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Publicado: 26 de julho de 2024
Última modificação: 27 de julho de 2024

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1

Pasquetti, Francesca, Orlando Vaselli, Giovanni Zanchetta, Barbara Nisi, Marco Lezzerini, Monica Bini e Daniela Mele. "Sedimentological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Features of Late Quaternary Sediment Profiles from the Southern Tuscany Hg Mercury District (Italy): Evidence for the Presence of Pre-Industrial Mercury and Arsenic Concentrations". Water 12, n.º 7 (14 de julho de 2020): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071998.

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Southern Tuscany (Italy) is an important metallogenic district that hosts relevant S-polymetallic deposits that have intensely been exploited for centuries. Consequently, potential toxic elements, such as Hg and As, are widely distributed in the surrounding environment. In this paper, an extensive sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical study of two Late Quaternary sediment profiles, partially outcropping along the coast of southern Tuscany (Ansedonia area), was carried out to evaluate the contents and mobility of Hg and As with the aims to contribute to the definition of the geochemical baseline of southern Tuscany before the human intervention and evaluate the potential dispersion of these harmful elements. The sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical (major elements) features revealed that the studied profiles are mostly related to the local geological characteristics and the Quaternary geological history of the area. The concentrations and the normalized patterns of trace and rare earth elements highlighted the absence of any anthropogenic activity. This implies that the studied samples are to be regarded as good proxies for evaluating the geochemical baseline of southern Tuscany before the intense mining activity. The enrichment factors (EF) of most trace elements were indeed lower or close to 2, indicating a variability close to the average concentration of the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), while other elements slightly enriched, such as Pb, were in agreement with the natural baseline reported for southern Tuscany. Mercury and As displayed EF values >40 when compared to the average contents of UCC, although they decrease down to 4 when compared to the suggested baseline for southern Tuscany. The higher Hg and As contents detected in this study, inferred to natural sources, evidenced (i) the great natural variability occurring in largely mineralized areas and (ii) the importance of estimating reference environmental parameters in order to avoid misleading interpretations of the detected anomalies. Moreover, the results of leaching test on sediment samples denoted a relatively low mobility of Hg and As, suggesting that these elements are preferentially mobilized by transport of clastic sediments and such anomalies may be preserved for relatively long times in Quaternary sediments. However, leachable Hg (0.6–9.7 μg/L) and As (2.1–42.2 μg/L) concentrations are significantly high when compared to those of the Italian limit for groundwater (1 µg/L for Hg and 10 µg/L for As). Quaternary sediments from southern Tuscany could then be a potential, though natural, source of Hg and As to groundwater systems.
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2

Frey, Marco, e Francesco Rizzi. "La geotermia in Italia e nel mondo: dibattito scientifico e segnali di mercato". ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, n.º 3 (julho de 2009): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-003001.

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- This paper describes the state of the art in development and utilization of geothermal resources in Italy and Tuscany. Departing from the geological peculiarities of this region, which have contributed to Italy's leading role in technological innovation since the beginning of geothermoelectric power generation (GPG), recent evidences from the market and scientific community are here analyzed in order to answer the question whether the economic downturn will put geothermal energy on the back burner, or if it will function as a catalyst for change. The first section explores the role of geothermal energy within the renewable energy mix. After an introduction on the strengths and weaknesses of the Italian energy system, the evolution of the matches between different types of geothermal resources (high, medium and low enthalpies) and technologies is analyzed from an economic, technical and environmental point of view. Here, the evolution of the regulatory framework emerges as one of the main driving forces behind incremental innovation and the spreading of technologies. The move towards sustainability seems to stimulate the market in spite of the barriers to entry linked to capital intensiveness and the risks related to geothermal investments. Beside the growth of relationships between industrial actors, public administration and scientific community, the analysis identifies the downscale of plants, the integration with other "renewables" and the industrial integration as the main next challenges in the field of geothermal competitiveness. To this end, the implementation of such new tools for territorial management as the ones based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and SMCE (Social Multi Criteria Evaluation) is expected to stimulate further improvements and innovations. The second section analyzes the present regulatory framework at the communitarian, national and local level and the allocation of economical resources to research and development in particular in relation to the distribution and characteristics of the geothermal resources. The specialization of Italy in GPG appears not to be adequately represented within European programmes and the Tuscany region is still considered not a leading market by the investors in geothermal heat pumps and geothermal district heating. Both according to the communitarian prescriptions and the requests from local actors, a few scenarios for the development of guidelines, certification schemes and regulations are here described. These elements are consistent with the purpose of sustainability and competitiveness of local economic activities. On the basis of these evidences, the third section describes the perspectives of development of medium and low enthalpy utilizations in Italy. According to the present financial incentives schemes and the predicted modifications in relevant regulations (i.e. city plans, building regulations, etc.), a booming growth of installations is expected. This geothermal "green new deal" is pulled by the increasing number of life-long learning programmes for professionals (i.e. geologists) and, even more, is expected to be pulled by the implementation of risk management tools and certification schemes. As result, the analysis sets a roadmap for addressing the needs of geothermal actors and removing the barriers to successful investing in this local and renewable energy resource. When we return to the initial question, it seems to be the moment for changing attitude towards energy production and to win back competitiveness and sustainability in the geothermal market.Key words: Geothermal energy, renewable energy sources, energy policy, sustainable development, know how, industrial systems, certifications schemes, risk management.JEL classifications: O13, Q42.Parole chiave: Geotermia, fonti energetiche rinnovabili, politiche energetiche, sviluppo sostenibile, competenze, sistemi industriali, schemi di certificazione, gestione del rischio.
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3

