Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Impact Scientifique"
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Maddi, Abdelghani. "La quantification de la recherche scientifique et ses enjeux : bases de données, indicateurs et cartographie des données bibliométriques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD020/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe issue of productivity and the "quality" of scientific research is one of the central issues of the 21st century in the economic and social world. Scientific research, source of innovation in all fields, is considered the key to economic development and competitiveness. Science must also contribute to the societal challenges defined in the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (H2020) for example, such as health, demography and well-being. In order to rationalize public spending on research and innovation or to guide the investment strategies of funders, several indicators are developed to measure the performance of research entities. Now, no one can escape evaluation, starting with research articles, researchers, institutions and countries (Pansu, 2013, Gingras, 2016). For lack of methodological comprehension, quantitative indicators are sometimes misused by neglecting the aspects related to their method of calculation / normalization, what they represent or the inadequacies of the databases from which they are calculated. This situation may have disastrous scientific and social consequences. Our work plans to examine the tools of evaluative bibliometrics (indicators and databases) in order to measure the issues related to the quantitative evaluation of scientific performances. We show through this research that the quantitative indicators, can never be used alone to measure the quality of the research entities given the disparities of the results according to the analysis perimeters, the ex-ante problems related to the individual characteristics of researchers who directly affect the quantitative indicators, or the shortcomings of the databases from which they are calculated. For a responsible evaluation, it is imperative to accompany the quantitative measures by a qualitative assessment of the peers. In addition, we also examined the effectiveness of quantitative measures for the purpose of understanding the evolution of science and the formation of scientific communities. Our analysis, applied to a corpus of publications dealing the economic crisis, allowed us to show the dominant authors and currents of thought, as well as the temporal evolution of the terms used in this thematic
Makosso, Jean Félix. "Impact de l'information scientifique et technique sur l'agriculture au Congo". Lille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL3A001.
Texto completo da fonteRodriguez, Laura. "Savoir agir avec la nature : entre écologie scientifique, valeurs collectives et conceptions du monde". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG069/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the current regime of ecological crisis, one generally expects actions and decisions about environmental issues to be enlighten by scientific knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view by investigating how ecological knowledge and actions on nature are linked. I propose to study the interweaving between ecological knowledge, collective values and conceptions of nature in documents related to three types of actions (conservation in a nature reserve, environmental impact assessment, and ecological restoration). I lean on a field study where these actions are embodied, the plain of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). First, I examine how different types of ecological knowledge are translated in (and are influenced in return by) specific actions. I show that, in addition to the practical constraints of any action, this mutual relation is shaped by scientific cultural dynamics, as well as historical trajectories of these knowledges and actions. Then, I explain how the need to guarantee both credibility and legitimacy create an inherent tension in environmental actions. Finally, I explore how knowledge is based on preconceptions about our relationships with nature, and lead to specific ways of acting. From these insights, I suggest some trails to know and act differently with nature in the context of current ecological issues
Abbonato, Diletta. "The role of artificial intelligence for societal challenges". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAB004.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing societal challenges, focusing on its impact on scientific research, industrial development, and public perceptions. Chapter 1 explores the scientific outcome of interdisciplinary collaborations between physicians and AI specialist during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chapter 2 discusses the impact of Transformers on science, with a focus on the co-development of AI technology between universities and industry. Chapter 3 explores public perceptions on the main technologies of fourth industrial revolution (4IR). The thesis positions AI as a transformative technology, calling for proactive governance to optimize its benefits and mitigate its risks
Morais, Jessica. "La bonne entente en haute mer : impact de la mission scientifique sur les relations sociales dans l’expédition de Nicolas Baudin (1800-1804)". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8773.
Texto completo da fonteHaddouni, Mounia. "Algorithmes de résolution de la dynamique du contact avec impact et frottement". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI022/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe applications of the nonsmooth multibody systems field cover several fields including aeronautics, automotive, robotics, railway, virtual reality and watch industry to cite a few. These industrial applications have ever more stringent requirements on both accuracy and speed of the numerical methods used for the computation of the dynamics. As a consequence, the research in the nonsmooth mechanics domain is very active, to provide better integration methods for the resolution of the equations of motions and to develop better models for the contact problems with and without friction. Since the nonsmooth mechanics framework allows for jumps in the velocity and in the acceleration of the mechanical systems, the resulting algorithms have to handle such non-smoothness. In this PhD, several numerical schemes for the resolution of index-3, index-2 and index-1 DAEs are compared on industrial benchmarks with bilateral and unilateral constraints. The aim is to improve the efficiency of the Ansys Rigid Body solver which is based on an event-driven integration strategy. Points of comparison include the enforcement of the bilateral constraints, time efficiency and handling the stiff dynamics. This study also aimed at having a clear idea on the choice of the most suitable integration method for a given mechanical system knowing its characteristics (number of contacts, presence of bilateral constraints, stiff dynamics...). The second part discusses several issues that frequently occur in the simulation of multibody systems, namely, the problem of accumulation of impacts, the resolution of friction and handling the jumps resulting from the presence of some geometrical singularities. Dealing with such issues is very difficult, especially in the framework of event-driven schemes. In order to handle these problems, a mixed event-driven/time-stepping scheme is developed which takes advantage of both integration families (event-driven and time-stepping). Several examples are used to validate our methodology
