Artigos de revistas: "Immune complex diseases Immunological aspects"

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Troshina, Ekaterina A., Maria A. Terekhova e Ravida R. Akhmatova. "Immunological aspects of papillary thyroid cancer. What's new?" Clinical and experimental thyroidology 16, n.º 4 (15 de junho de 2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket12695.

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Studying of the common links of pathogenesis of endocrine, autoimmune and oncological diseases is the area of interest of researchers from all countries of the world. Comprehension of artificially created mutual influences of molecular-genetic, immune factors that underlie the development and progression of endocrine tumors, primarily thyroid cancer, is important for creation and application of innovative treatment methods in oncoendocrinology.Today, the question of considering autoimmune diseases as a potential cause of oncological processes or on the contrary to consider them as protective conditions in some types of malignant tumors, remains controversial.In particular, autoimmune thyropathies and papillary thyroid cancer is an interesting model for studying these complex relationships. . The purpose of this article is to discuss accumulated experience, review the literature devoted to the study of immunological aspects in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer, reconsider obtained material and form a conclusion.

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Podoprigora, Gennadiy Ignat'evich, Lyudmila Ivanovna Kafarskaya, Nikolay Alekseevich Baynov e Andrey Nikolaevich Shkoporov. "Bacterial Translocation from Intestine: Microbiological, Immunological and Pathophysiological Aspects". Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 70, n.º 6 (6 de dezembro de 2015): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn564.

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Bacterial translocation (BT) is both pathology and physiology phenomenon. In healthy newborns it accompanies the process of establishing the autochthonous intestinal microbiota and the host microbiome. In immunodeficiency it can be an aethio-pathogenetic link and a manifestation of infection or septic complications. The host colonization resistance to exogenous microbic colonizers is provided by gastrointestinal microbiota in concert with complex constitutional and adaptive defense mechanisms. BT may be result of barrier dysfunction and self-purification mechanisms involving the host myeloid cell phagocytic system and opsonins. Dynamic cell humoral response to microbial molecular patterns that occurs on the mucous membranes initiates receptor signaling pathways and cascade of reactions. Their vector and results are largely determined by cross-reactivity between microbiome and the host genome. Enterocyte barriers interacting with microbiota play leading role in providing adaptive, homeostatic and stress host reactivity. Microcirculatory ischemic tissue alterations and inflammatory reactions increase the intestinal barrier permeability and BT. These processes a well as mechanisms for apoptotic cells and bacteria clearance are justified to be of prospective research interest. The inflammatory and related diseases caused by alteration and dysfunction of the intestinal barrier are reasonably considered as diseases of single origin. Maternal microbiota affects the formation of the innate immune system and the microbiota of the newborn, including intestinal commensal translocation during lactation. Deeper understanding of intestinal barrier mechanisms needs complex microbiological, immunological, pathophysiological, etc. investigations using adequate biomodels, including gnotobiotic animals.

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Salmasi, J. M., A. N. Kazimirskii, I. V. Kukes, G. V. Poryadin e D. I. Pozdnyakov. "Interferoncontaining drugs: clinical, pharmacological, and immunological points of their use for respiratory diseases treatment". Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, n.º 11 (12 de agosto de 2021): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-11-210-220.

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Nowadays pharmacological group classified by the ATX L03AX code as immunostimulants is demand among doctors of various specialties. The main area of application of such drugs is infectious respiratory viral processes, which are associated not only with the pathogenetic action of viruses, but also with a high risk of bacterial complications. Thus, the practitioner is faced with the task of preventing such complications and choosing an immunomodulatory drug with the most pronounced pharmacodynamic properties in this regard. In Russia, there are many drugs belonging to the group of immunomodulators with different mechanisms of action and end pharmacological and immunological points of application. The emphasis of the mechanisms of action of such drugs is made on the effect on the systems of both innate and adaptive immunity. At the same time, the severity of the effect on both one and the other immune system in drugs that is strong enough may differ, which requires special attention from the doctor when choosing a drug in a particular situation. A special place in the group of immunomodulatory drugs used for infectious respiratory diseases is occupied by interferoncontaining drugs that contain interferon alfa-2b (IFN-a2b). In addition, there are combination of IFN-a2b with an immunoglobulin complex, which increases the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. The article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of administration this combined drug in pediatric practice and presents own experimental studies.

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Kusters, Johannes G., Arnoud H. M. van Vliet e Ernst J. Kuipers. "Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, n.º 3 (julho de 2006): 449–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00054-05.

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SUMMARY Helicobacter pylori is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong. H. pylori infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of H. pylori.

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Khammissa, R. A. G., R. Chandran, A. Masilana, J. Lemmer e L. Feller. "Adverse Immunologically Mediated Oral Mucosal Reactions to Systemic Medication: Lichenoid Tissue Reaction/Interface Dermatitis-Stomatitis, Autoimmune Vesiculobullous Disease, and IgE-Dependent and Immune Complex Reactions". Journal of Immunology Research 2018 (10 de junho de 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7645465.

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Drug-induced hypersensitivity immune reactions are exaggerated immunoinflammatory responses to allergenic components of the medications that occur in genetically susceptible subjects. The type of hypersensitivity immune response generated, whether antibody mediated or T cell mediated, or an immune complex reaction is determined by multiple factors, including the molecular characteristics of the allergen, the route of administration of the medication, the manner of presentation of the allergen by antigen-presenting cells to naïve T cells, the repertoire of the T cell receptors, and the cytokine profile within the microenvironment. This review deals with the clinical and histopathological aspects of adverse immunologically mediated oral mucosal reactions to systemic medication. We elaborate on diseases showing features of lichenoid tissue reaction/interface dermatitis-stomatitis, autoimmune vesiculobullous oral lesions, and immunoglobulin E- (IgE-) and immune complex-mediated oral reactions to drugs.

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Signorile, Anna, Anna Ferretta, Maddalena Ruggieri, Damiano Paolicelli, Paolo Lattanzio, Maria Trojano e Domenico De Rasmo. "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics". Antioxidants 10, n.º 1 (28 de dezembro de 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010021.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory and neurodegenerative chronic disease that involves the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). The pathogenesis involves the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity, resulting in the invasion of lymphocytes into the CNS with consequent tissue damage. The MS etiology is probably a combination of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. It has been proposed that T lymphocytes have a main role in the onset and propagation of MS, leading to the inflammation of white matter and myelin sheath destruction. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress exert a role in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis and are involved in the apoptosis resistance of immune cells with the consequent development of autoimmune diseases. The defective apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes in patients with MS, allows these cells to perpetuate, within the CNS, a continuous cycle of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the involvement in MS of cAMP pathway, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and their interaction in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis. In addition, we discuss a series of nutraceutical compounds that could influence these aspects.