Bianchi, Giulia. "Un crocevia di distretti: la realtŕ economica della provincia di Lucca". ECONOMIA PUBBLICA, n.º 1 (dezembro de 2012): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ep2010-001007.

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Interest in the «district» form arose, in Italy, in the context of the debate on the role of small businesses in the Italian and international economy, and intensified during the decade from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, when the increasing efficiency of new types of industrialization began to make itself felt. Attention focused on the industrial district as an organizational model of systems characterized by numerous local small and medium-sized businesses capable of offsetting the disadvantage of the smaller production scale by developing a system of external economies. Such businesses were thus able to manage complex processes of decomposition/integration of the production cycle through units specialized in individual stages of production within a social context that could absorb the impact of pronounced division of labour. The potential of the district prompted observers not only to endeavour to identify industrial districts within the Italian economic system, but also to analyse their functioning in order to determine their characteristics in terms of efficiency and competitiveness on local, domestic and international markets. This paper, set within the above-described perspective, aims to analyse the Tuscan district system as an example of a flexible and lean specialisation, with particular reference to the Province of Lucca, taking into account the background of change, evolution and downturns that influenced the Italian economy from the first oil crisis (1973) up to the Treaty of Maastricht (1992). Additionally, emphasis is placed on a comparison with the interpretive model proposed by Giacomo Becattini, whose assessment is shown to succeed in encompassing the ongoing economic transformations and is particularly effective in depicting the specificity of the Tuscan case, destined to survive the pressures of international competition. In the present author's view the district, far from constituting a recipe valid exclusively on a local scale and during expansionary phases, represents an effective answer to a scenario increasingly - and more and more intensely - affected by economic transformations that can have a major impact.
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Silvestri, Malvina, Enrica Marotta, Maria Fabrizia Buongiorno, Gala Avvisati, Pasquale Belviso, Eliana Bellucci Sessa, Teresa Caputo, Vittorio Longo, Vito De Leo e Sergio Teggi. "Monitoring of Surface Temperature on Parco delle Biancane (Italian Geothermal Area) Using Optical Satellite Data, UAV and Field Campaigns". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 12 (24 de junho de 2020): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122018.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the surface temperature and the distribution of thermal signatures on Tuscany’s geothermal districts using data obtained through three separate surveys via satellite and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The analysis considers the highest available spatial resolution ranging from hundreds of meters per pixel of the satellite thermal images and the tenths/hundreds of centimeters per pixel of the thermal images acquired by the UAV. The surface temperature maps obtained by satellite data acquired at suitable spatial resolution and the thermal measurements obtained by the thermal camera installed on the UAV were orthorectified and geocoded. This allowed, for example, following the evolution of thermal anomalies, which may represent a modification of the current state of the geothermal field and a possible hazard for both the population and industrial assets. Here, we show the results obtained in three field campaigns during which the simultaneous acquisition of Landsat 8 satellite and UAV (FlyBit octocopter, IDS, Rome, Italy) thermal data were analyzed. By removing the atmosphere contribution from Landsat 8 data, we have produced three surface temperature maps that are compared with the ground field measurements and the surface temperature maps elaborated by FLIR VUE PRO-R on the UAV.
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Ferrari, Amerigo, Andrea Giannini, Chiara Seghieri, Tommaso Simoncini e Milena Vainieri. "Regional practice variation in pelvic organ prolapse surgery in Tuscany, Italy: a retrospective cohort study on administrative health data". BMJ Open 13, n.º 3 (março de 2023): e068145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068145.