Charles, Kevin. "Activités de recherche scientifique et développement économique des territoires : le cas des sciences de la mer en Bretagne Occidentale". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0100/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe place of scientific research activities in the economic dynamics, especially their links with enterprises and territories have been studied largely since the 1990s, and have produced extensive literature. After first synthesizing and putting those studies into perspective, this thesis intends to contribute to the analysis of the role of this research in the economic development of territories, focusing on the local territory. Our reflexion is based on a double case study, both thematic and geographical: the field of marine sciences, with the territories of Brest and Western Brittany (France) as a baseline case. Three types of methods are implemented. First, to characterize the field of marine research, scientific production in that field is analyzed on a global scale. This step highlights the inclusion of this field in the institutional and territorial realities: locally based scientific entities, and even in some cases whole local research systems. Then, the economic benefits related to the localized spending of the research activity are estimated, mainly using an input-output modeling adapted to the regional and local scales. If the results do reveal the relatively limited nature of these benefits in our case study, they also reveal the good potential of the research activity in terms of outputs multipliers, added value and employment. Finally, the impacts of research on supply actors are grasped, namely "knowledge transfer" types of effects. A comparative survey is conducted on two territories: Brest and Bergen (Norway). Several factors, both internal and external to scientific institutions, appear to be decisive in the level and quality of such transfers at large: more specifically, the extent to which the research conducted locally and the locally existing economic activities match. A strong heterogeneity in the distribution of those effects – disciplinary, sectorial and spatial – can also be observed. Overall, the results shed singular and innovative light on the potential integration of the research activity in a territorial development strategy
Brisson, Thomas. "Une migration intellectuelle post-coloniale et son impact scientifique : les intellectuels arabes en France face à la redéfinition des savoirs sur le monde arabe (milieu des années 1950 - fin des années 1970)". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS018S.
Texto completo da fonteGrégoire, David. "Initiation, propagation, arrêt et redémarrage de fissures sous impact". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418626.
Texto completo da fonteDes expériences de rupture dynamique ont donc été réalisées sur du Polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA) durant lesquelles la mixité du chargement varie et des arrêts et redémarrages de fissures se produisent. Deux bancs d'essais différents ont été utilisé, le premier basé sur la technique des barres de Hopkinson (ou barres de Kolsky), le second mettant en jeu un vérin rapide. Le PMMA étant transparent, la position de la fissure au cours de l'essai a été acquise grâce à des caméras rapides mais aussi en utilisant un extensomètre optique (Zimmer), habituellement dédié à la mesure de déplacements macroscopiques d'un contraste noir/blanc. L'utilisation de cet extensomètre pour suivre la fissure au cours de l'essai a permis d'obtenir une localisation très précise de la pointe de la fissure en continu, permettant ainsi l'étude des phases transitoires de propagation. Afin d'étudier le même phénomène dans des matériaux opaques comme les aluminiums aéronautiques (Al 7075), des techniques de corrélation d'images numériques ont été employées en mouchetant les éprouvettes impactées. De nouveaux algorithmes ont été développés afin de traiter les images issues d'une caméra ultra-rapide (jusqu'à 400 000 images par seconde).
Plusieurs géométries ont été envisagées afin d'étudier différents cas de propagation dynamique : initiation en mode I pur, initiation en mode mixte, propagation, arrêt, redémarrage, interaction entre deux fissures, influence d'un trou sur le trajet d'une fissure, branchement dynamique de fissures. Ces expériences ont ensuite été reproduites numériquement afin de valider les algorithmes et les critères de rupture choisis.
Vincent, Caroline. "Une écologie de circonstance ? Conceptions, transformations et effets de l'évaluation environnementale en France de 1976 à aujourd'hui". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB009.
Texto completo da fonteIntroduced in 1976 in France, the environmental assessment process reinvent environmental protection. By transforming the boundaries of environmental protection policy, - from protected areas to development projects -, this mechanism attempts to influence decision-making processes related to land-use planning. By intervening in the design, the information and the decision-making of land-use planning projects, environmental assessment aims to integrate the environment into the development of a project or planning document. However, given the current context of uncertainty and global ecological crisis, we can wonder whether this procedure has indeed led to a better integration of environmental issues into land-use planning, or whether it has served "more the cause of developers than that of environmental protectors", as S. Hebrard stated in 1982.The primary objective of this research was therefore to question the role played by environmental assessment in preserving the environment, after almost half a century of existence. To this end, we have been studying the evolution of the ecological content of environmental impact statements (EISs) produced since 1976. By analyzing the content of ecological scientific expertise, we were able to identify the way the management of environmental issues has evolved, in the context of land-use planning. These results have highlighted the existence of different power relations that structure the production processes of these EIS. The analysis of these relations has given us a new perspective on environmental public action and the construction of the general interest. The study of the evolution of ecological knowledge mobilized in these "detailed scientific expertise" (Naim-Gesbert 2015) reflects that of the "expert discourse" (Robert 2008) of ecological crisis management. In the case of EISs, this discourse is characterized both by the invisibilization of certain ecological consequences, and by a potential for more considerations of environmental issues in land-use planning. The wide variety of processes at work during EIS preparation led, to some extent, to the limitation of the transformative capacity of the process. Yet, this variety also highlighted the existence of a few levers that can help renewing the conception of land-use planning and the consideration given to the environment. This interdisciplinary work is based on the use of a qualitative methodology, which drew on a variety of materials: archival work made up of old and contemporary EIS, assessed via a specifically designed ecological quality assessment guide; but also fieldwork, archives and interviews enabling in-depth historical study of decision-making processes relating to project development
Vries, Herie de. "Cultural differences of scientific creativity : a relation with tolerance of ambiguity/uncertainty : an empirical study with children in Luxembourg, France, Thailand, India, and Russia Cultural differences in creativity: the role of immigration Scientific creativity: divergent and convergent thinking and the impact of culture Scientific creativity and ambiguity tolerance: "surface/process/core" products and student's cultural backgrounds Culture's actuation of scientific creativity: a relation with tolerance of ambiguity/uncertainty Scientific creativity in russia: fairytales or knowledge?" Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB052.
