Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Consulte a lista de atuais artigos, livros, teses, anais de congressos e outras fontes científicas relevantes para o tema "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Ovadia, Daniela. "L’illusion de la main en caoutchouc". Cerveau & Psycho N° 94, n.º 11 (11 de janeiro de 2017): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cerpsy.094.0038.
Texto completo da fonte
2
Chudzian, Joanna, Ada Ładno e Olga Podlińska. "Control and the illusion of control in the financial decisions of entrepreneurs". Annals of Marketing Management and Economics 4, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/amme.2018.4.2.14.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The article concerns the phenomenon of control and illusion of control In financial decisions of Polish enterprises. The article identifies the main determinants of the illusion of control. The aim of the paper is to assess the level of control and the degree of illusion of control. For this purpose a CAWI survey was conducted on a group of persons employed in enterprises and responsible for financial decisions. The empirical part of the article presents an primary study conducted among financial directors which showed high results of surveyed entrepreneurs in the area of control and the observed phenomenon of the illusion of control in decision-making situations in the field of finance. At the same time, the main factors influencing the level of the illusion of control were verified.
3
Huang, Bei. "Study of Francis Bacon's "Four Illusions" from a Psychological Perspective". International Journal of Education and Humanities 8, n.º 3 (17 de maio de 2023): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v8i3.8393.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In the development history of modern Western materialism, Francis Bacon is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding philosophers. He devoted all his life to the realization of the "great revival" of science, for which he wrote a masterpiece "The Great Revival" with "New Tools" as the main body, and put forward the "four illusion theory" and scientific induction in "New Tools". Bacon, through the analysis of the collective illusion, caves illusion, market illusion and delusion theater, showed that illusion hindered the people on the correct understanding of things, but the illusion couldn't be eliminated fundamentally. This article starts from the content of the four illusion and its relationship with psychology, from the psychology perspective to discuss the four illusion theory, hoping to promote people’s understanding on things.
4
Hill, Harold, e Vicki Bruce. "Independent Effects of Lighting, Orientation, and Stereopsis on the Hollow-Face Illusion". Perception 22, n.º 8 (agosto de 1993): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220887.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Three experiments were conducted to investigate factors contributing to the ‘hollow face’ illusion. A novel method was employed in which the distance from the mask at which the illusion became apparent or disappeared, when retreating or approaching, respectively, was taken as a measure of the strength of the illusion. In all the experiments an effect of direction of observer's movement was found, demonstrating the stability of the initial percept. Upright orientations were compared with inverted ones to investigate if the illusion reflects a bias towards a familiar percept. The direction of lighting was also varied. Independent main effects of orientation and lighting were found to be consistent with preferences both for upright faces and for top lighting. However, inverted faces also produced the illusion to some extent, suggesting a general preference for convexity. The role of stereopsis in resolving the illusion was tested by comparing monocular with binocular viewing conditions. Monocular viewing conditions gave rise to shorter distances, suggesting that the retinal disparities available with binocular viewing are important in disambiguating the illusion at small distances. The results are interpreted within the framework of a 22-dimensional sketch derived from independent modular processing of visual information.
