Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Imagerie médicale – Appareils et matériel – Histopathologie"
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Habis, Antoine Aurélien. "Developing interactive artificial intelligence tools to assist pathologists with histology annotation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAT022.
Texto completo da fonteHistopathology on Whole Slide Images (WSI) represents a very valuable field of medicine since the study of biopsies with microscopes can reveal several diseases that are sometimes difficult or impossible to diagnose with the naked eye or other imaging techniques. With the advent of deep learning, which requires a large number of annotated images to be effective, the need to obtain quickly high-quality annotations became clear. The purpose of this thesis is to develop artificial intelligence algorithms for fast interactive annotations and corrections to facilitate user supervision in histopathology image segmentation. This thesis presents our contributions using three different interaction strategies and underlying deep-learning mathematical formalisms. Together, our contributions cover a wide range of use cases:(1) The first tool is completely supervised and tackles the task of correcting nuclei segmentation. Nuclei are biological structures that can be observed distinctly at ×40 magnification and which are essential for several diagnosis tasks. In fact, markers such as the density of nuclei or the ratio between the area of the nucleusand that of the cytoplasm are indicative of certain conditions. The proposed tool proposes a Click and Refine pipeline, exploiting novel metrics on patch similarities and novel architecture training designs to refine four types of segmentation errors, specific to nuclei.(2) The second tool consists of a weakly supervised segmentation method tested on tumoral regions in lymph node metastatic breast cancer. These tumoral regions are biological structures clearly visible at low magnification(×5 or × 10). The first part of our algorithm provides an initial coarse segmentation of the entire WSI based on scribbles, which can then be corrected using fast interactive and non-local segmentation correction inputs.(3) Finally, the third tool proposes a completely unsupervised segmentation tool and a one-shot variant to segment complex heterogeneous biological structures on whole WSIs. The One-Shot learning version is evaluated on a dataset of kidney-dilated tubules. Dilated tubules are medium-sized biological structures that can be observed at an average magnification of ×10-20. They are indicative of some diseases such as urinary tract obstruction. The underlying proposed Deep ContourFlow method translates concepts of active contours into differentiable loss functions exploited in deep-learning architectures
Blahuta, Samuel. "Etude et optimisation de matériaux scintillateurs pour l'imagerie médicale". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066740.
Texto completo da fonteTaron, Maxime. "Ecalage et modélisation de formes avec incertitudes : contributions et applications à la segmentation avec a priori statistique". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENPC0734.
Texto completo da fonteMagimel-Pelonnier, Vincent. "Traitement d'images : vers l'extraction automatique de paramètres : application à la cardiologie en médecine nucléaire". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10528.
Texto completo da fonteTemal, Lynda. "Ontologie de partage de données et d'outils de traitement dans le domaine de la neuroimagerie". Rennes 1, 2008. ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/theses/2008/temal.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMulé, Sébastien. "Méthodologie pour l’évaluation de la microcirculation en imagerie ultrasonore de contraste". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112033.
Texto completo da fonteContrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging is a modality of growing interest in human and small animal studies for the estimation of microcirculation parameters. Nevertheless, estimated microcirculation parameters are still impaired by several artefacts: the contrast agent concentration, microbubble attenuation and motion that is present in the acquisitions. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology for assessing microcirculation in small animal CEUS studies by investigating original methods to correct for these artefacts. An a posteriori frame selection method has been proposed. This method, based on a Principal Component Analysis and that integrates a priori information about the respiratory frequency, allows the selection of the frames acquired at the same respiratory phase. A method for estimating microbubble attenuation in vivo has also been developed. This method provides a dynamic microbubble-specific sequence without shadowing artefacts and therefore more reliable than available from original sequences. These methods, which have been implemented in a user friendly software, have been applied and validated in renal perfusion studies in a murine and a porcine model. Especially, their interest in assessing tumor microcirculation and the efficacy of an antiangiogenic treatment has been highlighted
Ménard, Laurent. "Étude, développement et évaluation clinique d'un imageur gamma per-operatoire". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999VERS0002.
Texto completo da fonteCottereau, Benoit. "Modèles hiérarchiques en imagerie MEG/EEG : application à la création rapide de cartes rétinotopiques". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112042.
Texto completo da fonteWhen combined with image reconstruction techniques, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) may open new windows for the observation and exploration of time-resolved brain processes at the local--regional spatial scale. The ill-posedness of the associated inverse problem however, necessitates the introduction of image models as regularizing priors. Basic priors -- e. G. Quadratic in the norm of the expected neural currents -- yield images of brain activity that are often too smeared for the satisfactory elucidation of specific neuroscience questions that focus on localization. On the other hand, more sophisticated prior image models -- even though they would theoretically improve the detection of sparse-focal current distributions -- suffer from scalability issues that imped their practical impact. In this PhD work, my primary objective was to reconcile the best of both approaches. I have derived a multiresolution imaging technique which proceeds iteratively to the fit of image models based on the parcellation of the cortical surface. This latter derives from anatomical and functional priors such as the curvature of the cortical manifold, and/or the coregistration to some atlas relevant to the neuroscience investigation. Technically, the multiresolution imaging technique is approached as an empirical model selection procedure optimized according to the least-generalized cross validation (GCV) error principle. Further, the piecewise current model is adequately approached using a compact parametric model based on equivalent current multipoles
Trillaud, Christian. "Elaboration et conception d'un système d'acquisition multivoie pour la tomographie d'impédance électrique". Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10215.
Texto completo da fonteCornelis, Francois. "Imagerie oncologique et modélisation mathématique : développement, optimisation et perspectives". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0121/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work performed at the Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux (IMB) from 2010 to 2015 under the direction of Thierry Colin and Olivier Saut describes the creation and gradual development of a set of theories, techniques and tools linking medical imaging and applied mathematics in order to consider their clinical application in the short term in oncology. The first goal was to optimize the spatial models of tumor growth developed at the IMB including microscopic and macroscopic elements obtained by analyzing the information available on imaging explorations. Several steps were performed to better understand the in vivo modeling. Various organs and tumor types were investigated, especially in the lung, liver, and kidney. These locations were studied successively to progressively enrich the model by the answers they brought and thus respond to clinical reality. Concomitantly, tools were integrated to standardize the data collection process and help to refine the therapeutic evaluation by imaging with digital markers. The implementation of functional imaging in clinical practice has become a reality. The goal is ultimately to apply prospectively these support tools in a daily practice. Modelling was also applied in interventional oncology for the study of the electric field distribution after percutaneous irreversible electroporation in the prostate and soon in the liver. This will allow a better control of the ablation areas and thereby improve the safety and efficacy of these treatments
Rougé-Labriet, Hélène. "Développement de l'imagerie X biomédicale en contraste de phase par tavelures". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS031.