Texto completo da fonteThis work is an exploration of the relationship between culture as a social factor and the cognition of students' scientific creativity. Five studies were conducted. The results indicated several social factors associated with students' creative scientific cognition. The first exploratory study revealed a surprising and unexpected discovery related to cultural origins. For immigrant students of Asian origin, but not for students of European or American origin, the generally observed correlation between the personality trait "openness" and creativity has been reversed. The less "open" Asian students were more creative than the more "open" students in both cultural contexts. The second study confirmed that divergence and convergence are distinct processes of the two-step process of scientific creativity. The results also confirm that the convergent process is particularly important for scientific creativity. Finally, study 2 showed that the greater the number of family members of a child born outside France, the less they integrated the concepts during the convergent process. In addition, the divergent originality of ideas was also significantly lower for these students. The decrease in divergent and convergent creativity cannot be explained by the number of languages spoken or by socio-economic differences. The third study revealed a categorization of children's ideas, where they focus more on observable aspects (surface responses) or unobservable 'core' or 'process'. This categorization was not related to general intelligence. It was observed that the ideas were related to the specific levels of TA. Another unexpected fact is that the more the students themselves and their family members were born abroad, the more the students proposed "surface answers", not explicable by the number of languages spoken. The fourth study aimed to demonstrate a relationship between MT and the "surface-process-core" ideas of children in different cultural contexts: France, India and Thailand. The level of TA corresponded with existing national levels on the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance and categorization of responses. For example, in India, children gave more "surface" ideas than in France or Thailand. This reveals that TA, already between 9 and 11 years old, is related to differences in creative scientific potential. The fifth study showed that the categorization established was not related to success in science. The global study established a link between cognition and culture, which led to more understanding to foster scientific creativity for children of all cultures
Touret, Romain. "Aide à la décision dans l'évaluation des impacts des politiques de financement de la recherche". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED071.
Texto completo da fonteWe propose and experiment a model dedicated to the analysis of research funding policies able to support a decision-maker in the evaluation of his policy. The model thus relies on an original mechanism that focuses on the concept of the innovation system as a whole. Its design is also the result of mapping the current French system and analyzing its limits. Our model is thus built with the ambition of "re" placing the decision-maker at the center of the decision-making process, giving political orientation a leading role in the design of public research policies.In partnership with the Centre-Val de Loire region in France, weʼve tested our model. This work has thus highlighted an adaptation behavior of the search operators. We conclude that it is possible, without loss of legitimacy, to guide at least one part of a system.Finally, we are using computer tools to develop a decision support model that represents the regional research funding policy as faithfully as possible. We finish by developing our model to design a decision support tool used by teams in the region to assist them in choosing projects to finance
Sauvé, Alexandre. "Caractérisation des effets systématiques de l'instrument Planck/HFI, propagation et impact sur les données scientifiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30362/document.
Texto completo da fontePlanck is an ESA spacecraft launched in 2009, its mission goal was to map with an exquisite precision the first light of Universe, to help understanding how it has formed. This ambitious objective requires a very high level of control on the instrumental effects. During the mission, it has been found that the component responsible of the digitization of scientific data introduced an unexpectedly high bias effect, preventing full exploitation of data from the Planck/HFI instrument. The present work relates how this bias effect was understood and successfully corrected for. A very deep analysis of the spacecraft detectors, the cryogenic chain, and the digitization component has been performed, which required a specific methodology to gather data from the spacecraft before the end of the mission and its decommissioning
Perret, Cathy. "L'accès aux emplois en entreprise des docteurs scientifiques : les impacts des collaborations industrielles". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356530.
Texto completo da fonteDans cette perspective, la première partie est consacrée à l'élaboration d'un cadre d'analyse qui propose d'établir des liens entre le processus de production des connaissances, la formation et l'accès au marché du travail. Dans le premier chapitre centré sur l'analyse de la préparation du doctorat, nous définissons les attributs communs à tous les docteurs ès sciences, puis nous présentons les caractéristiques spécifiques engendrées par l'existence de collaborations industrielles. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l'étude des déterminants de leur accès aux emplois en entreprise à partir de l'examen des théories du fonctionnement du marché du travail articulées avec les hypothèses avancées sur les caractéristiques des docteurs. Nous soulignons le poids des stratégies des diplômés relatives à leur formation et à leur quête d'emploi. Nous présentons également les influences possibles des stratégies de formation des docteurs par les entreprises, de leurs modes de recherche d'un salarié, de leurs politiques de gestion des chercheurs et de leurs modes de gestion des activités de R&D.