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ObjectivesTo explore determinants of practice variation in both access, and quality and efficiency of surgical care for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).Design and settingA retrospective cohort study employing administrative health data from the Tuscany region, Italy.ParticipantsAll women over 40 years hospitalised for apical/multicompartmental POP reconstructive surgery (excluding anterior/posterior colporrhaphy without concomitant hysterectomy) from January 2017 to December 2019.OutcomesWe first computed treatment rates just for women residing in Tuscany (n=2819) and calculated the Systematic Component of Variation (SCV) to explore variation in access to care among health districts. Then, using the full cohort (n=2959), we ran multilevel models for the average length of stay and reoperations, readmissions and complications, and computed the intraclass correlation coefficient to assess the individual and hospital determinants of efficiency and quality of care provided by hospitals.ResultsThe 5.4-fold variation between the lowest-rate (56/100 000 inhabitants) and the highest-rate (302/100 000) districts and the SCV over 10% confirmed high systematic variation in the access to care. Higher treatment rates were driven by greater provisions of robotic and/or laparoscopic interventions, which showed highly variable usage rates. Both individual and hospital factors influenced quality and efficiency provided by hospitals, but just low proportions of variation were explained by hospital and patient characteristics.ConclusionsWe found high and systematic variation in the access to POP surgical care in Tuscany and in quality and efficiency provided by hospitals. Such a variation may be mainly explained by user and provider preferences, which should be further explored. Also, supply-side factors may be involved, suggesting that wider and more uniform dissemination of robotic/laparoscopic procedures may reduce variation.
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6

Capasso, Marco, e Andrea Morrison. "Innovation in industrial districts: evidence from Italy". Management Decision 51, n.º 6 (21 de junho de 2013): 1225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-12-2011-0487.

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Cainelli, Giulio, e Nicola De Liso. "Innovation in Industrial Districts: Evidence from Italy". Industry & Innovation 12, n.º 3 (setembro de 2005): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662710500195991.

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8

Corsi, Stephen. "Small firms and industrial districts in Italy". European Management Journal 8, n.º 1 (março de 1990): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(90)90062-b.

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9

Andall, Jacqueline. "Industrial Districts and Migrant Labour in Italy". British Journal of Industrial Relations 45, n.º 2 (junho de 2007): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00615.x.

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10

Rodrigues, Daniela, Helen Crowley e Vitor Silva. "Earthquake loss assessment of precast RC industrial structures in Tuscany (Italy)". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16, n.º 1 (25 de julho de 2017): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0195-6.

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11

De, Candia. "Accessibility to nodes of interest: Dislocation of the industrial districts of Tuscany". European Journal of Applied Economics 13, n.º 2 (2016): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ejae13-11642.

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12

Kitay, Jim. "Book Reviews : Small Firms and Industrial Districts in Italy". Journal of Industrial Relations 33, n.º 1 (março de 1991): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300113.

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13

Guerrieri, Paolo, e Carlo Pietrobelli. "Industrial districts’ evolution and technological regimes: Italy and Taiwan". Technovation 24, n.º 11 (novembro de 2004): 899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(03)00048-8.

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14

Ramazzotti, P. "Industrial districts, social cohesion and economic decline in Italy". Cambridge Journal of Economics 34, n.º 6 (6 de dezembro de 2009): 955–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep076.

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15

Dini, Andrea, Andrea Rielli, Paolo Di Giuseppe, Giovanni Ruggieri e Chiara Boschi. "The Ophiolite-Hosted Cu-Zn VMS Deposits of Tuscany (Italy)". Minerals 14, n.º 3 (4 de março de 2024): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14030273.

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Several Jurassic, ophiolite-hosted Cu-Zn VMS deposits occur in Tuscany. They are hosted by tectonic units of oceanic affinity (Ligurian Units), such as the well-known deposits of nearby Liguria. Industrial production was small and definitively ceased in the 1960s. Locally, massive ore (chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite) with an exceptionally high grade was found. The Montecatini Val di Cecina mine exploited the largest “bonanza” and, for few decades in the 19th century, became one of the most profitable copper mines in Europe. This study provides an updated review of these deposits. Tuscan Cu-Zn VMSs mostly occur in proximity of the contact between the serpentinite-gabbro basement and the overlying basalts. Chalcopyrite-pyrite stockworks occur in serpentinite-gabbro cut by dolerite dykes, while the largest massive sulphide bodies are hosted by polymictic-monomictic breccias at the base of pillow basalts. Early chalcopyrite ores were mechanically–chemically reworked and upgraded to bornite-rich nodular ore embedded in a chlorite, calcic amphibole, Fe-rich serpentine, quartz, andradite, ilvaite, and xonotlite assemblage. This bornite-rich ore contains substantial amount of sphalerite and pyrite and ubiquitous grains of clausthalite, hessite, tellurium, and gold. They represent a prime example of the sub-seafloor portion of a hybrid mafic-ultramafic oceanic hydrothermal system formed in an OCC along the slow spreading ridge of the Jurassic Piedmont-Ligurian Ocean. The peculiar mineralogical–textural character of the bornite-rich ore was driven by an interface coupled dissolution–precipitation process mediated by fluids.
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Gabaldón-Estevan, Daniel, e Ignacio Fernández-de-Lucio. "How does diversity affect district innovation systems? Findings from a comparative study of european ceramics". trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad 10, n.º 18 (30 de janeiro de 2018): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/21457778.644.