5
EFUNTADE, Alani Olusegun, e Olubunmi Omotayo EFUNTADE. "Relevance of Fiscal Illusion Proposition and Wagner Theory to Nigerian Budget Performance (Nexus among Fiscal Illusion Index, Recurrent and Capital Budget)". Journal of Accounting and Financial Management 9, n.º 3 (13 de setembro de 2023): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jafm.v9.no3.2023.pg129.149.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This paper presents an empirical analysis of the consequences of fiscal illusion for public spending outcomes in a developing country context, specifically Nigeria, over the period 1993- 2022. The presence of fiscal illusion and its main indicators are identified (measured here through deficit illusion, and degree of tax visibility, where the real burden of taxation is underrepresented to the citizen-voter). We find that the Nigerian economy reveals significant fiscal illusion as measured in above terms. Also, fiscal illusion is found to have major and positive impact on the demand for government capital expenditure and government recurrent expenditure and consequently, on real government expenditure in the economy over the chosen time period. This work demonstrated that the controversial question involving the role of fiscal illusion practices on public finances is not recent, but can be thought of as deriving from the discussion invoked by Puviani (1903) and substantially enriched by Buchanan (1960). In spite of the fact that the ‘Fiscal Illusion’ School of Buchanan and Wagner (1977) identifies higher levels of fiscal illusion promoting increasing increments in the size of the public sector, this work developed a model that predicts higher levels of fiscal illusion also decrease national economic growth rates. The government additionally creates the false illusion that public expenditures are lower than they are in reality and for this reason it is easier to maintain the illusive fiscal discipline. On the one hand, the government may cut expenditures in an ostensible way and step towards reducing the budget deficit. On the other hand, without additional procedures the government may introduce new public expenditures outside the budget and, consequently, without any special control of the law-making arm of government.
6
Korolev, Alexander S. "Russia-ASEAN Relations— Strategic Partnership or Strategic Illusion?" Russia in Global Affairs 22, n.º 3 (2024): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-3-159-178.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The article explores the main achievements and limitations of the Russia- ASEAN strategic partnership. The author reassesses the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to analyzing: the format of strategic partnership; states’ goal-setting in the pursuit of such a bilateral relationship; and its main features as a “new” model of interstate relations. The author proposes an updated classification of a strategic partnership’s characteristics, and on this basis concludes that the real content of Russia-ASEAN relations does not match their nominal form.
7
Geier, János, László Bernáth, Mariann Hudák e László Séra. "Straightness as the Main Factor of the Hermann Grid Illusion". Perception 37, n.º 5 (janeiro de 2008): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5622.
Texto completo da fonte
8
Avhustiuk, Maria. "THE ILLUSION OF NOT KNOWING IN METACOGNITIVE MONITORING: A BRIEF REVIEW". Psychological Prospects Journal, n.º 37 (15 de junho de 2021): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2227-1376-2021-37-10-22.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Purpose. The paper is aimed to analyze some key features of the illusion of not knowing in metacognitive monitoring of the learning activity of university students. Among the main conceptions of the influence of the illusion of not knowing on metacognitive monitoring accuracy of the learning activity of university students we tend to study and to analyse different types of the learned information, as well as personal, cognitive, metacognitive, and individual psychological characteristics of students. Moreover, the study may allow to clarifying the phenomenon of the illusion of not knowing and its influence on metacognitive monitoring accuracy measures.
Methods. The theoretical and comparative practical methods of studying the illusion of not knowing in metacognitive monitoring of university students have been used in the study. The participants learned texts, statements and pairs of words in Ukrainian. They performed JOLs, aJOLs, RCJs, and aRCJs. Calibration procedure helped to define average indicators of both the illusion of knowing and the illusion of not knowing.
Results. The findings indicate that the illusion of not knowing as an error of metacognitive monitoring accuracy (alongside the illusion of knowing) can occur in all types of metacognitive judgments, especially in the prospective judgments of learning. The highest levels of the illusion of not knowing are shown in learning pairs of words, smaller texts of all styles, and in ‘Yes’/‘No’/‘Do not know’ questions. Moreover, the effects of personal, cognitive, metacognitive, and individual psychological characteristics are also allocated.
Conclusions. The paper provides an account of the effects of different types of information chosen for the experiment, and of personal, cognitive, metacognitive, and individual psychological characteristics of university students. The findings indicate the illusion of not knowing as an error of metacognitive monitoring accuracy alongside the illusion of knowing. These findings might help to solve the problem of metacognitive monitoring accuracy in the learning activity of university students.