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Campos-Valdez, Marina, Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez, Juan Armendáriz-Borunda e Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco. "Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability". Viruses 13, n.º 6 (18 de junho de 2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061167.

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The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.

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Alagawany, Mahmoud, Shaaban S. Elnesr, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Asmaa F. Khafaga, Ayman E. Taha, Ruchi Tiwari et al. "Use of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Herb as a Feed Additive in Poultry: Current Knowledge and Prospects". Animals 9, n.º 8 (7 de agosto de 2019): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080536.

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Supplementation of livestock and poultry diets with herbal plants containing bioactive components have shown promising reports as natural feed supplements. These additives are able to promote growth performance and improve feed efficiency, nutrient digestion, antioxidant status, immunological indices, and poultry health. Several studies have used complex herbal formulas with the partial inclusion of licorice. However, the individual use of licorice has been rarely reported. The major problem of the poultry industry is the epidemiological diseases, mainly confined to the respiratory, digestive, and immune systems. Licorice has certain bioactive components such as flavonoids and glycyrrhizin. The roots of this herb contain 1 to 9% glycyrrhizin, which has many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Licorice extracts (LE) have a positive effect on the treatment of high-prevalence diseases such as the immune system, liver, and lung diseases. Studies showed that adding LE to drinking water (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/L) reduced serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05) of broiler chickens. Moreover, LE supplementation in poultry diets plays a significant role in their productive performance by enhancing organ development and stimulating digestion and appetite. Along with its growth-promoting effects, licorice has detoxifying, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other health benefits in poultry. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent aspects of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) herb, including its chemical composition and role in safeguarding poultry health.

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Figueroa, J. E., e P. Densen. "Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, n.º 3 (julho de 1991): 359–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.3.359.

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The complement system consists of both plasma and membrane proteins. The former influence the inflammatory response, immune modulation, and host defense. The latter are complement receptors, which mediate the cellular effects of complement activation, and regulatory proteins, which protect host cells from complement-mediated injury. Complement activation occurs via either the classical or the alternative pathway, which converge at the level of C3 and share a sequence of terminal components. Four aspects of the complement cascade are critical to its function and regulation: (i) activation of the classical pathway, (ii) activation of the alternative pathway, (iii) C3 convertase formation and C3 deposition, and (iv) membrane attack complex assembly and insertion. In general, mechanisms evolved by pathogenic microbes to resist the effects of complement are targeted to these four steps. Because individual complement proteins subserve unique functional activities and are activated in a sequential manner, complement deficiency states are associated with predictable defects in complement-dependent functions. These deficiency states can be grouped by which of the above four mechanisms they disrupt. They are distinguished by unique epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic features and are most prevalent in patients with certain rheumatologic and infectious diseases. Ethnic background and the incidence of infection are important cofactors determining this prevalence. Although complement undoubtedly plays a role in host defense against many microbial pathogens, it appears most important in protection against encapsulated bacteria, especially Neisseria meningitidis but also Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and, to a lesser extent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The availability of effective polysaccharide vaccines and antibiotics provides an immunologic and chemotherapeutic rationale for preventing and treating infection in patients with these deficiencies.

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Amend, Anaïs, Natalie Wickli, Anna-Lena Schäfer, Dalina T. L. Sprenger, Rudolf A. Manz, Reinhard E. Voll e Nina Chevalier. "Dual Role of Interleukin-10 in Murine NZB/W F1 Lupus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 3 (29 de janeiro de 2021): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031347.

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As a key anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 is crucial in preventing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, in human and murine lupus, its role remains controversial. Our aim was to understand regulation and immunologic effects of IL-10 on different immune functions in the setting of lupus. This was explored in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice in vitro and vivo to understand IL-10 effects on individual immune cells as well as in the complex in vivo setting. We found pleiotropic IL-10 expression that largely increased with progressing lupus, while IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) levels remained relatively stable. In vitro experiments revealed pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-10 effects. Particularly, IL-10 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and slowed B cell proliferation, thereby triggering plasma cell differentiation. The frequent co-expression of ICOS, IL-21 and cMAF suggests that IL-10-producing CD4 T cells are important B cell helpers in this context. In vitro and in vivo effects of IL-10 were not fully concordant. In vivo IL-10R blockade slightly accelerated clinical lupus manifestations and immune dysregulation. Altogether, our side-by-side in vitro and in vivo comparison of the influence of IL-10 on different aspects of immunity shows that IL-10 has dual effects. Our results further reveal that the overall outcome may depend on the interplay of different factors such as target cell, inflammatory and stimulatory microenvironment, disease model and state. A comprehensive understanding of such influences is important to exploit IL-10 as a therapeutic target.

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Cohen-Inbar, Or, e Menashe Zaaroor. "Immunological Aspects of Malignant Gliomas". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, n.º 4 (13 de abril de 2016): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.34.

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AbstractGlioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain neoplasm having a mean survival time of <24 months. This figure remains constant, despite significant progress in medical research and treatment. The lack of an efficient anti-tumor immune response and the micro-invasive nature of the glioma malignant cells have been explained by a multitude of immune-suppressive mechanisms, proven in different models. These immune-resistant capabilities of the tumor result in a complex interplay this tumor shares with the immune system. We present a short review on the immunology of GBM, discussing the different unique pathological and molecular features of GBM, current treatment modalities, the principles of cancer immunotherapy and the link between GBM and melanoma. Current knowledge on immunological features of GBM, as well as immunotherapy past and current clinical trials, is discussed in an attempt to broadly present the complex and formidable challenges posed by GBM.

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Mueller-Loebnitz, Christoph, Helmut Ostermann, Anke Franzke, Juergen Loeffler, Lutz Uharek, Max Topp e Hermann Einsele. "Immunological Aspects ofCandidaandAspergillusSystemic Fungal Infections". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/102934.

