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1
Bitka za Ilirik. BATHINVS, 2018.
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2
Mandel, David. War of the Jews: Against the Roman Empire. Independently Published, 2018.
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3
Kershaw, Stephen. Enemies of Rome: The Barbarian Rebellion Against the Roman Empire. Pegasus Books, 2021.
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4
Kershaw, Stephen. Enemies of Rome: The Barbarian Rebellion Against the Roman Empire. Pegasus Books, 2020.
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5
Enemies of Rome: The Barbarian Rebellion Against the Roman Empire. Pegasus Books, 2020.
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6
Dzino, Danijel. Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229Bc-Ad68. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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7
Dzino, Danijel. Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229BC-AD68. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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8
Dzino, Danijel. Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC-AD 68. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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9
Dzino, Danijel. Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC-AD 68. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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10
Williamson, Terrance. Pagan and the Jew: The Jewish Rebellion Against the Roman Empire. Terrance D. Williamson. Independently Published, 2018.
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11
Sirks, Boudewijn. Law, Commerce, and Finance in the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0003.
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This chapter considers the legal aspects of commercial transactions in the Roman Empire. While there was no specific body of Roman commercial law, a group of legal figures, accessible for and applicable against non-Romans, were concerned with issues important for commerce, such as sale, mandate, partnership, loans for consumption, and stipulation. There were also general applications, some of which proved very useful in commerce too (actiones adiecticiae qualitatis), while others were specifically designed for commerce, such as the action against shipmasters. Furthermore, the contract of deposit was ingeniously used to make banking and financing on a large and commercial scale possible, while the chirograph, originally a Hellenistic documentary debt paper, acquired the traits of a commercial paper that made transfer of debts very easy. The chapter considers both the effects of large-scale commerce on the development of Roman law, and the effects of the legal framework on the economy.
12
Webster, Graham, e Graham Webster. Boudica: The British Revolt Against Rome AD 60 (The Roman Conquest of Britain). Routledge, 2000.
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13
Garipzanov, Ildar. Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815013.003.0003.
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The first section tests the main interpretations of Lactantius’ passage on Constantine’s victorious sign in 312 against existing graphic evidence from the 310s and early 320s, and consequently supports the interpretation of Lactantius’ description as a rhetorical device invented or modified by the Christian narrator. The next two sections support the argument that the perception of the chi-rho as Constantine’s triumphant sign became entrenched in courtly culture and public mentalities from the mid-320s onwards, and trace the diachronic change of the chi-rho from its paramount importance as an imperial sign of authority under the Constantinian dynasty to its hierarchic usage alongside the tau-rho and cross in the Theodosian period. The final section presents a contextualized discussion of the encolpion of Empress Maria and mosaics from several early baptisteries, illustrating the paradigmatic importance the chi-rho and tau-rho for early Christian graphicacy around the turn of the fifth century.
14
Boudica: The British revolt against Rome AD 60. London: New York, 1993.
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15
Boudica: The British revolt against Rome AD 60. London: Batsford, 1993.
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16
History, Captivating. Sarmatians and Scythians: A Captivating Guide to the Barbarians of Iranian Origins and How These Ancient Tribes Fought Against the Roman Empire, Goths, Huns, and Persians. CH Publications, 2019.
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17
Worthington, Ian. Athens After Empire. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633981.001.0001.
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When we think of ancient Athens, the image invariably coming to mind is of the Classical city, with monuments beautifying everywhere; the Agora swarming with people conducting business and discussing political affairs; and a flourishing intellectual, artistic, and literary life, with life anchored in the ideals of freedom, autonomy, and democracy. But in 338 that forever changed when Philip II of Macedonia defeated a Greek army at Chaeronea to impose Macedonian hegemony over Greece. The Greeks then remained under Macedonian rule until the new power of the Mediterranean world, Rome, annexed Macedonia and Greece into its empire. How did Athens fare in the Hellenistic and Roman periods? What was going on in the city, and how different was it from its Classical predecessor? There is a tendency to think of Athens remaining in decline in these eras, as its democracy was curtailed, the people were forced to suffer periods of autocratic rule, and especially under the Romans enforced building activity turned the city into a provincial one than the “School of Hellas” that Pericles had proudly proclaimed it to be, and the Athenians were forced to adopt the imperial cult and watch Athena share her home, the sacred Acropolis, with the goddess Roma. But this dreary picture of decline and fall belies reality, as my book argues. It helps us appreciate Hellenistic and Roman Athens and to show it was still a vibrant and influential city. A lot was still happening in the city, and its people were always resilient: they fought their Macedonian masters when they could, and later sided with foreign kings against Rome, always in the hope of regaining that most cherished ideal, freedom. Hellenistic Athens is far from being a postscript to its Classical predecessor, as is usually thought. It was simply different. Its rich and varied history continued, albeit in an altered political and military form, and its Classical self-lived on in literature and thought. In fact, it was its status as a cultural and intellectual juggernaut that enticed Romans to the city, some to visit, others to study. The Romans might have been the ones doing the conquering, but in adapting aspects of Hellenism for their own cultural and political needs, they were the ones, as the poet Horace claimed, who ended up being captured.