La seconde partie est consacrée à l'analyse empirique des effets des collaborations entre la sphère académique et l'industrie sur le devenir des docteurs et sur leur entrée en entreprise, notamment comme chercheur industriel. Cette analyse s'appuie sur des exploitations statistiques et économétriques de l'enquête du Céreq sur les diplômés de doctorat de 1994 et d'une enquête spécifique concernant plus de 250 équipes de recherche. Le troisième chapitre concerne ainsi l'étude des impacts des différentes formes de collaborations que les docteurs entretiennent avec les entreprises dans le cadre de leurs travaux de thèse. Le quatrième chapitre est dédié à l'analyse des effets des équipes de recherche et de leurs collaborations industrielles, c'est-à-dire des rôles d'intermédiaires qu'elles sont susceptibles de jouer sur le marché du travail (réseaux, signaux, etc.). Quant au cinquième chapitre, il approfondit les analyses en déterminant le poids respectif des collaborations des docteurs et de celles de leur équipe selon les disciplines.
ENNAS, GIANFRANCO. "Technological cycles, Meta-Ranking and Open Access Performance". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266821.
Texto completo da fonteQuéré, Nadine. "La Fasciathérapie Méthode Danis Bois et les fascias sous l’éclairage des recherches scientifiques actuelles: aspects tissulaires, vasculaires, cellulaires et biochimiques". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/1561.
Texto completo da fonteCe mémoire présente une exploration de certaines recherches scientifiques concernant les fascias afin d’éclairer les impacts cellulaires et biochimiques du geste thérapeutique manuel en fasciathérapie Méthode Danis Bois. Ma recherche s’est effectuée à partir de publications récentes : ouvrages, documents Internet et articles scientifiques et aussi à partir d’une présentation faite au Premier Congrès International de Recherche sur les Fascias à Boston en 2007. J’aborde ce sujet sur la base de mon expérience de thérapeute et de formatrice en formation continue en kinésithérapie. Les résultats de cette recherche permettent de mieux comprendre les impacts du geste manuel sur la globalité corporelle, sur les tonus, sur la transmission entre informations mécaniques et informations biochimiques, sur le changement de régime du flux vasculaire (flux turbulent en flux laminaire) et sur les voies somato-psychiques. This report presents an exploration of certain scientific researches results concerning fascias in order to highlight the cellular and biochemical impacts of manual therapy in fasciatherapy -Danis Bois Method. My research carried out using recent publications : books, internet documents and scientific articles and also a presentation made at the First International Fascia Research Congress in Boston in 2007. I approach this subject on the basis as an experience of therapist and also as a teacher in continuing education for physiotherapists. The results of this research bring better understanding of the impacts of manual therapy on the whole body, on the tonus, on the transmission between mechanical information and biochemical information, on the modification of vascular flow (turbulent flow in laminar flow) and on the somato-psychic links. Este trabalho apresenta uma exploração de algumas investigações cientίficas no que concerne os fascias, no sentido de clarificar os impactos celulares e bioquίmicos do gesto terapêutico manual em fasciaterapia Método Danis Bois. A minha investigação efectuou-se a partir de publicações recentes : obras, documentos Internet e artigos cientίficos, bem como de uma apresentação feita no Primeiro Congresso Internacional de Investigação sobre os Fascias em Boston em 2007. Abordo este tema sob a base da minha experiência de terapeuta e de formadora em formação contίnua em fisioterapia. Os resultados desta investigação permitem melhor compreender os impactos do gesto manual sobre a globalidade corporal, sobre o tónus, sobre a transmissão entre informações mecânicas e bioquίmicas, sobre a mudança de regime do fluxo vascular (fluxo turbulento en fluxo laminar) e sobre as vias somato-psίquicas.
Alom, Bartroli Montserrat. "Les stratégies d'acteurs dans les collaborations scientifiques avec le Sud : chercheurs et agences de financement dans les sciences sociales". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB235.
Texto completo da fonteIn recent decades scientific research has been marked by a transformation of funding methods. Formerly financed mainly by core funding, what prevails now is project funding through calls for projects, which results in increased competition. In addition, a number of policies and practices lead to the definition of a limited number of research topics eligible for funding. These developments, which go hand in hand with the rise of international scientific collaborations, have led to major changes in scientific communities, their activities and their productions, forcing researchers to enter into a close relationship with funding agencies. The former global configuration of research where a small number of Northern agencies were subsidizing Southern "research for development" projects has given way to the proliferation and restructuring of funding agencies both in the South and the North. On the basis of these evolutions, we asked ourselves two main questions: in what way do researchers in the social sciences mobilize the different actors of research (funding agencies, social actors) in the framework of international research projects, from their design to their realization? How do these strategies differ according to the organizational modes and policies of the agencies funding the projects? Based on the actor-network theory of B. Latour and M. Callon, and particularly on the concept of "interessement", we examine the mobilization strategies of researchers involved in international collaborative projects in the social sciences, within the framework of translation operations and knowledge production processes that characterize research practice. We interviewed 59 researchers who participated in projects funded by 3 funding agencies with very different research policies and modes of operation: the European Commission (FP7 projects), the Center for Coordination of Research (CCR) of the International Federation of Catholic Universities, and Canada's International Development Research Center (IDRC). First, we investigated researchers' strategies to obtain funds for international research and their appropriation of agencies' cognitive frames. Topic choice was examined through their specialization, their disciplinary membership, the results of previous projects, the policy of their institution, their deep motivations, the reality of the phenomena studied in their context, or the resources available. Secondly, we looked at strategies to mobilize non-academics, and at the mechanisms linking research and society in the process of bringing the sciences into democracy. We have thus identified the approaches enabling researchers to associate social and political actors with their research and to bring their results out of academic circles. Our research shows strategies that follow a cumulative process over time, such as that evoked in B. Latour's and S. Woolgar's theory of "credibility cycles". In addition, these strategies allow us to interpret finely the processes leading to projects' realization, which diverge considerably according to the researchers and the agencies, but which underline the capacity of Southern researchers to position themselves as full-fledged actors (actor-networks). This also brings us to reinterpret international collaborations
Codarin, Antonio. "Zonizzazione acustica subacquea del golfo di Trieste: implementazione delle conoscenze tecniche e scientifiche per la valutazione del clima acustico e dei suoi effetti sull'ecosistema marino". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10141.