Texto completo da fonteOsteoarticular diseases are one of the most common causes of chronic pain, but their diagnosis and understanding can be complex. Different imaging methods are available to describe joint conditions such as radiography, MRI, CT scan or ultrasound, but none of them can depict all the anatomical components in a single image. For the past two decades, X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) are constantly being under development because of their superiority for imaging low density objects and its ability to a simultaneous visualization of all tissues. But the extraction of the phase signal is not directly possible, making this information not very often retrieved. The required gold standard instrumentation for PCI is currently a synchrotron facility, limiting clinical applications due to limited access.Several PCI techniques have already been developed and, despite the advances in the literature, they still face many challenges, both instrumental and dosimetric. In this context, the main motivation of this PhD was to propose and develop a phase contrast imaging technique that is easily transferable to conventional sources. The speckle based PCI technique was chosen because, compared to other PCI techniques, it appears to be the most suitable technique for the dose aspects. In addition, it does not require neither an expensive instrumentation nor the specific properties of synchrotron radiation to be implemented. Despite these benefits, it required many algorithmic developments and optimization of the experimental configurations before a transfer on conventional sources.In the first part of the thesis, we propose to show the diagnostic potential of the PCI for osteoarticular applications by imaging anatomical pieces and small animal osteoarticular models. The development and the optimization of speckle based PCI was first performed using the ideal conditions of the European synchrotron source. In particular, a new phase retrieval algorithm has been implemented permitting to reduce the delivered dose while maintaining a constant image quality compared to other speckle based PCI techniques. Several acquisition schemes and experimental conditions were tested. A new instrumental solution for speckle generation has been created. Finally, under these optimized conditions, measurements were made with various conventional X-ray sources. The results obtained have demonstrated the feasibility of the transfer on standard sources under compatible experimental conditions of clinical and pre-clinical imaging routines. This transfer could improve the understanding of the osteoarticular diseases as well as the follow-up of different therapeutic strategies and finally an earlier diagnosis
Girard, Olivier Maciej. "Apport d’antennes miniatures en matériau supraconducteur en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique du ciblage moléculaire et cellulaire chez le petit animal". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112037.
Texto completo da fonteMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on small animal models is increasingly needed in biomedical research to develop new diagnostic means. However this technique suffers from a lack of specificity which is still to be improved to detect early degenerative diseases such as cancer. Molecular imaging using targeted Contrast Agents (CA) is a promising tool to reach this goal. We present hereby a cross-disciplinary work with this purpose. A first issue of this work deals with contrast physical principles involved in MRI. A theoretical study allows evidencing the presence of an optimal field strength (~1-1. 5 T) for paramagnetic targeted CA detection. This is validated experimentally. Highly sensitive detection coils made of superconductive material are presented and fully implemented in a clinical 1. 5 T MRI system. An original characterization method of such coils is developed to manage their performances and in order to be used as a tool for new coil designs. This method accounts for the nonlinear behavior of the material. Two in vivo experimental studies are presented in the last part of this work. They were performed on mouse-implanted human tumor models using a new generation of CA developed by Guerbet, a firm involved in this work. It was not possible to validate undoubtedly the specificity of this CA from these first results. However the methodological improvements of this work will allow rationalizing imaging protocols in the near future, and will lead to significant progress in this field of research
Crémillieux, Yannick. "Méthodologies pour l'imagerie par résonance magnétique utilisant la technique de projection-reconstruction". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10230.
Texto completo da fonteBekaert, Virgile. "Développement d'un tomographe à émission monophotonique dédié au petit animal". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BEKAERT_Virgile_2006.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAzpiroz, Leehan Joaquin. "Etude et réalisation d'un processeur cablé pour la compression d'images médicales dans un environnement pacs". Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMP0472.
Texto completo da fonteAzpiroz, Leehan Joaquin. "Etude et réalisation d'un processeur cablé pour la compression d'images médicales dans un environnement PACS". Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD472.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Bitar Ziad. "Optimisation et validation d'un algorithme de reconstruction 3D en tomographie d'émission monophotonique à l'aide de la plateforme de simulation GATE". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF21704.
Texto completo da fontePascucci, Marco. "Super-resolution microscopy by saturated speckle illumination". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB100.
Texto completo da fonteRouffaud, Rémi. "Modélisation et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux piézoélectriques (sans plomb et composites de connectivité 1-3) pour la transduction ultrasonore". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4031/document.
Texto completo da fontePiezoelectric ceramics have been on the market for several decades and their use keeps growing. Nowadays, these materials are included in a wide range of devices, in particular for ultrasonic applications. Since the discovery of lead zirconium titanate (PZT) sixty years ago, a wide range of derived compositions coupled to efficient manufacturing processes have been developed to enable their use in many devices. Thus, PZT ceramics are the most used piezoelectric materials, although the presence of lead in their composition is a growing health and environmental concern. Consequently, since 2003, E.U. has voted guidelines for the management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment at the end of its lifecycle (WEEE) and Restrictions (Hazardous Substances, R0HS). In addition, in December 2012, the European CHemicals Agency (ECHA) added PZT in candidate list of the REACH directive. Similar steps are also followed by many countries in Asia and North America. In this international context, research on lead-free piezoelectric materials and their applications becomes a major issue. This thesis focuses specifically on ultrasonic transducer applications (medical imaging and underwater acoustics) with, at f irst, functional characterization of lead-free piezoelectric materials. To this end, the KNbO3 Iead-free single crystal is selected in its specific cutting (YXt)-45° which provides a coupling coefficient k (in thickness mode) of 60%. A characterization of this material is carried out to provide a complete and consistent set of electromechanical properties, and thus avoid calculation errors during the simulation stage of the transducer. Its performance is demonstrated through its integration in a 30 MHz ultrasound probe to obtain images of human skin in vivo
Corbat, Lisa. "Fusion de segmentations complémentaires d'images médicales par Intelligence Artificielle et autres méthodes de gestion de conflits". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD029.
Texto completo da fonteNephroblastoma is the most common kidney tumour in children and its diagnosis is based exclusively on imaging. This work, which is the subject of our research, is part of a larger project: the European project SAIAD (Automated Segmentation of Medical Images Using Distributed Artificial Intelligence). The aim of the project is to design a platform capable of performing different automatic segmentations from source images using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, and thus obtain a faithful three-dimensional reconstruction. In this sense, work carried out in a previous thesis of the research team led to the creation of a segmentation platform. It allows the segmentation of several structures individually, by methods such as Deep Learning, and more particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), as well as Case Based Reasoning (CBR). However, it is then necessary to automatically fuse the segmentations of these different structures in order to obtain a complete relevant segmentation. When aggregating these structures, contradictory pixels may appear. These conflicts can be resolved by various methods based or not on AI and are the subject of our research. First, we propose a fusion approach not focused on AI using the combination of six different methods, based on different imaging and segmentation criteria. In parallel, two other fusion methods are proposed using, a CNN coupled to the CBR for one, and a CNN using a specific existing segmentation learning method for the other. These different approaches were tested on a set of 14 nephroblastoma patients and demonstrated their effectiveness in resolving conflicting pixels and their ability to improve the resulting segmentations
Laloy-Borgna, Gabrielle. "Micro-élastographie : caractérisation mécanique de la cellule par ondes élastiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10058.