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Williamson, Callie. Crimes against the State. Editado por Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando e Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.26.
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During most of the Republic, the Romans viewed only perduellio as a threat to state security. Other threats were dealt with through institutionalised mechanisms of stability in Rome’s political structure, above all through the public lawmaking assemblies. Only when the political system wavered in the late Republic did the Romans criminalise “diminishing the superiority of the Roman people” maiestas populi Romani minuta (maiestas) as a crime against the state. Inherent in maiestas is the authority of the Roman people to negotiate consensus through the public lawmaking process in which the people voiced their commands. During the Empire, the emperor embodied the superiority of the Roman people and through him, as the chief lawmaker of Rome, were channelled the commands of the people. The scope of maiestas was altered to adapt to changing ideas of the state, but the idea that maiestas constituted the chief crime against the state persisted.
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History, Captivating. History of Romania: A Captivating Guide to Romanian History, Including Events Such as the First Roman–Dacian War, Raids of Vlad III Dracula against the Ottoman Empire, the Great War, and World War 2. Captivating History, 2021.
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20
Czajkowski, Kimberley, Benedikt Eckhardt e Meret Strothmann, eds. Law in the Roman Provinces. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844082.001.0001.
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The study of the Roman empire has changed dramatically in the last century. Emphasis is now placed on understanding the experiences of subject populations, rather than focusing solely on the Roman imperial elites. Local experiences, and interactions between periphery and centre are an intrinsic component in our picture of the empire’s function over and against the earlier, top-down model. But where does law fit in to this new, decentralized picture of empire? This volume brings together internationally renowned scholars from legal and historical backgrounds to study the operation of law in each region of the empire from the first century BCE to the end of the third century CE. Regional variation and specificity is explored alongside the emergence of common themes and activities by historical agents. When brought together, a new understanding of law in the Roman empire emerges that balances the practicalities of regional variation with the ideological construct of law and empire.
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Omissi, Adrastos. A House Divided Against Itself. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824824.003.0003.
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This short chapter constitutes an introduction to the main body of the work, and sets out the wide-reaching consequences of permanent civil war within the later Roman Empire. It argues that previous research has overemphasized the importance of external warfare with the barbarian outsiders in recounting the political and military history of the late third and early fourth centuries. Far more important were the wars that Romans fought against themselves. The chapter sets out the broadly chronological structure of the book, and urges the reader to see that chapter divisions organized by dynasty should not suggest that this book takes a traditional approach to late Roman history. Far from it: the legitimacy of many of the late Empire’s great dynasties will be thrown open to question.
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Otto, Jennifer. Christians Reading Philo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820727.003.0002.
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It is widely assumed amongst scholars that Clement of Alexandria’s citations of Philo demonstrate continuity between Philo’s Jewish community and early Christians in ancient Alexandria. This chapter argues that the assumed continuity between Jewish synagogue and Christian church in Alexandria is problematical. This is due to two factors. The first is the Jewish uprisings against Rome under Trajan and Hadrian at the beginning of the second century and the second the mobility of people and texts in the Roman Empire. The frequent copying and easy circulation of texts among students of philosophy in the Roman world suggests that Clement may have encountered Philo’s writings in a philosophical school rather than via transmission in an institution such as a Jewish-Christian synagogue or catechetical school.
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Kelly, Benjamin. Repression, Resistance and Rebellion. Editado por Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando e Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.29.