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This research applies Nelson’s (1993) primary typology of enterprises to understand why the propensity for innovation varies across ceramics district innovation systems in Europe. We use innovation systems and industrial district theories to explore the innovation capacity of the two most important ceramic tile industrial districts in Europe—Emilia Romagna in Italy and Castellon in Spain. Our analysis shows that, in both districts, innovation plays a decisive role in allowing companies to maintain competitiveness in a globalizing market. However, by comparing the composition of their district innovation systems, our analysis shows that: (i) although levels of competition in both districts are similar, cooperation is stronger in Italy; (ii) scarce technology and advanced service providers in Spain make it predominantly a follower in the adoption of innovation; (iii) higher innovation intensity in Italy is due to diffusion of technology from firms in neighbouring districts specialized in other industry sectors. We provide strong evidence indicating that differences in the industry mix shape both national and district innovation systems.
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DiNatale, Marco, e Roberto Passerone. "The Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems in Tuscany, Italy [Society News]". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 8, n.º 3 (setembro de 2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mie.2014.2348733.

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18

Mathews, John. "Book Reviews : Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Cooperation in Italy". Journal of Industrial Relations 33, n.º 1 (março de 1991): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300114.

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Spadavecchia, Anna. "Financing Industrial Districts in Italy, 1971–91: A Private Venture?" Business History 47, n.º 4 (outubro de 2005): 569–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076790500133066.

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20

Spadavecchia, Anna. "Building Industrial Districts: Do Subsidies Help? Evidence from Postwar Italy". Business History Review 94, n.º 2 (2020): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000768051900117x.

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The “historical alternatives” approach calls for research into the role of national institutions and public policies in the resilience or decline of industrial districts. Policies in support of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were launched in various Western economies in the second half of the twentieth century. This article focuses on the paradigmatic Italian case and investigates the importance of government subsidies for SMEs on firms located in a southern and a northeastern district, between 1971 and 1991. This discussion deepens our understanding of the role of national policies in the reemergence of industrial districts in the decades of the Second Industrial Divide. It also indicates the importance of firms’ utilization of subsidies and their ecosystem as complementary to the policy's effectiveness.
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21

Corò, Giancarlo, e Roberto Grandinetti. "Evolutionary patterns of Italian industrial districts". Human Systems Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1999): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18206.

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This paper describes the results of a survey that was carried out in nineteen industrial districts in Italy. The data collected clearly show that the districts examined are undergoing a period of transition towards configurations that diverge from the neo-Marshallian model. In the past, industrial districts functioned as rather closed local networks whose only points of contact outside their confines were established at the extremities of the district system of value. This closure to the outside environment has certainly not inhibited, until the last years, the competitive advantage of the industrial districts or the firms that operate inside them. Today, on the other hand, the competitiveness of closed local networks has to meet the increasing level of globalization in the economy. The key transformation observed in all the districts included in the survey is the opening-up of the local system of value that goes beyond the mere acquisition of raw materials or the sale of goods. In other words, the districts are relating more and more with external holders of knowledge and resources, transforming a relatively closed system of exchange at local level into something rather different.
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Mistri, Maurizio. "Industrial districts and local governance in the Italian experience". Human Systems Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1999): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18207.

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This paper focuses on the problem of the governance of industrial districts in Italy. The analysis begins with an assessment of the dynamic processes that characterize the development of industrial districts, particularly as concerns the elements of a cultural nature. The relationship between local political attitudes and forms of local growth is considered, generally revealing how in the various practical examples there is a convergence between models of political behavior and the needs of the system of small enterprises. The paper ends with a brief discussion of the law 317/91, designed to establish the responsibilities and roles of the industrial districts.
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Schiliro', Daniele. "Italian Industrial Districts: Theories, Profiles and Competitiveness". Management and Organizational Studies 4, n.º 4 (27 de outubro de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/mos.v4n4p1.

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The paper is a contribution to the debate about the theoretical aspects, the structure, and the competitiveness of Italian industrial districts. The work first examines the theoretical strand on industrial districts ranging from Marshall to Becattini, and focusing on the contemporary distrettualism of Giacomo Becattini, where the district is essentially a socio-economic construct and an important localized productive system. Furthermore, the paper offers an updated picture of the Italian industrial districts as they are represented in the 2011 Census by the National Statistics Institute. Finally, this study underlines the resilient competitive capacity of this typical form of industrial organization. Then, through empirical literature, it analyzes the Italian district companies, and their performance and success in foreign markets, especially with regard to “Made in Italy” products.
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Bonaccorsi, Guglielmo, Francesca Pieralli, Maddalena Innocenti, Chiara Milani, Marco Del Riccio, Martina Donzellini, Lorenzo Baggiani e Chiara Lorini. "Health Literacy among Non-Familial Caregivers of Older Adults: A Study Conducted in Tuscany (Italy)". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 19 (8 de outubro de 2019): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193771.