Texto completo da fonteDyanmic elastography is an imaging method to measure the elasticity of biological tissues in a non-invasive and quantitative way. Recently, the transposition of the technique to a small scale has been called dynamic micro-elastography and has allowed the first measurements of cellular elasticity by shear waves using an optical microscope. This thesis aims to undetstand the limits of this technique and to develop new micro-elastography methods, to test new wave sources but also potential applications of the technique. In a first step, the dispersion of shear waves was studied on gelatin phantoms. Two distinct regimes of guided elastic waves and shear waves were identified. The high-frequency limit of wave propagation was also explored, establishing the existence of a cutoff frequency which explains the absence of ultrasonic shear imaging. The same approach was then applied to visco-elastic fluids, revealing two cutoff frequencies and revisiting previous studies on rheology and wave propagation in this type of medium. Then, the initial objective being to carry out micro-elastography on single cells and the experiments previously carried out with micro-pipettes presenting certain defects, an original method of cellular micro-elastography was developed. An oscillating microbubble is used as a contactless shear wave source at 15 kHz to perform experiments on blood cells whose diameter is about 15 µm. These are the smallest objects ever explored by elastography. Larger objects, cell clusters of a few tens of thousands of cells have also been studied. Indeed, since ultrasound elastography of these tumour models of about 800 µm in diameter is impossible, optical micro-elastography is a suitable technique. These samples contain magnetic nanoparticles, so a magnetic pulse could be used as a wave source. Previously, proofs of concept on both macroscopic (in ultrasonic elastography) and microscopic (in optical micro-elastography) phantoms were conducted to validate the use of this diffuse field source. Finally, pulse wave measurements were performed on retinal arteries of about 50 µm in diameter using laser Doppler holography acquisitions performed in vivo. The application of monochromatic correlation algorithms allowed the measurement of guided wave velocities, finally revealing the existence of a second pulse wave, an antisymmetric bending wave. This guided wave, much slower than the axisymmetric pulse wave studied so far, was also observed on the carotid artery thanks to ultrafast ultrasound acquisitions
Dugas-Phocion, Guillaume. "Segmentation d'IRM cérébrales multi-séquences et application à la sclérose en plaques". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00631312.
Texto completo da fonteKennel, Sybille. "Synthèse de traceurs bimodaux utilisables en imagerie médicale TEP/IRM". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0190/document.
Texto completo da fonteToday physicians can use a wide variety of medical imaging techniques to establish early and accurate diagnosis. Nevertheless, each modality has its own advantages and drawbacks. This is why bi- or multimodality approach seems interesting. Among them, PET/MRI combination seems very promising because it can bring complementary informations. It is therefore necessary to inject to patients tracers specific to each imaging modality. This work described the synthesis of molecular platforms for MRI and PET imaging, according to 2 different strategies. The first one consisted in the synthesis of a DO3A macrocycle allowing the chelation of both gadolinium for MRI and gallium 68 for PET. The aim here is to have a bimodal probe, with a mixture of each compound. The second strategy was the preparation of a single molecule that can be simultaneously labeled by both gadolinium for MRI and fluorine 18 for PET. The final goal is to introduce onto these platforms a biomolecule in a versatile and easy way, to be able to target a specific pathophysiological process. ‘‘Click’’ chemistry seems to be an attractive methodology to achieve this goal. However, this reaction, usually catalyzed with copper is not suitable to DO3A macrocyles due to the copper affinity with those azamacrocycles. This issue has been circumvent by the use of ruthenium catalyzed ‘‘click’’ chemistry. We were then able to access to both macrocycles platforms
Legros, Mathieu. "Transducteurs capacitifs micro-usinés pour l'imagerie échographique". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3306.
Texto completo da fonteFabrication of ultrasound probes for medical imaging conventionally exploits piezoelectric based materials. CMUTs technology (Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers) has emerged about a decade ago. These electromechanical micro-systems are presented as an alternative transduction mode, and gives new opportunities for probe design and novel imaging techniques. This dissertation aims to develop and review CMUTs probes for ultrasound imaging, from modeling to imaging demonstration. Multi-elements transducers with CMUT technology have been thus developed, and ultrasound probes were successfully achieved. Developments have been carried out, taking care of both capacitive transduction and standard ultrasound systems. Electro-acoustic and acoustic behavior were evaluated and compared to the state of the art piezoelectric probes. Finally, quantitative imaging assessments have been performed and have pointed out the strengths of CMUT technology for ultrasound imaging
Guérin, Lucie. "Etude d'une nouvelle architecture de gamma caméra à base de semi-conducteurs CdZnTe /CdTe". Angers, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01773265.
Texto completo da fonteCdZnTe / CdTe semiconductor gamma ray detectors are good candidates to replace NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors for medical applications, notably for nuclear imaging. In addition to compactness, they present very good performances, in terms of energy resolution, detection efficiency and intrinsic spatial resolution. These detectors provide also an important additional information: the depth of interaction of the gamma ray into the detector. This context led LETI into developing and realizing new gamma camera architecture, based on CdZnTe / CdTe semiconductor, in order to benefit from these recent performances. During this work, we have proposed a new architecture, named HiSens (High Sensitivity), allowing to improve sensitivity (about factor 5) while preserving spatial resolution. This architecture associates CdZnTe detectors, providing depth of interaction information, with a new parallel square hole collimator geometry and uses an adapted image reconstruction method. We have evaluated HiSens architecture performances with simulation, after development of simulations software and an adapted method of iterative reconstruction, using photon depth of interaction information. A preliminary experimental validation is currently investigated at CEA-LETI in order to confirm simulations results
Barbes, Damien. "Nouveaux systèmes d'imagerie médicale exploitant la diffraction X en dispersion d'énergie à l'aide de détecteurs spectrométriques CdZnTe". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY051/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis studies the interest of measuring the coherent scattering of X-rays for breast diagnosis imaging. Nowadays, most of X-ray-based medical imaging techniques use the information of X-rays attenuation through the tissues. It is the case for mammography, the most common breast imaging modality. The recent emergence of energy resolved detectors (based on semiconductors in particular) allows to consider using another phenomenon: the coherent X-ray scattering. Measurement of diffracted spectra can provide new information related to the molecular structure of the examined tissues, in order to improve their characterization and therefore improve the final diagnosis. Two modalities are considered: the breast cancer detection in vivo, following a suspicious mammography result, or biopsy analysis.The coherent scattering measurement system developed during this thesis work uses energy-resolved CdZnTe-based detectors, these detectors combining performances (energy resolution, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and compactness) promising for clinical application. This system is also based on the detector pixelation, which allows to provide an imaging modality capable of characterizing analyzed materials or tissues in one direction without any translation or rotation.A complete study of the measurement system is proposed in this thesis, structured in three main parts: modeling and simulation of the system, development of the processing of the data measured by the detector in order to image and characterize the analyzed sample and finally, designing of a new and more complex experimental setup based on a whole detector and multislit collimation system. An experimental validation is proposed for each of these three parts
Sauvage, Jack. "Imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide 4D par adressage orthogonal du réseau de sonde matricielle : adressage Ligne-Colonne". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS535.