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This chapter reconstructs the legal underpinnings of repressive responses to fundamental threats to the Roman political order: sedition, conspiracies, riots and provincial revolts. It outlines the legal and ethical limitations on state power that were invoked in relation to acts of repression. It argues that there was a tension in Roman civilization between ideas about the appropriate limitations on the exercise of state violence against the individual and the need to deal with fundamental political threats. With the growth of autocracy in the later Empire, the ethics of rulers’ responses to fundamental threats to the political order came to be emphasized rather than the legal rights of the rebellious. The chapter argues that attempts were made to downgrade legally or discursively the civic statuses of individuals accused of threatening the political order. Such attempts aimed to reduce concerns about repressive actions that would have been considered illegal or unethical.
24
Richardson, John. Appian: Wars of the Romans in Iberia. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856687198.001.0001.
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Appian wrote his Roman history in the second century AD as a series of books arranged geographically to chronicle the rise of the Roman Empire. His Iberike, of which this is the first translation with historical commentary in English, deals with the Romans' wars in the Iberian peninsula from the third to the first centuries BC. It is the only continuous source for much of the history of this crucial period in one of the earliest regions of Rome's imperial expansion, and so fills in the gap made by the loss of Livy's later books. He describes the major campaigns of the conquest from the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus, the wars against the Celtiberians, the war against the Lusitanians under Viriathus and the siege of Numantia. The value of the text is not merely as a chronicle of otherwise obscure events, Appian was an historian who deserves to be studied in his own right. This scholarly edition presents the Greek text with facing-page English translation, accompanied by an introduction, historical commentary and copious notes.
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Sarris, Peter. 4. Byzantium and Islam. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199236114.003.0004.
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By the end of the 7th century, a new superpower was applying pressure on the East Roman Empire. ‘Byzantium and Islam’ describes the rise of Arab power and the evolution of Islam. The Damascus-based Umayyad dynasty ruled over the Islamic empire from the late 7th to the middle of the 8th century and directed the jihad against Constantinople and gave greater definition to Islam. The priorities of the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad in the 8th century lay to the east, easing pressure on Byzantium. The subsequent fragmentation of the Islamic world allowed Byzantium’s revival through the 9th and 10th centuries. By the early 11th century, Byzantium was once again the greatest power in Christendom.
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Micah Eun-Kya, Kim. Biblical Hermeneutics in the Context of Post-Anglicanism. Editado por Mark Chapman, Sathianathan Clarke e Martyn Percy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218561.013.44.
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This chapter searches the new identity of Post-Anglicanism beyond Anglicanism in the age of the global empires. The British Empire and Anglicanism were a two-wheeled vehicle during the colonial period. Anglicanism can be understood as justifying a ruling ideology in colonial ages just as the Pax Romana justified the Roman Empire under the slogan of the expansion of the Kingdom of God. This can be called the Pax Anglicana. How then can Post-Anglicanism frame the future of the Communion? It needs to take seriously today’s global contexts in the light of Minjung (the oppressed) in Asia, Latin America, Africa. For this we need to read the Bible against the background of the society and religion of ancient Israel and their links with ancient empires. And it has to reconstruct Anglicanism in terms of justice, peace, and religious dialogue against the global empire.
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Hardy, Duncan. Burgundian Rule on the Upper Rhine and its Aftermath, c. 1468–77. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0012.
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The third case study examines the role of associative structures and dynamics on the Upper Rhine in a series of episodes which brought profound upheaval to this region: the acquisition of an archipelago of lordships and jurisdictions by the duke of Burgundy, Charles ‘the Bold’, in 1468, the controversial style of government of his administrators which culminated in a revolt in 1474, and the local and Empire-wide wars against Burgundy that followed in 1474–7. In this time of growing consolidation within the community that formed the Holy Roman Empire, interactions between political actors continued to be mediated through alliances and other contractual ties, and negotiation remained centred on Tage. Heavy-handed Burgundian governors clashed with the loose configuration of principalities like Outer Austria, and stimulated the creation of anti-Burgundian coalitions on the Upper Rhine and across the Empire which combined traditional associative formats with a new rhetoric of German nationhood.
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Denery II, Dallas G., ed. A Cultural History of Ideas in the Medieval Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206501.