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Many older adults who live at home depend on a caregiver. When familial support cannot provide the necessary care, paid caregivers are frequently hired. Health literacy (HL) is the knowledge and competence required of people to meet the complex demands of health in modern society. The aim of this study is to assess the HL level of paid non-familial caregivers who were enrolled through two different sources: from the homes of assisted people in two Tuscan health districts (first sample) and during job interviews in a home care agency operating in Florence (second sample). The two different recruitment contexts allow us to provide a broader view of the phenomenon, presenting a picture of the HL level of those who are already working and those who are looking for a new job in this field. One-on-one face-to-face interviews, which include the administration of the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) to measure HL, were conducted. Recruitment resulted in 84 caregivers in the first sample and 68 in the second sample. In the first sample, the mean age was 51.2 ± 9 years; 94% of the participants were women. A high likelihood or likelihood of inadequate HL (i.e., a low level of HL) was found in 73.8% of cases. In the second sample, the mean age was 43.7 ± 11.5 years; 83.8% of the participants were women, and 80.9% had a low level of HL. In both samples, HL was statistically associated with the level of understanding of the Italian language. In conclusion, inadequate HL is an under-recognized problem among non-familial caregivers. Educational programs that aim to increase HL skills could be an effective approach to improving the qualification of informal healthcare professionals.
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Riccioli, Francesco, Roberto Fratini e Fabio Boncinelli. "The Impacts in Real Estate of Landscape Values: Evidence from Tuscany (Italy)". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (19 de fevereiro de 2021): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042236.

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Using spatial econometric techniques and local spatial statistics, this study explores the relationships between the real estate values in Tuscany with the individual perception of satisfaction by landscape types. The analysis includes the usual territorial variables such as proximity to urban centres and roads. The landscape values are measured through a sample of respondents who expressed their aesthetic-visual perceptions of different types of land use. Results from a multivariate local Geary highlight that house prices are not spatial independent and that between the variables included in the analysis there is mainly a positive correlation. Specifically, the findings demonstrate a significant spatial dependence in real estate prices. The aesthetic values influence the real estate price throughout more a spatial indirect effect rather than the direct effect. Practically, house prices in specific areas are more influenced by aspects such as proximity to essential services. The results seem to show to live close to highly aesthetic environments not in these environments. The results relating to the distance from the main roads, however, seem counterintuitive. This result probably depends on the evidence that these areas suffer from greater traffic jam or pollution or they are preferred for alternative uses such as for locating industrial plants or big shopping centres rather than residential use. Therefore, these effects decrease house prices.
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Rabellotti, Roberta, e Hubert Schmitz. "The Internal Heterogeneity of Industrial Districts in Italy, Brazil and Mexico". Regional Studies 33, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122909.

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Di Giacinto, Valter, Matteo Gomellini, Giacinto Micucci e Marcello Pagnini. "Mapping local productivity advantages in Italy: industrial districts, cities or both?" Journal of Economic Geography 14, n.º 2 (12 de julho de 2013): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbt021.

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Daddi, Tiberio, Fabio Iraldo, Marco Frey, Paola Gallo e Valentina Gianfrate. "Regional policies and eco-industrial development: the voluntary environmental certification scheme of the eco-industrial parks in Tuscany (Italy)". Journal of Cleaner Production 114 (fevereiro de 2016): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.060.

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Antonelli, Valerio, Raffaele D'Alessio e Emanuela Mattia Cafaro. "Auditing Practices from a Historical Perspective: The Case Study of an Italian Railroad Company in the Mid-19th Century". Accounting Historians Journal 44, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2017): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-10515.

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ABSTRACT From a historic perspective, the origin and evolution of auditing in the private sector is extremely interesting, especially in regard to 19th-century railroad companies. This paper concerns the auditing practices of the Leopolda Railroad Company, which operated in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy (1841–1860). Through the use of mainly primary sources, we describe how auditors were selected and hired; their procedures, recommendations, and meetings; and the contents of their reports. This paper makes three contributions to the international literature in accounting history: (1) it is the first paper to present the history of auditing practices in Italy, (2) it broadens literature on external and internal audits in railroad companies, and (3) it supports the assumptions made by many accounting historians about the origin of auditing in industrial capitalism.
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Zeleny, Milan. "Industrial districts of Italy: Local-Network Economies in a Global-Market Web". Human Systems Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1999): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18201.

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Amatori, Franco. "Entrepreneurial Typologies in the History of Industrial Italy: Reconsiderations". Business History Review 85, n.º 1 (2011): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680511000067.