9
Zumaeta, Jorge N. "Money Illusion in Charitable Giving in the Absence of Market Price Resistance". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 13, n.º 3(J) (9 de julho de 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v13i3(j).3192.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Money illusion occurs when individuals fail to differentiate nominal from real values when making financial and economic decisions. As a consequence, they do not adjust their consumption behavior according to real variables. We report an economic experiment to study whether money illusion appears in a very simple setting. It is very important to mention that the experiment was conducted in the context of charitable giving. Our experimental results showed the absence of money illusion among the participants. Our study suggests that money illusion is not present in the absence of price stickiness (market price resistance). This finding supports Shafir et al. (1997). The main objective of our study is to develop a better understanding of economic agents’ charitable giving behaviors as influenced by perceptions of nominal income. Charitable institutions could build fundraising strategies based on behavioral tendencies to the perception of income in nominal or real terms.
10
Haan, Joost, e Michel D. Ferrari. "Picasso’s migraine: Illusory cubist splitting or illusion?" Cephalalgia 31, n.º 9 (13 de maio de 2011): 1057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411406752.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It is widely believed that Pablo Picasso suffered from migraine. The main cause for this is our suggestion made 10 years ago that some of Picasso’s paintings resemble migraine auras. Here we critically look back at our own hypothesis. We conclude that, although the idea is still fascinating, there is no proof of Picasso suffering from migraine with aura.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Hayatou, Zineb. "Appropriation d'une prothèse de membre supérieur chez la sourisEmbodiment of a forelimb prosthesis in the mouse model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL045.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Les recherches sur l'appropriation corporelle sont essentielles pour le développement des prothèses. En effet, l'incapacité à s’approprier une prothèse entraîne inconfort et douleurs fantômes chez de nombreux patients. Pour améliorer l'acceptation et l'utilisation des prothèses, il est donc crucial de comprendre et de pouvoir manipuler ce sens d’appropriation. Le modèle souris présente de nombreux avantages pour ces recherches grâce à ses comportements riches de membres supérieurs ainsi qu’aux technologies optogénétiques disponibles d’abord chez ce modèle. Ces techniques permettent une exploration précise du rôle du retour tactile dans l’appropriation des prothèses, et constituent une approche novatrice pour étudier ce phénomène. Dans le cadre de cette thèse j’ai participé à la construction d’un prototype d’une prothèse motorisée à l’échelle de la souris qui peut être contrôlé par l’activité neuronale enregistrée à l’aide d’électrodes chroniques implantées dans le cortex moteur des animaux. L'étude de l’appropriation est particulièrement importante dans le cadre du développement de notre modèle de neuroprothèse, pour comprendre l’interaction de différents éléments sensoriels ou moteurs sur l’intégration d’un membre artificiel. Pour étudier cette question ma thèse s’est focalisée sur l’utilisation de méthodes comportementales exploitant des illusions perceptives pour manipuler l’appropriation de membres. Ainsi, dans l'illusion de la main en caoutchouc, grâce à des stimulations visuelles et tactiles synchrones, les participants s’approprient comme faisant partie de leur corps une fausse main placée devant eux, tandis que leur vraie main reste cachée. Nous avons adapté cette illusion au modèle souris pour explorer le rôle du retour tactile dans l’appropriation des prothèses. Nous avons exposé des souris à ce paradigme, en les plaçant devant une prothèse ressemblant à leur patte, pendant que cette dernière est cachée. Après 2 minutes de stimulations, nous menaçons la patte et observons les réactions des animaux à cette menace avec une analyse automatisée de différents points d’intérêt de la face de l’animal. Les animaux montrent des signes d’appropriation envers la prothèse, démontrant que ce sens peut être étudié à ce niveau chez la souris. Dans le contexte du développement de neuroprothèses, il est nécessaire de pouvoir fournir un retour tactile artificiel aux patients quand le membre en périphérie a été perdu. C’est dans cette optique que nous avons exploré la possibilité d’induire cette illusion via des stimulations corticales des régions sensorielles de la patte par optogénétique. Nous avons d’abord mené une étude d’observation des dynamiques corticales générées par des stimulations de la patte en périphérie en