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Patients with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have a high risk of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) even after neutrophil regeneration. Immunological aspects might play a very important role in the IFI development in these patients. Some data are available supporting the identification of high-risk patients with IFI for example patients receiving stem cells from TLR4 haplotype S4 positive donors. Key defense mechanisms against IFI include the activation of neutrophils, the phagocytosis of germinating conidia by dendritic cells, and the fight of the cells of the innate immunity such as monocytes and natural killer cells against germlings and hyphae. Furthermore, immunosuppressive drugs interact with immune effector cells influencing the specific fungal immune defense and antimycotic drugs might interact with immune response. Based on the current knowledge on immunological mechanism inAspergillus fumigatus, the first approaches of an immunotherapy using human T cells are in development. This might be an option for the future of aspergillosis patients having a poor prognosis with conventional treatment.

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Grogan, Laura F., Josephine E. Humphries, Jacques Robert, Chantal M. Lanctôt, Catherine J. Nock, David A. Newell e Hamish I. McCallum. "Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis". Journal of Fungi 6, n.º 4 (19 de outubro de 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040234.

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Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a frequently fatal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The severity and extent of the impact of the infection caused by these pathogens across modern Amphibia are unprecedented in the history of vertebrate infectious diseases. The immune system of amphibians is thought to be largely similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, such as mammals. However, amphibian hosts are both ectothermic and water-dependent, which are characteristics favouring fungal proliferation. Although amphibians possess robust constitutive host defences, Bd/Bsal replicate within host cells once these defences have been breached. Intracellular fungal localisation may contribute to evasion of the induced innate immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that once the innate defences are surpassed, fungal virulence factors suppress the targeted adaptive immune responses whilst promoting an ineffectual inflammatory cascade, resulting in immunopathology and systemic metabolic disruption. Thus, although infections are contained within the integument, crucial homeostatic processes become compromised, leading to mortality. In this paper, we present an integrated synthesis of amphibian post-metamorphic immunological responses and the corresponding outcomes of infection with Bd, focusing on recent developments within the field and highlighting future directions.

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Evstropov, Vladimir, Galina Zelenkova, Sergei Tresnitskii, Anna Spirina, Pavel Bykadorov, Mikhael Yenin, Еkaterina Danileyko e Alexey Ermakov. "Immunological aspects of inflammatory periodontal disease (analytical review)". E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021006005.

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Clinical and immunological parallels in inflammatory periodontal diseases are considered taking into account some features of the functioning of general and local structures of the immune system in periodontitis of varying severity, chronic generalized periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis. In the analysis of immunopathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases, an essential role is given to an imbalance in the immune and cytokine system.

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Karpenko, S. F., Kh M. Galimzyanov, N. B. Kasimova, O. V. Rubalski, A. V. Kraskov e O. N. Goryeva. "AGE ASPECTS OF THE CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COXIELLOSIS". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, n.º 6 (15 de dezembro de 2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40698.

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There are presented results of the clinical follow-up of 64 patients with moderate course of coxiellosis in whom the circulating immune complexes in the blood serum have been determined. All the patients received routine therapy, 29 patients were administered cycloferon intramuscularly, in dose of 2 ml, on the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th day of treatment. Clinical evidences of coxiellosis in the patients under routine treatment have been seen to be longer in the patients older than 50. Complex therapy with the use of cycloferon shortened the longevity of clinical evidences of the disease. By this the dependence of duration of clinical evidences of coxiellosis on the age disappeared. Content of circulating immune complexes of different sizes was higher in patients older than 50 years who received routine treatment only. Administration of cycloferon led to decreasing of activity of pathological immune complex processes and restoration of the normal content of common, average and low-molecular circulating immune complexes.

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Green-Johnson, Julia M. "Immunological Responses to Gut Bacteria". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2012): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge_green-johnson.

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Abstract The integral nature of interactions between the gut microbiota and host is especially evident with respect to effects on the immune system and host defenses. Host-microbiota interactions are increasingly being revealed as complex and dynamic, with far-reaching effects on varied aspects of host health. This review focuses on adaptive and innate immune responses to the gut microbiota and the bidirectional nature of these host-microbe interactions.

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Bocheva, Georgeta St, Radomir M. Slominski e Andrzej T. Slominski. "Immunological Aspects of Skin Aging in Atopic Dermatitis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 11 (27 de maio de 2021): 5729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115729.

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The cutaneous immune response is important for the regulation of skin aging well as for the development of immune-mediated skin diseases. Aging of the human skin undergoes immunosenescence with immunological alterations and can be affected by environmental stressors and internal factors, thus leading to various epidermal barrier abnormalities. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and skin dysbiosis in the advanced age, together with the genetic factors, facilitate the late onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly, whose cases have recently been on the rise. Controversial to the healthy aged skin, where overproduction of many cytokines is found, the levels of Th2/Th22 related cytokines inversely correlated with age in the skin of older AD patients. As opposed to an endogenously aged skin, the expression of the terminal differentiation markers significantly increases with age in AD. Despite the atenuated barrier disturbances in older AD patients, the aged skin carries an impairment associated with the aging process, which reflects the persistence of AD. The chronicity of AD in older patients might not directly affect skin aging but does not allow spontaneous remission. Thus, adult- and elderly subtypes of AD are considered as a lifelong disease.

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Berezhnova, Tatiyana A., Kseniya S. Dyadina e Yana V. Kulintsova. "Immune-Metabolic Therapy of Purulent Inflammatory Diseases". Research Results in Pharmacology 6, n.º 4 (12 de outubro de 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.55628.