Texto completo da fonteSotto la superficie del mare il suono svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella vita di molti organismi marini, in quanto fornisce una visuale in tre dimensioni dello spazio circostante il singolo individuo, che si estende spesso ben oltre quello fornito dagli altri sensi. L’introduzione da parte dell’uomo di diverse tipologie di rumori in questo ambiente, quindi, desta sempre maggiori preoccupazioni, poiché qualsiasi cosa alteri la capacità di individuare e analizzare il panorama acustico circostante può interferire negativamente con la comunicazione, il comportamento, la fitness e, in termini generali, con la sopravvivenza delle specie. La posizione strategica occupata dal golfo di Trieste, un bacino di acque relativamente poco profonde situato nel Nord Adriatico, unitamente alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche delle sue coste, fanno sì che qui possano svilupparsi molteplici attività che dipendono fortemente dal mare, come quella mercantile, alieutica e diportistica. Considerata la facilità di propagazione dell’onda sonora nell’acqua e tenendo conto che il rumore non conosce “barriere” giurisdizionali, le specie che vivono in esso saranno inevitabilmente sottoposte a pressioni di diversa portata, sia di tipo diffuso che puntuale. Nonostante la Comunità Europea, grazie alla Direttiva 2008/56/CE (Direttiva Quadro per l’ambiente marino, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, MSFD)cerchi di fornire gli strumenti per far fronte a questa preoccupante problematica che insiste sulle risorse marine, si sa ancora molto poco sulla distribuzione spaziale e temporale del rumore antropico subacqueo, sia nel golfo di Trieste che in Italia. Il presente lavoro di ricerca, svolto in collaborazione con l’Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente del Friuli Venezia Giulia (ARPA FVG),si è posto il fine di colmare le lacune conoscitive in tale ambito ed ha voluto dare 1) un quadro dettagliato della distribuzione annuale del rumore antropico subacqueo in tutto il golfo di Trieste, 2) individuare, grazie ad esso, in termini spazio-temporali, eventuali aree di “sofferenza acustica” per la fauna marina normalmente presente nell’area e, infine, 3) valutare, tramite l’utilizzo di un modello di propagazione del rumore, le modalità sito-specifiche di propagazione del rumore, simulando scenari a diverse frequenze e in diverse stagioni dell’anno. A tal fine il rumore ambientale subacqueo è stato registrato mensilmente da gennaio a dicembre 2012 in 12 stazioni collocate in posizioni strategiche nel golfo di Trieste, valutando contemporaneamente anche il numero di navi, imbarcazioni e natanti presenti al momento della registrazione. La perdita in trasmissione del suono e stata calcolata utilizzando la Parabolic Equation, risolta col modello di propagazione acustica Miami Monterey Parabolic Equation(MMPE). I risultati evidenziano un’assenza di variabilità tra il clima acustico estivo e quello invernale, con un’intensità media è pari a 125 dB re 1 µPa e con picchi di massima intensità in prossimità del porto di Trieste e della zona al largo di Lignano; le intensità medie delle bande di 1/3 di ottava centrate sui 63 e 125 Hz, invece, sono sempre inferiori ai 100 dB re 1 µPa. A livello spaziale la zona caratterizzata dai va-lori di minore intensità è posizionata nella parte occidentale del golfo. La frequentazione antropica è in gran parte a carico del naviglio mercantile e dei natanti da diporto di piccole dimensioni. Esaminando l’andamento nella stagione estiva e in quella invernale, non è possibile rilevare differenze significative nelle diverse tipologie considerate, fatto che sembra giustificare l’assenza di variazione stagionale del clima acustico. A livello spaziale, nelle tre zone considerate, sia annualmente che d’inverno, si notano differenze significative solo nel numero delle imbarcazioni da pesca. In generale, le grandi navi sono quelle che danno il maggior apporto al rumore ambientale locale. I Gadidae, Clupeiformes e Sciaenidae, nelle zone orientali e centrali del golfo di Trieste, sono gli organismi sottoposti al maggior superamento, da parte del rumore di fondo, della rispettiva soglia acustica. Le differenze maggiori si riscontrano per lo più tra i 200 ed i 300 Hz circa, dove si colloca la maggior sensibilità uditiva di molte specie. Proprio in questo range di frequenze il modello MMPE indica la minima perdita in propagazione dell’onda sonora, che può raggiungere anche i 20 km di distanza dalla sorgente. Il modello ha permesso di evidenziare, quindi, che nelle vicinanze di forti sorgenti di rumore potrebbero aver luogo reazioni di tipo comportamentale e, che, per avere quadro più esaustivo, sarebbe consigliato monitorare altre frequenze oltre alle 63 e 125 Hz attualmente proposte. I risultati di questa ricerca, prima in Adriatico su scala spazio-temporale così ampia, hanno fornito una dettagliata analisi delle pressioni, dei potenziali impatti predominanti nell’area e delle condizioni di clima acustico in cui versa il golfo di Trieste. Per rispondere alle richieste della MSFD, i valori di intensità rilevati non possono escludere che siano a livelli tali da non avere effetti negativi sull’ambiente marino: possono verificarsi, infatti, effetti di tipo fisiologico-stressorio a livello del singolo organismo, e di interferenza nella comunicazione nelle specie che utilizzano il suono come strumento di trasferimento di informazione intra e interspecifico. Si ritiene che i valori di riferimento proposti in questo lavoro, in un’ottica precauzionale, siano un valido contributo iniziale per la determinazione dello stato ecologico dell’area. L’attuale prosecuzione dell’attività di monitoraggio del rumore sottomarino condotta da ARPA FVG, da affiancare in futuro a sistemi di acquisizione in continuo ed all’analisi di altre componenti del fenomeno acustico, quali il movimento delle particelle, permetterà sicuramente di ampliare, unitamente ad un confronto con le realtà transfrontaliere, le conoscenze sul rumore antropico. Ciò permetterà di regolamentare, anche da un punto di vista giuridico, l’introduzione del suono sotto la superficie del mare e di raggiungere gli obiettivi della MSFD previsti entro il 2020.
