses and, consequently, primary energy consumption.
Finally, clustering is suggested for short-term forecasting of energy demand in industrial facilities. A model based on clustering and kNN is proposed to find similar pattern of consumption, to identify average consumption profiles, and then to use them to forecast consumption data. Novelties on model parameters definition such as data normalisation and clustering hyperparameters are presented to improve its accuracy. The model is then applied to the energy dataset of the wood industry previously cited. Analysis on the parameters and the results of the model are performed, showing a forecast of electricity demand with an error of 3%.
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Bandyopadhyay, Tarun. "Industrial development bank of India : an assessment of its relevance and efficiency". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/247.
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Bandara, Yapa M. W. Yaparatne. "Trade liberalisation and the productivity imperative in manufacturing industries of Sri Lanka /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17617.pdf.
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Rohdin, Patrik. "Energy efficiency and ventilation in Swedish industries barriers, simulation and control strategy". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15531.
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The energy issue is presently in focus worldwide. This is not only due to increasing environmental concern regarding energy related emissions, but also due to the trend of increasing energy prices. Energy usage in the industrial sector in Sweden today represents about one third of the national energy use. A substantial part of that is related to support processes such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems. These systems are important as they are related both to energy cost and indoor climate management as well as to the health of the occupants. The purpose of this thesis is to reach a more comprehensive view on industrial energy efficiency and indoor environment issues related to industrial ventilation. This has been studied in three themes where the first part addresses barriers to energy efficiency in Swedish industries, the second theme discuss simulation as decision support, and the third studies the variable air volume system in industrial facilities. In the first theme three different studies were made: the first studies non-energy intensive companies in Oskarshamn in Sweden, the second studies the energy intensive foundry industry and the third study was part of an evaluation of a large energy efficiency program called Project Highland. These studies had several findings in common, such as the importance of a strategic view on the energy issue and the presence of a person with real ambition with power over investment decisions related to energy issues at the company. The studies also show that several information related barriers are important for decision makers at the studied companies. This shows that information related barriers are one reason in why energy efficient equipment is not implemented. In the second theme the use of simulation in the form of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulation (BES) are used as decision support for industrial ventilation related studies at two different industries, one foundry is investigated and one dairy. BES has mainly been used to simulate energy and power related parameters while CFD was used to give a detailed description of the indoor and product environment. Together these methods can be used to better evaluate the energy, indoor and product environment and thus enable the implementation of more efficient heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. In the third theme the use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems was evaluated, and was found to be an efficient way to reduce energy use at the studied sites. At the studied foundry the VAV system is predicted to reduce space heating and electricity use by fans by about 30%, and in the dairy case by about 60% for space heating and 20% for electricity.
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Cheung, Hoi-cheung. "A microeconomic study of China's rural industrialization, 1978-1994 : cultural constraints, institutional changes, and economic efficiency /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21924053.
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Kunytsia, Maksym. "Energy audit of an industrial facility,Hagby waste management plant". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192303.
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In order to answer modern challenges, which come from increasing needs in energy forprivate persons and industries as well as in order to decrease negative environmentalimpacts, caused by the processes of energy generation, it is important to constantly searchfor untapped energy efficiency potential. Moreover, nowadays, energy efficiency hasbecome one of the prerequisites of successful market competitiveness for any type ofindustry on local and global levels.An energy audit is an instrument, which can be used for understanding how the energy isused and identify possible energy-saving opportunities. It can be applied to a facility as awhole, as well as individually to equipment, system(s) or process(es). Moreover, energysaving measures can be both cross-cutting and sector-specific.The purpose of this project was to conduct a detailed energy audit of the Hagby wasterecycling plant and to identify beneficial energy saving opportunities from economic,environmental and social perspectives.In the frames of a preliminary energy audit 10 focus areas for further analysis wereidentified. For every area a baseline assessment of the current energy performance wasconducted, possible energy management opportunities were identified and evaluated aswell as results of each analysis were summarized. According to the results of the study, with the implementation of the suggestions, whichrequire no, low or medium investments it is possible to save 3,2% of the energy per year,which corresponds to 76 846 kWh. Energy consumption can further be decreased byimplementing measures, which need high initial financial investment. In that case totalsavings will be 468 846 kWh or 19,4% of total annual energy consumption. Additionalenergy might be saved just by introducing energy housekeeping measures. Finally,implementation of all the proposed EMO can bring 14,46 tons of 2 CO savings annually.Additional benefits of implementing the energy saving opportunities come from decreasingenvironmental impacts, improving working conditions of the plant employees and higherenergy security at the plant.The results of the energy audit can be a solid base for establishing an energy managementprogram at the plant, which will include performance targets, required resources and aclear procedure of realization of improvements. However, since some of the calculations inthe current study are based on various assumptions, after the company forms the energymanagement program, it is necessary to invite experts from industry in order to giveaccurate calculations for each of the focus areas.