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Introduction: Inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs rank among the leading ones in the total number of women of reproductive age. This results from a decrease in immunity, early sexual activity, neglect of personal hygiene, abortions, birth complications, etc. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 patients suffering from exacerbated chronic salpingo-oophoritis and its combination with bacterial vaginosis. In the study, all the patients were randomly divided into five groups, with 20 patients each. The patients were treated in the prescribed regimens and doses, according to the standards of specialized medical care. An immunomodulator immunomax and an antioxidant hypoxene were chosen as additional treatment options. Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured in all the patients before and after the treatment. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated 10-14 days later. In 18 people, the procedure was repeated after 2-3 months. Results and Discussion: It was found that the standard therapy to treat exacerbated chronic salpingo-oophoritis reduced inflammatory manifestations after 10-14 days; however, the risk of complications and relapse of the disease remained. Immunomax provided satisfactory second-order normalization of the immunological and metabolic parameters, ultimate normalization of pro-inflammatory parameters and absolutely no positive effect on the clinical parameters in patients with chronic salpingo-oophoritis in the acute stage, when compared with the standard treatment. A complex therapy of salpingo-oophoritis with bacterial vaginosis by means of immunomax and hypoxene aimed to normalize most clinical and laboratory parameters was absolutely positive; a moderate level of parameters was revealed only in cellular-humoral immunity. Conclusion: After 10-14 days, the standard treatment of patients resulted in normalization of the pro-inflammatory and immunological parameters, rather than the clinical and metabolic parameters. The administration of immunomax contributed to the correction of metabolic, immunological and pro-inflammatory markers, and the complex administration of an immunomodulator with an antioxidant favorably affected all the laboratory parameters.

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Deligeoroglou, Efthimios, Aikaterini Giannouli, Nikolaos Athanasopoulos, Vasileios Karountzos, Anastasia Vatopoulou, Konstantinos Dimopoulos e George Creatsas. "HPV Infection: Immunological Aspects and Their Utility in Future Therapy". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540850.

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High prevalence and mortality rates of cervical cancer create an imperative need to clarify the uniqueness of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection, which serves as the key causative factor in cervical malignancies. Understanding the immunological details and the microenvironment of the infection can be a useful tool for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Chronic infection and progression to carcinogenesis are sustained by immortalization potential of HPV, evasion techniques, and alterations in the microenvironment of the lesion. Inside the lesion, Toll-like receptors expression becomes irregular; Langerhans cells fail to present the antigens efficiently, tumor-associated macrophages aggregate resulting in an unsuccessful immune response by the host. HPV products also downregulate the expression of microenvironment components which are necessary for natural-killer cells response and antigen presentation to cytotoxic cells. Additionally HPV promotes T-helper cell 2 (Th2) and T-regulatory cell phenotypes and reduces Th1 phenotype, leading to suppression of cellular immunity and lesion progression to cancer. Humoral response after natural infection is inefficient, and neutralizing antibodies are not adequate in many women. Utilizing this knowledge, new endeavors, such as therapeutic vaccination, aim to stimulate cellular immune response against the virus and alter the milieu of the lesion.

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Attiyah, Sama M. N. "A Mini Review on Immune System and Immunological Diseases: Properties, Classification and Evolutional Aspects". Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2020): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.4/3.

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Silva, Camila Radelley Azevedo Costa da, Lisiane Vital de Oliveira, Lorenna Peixoto Lopes, Wancler Albert Gomes dos Santos e Isabela Karine Rodrigues Agra. "Immunological aspects of coronavirus disease during pregnancy: an integrative review". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, n.º 5 (maio de 2020): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.5.696.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To review the immunological aspects of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy, based on the scientific evidence currently available. METHODS An integrative review was performed by two independent researchers, based on the literature available in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and LILACS databases, using the descriptors “pregnancy” and “COVID-19”. This search included articles published up until 14th April 2020 published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. After reading the articles available in their entirety, those related specifically to the immunological aspects of the disease in pregnancy were selected. We initially found a total of 62 articles; 52 were accessed in full-text, and 5 were finally selected. RESULTS Pregnant women are more affected by respiratory diseases possibly because of physiological, immune, and anatomical changes. Some studies highlight the important shift to a T-helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) immune response in pregnancy, as a potential contributor to the severity in cases of COVID-19. Additionally, the cytokine storm present in severe cases leads to an increased inflammatory state, which may deteriorate the clinical prognosis in this population. Therefore, pregnant women may represent a vulnerable group to COVID-19 infection, primarily due to the immune imbalance in the maternal-fetal interface. CONCLUSION Maternal immune response probably plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this infection, although some details remain unsolved. Although further studies are needed to deeply investigate the immunological aspects of the disease in pregnancy, our findings may provide insights into the possible immune mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in pregnancy.

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Rolinski, Jacek, e Iwona Hus. "Immunological Aspects of Acute and Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis". Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/513560.

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Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) belongs to the major causes of visual morbidity worldwide and available methods of treatment remain unsatisfactory. Primary infection occurs usually early in life and is often asymptomatic. Chronic visual impairment and visual loss are caused by corneal scaring, thinning, and vascularization connected with recurrent HSV infections. The pathogenesis of herpetic keratitis is complex and is still not fully understood. According to the current knowledge, corneal scarring and vascularization are the result of chronic inflammatory reaction against HSV antigens. In this review we discuss the role of innate and adaptive immunities in acute and recurrent HSV ocular infection and present the potential future targets for novel therapeutical options based on immune interventions.

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Darlan, Dewi Masyithah, Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi e Hemma Yulfi. "Overview of Immunological Responses and Immunomodulation Properties of Trichuris sp.: Prospects for Better Understanding Human Trichuriasis". Life 11, n.º 3 (27 de fevereiro de 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030188.

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Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. Through this review, we elaborate and discuss innate–adaptive immune responses and immunomodulation aspects, as well as the clinical implications for managing inflammatory-based diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic, sepsis, and other autoimmune diseases.

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Longjam, Langamba Angom, e Dipmala Das. "Major histocompatibility complex and its importance towards controlling infection". Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i2.16189.

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It is well documented that infectious pathogen burden and infected cell mass determine the clinical severity of infectious diseases, however, the ability of the host to recognize and process antigens to produce antibodies or the cellular immune response during infection could be under genetic control. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is the most intensively studied of all genetic systems because of its influence to many important traits, including resistance to infectious diseases, autoimmunity and immunological self or nonself compatibility. This is understandable in the light of the evolutionary pressure so that we are equipped to face the multitude of infectious challenges. Infectious diseases are a major selective pressure;and genes involved in the immune response are the most numerous and diverse in the human genome; reflecting the evolutionary advantages of a diverse immunological response to a wide range of infectious pathogens.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 1-13

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Pinching, Anthony J. "Clinical and immunological aspects of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related disorders". Journal of Hospital Infection 6 (dezembro de 1985): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80002-5.

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Gatto, Francesca, e Giuseppe Bardi. "Metallic Nanoparticles: General Research Approaches to Immunological Characterization". Nanomaterials 8, n.º 10 (22 de setembro de 2018): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100753.