utilisant de l’imagerie calcique. Cela nous a permis d’adapter nos stimulations optogénétiques pour mimer l’entrée sensorielle en périphérie. Nous avons ensuite reproduit notre premier protocole de l’illusion classique en replaçant les stimulations tactiles de la patte par des stimulations directes corticales. Les résultats préliminaires de ces expériences montrent un effet similaire à ce qui a été observé auparavant avec l’illusion classique, montrant la possibilité d’induire l’appropriation d’une prothèse à travers un retour tactile cortical. À terme, ces travaux ont permis de développer une plateforme de recherche chez le modèle souris pour le développement de neuroprothèses et permettront de développer de meilleures stratégies de retour sensoriel, pour un meilleur contrôle et une meilleure appropriation des prothèses chez des patientsResearch on bodily embodiment is necessary for the development of prostheses. Indeed, the inability to embody a prosthesis is a source of discomfort and is accompanied by phantom pain in the residual limbs of many amputees. The mouse model offers many advantages for this type of research due to its rich upper limb behaviours and the availability of optogenetic technologies in this model. These techniques allow for precise exploration of the role of tactile feedback in prosthesis embodiment and represent an innovative approach to studying this phenomenon. As part of this thesis, I contributed to the construction of a motorized prosthesis prototype at the mouse scale, controllable by neuronal activity recorded using chronic electrodes implanted in the animals' motor cortex. The study of embodiment is particularly important in the context of developing a neuroprosthesis model to understand the interaction of various sensory or motor elements on the integration of an artificial limb. To investigate this question, my thesis focused on using behavioural methods, exploiting perceptual illusions to manipulate limb embodiment. For instance, in the rubber hand illusion, synchronous visual and tactile stimulations cause participants to perceive a fake hand placed in front of them as part of their body, while their real hand remains hidden. We adapted this illusion in the mouse model to explore the role of tactile feedback in prosthesis embodiment. We exposed mice to this paradigm by placing them in front of a prosthesis resembling their paw while hiding their actual paw. After 2 minutes of stimulations, we threatened the paw and observed the animals' reactions to this threat using an automated analysis of various points of interest on the animal's face. The animals showed signs of embodiment towards the prosthesis, demonstrating that this sense can be studied at this level in mice. In the context of neuroprosthesis development, it is necessary to provide artificial tactile feedback to patients when the peripheral limb is lost. With this goal in mind, we explored the possibility of inducing this illusion through cortical stimulations of the sensory regions of the paw using optogenetics. We first conducted an observational study of the cortical dynamics generated by peripheral paw stimulations using calcium imaging. This allowed us to adapt our optogenetic stimulations to mimic peripheral sensory input. We then replicated our initial classical illusion protocol by replacing the tactile stimulations of the paw with direct cortical stimulations. The preliminary results of these experiments showed a similar effect to what was previously observed with the classical illusion, indicating the possibility of inducing prosthesis embodiment through cortical tactile feedback. Ultimately, this work led to the creation of a research platform using the mouse model for neuroprosthetic development which could help in providing better sensory feedback strategies for improved control and embodiment of prostheses in patients
2
Moutangou, Fabrice Anicet. "Une entreprise coloniale et ses travailleurs : la Société du Haut-Ogooué et la main d'œuvre africaine (1893-1963)". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949174.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Créée en 1893 pour mettre en valeur le Haut-Ogooué, la Société Commerciale, Industrielle et Agricole du Haut-Ogooué (SHO) s'est imposée parmi les plus importantes entreprises coloniales au Gabon. En 1963, à l'orée de son absorption par la multinationale OPTORG, son emprise était totale sur l'ensemble de l'activité économique gabonaise. Les circonstances de la mobilisation des travailleurs africains et le regard qu'ils ont porté sur l'entreprise sont au centre de cette étude : comment les Africains ont-ils envisagé les conditions de leur mobilisation par la SHO et quelles réponses y ont-ils apportés ? Au terme de cette étude, il ressort que les méthodes d'exploitation de la SHO dans le Haut-Ogooué et au Gabon ont profondément transformé le mode de vie des Africains et leur regard sur la colonisation.