Texto completo da fonteWith the advent of 4D ultrafast imaging at the Physics for Medicine Inserm 1273 laboratory, the ability to acquire in all three dimensions and with a high spatio-temporal resolution has been demonstrated. Several of the most effective 2D ultrafast imaging modalities have been extended to volume imaging (3D ultrasensitive power Doppler, 3D elastography ...). Their dissemination in clinic would greatly benefit to physicians. However the necessary means to implement ultrafast 4D are still too heavy and costly to hope for a transposition in the short or mid-term to the radiology departments. Developing smart strategies to reduce channel number has become a central issue. An original strategy based on the probe architecture consists of orthogonal row and column addressing of the Matrix Probe array, the Row and Column Adressing RCA. It offers a transducer solution perfectly adapted with ultra-fast plane waves imaging. With this approach, the probe can be driven by a single standard ultrasound unit, while maintaining a large aperture. The 2D matrix grid is organized according to N + N orthogonal channels, thus representing a reduction factor of N / 2. This strategy presents an important paradigm shift of imaging by dissociation of the focus pathways in transmission and reception and offers a new compromise in terms of spatio-temporal resolution. During this thesis work, the performances of the RCA associated with the ultra fast 4D imaging are studied for various cases. The principle of 4D ultrafast RCA imaging with orthogonal summation OPW are studied. 3D vector imagery for RCA is developed. A new high frequency RCA probe prototype (15MHz) is presented and tested on a 3D functional brain imaging protocol. Finally, a new modality of 3D imaging of the flux intensity is presented offering a new way of exploitation for the RCA probe
Spadola, Sara. "Development and evaluation of an intraoperative beta imaging probe for radio-guided solid tumor surgery". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS257/document.
Texto completo da fonteExtent and accuracy of surgical resection is a crucial step in the therapy of operable solid tumors. The recent availability of specific tumor-seeking agents, positron labeled, renewed the interest for radioguided surgery. The detection of beta particles, due to their short range, allows a more sensitive and accurate tumor localization. Since no mechanical collimation is necessary, it is possible to design probes with a sensitivity increased by one to three orders of magnitude compared to gamma detectors. The beta particle short range also reduces the contamination from distal non-specific radiotracers uptake region, which results in a increased signal-to-noise-ratio. Conversely, beta detection requires sensors to be extremely compact in order to operate in contact with the surveyed tissues in narrow surgical cavities. This thesis takes place in that context. Its aim was to develop an intraoperative positron imaging probe based on the silicon photomultiplier technology (SiPM) and to evaluate its ability to perform in real time tumor localization and post-operative control of the surgical cavity. During this work, two prototypes of intraoperative positron imaging probe were developed. The first detector design is based on the use of a single organic scintillator coupled to an array of SiPMs. This configuration uses a small sensitive volume to reduce the contamination noise coming from the annihilation gamma rays. The second version of the probe implements a subtraction method allowing to improve gamma rejection efficiency. This configuration uses a stack of two scintillators separated by a light guide. The events interacting in the top and the bottom scintillator are discriminated by the analysis of the different light distributions on the SiPM array. Different designs of the positron imaging probes, including scintillator material and thickness, light spreading window and optical reflector, were investigated with Montecarlo simulations and measurements. Their impact on the probes performances were optimized in terms of positron sensitivity, gamma ray rejection efficiency, spatial resolution and bias and uniformity of response. The effect of different reconstruction algorithm on spatial performances was also studied. Finally, the objective of developing an intraoperative probe fully operational in the operating room has been achieved by the design of dedicated miniaturized electronic readouts and mechanical housing. In the last part of my thesis, the evaluation of the single scintillator configuration in a realistic clinical environment was performed with 18F-FDG phantoms. We showed that the low intrinsic sensitivity of this probe to gamma radiations allows to detect tumor volumes as small as 14 mg for uptake properties corresponding to currently available radiotracers and acquisition times compatible with the surgery duration
Lesaint, Jérôme. "Conditions de rang en tomographie de rayons X et leur application au problème d'auto-étalonnage". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM036/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn X-ray transmission imaging, the collected measurements correspond to an integral operator: the Radon transform in parallel geometry and the divergent beam transform in divergent geometry. The range of these operators is characterized by conditions, which help to quantify the consistency of the measured data with the forward integral model. The first pillar of this PhD work studies range conditions in cone-beam acquisition geometry: we derive new conditions for a planar trajectory and establish a new relation between 2D fanbeam conditions and Grangeat-based conditions. The second pillar is related to the self-calibration of cone-beam systems. The acquisition geometry of the system is determined from range conditions and a parametric model of the projection geometry
Trimeche, Iyèd. "Segmentation et analyse quantitative des vaisseaux sanguins de la rétine en optique adaptative". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS169.