Under the sea surface sound plays a vital role for many marine organisms, as it provides a visual three-dimensional space surrounding the individual, which is often extends beyond that provided by other senses. Introduction by humans of different types of noise in this environment, therefore, affects the ability to identify and analyze the landscape surrounding noise may cause harmful interference with communication, behavior, fitness and, in general terms, with the species’ survival. The strategic position of Trieste Gulf, a shallow water coastal zone located inthe Northern Adriatic Sea, together with the geomorphological characteristics of its coasts, can develop a variety of activities that are highly dependent on the sea, like the merchant , fishing and pleasure boating. Given the ease of propagation of the sound wave in the water and taking into account that the noise does not know jurisdictionalbarriers, the species that live in it will inevitably be subjected to pressures of different scales ,both of which diffuse on time. Despite the European Union, thanks to 2008/56/EC Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD ) seeks to provide the tools to cope with this troubling issue that insists on marine resources , is not yet known very little about the spatial and temporal distribution of anthropogenic underwater noise , both in the Gulf of Trieste in Italy. This research work was performed in collaboration with the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (ARPA FVG), place the order to fill gaps in knowledge in this area and wanted to give 1 ) a framework detailed annual distribution of background underwater noise in the Gulf of Trieste , 2 ) to identify, thanks to it, in terms of space and time, any areas of suffering acoustic for marine life normally present in the area and, finally,3 ) to assess, through the use of a model of noise propagation, the site-specific mode of propagation of noise, simulating scenarios at different frequencies and in different seasons of the year. Underwater ambient noise was recorded monthly from January to December 2012 at 12 stations placed at strategic locations in the Gulf of Trieste; at the same time total amount of ships, boats and vessels present at the time of registration were counted. Transmission loss was calculated using the Parabolic Equation, solved with the model of acoustic propagation Monterey Miami Parabolic Equation (MMPE). Results show an absence of the noise climate variability between summer and winter, with an average intensity level equals to 125 dB re 1 Pa and a maximum in the vicinity of the port of Trieste and the area off the coast of Lignano; the average intensities of the bands in 1/3 octave band centered on 63 and 125 Hz, however, are always less than 100 dB re 1 Pa. A spatially area characterized by the values of lower intensity is located in the western part of the Gulf. The attendance is largely anthropogenic load of merchant ships and small recreational boat. Looking at the summer and winter trend, it is not possible to detect significant differences in the various types considered, which seems to justify the absence of seasonal variation of the noise climate. In terms of space, in the three areas considered, both annual and winter, significant differences are noted only in the number of fishing vessels. In general, large ships are the ones that make the greatest contribution to local environmental noise. The Gadidae, Clupeiformes and Sciaenidae, in the eastern and central parts of the Gulf of Trieste, are the organisms subjected to the most overrun by the background noise of the respective acoustic threshold. The largest differences are found mostly between about 200 and 300 Hz, where does the greater auditory sensitivity of many species. In this frequency range MMPE model indicates minimal loss in sound propagation, which can reach up to 20 km away from the source. The model has allowed to show, therefore, that in the vicinity of strong noise sources could take place, and behavioral reactions, which, in order to have more complete picture, it would be advisable to monitor other frequencies in addition to the 63 and 125 Hz currently proposed. The results of this research, first in the Adriatic Sea onspatio-temporal scale so large, they have provided a detailed analysis of the pressures, the potential impacts of the conditions prevailing in the area and of the acoustic climate prevailing in the Gulf of Trieste. To meet the requirements of the MSFD, the intensity values measured cannot rule out that they are at levels that do not have adverse effects on the marine environment can occur, in fact, the effects of physiological stressorio - level of the individual organism, and interference in communication in species that use sound as a tool for intra-and interspecies transfer of information. It is believed that the reference values proposed in this work, from a precautionary measure, are a valuable contribution to the initial determination of the ecological status of the area. The current continuation of the monitoring of the underwater noise conducted by ARPA FVG, alongside in future systems of continuous acquisition and analysis of other components of the acoustic phenomenon, such as the movement of particles, will certainly broaden , together with a comparison with the realities of cross border knowledge about man-made noise. This will allow you to regulate, even from a legal point of view, the introduction of sound in the sea surface and to achieve the objectives of the MSFD expected by 2020.