3
Kim, Ju-Young. "L'objet ancien dans sa forme et son essence : entre passé et modernité, familiarité et étrangeté". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H322.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Un objet ancien dont on ne se sert plus aujourd’hui continue cependant de vivre dans notre vie contemporaine. Il se présente à nous avec un autre fonctionnement et souvent avec une autre définition : ce n’est plus l’objet utile ni l’outil pratique qu’il a été. Dans cette thèse, la valeur de l’objet ancien est étudiée dans sa dimension immatérielle et spirituelle. Ainsi nous renouvellerons sa définition en réfléchissant sur son essence et sa forme d’un point du vue contemporain. La première partie de cette thèse présente les concepts de la valeur de l’objet ancien de nos jours sous un angle sociologique. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche du concept de l’objet ancien comme une chose mi-humaine mi-objet. Puisqu’un objet ancien d’une autre époque possède toujours en lui cette vie de l’époque révolue, est-ce que cet objet peut vivre comme s’il était une chose animée ? Dans la seconde partie, nous avons recherché quelles caractéristiques pouvaient donner à l’objet ancien cette sensation de vie humaine ? Peut-être tout d’abord les traces des gens qui se sont accumulées sur lui visiblement et invisiblement ? La notion coréenne de « sonté » nous a permis de traduire et d’exprimer ces traces visibles et invisibles sur l’objet ancien. Dans la dernière partie, l’objet ancien est étudié dans le domaine de l’art contemporain. Les artistes contemporains voient l’objet ancien comme un nouvel objet et lui donne une autre forme et une autre essence qui, bien souvent, est une allégorie de la destinée humaineAn ancient object that is no longer in use today continues however to survive in our contemporary life. It is presented to us with another function and often with another definition: it is no longer the useful object nor the practical tool that it used to be. In this dissertation, the value of the ancient object is studied in its immaterial and spiritual dimensions. We will thus renew its definition by reflecting on its essence and form from a contemporary viewpoint. The first part of the dissertation presents the concepts around the value of the ancient object in our time from a sociological angle. Next, we propose an approach to the concept of the ancient object as half-human and half-object. Since an ancient object from another era always keeps within itself its life in the period gone by, could this object exist as if it were an animated entity? In the second part, we have sought what characteristics could offer the ancient object this sensation of human life. Perhaps, first of all, the traces of people that it has accumulated visibly and invisibly? The Korean notion of “sonté” allows us to translate and express these visible and invisible traces on the ancient object. In the last part, the ancient object is studied in the field of contemporary art. Contemporary artists see the ancient object as a new object and give it another form and another essence which often is an allegory of human destiny
Livros sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Liebieghaus, ed. Die grosse Illusion: Veristische Skulpturen und ihre Techniken : Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1. Oktober 2014 bis 1. März 2015. Frankfurt am Main: Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung, 2014.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
2
Schnell, Karin. The medium is the illusion: The Main Art Gallery, Visual Arts Center, California State University, Fullerton, February 8-March 9, 1986. [Fullerton]: Art Gallery, California State University, Fullerton, 1986.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
3
Shinetsu Main Line, Illusion and Death. Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha, Inc., 2004.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
4
Hamburger, Kai. The Enigmatic Enigma Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0067.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
As a visual illusion, the Enigma illusion is a pattern that in its original version consists of 120 black radial lines on a white background intercepted by three bicolored annuli and a central disk. The main illusory effect in the Enigma (leading to its name) occurs during fixation of the center of the static image. Then, quite intense streaming motion may be perceived on the different annuli. It is characterized by a traveling wave or some subtle motion on the annuli that may not be described in more detail by the observer. Sometimes the observers call it “a feeling of motion”. This perceived (illusory) motion can occur in either direction; clockwise or counterclockwise. This example shows that such illusions are an important means to psychophysically investigate human motion perception and its limits.