Texto completo da fonteAdaptive Optical Ophthalmoscopy (AOO) images of the eye fundus allow visualization of retinal vessels with high resolution, in particular arterial bifurcations and their wall thickness, suitable for morphometric biomarker measurements.The objective of this thesis is to study the morphometry of retinal vessels in AOO images, by determining the different biomarkers characterizing blood flow and which are extracted from the estimation of the diameters and the wall thickness of the branches at the bifurcations.We propose two methods for segmentation of retinal vessels in these images. The first is semi-automatic, it extends a previous approach, treating branches of retinal vessels, to the segmentation of bifurcations. The second is a fully automatic hybrid approach, based on a modified U-Net convolutional neural network and active contours, to segment the branches and bifurcations of retinal vessels with high precision.We thus propose a reproducible and automatic measurement technique to extract the diajavascript:nouvelleZone('contenuS-2');meters of the branches of the bifurcations and calculate the biomarkers for three populations: control subjects, diabetic subjects and Cadasil subjects. The experimental results show that the precision of our semi-automatic and fully automatic approaches lies within the range of intra- and inter-user variability, which allowed us to perform a robust statistical study on the extracted biomarkers in order to differentiate the control subjects and pathological subjects
Gallego, Manzano Lucia. "Optimization of a single-phase liquid xenon Compton camera for 3γ medical imaging". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0276/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe work described in this thesis is focused on the characterization and optimization of a single-phaseliquid xenon Compton camera for medical imaging applications. The detector has been conceived to exploit the advantages of an innovative medical imaging technique called 3γ imaging, which aims to obtain aprecise 3D location of a radioactive source with high sensitivity and an important reduction of the dose administered to the patient. The 3γ imaging technique is based on the detection in coincidence of 3gamma rays emitted by a specific (+β, γ) emitter radionuclide,the 44Sc. A first prototype of a liquid xenon Compton camera has been developed by Subatech laboratory within the XEMIS (Xenon Medical Imaging System) project, to proof the feasibility of the 3γ imaging technique. This new detection framework is based on an advanced cryogenic system and an ultra-low noise front-end electronics operating at liquid xenon temperature. This work has contributed to the characterization of the detector response and the optimization of the ionization signal extraction. A particular interest has been given to the influence of the Frisch grid on the measured signals. First experimental evidences of the Compton cone reconstruction using asource of ²²Na (β+, Eγ = 1.274 MeV) are also reported in this thesis, which demonstrate the proof of concept of the feasibility of the 3γ imaging. The results reported in this thesis have been essential for the development of a larger scale liquid xenon Compton camera for small animal imaging. This new detector, called XEMIS2, is now in phase of construction
Dollé, Guillaume. "Tomographie optique diffuse et de fluorescence pour la détection de tumeurs". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD029/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Tomography and Fluorescence (TR-DOTF) is a method to obtain optical properties information on diffusion and asbsorption of biological tissues. This Phd manuscript details this method state of the art and highlight the different possible path to reconstruct multidimensionnal 2D/3D images for the optical maps of the turbid medium. The project ultimate goal is to build a measurement instrument (tomograph), eventually portative, in order to detect tumours presence. The challenge is to obtain images with sufficient resolution to be used in medical environment for preclinical diagnosis. However the inverse problem ill-posedness makes the situation more difficult. The first part of this document is devoted to the problem modelization. In particular, we are interested to the diffusion approximation for the radiative transfer equation in a turbid medium. In a second part, we treat this problem from a mathematical point of view considering the diffusion problem coupled with fluorescence for two measurement types: contact and non-contact. Then we focus on the inverse prob- lem as a minimization problem for cost objective function solved by an adjoint method. Last, but not least, the third part of this document details the different numerical aspects involved to achieve an efficient reconstruction code using advanced technics from the high performance computing world
Schmeltz, Margaux. "Microscopie de second harmonique résolue en polarisations linéaire et circulaire pour caractériser l'organisation 3D du collagène". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX074.
Texto completo da fonteCollagen is a major component of organ architecture in mammals where it forms various three-dimensional (3D) structures specific to each tissue. The visualization of this multi-scale 3D organization is crucial to decipher the structure of organs such as the cornea or the skin and to guide the engineering fully functional tissue substitutes. Moreover, the organization of collagen is also affected in many diseases, so that in situ quantitative characterization of such disorders is a major biomedical issue.SHG microscopy has been recognized for several years as the gold-standard technique for imaging fibrillar collagen in situ in unmarked tissues with excellent contrast. This thesis presents the development and the application of new polarization-based SHG microscopy modalities to obtain reliable and quantitative parameters in order to more accurately describe the three-dimensional structure of collagen.First, we present a modality using linear incident polarizations (P-SHG) to analyze the multi-scale organization of collagen in various tissues, healthy and pathological. These analyses were carried out on cultural heritage objects (parchments, made of collagen from animal skins) as well as on biological tissues (corneas). On one hand, taking advantage of the non-invasive nature of this modality, we characterize the degradation of collagen in ancient parchments, precious objects of art and history. This proves the interest of SHG microscopy in the field of cultural heritage, particularly to decipher the state of conservation of objects rich in collagen. On the other hand, quantitative imaging of healthy human corneas is presented, and compared to corneas with keratoconus, a common pathology today. Murine models of corneal keratoconus are also being studied to validate their relevance.Finally, a modality using circular incident polarizations to measure circular dichroism signals (CD-SHG) is exposed. First, we present the rigorous experimental implementation of this modality, by identifying and correcting typical artifacts of this technique. Secondly, we propose a new theoretical approach to describe CD-SHG signals. Numerical simulations of the obtained analytical expression are compared to experimental results in order to understand the evolution of CD-SHG signals with the 3D architecture of collagen
Darnet, Matthieu. "Robustesse d’une loi de commande d’un redresseur triphasé pour l’alimentation électrique d’un appareil d’imagerie médicale de forte puissance impulsionnelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG009.
Texto completo da fonteThe design of a robust and efficient three-phase rectifier is a key issue in the power supplies of future medical imaging system such as X-ray scanners to increase their power and speed.This application imposes a large variability of operating points on the rectifier:(i) At the output, the load is of the pulse type with power variations of more than 100 kW.(ii) At the input, the nominal input voltage and input grid impedance are variable from one installation to another. And the instant input voltage varies normally on a +/-10% range, and abnormally from 0 to 500% of the nominal value.The double Vienna topology with coupled inductors and interleaved controls is chosen for its efficiency, reliability and low volume.The chosen control law consists of three control loops: (i) regulation of the total output voltage, (ii) power factor correction of the input currents, (iii) balancing of the two output voltages.A strong constraint is the changing dynamics of the input currents which pass through different conduction modes over the same grid period.Two linear models of the currents are developed:the linearised averaged model for the continuous conduction modes, and an original model developed in this thesis for the discontinuous conduction modes.The performance of the regulation is verified in simulation and experimentally.The robustness of the control is assessed by analysing the frequency responses and the single-variable and multivariable stability margins of the linear models developed in this thesis.The robustness of the global regulation to the phenomena defined by the ITIC curve of grid overvoltage and voltage drop is confirmed in simulation
Robert, Jade. "Développement de modalités d'imagerie ultrasonore pour le guidage et le suivi interventionnel du traitement des arythmies cardiaques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYSE1005.