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Our immunity is guaranteed by a complex system that includes specialized cells and active molecules working in a spatially and temporally coordinated manner. Interaction of nanomaterials with the immune system and their potential immunotoxicity are key aspects for an exhaustive biological characterization. Several assays can be used to unravel the immunological features of nanoparticles, each one giving information on specific pathways leading to immune activation or immune suppression. Size, shape, and surface chemistry determine the surrounding corona, mainly formed by soluble proteins, hence, the biological identity of nanoparticles released in cell culture conditions or in a living organism. Here, we review the main laboratory characterization steps and immunological approaches that can be used to understand and predict the responses of the immune system to frequently utilized metallic or metal-containing nanoparticles, in view of their potential uses in diagnostics and selected therapeutic treatments.

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Abdel-Hakeem, Mohamed. "Viruses Teaching Immunology: Role of LCMV Model and Human Viral Infections in Immunological Discoveries". Viruses 11, n.º 2 (27 de janeiro de 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020106.

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Virology has played an essential role in deciphering many immunological phenomena, thus shaping our current understanding of the immune system. Animal models of viral infection and human viral infections were both important tools for immunological discoveries. This review discusses two immunological breakthroughs originally identified with the help of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model; immunological restriction by major histocompatibility complex and immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. In addition, we discuss related discoveries such as development of tetramers, viral escape mutation, and the phenomenon of T-cell exhaustion.

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Зиганшин, O. Ziganshin, Москвин, S. Moskvin, Гизингер, O. Gizinger, Шеметова e M. Shemetova. "Immunological aspects of pathogenetic therapy of genital herpes by intravenous laser light of blood". Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 9, n.º 4 (8 de dezembro de 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16166.

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Chronic recurrent herpes virus infection of the genitals caused by the herpes virus type 2 is an inflammatory polyetiological disease, in the pathogenesis of which the reduction of non-specific resistance of the organism, an imbalance of immune factors plays an important role. Treatment of genital herpes infection should cover all the links of pathogenesis, including immunological. Clinical and immunological assessment of the effectiveness of intravenous laser light of blood in the UV spectral range (wavelength 365 nm, the device "Lasmik- VLOK") was carried out. This study involved 79 women at the age of 29,9±0,2 years with clinical signs of chronic recurrent genital herpes. Etiotropic therapy was conducted with the use of the Aciclovir in a dose of 500 mg once a day for 6 months. The complex therapy included the use of laser ultrasonic irradiation of blood simultaneously with the application of standard methods of treatment. The results of the study indicate the presence of positive clinical dynamics and immune-modulating activity of laser ultrasonic spectrum, that allows to recommend this method in complex therapy of chronic recurrent genital herpes.

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Cortese, Laura, Giuseppe Terrazzano e Alessandra Pelagalli. "Leptin and Immunological Profile in Obesity and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 10 (14 de maio de 2019): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102392.

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Growing scientific evidence has unveiled increased incidences of obesity in domestic animals and its influence on a plethora of associated disorders. Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues. High levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers suggest an association between inflammatory state and obesity in dogs, highlighting the parallelism with humans. Canine obesity is a relevant disease always accompanied with several health conditions such as inflammation, immune-dysregulation, insulin resistance, pancreatitis, orthopaedic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. However, leptin involvement in many disease processes in veterinary medicine is poorly understood. Moreover, hyperleptinemia as well as leptin resistance occur with cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of altered cardiac mitochondrial metabolism in obese dogs. Similarly, leptin dysregulation seems to be involved in the pancreatitis pathophysiology. This review aims to examine literature concerning leptin and immunological status in obese dogs, in particular for the aspects related to obesity-associated diseases.

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Srivastava, RN, e NS Verma. "Immunological Response to Post-trauma Bone Remodeling". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 46, n.º 3 (2012): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1033.

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ABSTRACT Bone-related immunology (osteoimmunology) is an interdisciplinary translational research field combining orthopaedics and immunology. This review gives an in-depth knowledge in the relationship between the bone trauma and the corresponding changes in host immune system. It also summarizes the most recent developments occuring into this complex field. It has been found that osteoblasts play important role in the maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and in lymphocyte development as well as the functions of immune cells participating in osteoblast and osteoclast development. Various recent researches are directed to establish the role of cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors and costimulatory molecules, which are shared by both skeletal and immune systems. The understanding of this part of research may open new horizons in the management of bone trauma and that of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. How to cite this article Singh A, Ali S, Srivastava RN, Verma NS. Immunological Response to Post-trauma Bone Remodeling. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(3):148-151.

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Schmitt, Erica G., e Megan A. Cooper. "Genetics of Pediatric Immune-Mediated Diseases and Human Immunity". Annual Review of Immunology 39, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2021): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-124513.

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Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a rapidly growing, heterogeneous group of genetically determined diseases characterized by defects in the immune system. While individually rare, collectively PIDs affect between 1/1,000 and 1/5,000 people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of PIDs vary from susceptibility to infections to autoimmunity and bone marrow failure. Our understanding of the human immune response has advanced by investigation and discovery of genetic mechanisms of PIDs. Studying patients with isolated genetic variants in proteins that participate in complex signaling pathways has led to an enhanced understanding of host response to infection, and mechanisms of autoimmunity and autoinflammation. Identifying genetic mechanisms of PIDs not only furthers immunological knowledge but also benefits patients by dictating targeted therapies or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we highlight several of these areas in the field of primary immunodeficiency, with a focus on the most recent advances.

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Kamath, Arati B., e Samuel M. Behar. "Anamnestic Responses of Mice following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection". Infection and Immunity 73, n.º 9 (setembro de 2005): 6110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.6110-6118.2005.

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ABSTRACT The anamnestic response is the property of the immune system that makes vaccine development possible. Although the development of a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important global priority, there are many gaps in our understanding of how immunological memory develops following M. tuberculosis infection or after BCG vaccination. In experiments designed to compare the anamnestic response of susceptible and resistant mouse strains, major histocompatibility complex-matched memory-immune C3.SW-H2b/SnJ and C57BL/6 mice both demonstrated better control of bacterial replication following reinfection with M. tuberculosis than control mice. Nevertheless, this memory response did not appear to have any long-term protective effect for either mouse strain. A greater understanding of the immunological factors that govern the maintenance of immunological memory following exposure to M. tuberculosis will be required to develop an effective vaccine.