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This volume of A Cultural History of Ideas examines the roughly thousand years, from the end of the Roman Empire to the cusp of the Reformation, that make up the Middle Ages. Each chapter investigates the ideas and practices associated with a specific theme— knowledge, the human self, ethics, politics, nature, religion, rhetoric, art, and history—in order to reveal the tangle of social, cultural, and religious factors that shaped, and were shaped by, medieval intellectual life. Central to this project is the need to read against the grain, revealing the limits and suppressions in both the medieval sources themselves and more recent scholarship on the period. Taken together, these nine essays, written from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, depict the complexities of medieval life and thought, their unique characteristics, and their influence on subsequent centuries.
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Taiz, Lincoln, e Lee Taiz. The “Plantheon” of Greek Mythology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0007.
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“The ‘Plantheon’ of Greek Mythology” examines how—before the emergence of competing scientific paradigms—agricultural paradigms were subsumed into myth and integrated into religious worldviews that associated plants and agricultural abundance with women and goddesses. Hesiod’s Theogony provides valuable insights into Greek ideas about gender that influenced how plants were understood. Philosophers initiated a transition from myth-based to logic-based belief systems, but their proto-scientific views must be viewed against the backdrop of Greek mythology and religion. Women played important roles in religious festivals and rituals, the most enduring of which, the Eleusinian Mysteries, lasted until the end of the Roman Empire. The Eleusinian Mysteries and the Thesmophoria took as their basic text the Homeric “Hymn to Demeter” which recounts the story of Demeter, goddess of grain and the harvest, and her daughter Kore/Persephone. Myths concerning Aphrodite, Artemis, Chloris, Cybele, Adonis, Daphne, Dionysus and others, including the goddess Hermaphrodite, are discussed.
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Ronin, Marguerite, e Cosima Möller, eds. Instandhaltung und Renovierung von Straßen und Wasserleitungen von der Zeit der römischen Republik bis zur Spätantike. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748900269.
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Roads, bridges, aqueducts and canals are amongst the physical infrastructures that allowed Roman dominance over the Empire, while meeting economic, social and strategic needs. Due to their structural role in the management and control of a territory, they must be examined in view of the “longue durée”, which necessarily raises the issue of their regular maintenance and occasional restoration. By studying the interactions between different political and administrative authorities, but also the involvement of private individuals, be they users or riverside occupants, the papers gathered in this volume highlight the rehabilitation procedures of road and hydraulic facilities, but also the prevention strategies against potentially irreversible damages. To understand the overall legal framework, along with the technical constraints and socio-political modalities of these interventions, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to foster the dialogue between history, archaeology and Roman law. With contributions by Cosima Möller, Marguerite Ronin: Einleitung/Introduction Johannes Michael Rainer: Die Interdikte zum Schutze von Strassen und Wasserwegen im römischen Recht Christer Bruun: Die Bedeutung der Flüsse für den Verkehr und für die ländliche Wasserversorgung nach den Ansichten der römischen Juristen und Kaiser Ignacio Czeguhn: Kontinuität von Rechtsregelungen über Fragen des Wasserrechts auf der iberischen Halbinsel Charles Davoine: La restauration des infrastructures routières dans l’Occident romain. L’apport des inscriptions Marguerite Ronin: L’entretien des réseaux d’adduction privés et la gestion du risque de pénurie dans l’Empire romain. L’apport des sources juridiques Yasmina Benferhat: Die kurzlebigen Brücken Hélène Dessales, Julie Carlut, Francesca Filocamo: L’entretien d’un aqueduc face aux risques géologiques. Le cas du Serino, Italie Laetitia Borau: Entretien et restauration des aqueducs: quels indices archéologiques? L’exemple de la Gaule romaine Nicolas Lamare: Lacum uetustate conlabsum restituere: restaurations et transformations des fontaines monumentales d’Afrique tardive Michel Tarpin: Territorialisation des corvées et de la fiscalité: le rôle des pagi dans l’entretien et l’utilisation des voies et cours d’eau
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Møller, Jørgen, e Jonathan Stavnskær Doucette. The Catholic Church and European State Formation, AD 1000-1500. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857118.001.0001.