Texto completo da fonteCardiac arrhythmias remain a major public health issue today. Some types of arrhythmias affect tens of millions of people worldwide, while others are the main cause of sudden cardiac death. In the most severe cases, it is imperative perform a treatment in order to preserve the integrity of the patient. However, interventional methods for guiding and monitoring this treatment are limited, sometimes leading to high recurrence rates, depending on the type of arrhythmia. This thesis focuses on the development of ultrafast ultrasound imaging modalities that can overcome these limitations. These modalities are Electromechanical Wave Imaging and Passive Elastography, and could provide relevant information, until now unavailable in clinic. First, ex-vivo studies on isolated working hearts were conducted to evaluate the potential of Electromechanical Wave Imaging. A blind study demonstrated that it was possible to accurately detect the type of stimulation and the source of contraction in 79% of cases. Then, two in-vivo studies, conducted on porcine model, allowed to study the feasibility of the electromechanical wave imaging on two types of probes, more adapted to an interventional context. Waves that could be associated with cardiac contraction were visualized in both studies. Nevertheless, dynamic visualization of the contraction wave was more complex in an in-vivo context, as it requires subjective interpretation of a trained reader. To address this limitation, a novel method based on time-frequency analysis of ultrasound data was developed to provide a more objective representation of the cardiac contraction, without the need of a trained reader. The method was validated, qualitatively and quantitatively, on ex-vivo data, against the reference method used for Electromechanical Wave Imaging in the literature. By applying the method to the data from the in-vivo studies, it could be demonstrated that the described contraction patterns are similar between two consecutive stimulations with same conditions, and that the contraction source is correctly positioned when the stimulation probe is located in the plane. Notably, the observed contraction area was consistent with the pacing area, when located in the imaging plane, in 81% of the cases, during the study performed with an intracardiac probe. Ex-vivo studies on cardiac samples were performed to evaluate the feasibility of detecting single lesions and thermal injury patterns by Passive Elastography. It was demonstrated on a large number of samples (41 out of n = 51, 80% on two studies) that a local stiffness increase (by a factor of 1.6 to 2.5 on average), of the injured areas, was visible by elastography. The distributions of the detected lesions were consistent, and the dimensions correctly estimated (manually, 1.1 to 2.8 mm error on average), although the lesion areas detected by passive elastography were still approximate. Finally, an in-vivo study on a porcine model demonstrated the feasibility of detecting individual or in-line thermal lesions with this method
Gross, Dominique. "Conception et évaluation d'une sonde CMUT mixte dédiée à la thérapie ciblée à guidage ultrasonore". Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3313/document.
Texto completo da fontePresented for the first time in 1994, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT) are a promising alternative to the piezoelectric technology for electroacoustic transduction. Particularly, their intrinsic design flexibility and miniaturization capability are strong advantages for the manufacturing of high-end Ultrasound-guided Focused Ultrasound (USgFUS) probes. The work presented in this Ph.D. dissertation is devoted to the f irst development of a USgFUS CMUT probe. After a general introduction of the CMUT technology and the context of this research project, the development is reported starting from the preliminary numerical studies to the most advanced characterizations of the fabricated device. The first results demonstrate the benefits of this technology for the targeted applications
Nicol, Stanislas. "Etude et construction d'un tomographe TEP/TDM pour petits animaux, combinant modules phoswich à scintillateurs et détecteur à pixels hybrides". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22060.
Texto completo da fonteThe pathway that has been followed by the imXgam team at CPPM was to combine on a single rotating device the detector modules of the small animal PET scanner ClearPET witha photon counting X-ray detector in order to perform simultaneous acquisition of images from the anatomy (X-ray CT) and from the metabolic function (PET) of the common field-of-view.A preliminary study of the hybrid imaging system ClearPET/XPAD3 carried out using Gateled us to form a new PET detection assembly based on 21 phoswich modules, to fix the design of the PET/CT device, as well as to study and solve the difficulties arising from simultaneous hybrid imaging. Last but not least, the simulation tool also allowed us for thinking how wellsuch a system could judiciously use the spatial and temporal correlations between anatomicand functional information.From an instrumentation point of view, we succeeded to set up the ClearPET/XPAD3 prototype.Once both imaging systems were operational individually, we demonstrated on one sidethat the ClearPET prototype was perfectly capable of performing correctly in simultaneousacquisition conditions, providing that the detector modules were appropriately shielded. Onthe other side, the new generation of the hybrid pixel camera using the XPAD3-S chip provedto be quite promising given the good quality of the first reconstructed images.Finally, the proof of concept of simultaneous PET/CT data acquisition was made using a sealed positron source and an X-ray tube
Harms, Fabrice. "Imagerie des tissus à haute résolution en profondeur par tomographie de cohérence optique plein champ : approches instrumentales et multimodales pour l'application au diagnostic per-opératoire du cancer". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066702/document.
Texto completo da fonteAmong medical imaging techniques, optical imaging methods have been significantly developped during the past decades. More specifically, among recently proposed optical imaging techniques, Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography – or FFOCT – provides unique capabilities, in particular regarding resolution and instrumental simplicity, which allows to consider its application to cancer diagnosis. This thesis demonstrates the design and implementation of new FFOCT devices for use in a clinical context, targeting improvement and optimization of the technique. Two major development parts have been realized : A translational part, comprising the development of a FFOCT microscope adapted to a clinical use for intraoperative diagnosis of cancer on tissue biopsies, and the assessment of its diagnosis performance for several clinical cases : the intraoperative diagnosis of breast tissue, of brain resections, and the preoperative qualification of corneal grafts. A research part - mainly instrumental - targeting the improvement of the diagnosis performance of the technique, based on new multimodal (fluorescence contrast, dynamic contrast) and multiscale approaches, or on the miniaturization of the device by developing a handheld rigid endoscope for clinical use
Imbert, Laëtitia. "Analyse et modélisation des performances d'un nouveau type de détecteur en médecine nucléaire : du détecteur Anger au détecteur semi-conducteur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0279.
Texto completo da fonteMyocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Developed in the 1980s with rotating Anger gamma-cameras, this technique could be dramatically enhanced by new imaging systems working with semi-conductor detectors. Two semiconductor cameras, dedicated to nuclear cardiology and equipped with Cadmium Zinc Telluride detectors, have been recently commercialized: the Discovery NM- 530c (General Electric) and the DSPECT (Spectrum Dynamics). The performances of these CZT cameras were compared: 1) by a comprehensive analysis of phantom and human SPECT images considered as normal and 2) with the parameters commonly recommended for SPECT recording and reconstruction. The results show the superiority of the CZT cameras in terms of detection sensitivity, spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio, compared to conventional Anger cameras. These properties might lead to dramatically reduce acquisition times and/or the injected activities. However, the limits of these new CZT cameras, as well as the mechanism of certain artefacts, remain poorly known. That?s why we developed, with the GATE Monte Carlo simulation plateform, a specific simulator of the DSPECT camera. We validated this simulator by comparing actually recorded data with simulated data. This simulator may yet be used to optimize the recorded and reconstruction processes, especially for complex protocols such as simultaneous dual-radionuclide acquisition and kinetics first-pass studies
Gofas, Salas Elena. "Manipulation of the illumination of an Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscope for functional imaging of the retina in-vivo High loop rate adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscope with structured illumination capability In vivo near-infrared autofluorescence imaging of retinal pigment epithelial cells with 757 nm excitation". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS195.
Texto completo da fonteAs the only transparent optical window of our body, the eye gives a unique access to the observation of neural and vascular networks. Today however, a new era is opening up for high-resolution imaging, which should no longer be limited to giving access to tissue structures, but may also tackle their functions. In fact, biomarkers for the functioning of the whole human body can be found in retinal imaging. Neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's) or arterial hypertension could thus be diagnosed early by high precision imaging of the retina. In my thesis work, I intended to show how the full-field ophthalmoscope, associated to imaging modalities adjusting geometrical settings of the illumination, could contribute to research on the retina. To achieve this ambitious goal, we modified the full-field ophthalmoscope built at the National Hospital Center of Quinze-Vingts with a specific image processing and two new instruments inspired by full-field microscopy. We have integrated these instruments into the illumination path of the ophthalmoscope to manipulate the geometry of the retinal illumination. These new implementations allow us to make use of more advanced imaging techniques, such as dark field imaging or noninvasive near infrared angiography. These imaging modalities have been exploited to image the retina functionally. We focused mainly on the light coupling function of photoreceptors and on blood perfusion
Fortin, Alexandre. "Simulation d'expériences d'angiographie cérébrale par résonance magnétique". Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS038/document.