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The market types that were the subject of an earlier essay in the Review are resurveyed in order to examine the changes that have occurred over the past fifty years. The entrepreneurial typologies identified then–one based on a market orientation, another that relies on state support, and a third, hybrid, approach–are still valid today. The liveliest components of the modern Italian economy, which operate as a fourth type of capitalism (mainly based on industrial districts), share features of the market typology, while, in southern Italy, the state's failure to support business is linked to the rise of organized crime. The more recent hybrid type features a new kind of actor, exemplified by Silvio Berlusconi, the central figure on the Italian political scene for almost two decades.
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Marrasso, E., C. Martone, G. Pallotta, C. Roselli e M. Sasso. "Towards the implementation of Positive Energy Districts in industrial districts: an Italian case study". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2600, n.º 8 (1 de novembro de 2023): 082039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/8/082039.

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Abstract Owing to the opportunity to provide an annual positive energy balance and net-zero carbon emissions, Positive Energy Districts aim at fostering the energy transition of urban city centres. To fully support the decarbonization of cities, it may be interesting to extend their implementation to other energy intensive districts, such as cities’ industrial areas. In this regard, this paper addresses the opportunity to apply the Positive Energy District concept within the industrial area of a city in the South of Italy. A mixed-use building, the industrial wastewater treatment plant and an office building have been involved as users and equipped with a 250 kW wind turbine and multiple photovoltaic plants installed on the roof of the buildings, in parking areas and in an unused land, for a total peak power equal to 466 kW. The renewable-based plants’ generation has been simulated in HOMER Pro® software, on a quarter-hour basis, and an energy and environmental analysis have been performed using users’ real electric load profiles. The proposed configuration allows to save 55% of primary energy and carbon dioxide emissions compared to the baseline case where users’ electric energy demand is fully met by the power grid. In particular, the primary energy saving is equal to 1 GWh/y and the carbon dioxide emissions reduction is equal to 150 tCO2/y.
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Rabellotti, Roberta. "Is there an “industrial district model”? Footwear districts in Italy and Mexico compared". World Development 23, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1995): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)00103-6.

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Capasso, Marco, Lucia Cusmano e Andrea Morrison. "The Determinants of Outsourcing and Offshoring Strategies in Industrial Districts: Evidence from Italy". Regional Studies 47, n.º 4 (abril de 2013): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.571668.

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Claver-Cortés, Enrique, Bartolomé Marco-Lajara, Pedro Seva-Larrosa e Lorena Ruiz-Fernández. "Competitive advantage and industrial district". Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 29, n.º 3 (20 de maio de 2019): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-08-2018-0048.

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Purpose This paper aims to know the dimension and scope that research on the district effect has had in the literature about industrial districts, as well as to shed some light on the connection between industrial districts and business results; or expressed differently, on how being located in an industrial district or not affects or might influence the performance of the firms located therein. Design/methodology/approach The purpose of this paper has been achieved through an exhaustive review of the empirical literature dedicated to the so-called district effect. The papers selected in the analysis were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) publications in scientific journals; (2) studies carried out in Spain and Italy; and (3) works published between 1994 and 2017. Findings The outcome of the literature review suggests, on the one hand, that the debate on the extent to which the territory influences the competitiveness of firms located in industrial districts still remains a topic of great interest. It can additionally be observed that most of the works dedicated to measuring the district effect have done so using three dimensions: (1) productivity/efficiency; (2) international competitiveness; and (3) innovation. Practical implications From a theoretical perspective, the findings of this paper make it possible to carry out an integrating proposal for the measurement of the district effect which revolves around three dimensions (productivity/efficiency; international competitiveness; and innovation). Originality/value This paper makes a twofold contribution to the literature: (i) it brings together the most important empirical contributions that measure the competitive advantages obtained by firms located in industrial districts through the district effect; and (ii) it theoretically and empirically establishes the essential dimensions of that effect.
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Bertolini, Paola, e Enrico Giovannetti. "Industrial districts and internationalization: the case of the agri-food industry in Modena, Italy". Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18, n.º 4 (julho de 2006): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985620600613761.

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Tamasi, Gabriella, Alessandro Donati, Gemma Leone, Agnese Magnani, Renzo Cini, Eugenio Macchia, Claudio Rossi e Claudia Bonechi. "Grappa quality from the Chianti and Montepulciano areas (Tuscany, Italy): monitoring the leaching of copper from distillation columns". International Journal of Food Science & Technology 53, n.º 6 (29 de janeiro de 2018): 1558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13738.

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Bertoncin, Marina, Andrea Pase, Daria Quatrida e Alessandra Scroccaro. "How the replica of the Italy’s Northeast Industrial District model failed in Timisoara (Romania)". Investigaciones Geográficas, n.º 69 (13 de junho de 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo2018.69.05.