XXVI Ciclo
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Guillemant, Stanislas. "Étude et simulations des phénomènes d'interactions satellite-plasma et de leurs impacts sur les mesures de plasmas basses énergies". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2282/.
Texto completo da fonteScientific satellites immersed in various space environments are surrounded by plasmas which they are supposed to analyze, using instruments such as particle detectors. The presence of these structures within the plasma leads to a variety of complex and inter-correlated spacecraft/plasma interactions. The space plasma modifies the satellite which in return disturbs its close environment. On-board instruments measure a perturbed plasma and it is difficult to distinguish the natural signal from biased measurements. The objective of this thesis is to study and improve the understanding of the spacecraft/plasma interactions, through numerical simulations performed with the SPIS software, on the low energy domain (<100 eV), as those particles are the most perturbed. The aim is to understand plasma measurements on realistic cases, by establishing a methodology of simulating those issues. I simulate interactions between the Solar Probe Plus, Solar Orbiter, Cluster missions and their respective environments, including the associated measurements. The analysis of the obtained results allows the understanding of the various cases and the validation of the methodology developed during this work
Topalli, Margerita. "Three essays on the impact of economic transition on Central and Eastern European enterprises". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0003.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this doctoral study is to investigate the impact of economic transition process, from centrally planned economy to market economy, on the enterprises in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries from 1989 to 2016. In the two first articles, to map the intellectual structure of economic transition and of privatization, as the main component of transition, has been used Co-Word Analysis (CWA) on extant literature. CWA consists initially in extracting the most important concepts describing a research field from titles and/or abstracts on the basis of a large number of scholarly papers, then calculating the occurrences of each concept and generating clusters of such concepts based on the strength of their association. CWA display these clusters in a 2D map depending on their internal and external strength of each cluster that represents the intellectual structure of the research field in question. The results of these two articles, along with other authors (Berglöf & Roland, 2006; Stiglitz, 2000, 2006), emphasize the importance of non-economic factors on enterprise performance. According to (Frye & Shleifer, 1997), among the non-economic and non-institutional factors, corruption, is identified as the element that played an important role during the transition process and as Intriligator (1996) confirms, also during the privatization process. Though in the last article, are provided new insights of the impact of corruption, crime and “time tax” on enterprise performance
Bourdaud, Pierre. "Impact of a landing obligation on coupled dynamics ecosystem-fishers : individual-based modelling approach applied to Eastern English Channel". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0474/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis was to anticipate the effects if the EU Landing Obligation (LO) implemented since the beginning of 2015 in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). To achieve these objectives, it was planned to : i) better understand seasonal spatial distribution of commercial species using on-board commercial vessels observation data, ii) compare them with the final scale fishing effort distribution of EEC bottom otter trawlers (OTB), and iii) develop an individual-based model of fleet-dynamics, DSVM, to be integrated within the ecosystem model OSMOSE to simulate a LO. The usefulness of on-board observation data was proved for a main part of a species sample, using validation from the literature and a geostatistical indicator. Then the comparison of fine scale fishing effort provided an improvement of the quantification of effective fishing effort and emphasized the importance of cuttlefish and red mullet for the global distribution of EEC OTB. In addition, the targeting intensity of OTB was quantified in October using a newly-developed indicator, and demonstrated the attractiveness of the same species, but also the constraint of low cod quota for fishers. Results of the OSMOSE-DSVM coupling show that the LO would have short-term negative effects on fishers' revenue, induced by a large reallocation of their fishing effort to avoid quota over-shooting, but would be profitable in the medium-term. However, the LO would induce an increase of the predatory pressure operated by cod and withing on the other species, which would not improve the overall ecosystem health
Fougy, Lysiane. "Les impacts de la réduction de la teneur en sel sur la conservation et les écosystèmes bactériens des chipolatas". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA039/document.
Texto completo da fonteSalt content plays a key role in meat product preservation since it inhibits bacterial growth. However, dietary guidelines aim to reduce salt content in food. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the bacterial community of raw pork sausages and the spoilage phenomenon of these products under salt reduction conditions and (2) to correlate the organoleptic deterioration of the products to modifications in bacterial community.We first characterized the raw pork sausages spoilage by sensory and physicochemical analysis. The work demonstrates that spoilage intensity is greater under a reduced salt content, particularly when sausages are packaged under modified atmosphere. The spoilage is characterized by the production of sulfur, sour and rancid off-odors, a decrease in pH of the sausages and an increase of exudate production.At the same time, we described the bacterial diversity of spoiled sausages through 16S rRNA analysis. Abundance of bacterial species was quantified by qPCR. With these methods, we were able to distinguish the dominant population from the subdominant population. Reducing salt content causes an abundance imbalance between these two populations. This imbalance does not result from an increase of the dominant species; it results from a decrease in abundance of subdominant species.To understand the roles of these bacterial populations, we analyzed their metabolic activities by RNA-Seq approach. The works highlight a high metabolic activity of the subdominant species. When the salt concentration is lowest, the expression of Serratia sp. genes involved in the fermentation of pyruvate to produce ethanol, CO2 and acetate is most important. The acetate production may be connected to the spoilage defaults observed (decrease in pH, exudate production and sour off-odors).These studies reveal that salt reduction impacts the bacterial community of raw pork sausages (abundance and metabolic activities) and this disruption compromises the organoleptic quality of the products
Hannachi, Riadh. "Etude expérimentale et propriétés radiatives d'un plasma thermique induit par impact laser à la surface de milieux aqueux eau-chlorure de calcium/chlorure de magnésium/chlorure de sodium". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/89/.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is part of a project concerning the development of a process which enables the detection of pollutants in water using a laser ablation device. The impact of a laser beam on a material allows to vaporize it and to generate a plasma. The elementary composition of the sample is obtained by the spectroscopic analysis of the ionized gas. This method, applicable to any kind of materials (solid, liquid, gaseous, insulating or conductive) is known as LIBS (Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscopy). A Nd: Yag laser (lambda = 532 nm, pulse duration 4ns, deposited energy 30 mJ, frequency 5 Hz) is used to generate a plasma on the surface of liquid targets containing weak proportions of alkaline salts (5. 10-4 to 2 mol/liter of CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl). This work allowed to test the sensibility of the process and to define the detection limits of the species Ca, Mg and Na acting as impurities. Various optical emission spectroscopy diagnosis techniques based upon the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) are used to characterize the plasma plume in its extinction phase (temperature and species densities). The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the development of calculation codes enabling the determination of the chemical equilibrium composition and radiative properties: the mean absorption coefficients k\lambda (m-1) by frequency bands and the net emission coefficient epsilon\N (W. M-3. Sr-1). .