Texto completo da fonteDuring the last decades, magnetic resonance angiography has been used as a clinical routine for precise and non-invasive exploration of vessels, as well as for diagnosis of the most common neurovascular diseases. Several dedicated methods were developed to simulate specifically the process of angiographic acquisitions. Though, currently, most of advanced MRI simulators are exclusively specialized in static tissues imaging. This work was carried out to expand the possibilities of one of those simulators in order to propose a complete tool for MRI simulation of flow motion.The efficiency of this approach is proven by replicating the main angiographic pulse sequences and the most common flow artifacts. Finally, applications are provided on simulations of blood flow in realistic vessels geometries
Bybi, Abdelmajid. "Contribution à l'étude et à la correction de la diaphonie dans les réseaux de transducteurs piézoélectriques pour l'imagerie médicale". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VALE0038/document.
Texto completo da fonteWhether in medicine or in non-destructive testing, ultrasonic imaging systems have become increasingly used nowadays. Their applications continue to expand and good performances are needed to improve the quality of the diagnosis. Moreover, significant progress has been made since these systems were originally based on single element ultrasonic transducers and are now made of mono-dimensional (1D) and bi-dimensional (2D) elements arrays ever more numerous and smaller. However, an undesirable phenomenon is strongly present in the ultrasonic transducer arrays: it is the cross-talk, which limits their acoustic performances and modifies their radiation pattern. Throughout this research, we have attempted on one hand to understand this parasitic phenomenon and on the other hand to provide solutions in order to reduce it or even remove it. To highlight the cross-talk types (acoustic and mechanical) and to test the proposed correction methods, we developed two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling and fabricated some prototypes. Both correction methods rely on the application of suitable voltages to the array elements. The first method uses the average of the normal displacements at the surface of each element to evaluate the voltages, while the second one utilizes the motional currents through each element to determine them. The numerical and experimental results concerning the displacements and the radiation patterns are in good agreement. In addition to this, both methods have been efficiently performed to reduce the cross-talk
Bopp, Cécile. "The proton as a dosimetric and diagnostic probe". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE023/document.
Texto completo da fonteProton computed tomography is being studied as an alternative to X-ray CT imaging for charged particle therapy treatment planning. By directly mapping the relative stopping power of the tissues, the uncertainty on the range of the particles could be reduced. A proton scanner consists in a calorimeter or range-meter to obtain the information on the energy lost by each proton in the object, as well as two sets of tracking planes to record the position and direction of each particle upstream and downstream from the object. This work concerns the study of the outputs of a proton scanner and the possible use of all the recorded information. A reconstruction study made it possible to show that the information on the transmission rate and on the scattering of each particle can be used to produce images with visual properties that could be of interest for diagnostics. The proof of concept of the possibility of quantitative imaging using this information is also put forward. These results are the first step towards a clinical use of proton imaging with all the recorded data
Deruelle, Tristan. "Magnetic Resonance Elastography : towards prostate cancer imaging and slow compression wave imaging in softtissues". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYSE1068.
Texto completo da fonteProstate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. It is suspected when the PSA density is high or/and the superficial prostate feels hard during digital rectal examination. Multiparametric MRI is now recommended prior biopsy when detecting for cancer. However, image interpretation is challenging, even for specialists, and brings many false-positive. Elastography is a technique to assess tissue stiffness by inducing small vibrations. It could provide a 3D map of the stiffness of the prostate. We believe that MR elastography could complement the current multiparametric MRI. Given prostate location and consitution, wave propagation is difficult though. The current work presents the design of a non-invasive wave generation device for the prostate. Then, a new field separation algorithm is presented. This algorithm provides a better estimation of the stiffness, and the correction of artefact generated by common vibrators. Finally, this algorithm can have applications in porous media. Indeed, in poro-elastic materials, a slow compression wave propagates. We observe such a wave in an agar gel, in a foam phantom, and in vivo in human kidney graft. In addition to the classic shear wave velocity estimation, it is now possible to estimate the compression wave velocity. This is an additional piece of information that the operator can use in its diagnostic. In the future, more porous parameters could be derived
Ogien, Jonas. "Développement de systèmes de microscopie par cohérence optique pour l'imagerie de la peau". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO011/document.
Texto completo da fonteOptical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a technique for tomographic imaging based on white light interferometry, making it possible to image biological media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. OCM is particularly well-suited to dermatological imaging, especially skin cancer diagnosis, since it provides images that are similar to histological images without the need for biopsy.This PhD thesis focuses on the development of OCM for skin imaging, with the aim of providing a compact, in vivo imaging tool for the dermatologist, capable of acquiring structural and functional images of the skin.A compact, full-field OCM (FF-OCM) system illuminated by a white LED was first developed, making it possible to obtain tomographic images at an ultra-high resolution (0.7 μm × 1.8 μm), up to ∼200 μm in depth within the skin. Using a high power LED, in vivo skin images could be obtained.Using this FF-OCM setup, functional imaging methods for blood flow mapping (angiography) were implemented. Four methods, based on temporal or frequency analysis of the interferometric signal, phase images or amplitude images, have been shown to be able to image intralipid flow within a model blood capillary.Functional polarimetric imaging has also been explored in FF-OCM. Contrast optimization in polarimetric images has been obtained by modifying the polarizing components of the conventional polarization sensitive FF-OCM setup depending on the sample to be imaged. This method has been tested on a simple polarizing sample.Finally, a new OCM method, line-field confocal OCM (LC-OCM), has been studied. The goal here was to develop a system capable of imaging the skin in vivo, with a tissue penetration depth greater than what is possible for FF-OCM. This system, which combines interferometric filtering and confocal filtering, makes it possible to obtain in vivo skin images in vertical and en face slices, with a spatial resolution similar to that of FF-OCM, but with a greater penetration depth of 300 μm
Denneval, Charline. "Design, synthèse et évaluation de contrastophores bimodaux pour l'imagerie par absorption à deux photons et par tomographie par émission de positons". Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAM0012/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this subject has been the synthesis of a bimodal probe using TPA–PET techniques for a potential application in biological imaging.In this context, we have synthesized a new range of A–π –D fluorophores incorporating diazine (p-deficient heterocycle) as electron-withdrawing moiety, N,N-dimethylaniline as electron-donating part and fluorene as p-conjugated linker. In order to increase the conjugation along the scaffold, ethynyl and/or triazole bridges have been introduced on both sides of the fluorene. The UV/Vis and photoluminescence properties have been measured. Further to those results two-photon absorption cross-section of our fluorophores (dTPA) has been obtained. Following these promising results, hydrophilic compounds using PEG groups have been prepared and photoluminescence properties have been carried out. In order to use the boron center as a site for radiofluorination, the synthesis of "BODIPY-like" probes has been considered. A new series of pyrimidine and triazole ligand have been synthesized but the corresponding boron complexes haven’t been obtained
Kumar, Nitish. "Design and development of devices for robotized needle insertion procedures". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD024/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on finding solutions for the design and the technological bottlenecks involving development of a slave robotic assistant for needle insertion procedures. The needed functionalities for the slave device were sought to be achieved by adopting a modular approach. This required the design and the development of different devices which satisfy targeted functionalities. A study of needle positioning devices was carried out which led to the synthesis of novel mechanisms for the task of needle axis translation and the needle axis orientation. A novel dimensional synthesis algorithm was developed to calculate the structural parameters of these mechanism while studying their singularities and considering the antagonistic constraints of system compactness, actuation torques and workspace size. The modular decomposition also allowed to offer solutions for an insertion tool dedicated to needle insertion with force feedback. This insertion tool consists of a device for inserting the needle, a device for grasping the needle and a force sensor for force feedback
Lindberg, Arvid. "Development of rigid polarimetric endoscope for early detection of cancer in vivo". Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX010.