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Italy’s industrial districts of the Northeast are often cited as beings models of success due to their economic organisation, thus they have almost become an archetypal myth. One of the reasons for the Northeastern firms’ success is proximity (both geographical and relational), particularly with regard to the creation and development of the districts and their innovative and competitive capacity on a global scale. Our research compares the structures of proximity in Montebelluna, an industrial district in Northeast Italy, with Timisoara (in Romania), which has been one of the more favoured areas of delocalisation for Veneto firms. This comparison made it possible to focus on the non-economic categories (such as trust, face-to-face relations, cooperative attitudes, local context…) that have contributed to a large part of their success, although, in reality, they are often overvalued. Above all, the analysis reveals how these Italian industrial districts have concealed an unequal distribution of power, not only inside the firms and between the firms, but also between the firms and their delocalised territories. Today the “Northeast” model is questioned and debated; however a rethinking of regional dynamics is only possible if these hidden dimensions of district development are taken into consideration.
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Archibugi, Daniele. "The global challenge to industrial districts. Small and medium-sized enterprises in Italy and Taiwan". Technovation 23, n.º 11 (novembro de 2003): 901–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(03)00080-4.

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Croce, Silvia, Elisa D’Agnolo, Mauro Caini e Rossana Paparella. "The Use of Cool Pavements for the Regeneration of Industrial Districts". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (2 de junho de 2021): 6322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116322.

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Industrial districts are characterized by the presence of low and extensive building volumes and by predominantly sealed, impermeable surfaces, which contribute to several environmental problems and to the deterioration of outdoor human thermal comfort conditions, especially during summer hot days. To tackle these issues, this study proposes an approach for the regeneration of industrial districts based on the application of cool materials. Reflective and evaporative pavements were selected as suitable solutions to reduce summer overheating, while ensuring the functionality required by the industrial production, and contributing to stormwater management. The effectiveness of the approach was tested in a portion of the industrial district of Padua (Italy). In summer conditions, the replacement of conventional pavements with cool materials results in a reduction of the ground surface temperatures up to 14.0 °C and a consequent decrease of the air temperature at pedestrian level between 0.6 and 1.2 °C. The effects of human thermal comfort conditions highly depend on the selected cool material and on the morphology of the urban canyon. Finally, the reduction of external surface and air temperatures also contributes in cooling indoor spaces (average decrease from 1.0 to 2.5 °C), with impacts on the energy efficiency of the industrial buildings.
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Wild, Sarah. "The Northern League: The Self-Representation of Industrial Districts in Their Search for Regional Power". Politics 17, n.º 2 (maio de 1997): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00039.

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The 1996 political elections have confirmed the electoral importance and stability of the Northern League in the North-east of Italy. The party's strongholds are located in ‘industrial districts’, specific socio-economic areas where local communities and small and medium businesses merge. This paper argues that the resilience and indeed increasing success of the League in these northern areas since its appearance in the 1980s can be explained largely on the basis of their industrial need to move towards a regional representation and organisation, capable of providing the services required by an increasingly competitive market.
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Albertini, Sergio. "Networking and division of labour – The case of industrial districts in the North–East of Italy*". Human Systems Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1999): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18205.

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Networking can be considered the organizational support to the learning process. The paper defines a new coordination process of the division of labour between autonomous actors and organizations, beyond the market and the hierarchical processes. Networking by means of “interactive communication” is becoming increasingly the typical organizational process in post-fordism which allows new, far-reaching, opportunities in the division of cognitive labour. The discussion of the process of exploration and exploitation of knowledge is based on two analytical dimensions: (a) the types of knowledge shared by organizations and (b) the types of roles played by different actor networks. The analytical framework shows how different specialized actors and organizations, with different tasks, are complementary as regards the effectiveness of the networking (specialists, systemists, connectors and meta-organizers). The empirical evidence – concerning the evolution of the industrial districts of the North–East of Italy towards the network form – seems to support the conceptual approach adopted.
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Marangoni, Giandemetrio, e Stefano Solari. "Flexible Specialisation 20 Years On: How the ‘Good’ Industrial Districts in Italy Have Lost Their Momentum". Competition & Change 10, n.º 1 (março de 2006): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/102452906x92019.

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Dei Ottati, Gabi. "Marshallian Industrial Districts in Italy: the end of a model or adaptation to the global economy?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 42, n.º 2 (15 de novembro de 2017): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex066.

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Dei Ottati, Gabi, e Laura Grassini. "Employment Changes in Italy in the 1990s: A Comparison between Large Enterprise Areas and Industrial Districts". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26, n.º 5 (1 de janeiro de 2008): 1016–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0729l.