Gaillet-Torrent, Marie. "Quels apports des méthodologies issues de la psychologie cognitive pour comprendre le comportement alimentaire ? : impact d'un amorçage olfactif". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995273.
Texto completo da fonteTOGNI, LARA. "Le reti nel mondo della scienza: tre elaborati sulla collaborazione scientifica". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1875.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to study the complex relationship between scientific productivity and (formal and informal) scientific collaborations. We follow an approach which goes beyond the classical trade-off that emerged from the literature around networks studies and game theory, in the attempt of developing a synthesis between a micro and a macro approach. In doing so, we enrich the toolset of available methodologies by adopting instruments which are typical of Network Analysis (e.g.: networks’ indices of centrality and clustering), Econometrics (e.g.: ZIP and Censored regressions), and Experimental Economics (e.g.: Laboratory experiments). In particular, we look at two different scientific communities, in order to capture different characteristics of the networks: the community of Top geographers, and the community of Italian economists. This thesis is structured with a view to emphasising the role that the incentives which move scientists within their network of collaboration play on shaping the network itself, but also on influencing their scientific productivity. The thesis is composed of three different essays, each of which approaches the phenomena of scientific production and collaboration from different perspectives, allowing me to highlight the role played by four basic components (i.e.: networks, scientific communities, collaborative behaviours, individual incentives and collective outcomes) in shaping the structure and dynamics of the “world of science”.
TOGNI, LARA. "Le reti nel mondo della scienza: tre elaborati sulla collaborazione scientifica". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1875.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to study the complex relationship between scientific productivity and (formal and informal) scientific collaborations. We follow an approach which goes beyond the classical trade-off that emerged from the literature around networks studies and game theory, in the attempt of developing a synthesis between a micro and a macro approach. In doing so, we enrich the toolset of available methodologies by adopting instruments which are typical of Network Analysis (e.g.: networks’ indices of centrality and clustering), Econometrics (e.g.: ZIP and Censored regressions), and Experimental Economics (e.g.: Laboratory experiments). In particular, we look at two different scientific communities, in order to capture different characteristics of the networks: the community of Top geographers, and the community of Italian economists. This thesis is structured with a view to emphasising the role that the incentives which move scientists within their network of collaboration play on shaping the network itself, but also on influencing their scientific productivity. The thesis is composed of three different essays, each of which approaches the phenomena of scientific production and collaboration from different perspectives, allowing me to highlight the role played by four basic components (i.e.: networks, scientific communities, collaborative behaviours, individual incentives and collective outcomes) in shaping the structure and dynamics of the “world of science”.
Dancette, Raphaëlle. "La biodiversité et les impacts de la recherche aux champs hydrothermaux main endeavour et mothra de la Zone de Protection Marine des sources hydrothermales d'Endeavour (EHVMPA)". Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1409/1/M10432.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteHarakat, Ismail. "Les acteurs de la coopération et la dimension socio-économique de la désertification dans le sud du Maroc : cas de Zagora". Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/628/1/M10054.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLanoue, Caroline. "Impact des services d'animation pédagogique de la Biosphère sur certaines conceptions d'élèves du deuxième cycle du primaire". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4904.
Texto completo da fonteScience education is essential in elementary school, but it is often neglected. Science museums can overcome this gap by providing practical educational resources, including educational programs. This research determines the impact of a Biosphere’s educational animation of certain conceptions of students from elementary school. The researcher chose a qualitative research and the chosen method is an exploratory case study. Students from a class have participated to this study. They attended a museum visit, insert in a didactic sequence. Using several data collection tools (questionnaires, interviews and observations), the researcher has been able to identify four levels of modified conceptions of students (significant evolution, a certain evolution, stable conceptions, confusion conceptions). Finally, she suggests some ways of improving the Biosphere’s animation to maximize the impact of the visit on student learning.
Loubaki, Guy Norbert. "Identification de conceptions en sciences susceptibles d'expliquer les différences de performances à une évaluation internationale entre le Québec et le Maroc". Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5634/1/D2482.pdf.
Texto completo da fonte