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Pagliari, Danilo, Giovanni Gambassi, Ciriaco A. Piccirillo e Rossella Cianci. "The Intricate Link among Gut “Immunological Niche,” Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology". Mediators of Inflammation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8390595.

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized by an unbalance between the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. The interaction among T cell subpopulations and their related cytokines, mediators of inflammation, gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosa constitute the gut “immunological niche.” Several evidences have shown that xenobiotics, such as rifaximin, can positively modulate the inflammatory pathways at the site of gut immunological niche, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotics may interfere with components of the immunological niche, leading to activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and inhibition of several mediators of inflammation. In summary, xenobiotics may reduce disease-related gut mucosal alterations and clinical symptoms. Studying the complex interplay between gut immunological niche and xenobiotics will certainly open new horizons in the knowledge and therapy of intestinal pathologies.

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Mastakov, Mihail Y., Kristin Baer, C. Wymond Symes, Claudia B. Leichtlein, Robert M. Kotin e Matthew J. During. "Immunological Aspects of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery to the Mammalian Brain". Journal of Virology 76, n.º 16 (15 de agosto de 2002): 8446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.16.8446-8454.2002.

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ABSTRACT Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are highly efficient vectors for gene delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). However, host inflammatory and immune responses may play a critical role in limiting the use of rAAV vectors for gene therapy and functional genomic studies in vivo. Here, we evaluated the effect of repeated injections of five rAAV vectors expressing different genetic sequences (coding or noncoding) in a range of combinations into the rat brain. Specifically, we wished to determine whether a specific immune or inflammatory response appeared in response to the vector and/or the transgene protein after repeated injections under conditions of mannitol coinjection. We show that readministration of the same rAAV to the CNS is possible if the interval between the first and second injection is more than 4 weeks. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that rAAV vectors carrying different genetic sequences can be administered at intervals of 2 weeks. Our data therefore suggest that the AAV capsid structure is altered by the vector genetic sequence, such that secondary structures of the single-stranded genome have an impact on the antigenicity of the virus. This study provides guidelines for more rational design of gene transfer studies in the rodent brain and, in addition, suggests the use of repeated administration of rAAV as a viable form of therapy for the treatment of chronic diseases.

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SALIKHOVA, T. R., N. S.-M. OMAROV, A. U. CHERKESOVA, S. M. GADJIMURADOVA e E. R. ASKERKHANOVA. "CLINICO-MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ENDOMETRIAL POLYP PATHOGENESIS IN POSTMENOPAUSE". Periódico Tchê Química 16, n.º 32 (20 de agosto de 2019): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.742_periodico32_pgs_724_731.pdf.

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To study hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α expression in endometrial polyps (EP) considering their clinical-morphological and immunological features during postmenopause. A complex clinical and laboratory examination of 120 postmenopausal patients was carried out. 90 of them developed EP, whereas 30 had morphologically unchanged endometrium. Immune histochemical (ICH) testing was used to evaluate HIF-1α expression in epithelial and stromal cells of polyps in adjacent and control endometrium. A complex of the most significant risk factors in EP genesis such as high rate of inflammatory disorders of genital organs (IDGO), extragenital, metabolic and endocrine disorders and intrauterine contraception (IUC) was found. High expression of HIF-1α in epithelial cells and in the area of inflammatory infiltrate of glandular fibrous EP stroma was established as compared with control endometrium. HIF-1α expression in epithelial cells and in the area of inflammatory infiltrate of EP glandular fibrous stroma against the background of inflammatory, metabolic and endocrine, immunological changes and age-related involutional processes indicated local hypoxia. Epigenetic changes can develop in the processes of proliferation and apoptosis and in the processes that control neoplastic transformation. The obtained data can provide grounds for patient-tailored EP therapy in postmenopausal patients.

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Wang, Hua, Wajahat Mehal, Laura E. Nagy e Yaron Rotman. "Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases". Cellular & Molecular Immunology 18, n.º 1 (2 de dezembro de 2020): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00579-3.

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AbstractAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although both ALD and NAFLD are closely related to inflammation, their respective developmental mechanisms differ to some extent. Here, we review the roles of multiple immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to the inflammation associated with fatty liver diseases and the differences in the progression of ASH and NASH. Multiple cell types in the liver, including macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cell types and hepatocytes, are involved in fatty liver disease inflammation. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and complement also contribute to the inflammatory process, as does intertissue crosstalk between the liver and the intestine, adipose tissue, and the nervous system. We point out that inflammation also plays important roles in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infections. Understanding the complex regulatory process of disrupted homeostasis during the development of fatty liver diseases may lead to the development of improved targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.

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Mizernitsky, Yu L., I. M. Melnikova, N. L. Dorovskaya e V. I. Marushkov. "Immune and metabolic characteristics of children with recurrent respiratory diseases and efficacy of complex differentiated improving using seleksen and ascorbic acid". PULMONOLOGIYA, n.º 4 (28 de agosto de 2007): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2007-0-4-46-50.

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This comparative clinical and immunological trial investigated clinical efficacy of Seleksen combined with ascorbic acid as a part of complex rehabilitation of children with recurrent respiratory diseases in sanatorium pre-school child care settings. We assessed serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, and interleukin-8, leucocyte luminol-induced chemiluminescence, secretory IgA level in saliva, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, serum superoxide dismutase activity, serum concentrations of malone dialdehyde and diene conjugates. The follow-up period was 12 months. The complex rehabilitation with Seleksen and ascorbic acid led to clear improvement in clinical, immunological, and metabolic parameters. It allows significant reduction in rate of upper and particularly lower respiratory infections in children attending pre-school child care facilities. This therapy was the most effective in children with allergic respiratory diseases and recurrent tracheobronchitis.

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Dabelsteen, E. "Molecular Biological Aspects of Acquired Bullous Diseases". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 9, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411980090020201.

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Bullous diseases of the oral mucosa and skin were originally classified on the basis of clinical and histological criteria. The discovery of autoantibodies in some of these patients and the introduction of molecular biology have resulted in a new understanding of the pathological mechanisms of many of the bullous lesions. In this article, updated topics of the immune-mediated bullous lesions which involve oral mucosa and skin are reviewed. Pemphigus antigens, which are desmosomal-associated proteins and belong to the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion proteins, have been isolated, and their genes have been cloned. The antigens which react with autoantibodies from patients with bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, acquired epidermolysis bullosa, and linear IgA disease are all proteins of the hemidesmosome basement membrane complex. Interestingly, most of the antigens also appear to be the target for mutations seen in patients with the inherited type of epidermolysis bullosa in which bullous lesions are a prominent clinical feature.