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Abstract Generations of social scientists and historians have argued that the escape from empire and consequent fragmentation of power—across and within polities—was a necessary condition for the European development of the modern territorial state, modern representative democracy, and modern levels of prosperity. This book inserts the Catholic Church as the main engine of this persistent international and domestic power pluralism, which has moulded European state formation for almost a millennium. It argues that the ‘crisis of church and state’ that began in the second half of the eleventh century fundamentally reshaped European patterns of state formation and regime change. It did so by doing away with the norm in historical societies—sacral monarchy—and by consolidating the two great balancing acts European state-builders have been engaged in since the eleventh century: against strong social groups and against each other. The book traces the roots of this crisis to a large-scale breakdown of public authority in the Latin West, which began in the ninth century, and which at one and the same time incentivized and permitted a religious reform movement to radically transform the Catholic Church in the period from the late tenth century onwards. Drawing on a unique dataset of towns, parliaments, and ecclesiastical institutions such as bishoprics and monasteries, the book documents how this church reform movement was crucial for the development and spread of self-government (the internal balancing act) and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire (the external balancing act) in the period AD 1000–1500.
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Tucker, Spencer C. The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars. ABC-CLIO, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216009986.
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This book covers 26 independence wars that have irrevocably changed the world, beginning with the Maccabean Revolt against Rome (167–160 BCE) and ending with the Tamil War for Independence in Sri Lanka (1983–2009). Throughout history, people longing for independence have fought wars to win their freedom. Some of these wars, such as the American Revolution and the Israeli War of Independence, were great successes. Others, such as the Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire, were devastating failures. In some cases, most notably the Arab Revolt, the outcome had immense repercussions that are still felt today all over the world. This book examines 26 of the most significant independence wars, from ancient times to the modern era and identifies the origins and consequences of these key conflicts. Comprehensive overview essays as well as explanations of the causes and consequences of each war give readers the background needed to understand the importance of these seminal events. Additional learning tools include detailed timelines that contextualize all of the key events in the conflict, maps of several of the key battles that help readers visualize the strategies of both sides, and a lengthy bibliography that offers a wealth of options for students looking to further investigate any of the conflicts.
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Mills, Simon. A Commerce of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840336.001.0001.
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A Commerce of Knowledge: Trade, Religion, and Scholarship between England and the Ottoman Empire, c.1600–1760 tells the story of three generations of Church of England chaplains who served the English Levant Company in Aleppo, Syria, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The book reconstructs the careers of its protagonists in the cosmopolitan city of Ottoman Aleppo, and brings to light the links between English commercial and diplomatic expansion and English scholarly and missionary interests: the study of Middle-Eastern languages; the exploration of biblical and Greco-Roman antiquities; and the early dissemination of Protestant literature in Arabic. Early modern Orientalism is usually conceived as an episode in the history of scholarship. By shifting the focus to Aleppo, A Commerce of Knowledge draws attention to connections between the seemingly aloof world of the early modern university and spheres of commercial and diplomatic life, tracing the emergence of new kinds of philological and archaeological enquiry in England back to a series of real-world encounters between the chaplains and the scribes, booksellers, priests, rabbis, and sheikhs whom they encountered in the Ottoman Empire. Setting the careers of its protagonists against a background of broader developments across Protestant and Catholic Europe, the book shows how the institutionalization of English scholarship, and the later English attempt to influence the Eastern Christian churches, were bound up with the international struggle to establish a commercial foothold in the Levant. It then argues that these connections would endure until the shift of British commercial and imperial interests to the Indian subcontinent in the second half of the eighteenth century fostered new currents of intellectual life at home.
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DiPrizio, Robert C., ed. Conflict in the Holy Land. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400630408.
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With more than 250 cross-referenced entries covering every aspect of conflict in the Holy Land, this illuminating book will help students understand the volatile history of Palestine and Israel and its impact on the rest of the world. Palestine is considered a sacred land by Christians, Jews, and Muslims. This has contributed to the violence that has ravaged the Holy Land throughout its long history. This A–Z reference work, which defines the Holy Land as historic Palestine (the combined territories of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip), covers such ancient conflicts as Egypt's rule over Canaan, the reign of King David, and the Jewish Revolts against the Roman Empire. In addition, the title includes detailed entries on such medieval conflicts as the Crusades and such contemporary conflicts as the Arab-Israeli wars. The reference begins with an introduction that provides readers with the necessary context to understand the region's bloody history and a comprehensive chronology that will help students construct a more complete picture of conflict in the Holy Land. Then come hundreds of key entries on the events, individuals, groups, places, and ideologies that have played an important role in the strife there. The title concludes with an expansive bibliography that will aid students looking to do more research on the topic and a thorough index.