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We examine the uneven employment changes in the Italian local labour systems (LLSs) in the 1990s. Using the 1991 and 2001 economic census data, we intend to compare the performance of different types of LLS, and particularly those of the industrial districts (IDs) and the large enterprise systems (LESs). The originality of the study lies in the territorial unit of analysis chosen: the 784 Italian LLSs. The analysed data show that, in the 1990s, the Italian IDs proved to be the country's most dynamic local systems. Moreover, the shift-and-share analysis demonstrates that the local effect in the IDs was positive enough to more than compensate for the negative industry mix. Conversely, in the LESs the local effect was so negative as to determine a total negative effect, despite the positive industry mix. We conclude with an overview of the present situation and the corresponding policy implications.
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Palazzo, Maria, Pantea Foroudi, Alfonso Siano e Philip J. Kitchen. "The value and significance of corporate community relations: an Italian SME perspective". Bottom Line 30, n.º 4 (13 de novembro de 2017): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-08-2017-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between community of place and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lombard industrial districts in Italy. Design/methodology/approach A brief literature review of international authors from the stakeholder approach and Corporate Community Relations (CCRs) field is presented. This paper refers to a survey of Lombard industrial districts conducted by ALTIS. The data were collected via a telephone survey from 834 firms. Findings The main finding is that managing CCRs is of major importance for company success. The results of the survey show that there are some tools and actions that Italian industrial district SMEs use to interact with their particular communities of place to develop effective and coherent relationships with their stakeholder groups. Moreover, although the survey shows that though SMEs do implement different CCR activities, they are not able to communicate these effectively through systematic communication strategies. However, the narrow sample includes only a sample of some Lombard districts. Nonetheless, the findings indicate that effective CCR seems to confer competitive advantage based on stakeholder responses and rewards sought. Research limitations/implications The framework could assist in supporting CCR developments between industrial districts as various players would know how to improve CCR activities. One further suggestion is that University and Research Centers could have a role to play in creating and communicating codified knowledge concerning community relations in industrial districts, while other public players still have to develop specific tasks in improving infrastructures. Originality/value This study is in line with the main focus of CCR, which is in striving to meet stakeholder and societal needs. However, industrial district SMEs have to learn how to communicate their CCR activities from the examples set by large Italian companies. The paper links the notion of CCR with tools and actions to develop meaningful relationships with both community of place and interest. Moreover, considering the survey results, a new framework for local player roles is proposed.
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Corò, Giancarlo, e Roberto Grandinetti. "Industrial district responses to the network economy: vertical integration versus pluralist global exploration". Human Systems Management 20, n.º 3 (3 de setembro de 2001): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2001-20302.

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The major purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of global networking on Italian industrial districts (IDs). Today, in many Italian IDs we can observe a trend towards opening up the local system of value and moving beyond the pre-existent links, which district firms had little control over and were basically limited to the purchase of raw materials and the sale of finished products. These IDs are becoming an integral part of a network economy. The opening up process is particularly evident in several areas of north-east Italy. Our analysis is based on four empirical cases and indicates the IDs have responded in different ways to the change in the competitive environment.
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Grassi, Sergio, Michele Amadori, Maddalena Pennisi e Gianni Cortecci. "Identifying sources of B and As contamination in surface water and groundwater downstream of the Larderello geothermal – industrial area (Tuscany–Central Italy)". Journal of Hydrology 509 (fevereiro de 2014): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.003.

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Belussi, Fiorenza. "Path-dependency vs. industrial dynamics: an analysis of two heterogeneous districts". Human Systems Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1999): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18209.

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This paper studies the genesis and growth of two Italian industrial districts specialised in leather upholstered furniture. The first is of recent formation and is located on the border between two regions, Basilicata and Puglia, in the South of Italy. The second, which began during 1970s, is based in Emilia–Romagna in the area around Forlì. Both are specialised in upholstered furniture: sofas, armchairs, and others small items related to these products. The Forlì case resemble the typical Marshallian district, where, over time, a local system of small-specialised producers has formed. The case of Forlì represents a typical path dependent process. Here, a certain industrial structure, once favourable conditions has allowed it to emerge, has tended to reproduce itself, following over time the same pattern of interactions. Low levels of learning among firms is found. They use the local knowledge, historically produced within the area with little absorption and elaboration of external knowledge. On the contrary, the case of Matera–Altamura–Santeramo represents a quite new agglomeration in a rapidly growing industrial network, made up of large and medium size units, in which firms have activated a process of creation of new contextual (and localised) technical knowledge. Here local firms show a notable propensity toward generative learning (new knowledge is absorbed from the outside and combined with the existing local knowledge). Obviously, not all firms in the district are innovative, but a few of them are (particularly certain dominant final firms that head large production networks). While agent proximity favours imitative behaviours, over time, the propagation of knowledge in Forlì has socialised craft-based skills. In contrast, in Matera–Altamura–Santeramo, the existence of a Schumpeterian-driven process, has accelerated the diffusion of new knowledge, stressing the dynamics of an endogenous growth process internally generated by knowledgeable entrepreneurs. A thick network of hierarchical firms has worked as an accelerator of technical change.
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Becattini, Giacomo, e Fulvio Coltorti. "Areas of large enterprise and industrial districts in the development of post-war Italy: A preliminary survey". European Planning Studies 14, n.º 8 (setembro de 2006): 1105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654310600852415.

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