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KASHALA, OSCAR, KALAMBAYI KAYEMBE, PHYLLIS KANKI, PRUDENCE MUKEBA, MULAMBA DIESE, MBOWA KALENGAYI, KELA-WE IZZIA e MAX ESSEX. "Humoral Aspects of Anti-HIV Immune Responses in Zairians with AIDS: Lower Antigenemia Does Not Correlate with Immune Complex Levels". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 9, n.º 3 (março de 1993): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.1993.9.251.

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Zhang, Wenbao, Hao Wen, Jun Li, Renyong Lin e Donald P. McManus. "Immunology and Immunodiagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis: An Update". Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/101895.

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of theEchinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.

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Schreiner, G. F., e D. E. Kohan. "Regulation of renal transport processes and hemodynamics by macrophages and lymphocytes". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1990): F761—F767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.4.f761.

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Inflammatory diseases of the renal glomerulus and interstitium are characterized by numerous alterations in renal glomerular hemodynamics and tubule transport processes. The cellular mechanisms underlying these changes have been theoretically attributed to nephron toxicity and destruction. However, recent studies suggest that many of the alterations in renal physiology may be mediated by specific immune cell-derived factors. Macrophages release a variety of cytokines on activation. One of these monokines, interleukin 1, induces a natriuresis by direct inhibition of collecting duct sodium reabsorption. Glomerular macrophages release highly vasoconstrictive compounds, including leukotriene D4 and thromboxane A2. Macrophages have now been demonstrated to migrate into the renal interstitium in diseases not previously considered to have an immunological component. Acute ureteral obstruction is characterized by a rapid infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the kidney. Removal of the immune cell infiltrate in ureteral obstruction by irradiation markedly improves glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow and partially corrects sodium and water excretion. Such immune modulation of renal function is likely to occur in a wide variety of diseases of the kidney, many of which do not involve a primary immunological insult. We propose that the abnormalities in renal hemodynamics and in the transport of fluid and electrolytes observed in states characterized by coexistence of immune cells among renal parenchymal cells may reflect a complex immune modulation of renal cell physiology.

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Pan, Shing Yi, Yvonne Cashinn Chia, Hui Rong Yee, Angelina Ying Fang Cheng, Clarice Evey Anjum, Yenny Kenisi, Mike KS Chan e Michelle BF Wong. "Immunomodulatory potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases". Future Science OA 7, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2021): FSO648. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0142.

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The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells. Anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibodies are important in maintaining a balanced idiotypic regulatory network by neutralising and inhibiting the secretion of autoantibodies. Recently, anti-ID antibodies have been advanced as an alternative form of immunotherapy as they can specifically target autoantibodies, cause less toxicity and side effects, and could provide long-lasting immunity. This review article discusses the immunomodulatory potential of anti-ID antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

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Novellino, Fabiana, Valeria Saccà, Annalidia Donato, Paolo Zaffino, Maria Francesca Spadea, Marco Vismara, Biagio Arcidiacono, Natalia Malara, Ivan Presta e Giuseppe Donato. "Innate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 3 (7 de fevereiro de 2020): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031115.

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The intricate relationships between innate immunity and brain diseases raise increased interest across the wide spectrum of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier, and innate immunity cells such as microglia, astrocytes, macrophages, and mast cells are involved in triggering disease events in these groups, through the action of many different cytokines. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysfunctions in large-scale brain networks. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, are associated with a substrate of dysregulated immune responses that impair the central nervous system balance. Recent evidence suggests that similar phenomena are involved in psychiatric diseases, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present review summarizes and discusses the main evidence linking the innate immunological response in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, thus providing insights into how the responses of innate immunity represent a common denominator between diseases belonging to the neurological and psychiatric sphere. Improved knowledge of such immunological aspects could provide the framework for the future development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

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Roth, Olivia, Monica Hongrø Solbakken, Ole Kristian Tørresen, Till Bayer, Michael Matschiner, Helle Tessand Baalsrud, Siv Nam Khang Hoff et al. "Evolution of male pregnancy associated with remodeling of canonical vertebrate immunity in seahorses and pipefishes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 17 (13 de abril de 2020): 9431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916251117.

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A fundamental problem for the evolution of pregnancy, the most specialized form of parental investment among vertebrates, is the rejection of the nonself-embryo. Mammals achieve immunological tolerance by down-regulating both major histocompatibility complex pathways (MHC I and II). Although pregnancy has evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, knowledge of associated immune system adjustments is restricted to mammals. All of them (except monotremata) display full internal pregnancy, making evolutionary reconstructions within the class mammalia meaningless. Here, we study the seahorse and pipefish family (syngnathids) that have evolved male pregnancy across a gradient from external oviparity to internal gestation. We assess how immunological tolerance is achieved by reconstruction of the immune gene repertoire in a comprehensive sample of 12 seahorse and pipefish genomes along the “male pregnancy” gradient together with expression patterns of key immune and pregnancy genes in reproductive tissues. We found that the evolution of pregnancy coincided with a modification of the adaptive immune system. Divergent genomic rearrangements of the MHC II pathway among fully pregnant species were identified in both genera of the syngnathids: The pipefishes (Syngnathus) displayed loss of several genes of the MHC II pathway while seahorses (Hippocampus) featured a highly divergent invariant chain (CD74). Our findings suggest that a trade-off between immunological tolerance and embryo rejection accompanied the evolution of unique male pregnancy. That pipefishes survive in an ocean of microbes without one arm of the adaptive immune defense suggests a high degree of immunological flexibility among vertebrates, which may advance our understanding of immune-deficiency diseases.

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Bugorkova, S. A., T. N. Shchukovskaya, N. I. Mikishis, S. N. Klyueva, O. M. Kudryavtseva, A. L. Kravtsov, A. Yu Goncharova et al. "Comprehensive Immunological Study of Persons Vaccinated with Live Plague Vaccine Living on the Territory of the Pre-Caspian Sand Foci of the Plague in the Republic of Kalmykia". Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, n.º 3 (20 de junho de 2018): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-3-38-50.