Texto completo da fonteEarly diagnosis of a cancerous lesion and complete surgical resection of the diseased areas are both crucial points in order to greatly improve the chances for recovery of a patient. However, early detection of cancer is a very difficult task. It relies on random biopsies of suspicious areas which are not easy to identify at this stage of the disease using conventional imaging techniques (visible imaging, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, X-ray scanner, positron emission tomography). In addition, the correct evaluation of surgical resection margins remains often very difficult or even impossible in some cases.Polarimetric imaging is a promising technique for the early detection of cancerous lesions on the surface of the organs and for a better definition of the resection limits during surgery. Biomedical research activity, conducted within the 'Applied Optics and Polarimetry' team of the LPICM, focuses on the development of Mueller polarimetric imaging systems for improving the management of epithelial cancers, also known as carcinomas, which represent 80-90% of all cancers. In this regard the LPICM leads a project funded by the “Institut National du Cancer (INCa)”, on the use of Mueller polarimetric imaging for improving the management of cervical cancer at different stages of its evolution. At present an extensive series of ex vivo measurements is in progress in three different hospitals of Paris (Institut Gustave Roussy, Kremlin Bicêtre and Institut Mutualiste Montsouris). The final goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of Mueller polarimetric imaging technique in terms of sensitivity and specificity, while using an interpretation of corresponding histology slides by pathologists as a “golden standard” of cancer diagnostics. Ex vivo measurements provide a precise knowledge of the systematic effects which can negatively affect image quality. Hence, the results of this study represent a good starting point for in vivo applications of polarimetric imaging technique. Within the frame of INCa project the analysis of uterine cervix in vivo is planned, using a classical colposcope modified to obtain polarimetric Mueller images.The endoscope is another medical instrument used also to detect cancerous or precancerous lesions in the internal cavities of human body (esophagus, colon, rectum, etc.). The proposed thesis subject consists in developing a Mueller polarimetric rigid endoscope and evaluating its performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The work of PhD student will be concerned with instrumentation in optics, acquisition of data, signal processing and statistical evaluation of the performance of technique. Thus, the subject of this thesis is on the interface between physics and medical diagnostics and it shows a strong potential for industrial development with a significant societal impact
Huber, Adrian Thomas. "Multi-organ non-invasive tissue characterization of fibrosis, adipose tissue, edema and inflammation with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging : applications to myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver interactions Cardiac MR strain: a noninvasive biomarker of fibro-fatty remodeling of the left atrial myocardium Comparison of MR T1 and T2 mapping parameters to characterize myocardial and skeletal muscle involvement in systemic Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy (IIM) Non-invasive differentiation of acute viral myocarditis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with cardiac involvement using magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 mapping CT predicts liver fibrosis: Prospective evaluation of morphology- and attenuationbased quantitative scores in routine portal venous abdominal scans". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS135.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis provides a proof of concept for MR atrial strain, as well as MR relaxometry in the myocardium, in skeletal muscles and in the liver. Thanks to a close interaction between radiologist and software engineers, two different softwares were developed, applied and validated: one for multiorgan T1 mapping in the myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver, another one for cardiac four-chamber strain analysis and volumetry. The first publication showed a strong correlation of LA strain with the degree of fibro-fatty replacement in histology. Such functional imaging biomarker in combination with LA volumetry could help to guide clinical decisions, since myocardial structural remodeling is a known morphologic substrate of LA dysfunction, atrial fibrillation and adverse outcome. In the second publication, MR relaxometry parameters applied to the myocardium and skeletal muscles in IIM patients and healthy volunteers were used as a model to demonstrate influences of different tissue composition and vascularization on T1 mapping parameters. ΔT1 and EHF were introduced as simple alternatives to ECV in highly vascularized tissues such as the myocardium. In the third publication, MR relaxometry parameters applied to the skeletal muscls allowed for an accurate discrimination of AVM and IIM with cardiac involvement. However, when applied to the myocardium, parametric mapping did not separate between the two groups. The fourth publication introduced native T1 of the liver an easily accessible and accurate non-invasive imaging associate of congestive HF in IDCM patients with better performance than established functional parameters such as LV volumes, ejection fraction or strain
Stolidi, Adrien. "Développement de méthodes d'imagerie par contraste de phase sur source X de laboratoire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS076/document.
Texto completo da fonteX-ray imaging is widely used in non-destructive testing dedicated to industry, medical or security domain. In most of the radiographic techniques, the image contrast depends on the attenuation of the X-ray beam by the sample. This attenuation is function of the density and thickness of the object and of the wavelength. Therefore, objects like metal covers, bones or weapons bring contrast on the image. In addition to attenuation, phase shifting happens, in particular for low-attenuating material. This phenomenon brings contrast, called phase contrast, and allows a X-ray image of low-attenuating material as plastics, composites, soft tissues or explosives. This work presents development and adaptation, in the X-ray domain, of phase contrast imaging techniques on laboratory equipment. The goal is to bring phase contrast imaging in daily use. This manuscript is split in two parts, simulation and instrumentation. A simulation tool has been developed, mixing geometrical optic and wave optic. Limits of the model and validation are presented. For the instrumental part, two interferometric techniques have been considered. The first one is multi-lateral interferometry where adaptation on X-ray tube is presented for the first time. Interesting use of the measurement recurrence will be introduced. The second one is speckle tracking interferometry, recently adapted on X-ray tube, for which we present new advancements