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Plummer, Marjorie Elizabeth. Stripping the Veil. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857286.001.0001.
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Protestant nuns and mixed-confessional convents are an unexpected anomaly in early modern Germany. According to sixteenth-century evangelical reformers’ theological positions outlined in their publications and reform-minded rulers’ institutional efforts, monastic life in Protestant regions should have ended by the mid-sixteenth century. Instead, many convent congregations exhibiting elements of traditional and evangelical practices in Protestant regions survived into the seventeenth century and beyond. How did these convents survive? What is a Protestant nun? How many convent congregations came to house nuns with diverse belief systems and devotional practices, and how did they live and worship together? These questions lead to surprising answers. Stripping the Veil explores the daily existence, ritual practices, and individual actions of nuns in surviving convents over time against the backdrop of changing political and confessional circumstances in Protestant regions. It also demonstrates how incremental shifts in practice and belief led to the emergence of a complex, often locally constructed, devotional life. This continued presence of nuns and the survival of convents in Protestant cities and territories of the German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire is evidence of a more complex lived experience of religious reform, devotional practice, and confessional accommodation than traditional histories of early modern Christianity would indicate. The internal differences and the emerging confessional hybridity, blending, and fluidity also serve as a caution about designating a nun or groups of nuns as Lutheran, Catholic, or Reformed or even more broadly as Protestant or Catholic during the sixteenth century.
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Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo. Reign of Arrows. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888329.001.0001.
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From minor nomadic tribe to major world empire, the story of the Parthians’ success in the ancient world is nothing short of remarkable. In their early history, the Parthians benefited from strong leadership, a flexible and accommodating cultural identity, and innovative military characteristics that allowed them to compete against and indeed eventually overcome Greek, Persian, Central Asian, and eventually Roman rivals who were often more powerful. Reign of Arrows provides the first comprehensive study dedicated entirely to early Parthian history within the Hellenistic world prior to contact with Rome and the first comprehensive effort since 1938 to evaluate early Parthian political history. It is a major effort to synthesize a wide array of especially recent scholarship across numerous fields of study in order to present the reader with the most cogent, well-rounded, and up-to-date account of the intersections of Hellenistic and Parthian history possible. It draws on a wide variety of sources to explain the political and military encounters that shaped the international environment of the Hellenistic Middle East from the middle third to the early first centuries BCE. This study treats broader issues of international relations in the ancient world, state decision-making, royal identity and ideology, evolving spatial perspectives and power relations, and state security concerns. It combines traditional historical approaches, such as source criticism and the integration of material evidence, with the incorporation of modern international relations theory to better examine the rise of the Parthians to dominance over the ancient Middle East.
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Hotson, Howard. The Reformation of Common Learning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199553389.001.0001.
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Howard Hotson’s previous contribution to this series, Commonplace Learning, explored how a fragmented political and confessional landscape turned the northwestern corner of the Holy Roman Empire into the pedagogical laboratory of post-Reformation Protestant Europe. This sequel traces the further evolution of that tradition after that region’s leading educational institutions were destroyed by the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) and their students and teachers scattered in all directions. Transplanted to the Dutch Republic, the post-Ramist tradition provided ideas, values, and methods which helped to formulate the mechanical philosophy of Descartes and institutionalize it within a network of thriving universities. Within the international diaspora of Protestant intellectuals documented in the archive of Samuel Hartlib, post-Ramist encyclopaedism provided much of the framework for the pansophic programme of Comenius, which assisted the initial spread of Baconianism and related aspirations both in England and abroad. In post-war central Europe, another branch of the tradition helped inspire Leibniz’s life-long vision of a revised combinatorial encyclopaedia as the centrepiece of a wide-ranging reform programme. But as the underlying political, confessional, educational, and intellectual context shifted after 1648, the ancient conception of the encyclopaedia as a cycle of disciplines to be mastered by every scholar exploded into a potentially infinite number of discrete topics organized alphabetically within a mere work of reference. This book weaves together many new lines of inquiry against a huge geographical and thematic canvas to contribute fresh perspectives on the fraught middle years of the seventeenth century in particular and the shape of modern knowledge more generally.