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Relevance. In 2005 International Health Regulations, the plague, is on the list of dangerous infectious diseases that can cause emergency situations of interstate importance. Even single cases of human plague are considered as the basis for carrying out preventive measures. The paper presents the results of immunological monitoring conducted on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in order to assess the immunological efficacy and safety of the plague live vaccine The paper presents the results of immunological monitoring in the territory of the Kalmyk Republic over the individuals vaccinated against plague due to epidemiological reasons. Materials and methods. Studies of immunological efficacy of live plague vaccine were conducted alongside stepwise assessment of cellular and humoral components of innate and adaptive immunity in persons revaccinated against plague, using a complex of advanced informative tests. Results and conclusions. It is established that before the second revaccination all the surveyed persons retained expressed immune response by the mixed or cellular type, characterized by high level of spontaneous and induced production of Th1-associated cytokines. Activation of Th1 immune reaction was registered one month after the scheduled revaccination; immune response change-over from Th1 to Th2 type – after 6 months of observation, and retention of adaptive immunity by mixed type at the moderate level – in a year. Specific humoral immunity developed in 85% of the surveyed persons, but throughout the whole investigation the dynamics of antibody titers to plague microbe F1 individualized and did not coincide with cellular immunity indicators. Performed complex study has confirmed the relative safety of the live plague vaccine.

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Tandra, Nitin, Peipei Wu, Xinyuan Hu, Fei Mao, Wenrong Xu e Hui Qian. "Extracellular Vesicles: A New Nano Tool for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases". Current Nanoscience 15, n.º 6 (11 de outubro de 2019): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190411141126.

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The intestinal tract is a complex and important physiological and immunological organ. Intestinal tract homeostasis requires a series of coordinated interactions involving gut microbiota, the crypt intestinal stem cells (ISC) and the surrounding niche, including the intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The destruction of intestinal homeostasis leads to autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a non-specific, and remittent- relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. There is no effective method to keep patients in remission for a long term. It has been reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) exert immune activation and immunosuppressive effects in the pathogenesis of IBD. In order to explore new therapeutic strategies for IBD, in this review, we summarize the observations on the immune properties and functions of EVs in intestinal mucosal immunity.

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Blight, Joshua, Eduardo Alves e Arturo Reyes-Sandoval. "Considering Genomic and Immunological Correlates of Protection for a Dengue Intervention". Vaccines 7, n.º 4 (3 de dezembro de 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040203.

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Over three billion are at risk of dengue infection with more than 100 million a year presenting with symptoms that can lead to deadly haemorrhagic disease. There are however no treatments available and the only licensed vaccine shows limited efficacy and is able to enhance the disease in some cases. These failures have mainly been due to the complex pathology and lack of understanding of the correlates of protection for dengue virus (DENV) infection. With increasing data suggesting both a protective and detrimental effect for antibodies and CD8 T-cells whilst having complex environmental dynamics. This review discusses the roles of genomic and immunological aspects of DENV infection, providing both a historical interpretation and fresh discussion on how this information can be used for the next generation of dengue interventions.

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Рогалев, K. Rogalev, Шишова, A. Shishova, Мартынова, N. Martynova, Басова et al. "Mathematical modeling of immunological parameters for the prediction and diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases among health care workers". Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 9, n.º 4 (8 de dezembro de 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16163.

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This article presents a mathematical method of interpretation of immunological parameters of blood. The study used a comprehensive evaluation of the possibility of disease development, not only on the basis of qualitative data, directly gender-related characteristics and professional activities (occupation, profile, department, work with the equipment), but also quantitative data - age, work experience, immunological indicators of the level of immune protection of the subject. The analysis of multidimensional data allowed to identifying immunological symptoms as predictors of chronic non-communicable diseases. The risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases among the health care workers is the largest extent dependent on exposure to occupational factors. The proposed method is the mathematical interpretation of immunological indices of blood, it allowed to reveal immunological symptoms as predictors of chronic non-communicable diseases. The immunologВЕСТНИК НОВЫХ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ – 2015 – N 4 Электронный журнал Библиографическая ссылка: Т.А. Ермолина, А.В. Шишова, К.К. Рогалев, Н.А. Мартынова, Л.А. Басова, Г.Г. Родионов Математическое модели- рование иммунологических показателей для прогнозирования и диагностики хронических неинфекционных заболе- ваний у медицинских работников // Вестник новых медицинских технологий. Электронное издание. 2015. №4. Пуб- ликация 1-1. URL: http://www.medtsu.tula.ru/VNMT/Bulletin/E2015-4/5221.pdf (дата обращения: 27.11.2015). DOI: 10.12737/16163 ical detection of the symptom of a health worker at the health screening can be considered as a possible predisposition or the presence of chronic non-communicable diseases and the subsequent development of complex diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The health assessment can be carried out not at the stage of identifying already clinically developed chronic non-communicable diseases, and at the initial stage of the disease. This approach is feasible due to the fact that the initial reversible disorders. Complex timely preventive and therapeutic measures can prevent the development of chronic non-communicable diseases.

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Lecuit, Marc, Frank Martinez, Gilbert Deray, Hélène Beaufils, Marie‐Claire Gubler, Jean‐Pierre Nozais, François Bricaire e Claude Jacobs. "Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects of Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis Associated with Entamoeba histolytica Abscess of the Liver". Clinical Infectious Diseases 25, n.º 2 (agosto de 1997): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516914.

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50

Lee, C. Y., K. A. Munyard, K. Gregg, J. D. Wetherall, M. J. Stear e D. M. Groth. "The Influence of MHC and Immunoglobulins A and E on Host Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep". Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/101848.

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Gastrointestinal nematode parasites in farmed animals are of particular importance due to their effects on production. In Australia, it is estimated that the direct and indirect effects of parasite infestation cost the animal production industries hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The main factors considered by immunologists when studying gastrointestinal nematode infections are the effects the host's response has on the parasite, which immunological components are responsible for these effects, genetic factors involved in controlling immunological responses, and the interactions between these forming an interconnecting multilevel relationship. In this paper, we describe the roles of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and IgE, and the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. We also draw evidence from other animal models to support the involvement of these immune components. Finally, we examine how IgA and IgE exert their influence and how methods may be developed to manage susceptible animals.

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