5
Pinna, Baingio. On the Watercolor Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0057.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The watercolor illusion is a long-range assimilative spread of color emanating from a thin colored line running contiguous to a darker chromatic contour and imparting a figure-ground effect across a large area. The watercolored figure appears evenly colored by an opaque light veil of chromatic tint (coloration effect), with a clear surface color property spreading from the lighter edges. At the same time, the watercolored figure manifests a strong figure-ground organization and a solid figural appearance comparable to a rounded surface segregated in depth which extends out from the flat surface. The complementary region appears as a hole or empty space. The phenomenal properties of coloration and figure-ground effects and their relationship are described and demonstrated. The watercolor illusion and its main effects are discussed in the light of parallel mechanisms. Boundary and surface dynamics are processed by the boundary contour system and by the feature contour system.
6
Friedlander, Jennifer. Melancholia and the Real of the Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676124.003.0009.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter explores Lars von Trier’s 2012 film, Melancholia, which tells the story of a profoundly depressed woman on the brink of the apocalypse. The film ends with its main characters huddled in terror as Earth is destroyed via a collision with rogue planet, Melancholia. It examines the film in terms of von Trier’s surprising statement that Melancholia contains the “happiest ending he’s ever made” and Slavoj Žižek’s declaration of Melancholia as a “profoundly optimistic” film. This chapter makes sense of these comments by arguing that the film offers insight into ways of living ethically in the face of utter loss. Such a possibility requires embracing the constitutive power of illusion.
7
Geier, János, e Mariann Hudák. The Curved Grid Non-Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0045.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The generally accepted explanation of the Hermann grid illusion is Baumgartner’s hypothesis that the illusory effect is generated by the response of retinal ganglion cells with concentric ON-OFF or OFF-ON receptive fields. To challenge this explanation, some simple distortions to the grid lines were introduced that make the illusion disappear totally, while all preconditions of Baumgartner’s hypothesis remained unchanged. Psychophysical experiments in which the distortion tolerance was measured showed the level of distortion at which the illusion disappears at a given type of distortion for a given subject. Statistical analysis shows that the distortion tolerance is independent of grid-line width within a wide range and of the type of distortion, except when one side of each line remains straight. The conclusion is the main cause of the Hermann grid illusion is the straightness of the edges of the grid lines. Similar results have been obtained in the scintillating grid.
8
Todorović, Dejan. The Geometric-Optical Illusions of J. J. Oppel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0034.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
J. J. Oppel is usually credited for initiating the scientific study of illusions in the mid-nineteenth century. However, his actual work remains largely unknown. This chapter presents a number of his designs and argues that they are precursors of several later published and now classical illusions. Oppel’s related works include papers published in Jahresbericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main in the 1850s and 1860s, as well as in Annalen der Physik in 1871. Concepts discussed include geometrical-optical illusions; the Müller-Lyer illusion; position illusions of Thiéry, Wundt, and Judd; and the Zöllner illusion. Oppel’s work is further described through various figures and diagrams that illustrate these points.
9
Rogers, Brian. Where Have All the Illusions Gone? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0010.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It might sound perverse to question the concept of illusion in a book titled The Compendium of Visual Illusions—not least because the idea of illusions and illusory perception has been around for at least two millennia—but that is the purpose of this chapter. Put simply, this chapter argues the case that there is no satisfactory way of distinguishing between “veridical” and “illusory” perception and hence we are forced to regard either all of our perceptions as illusory or none of them. The two main questions addressed are: How should we identify what is the objective reality or truth from which our illusory perception is discrepant? And is there a satisfactory definition of an illusion that allows us to distinguish between those aspects of perception that are illusory and those that are veridical?
10
Moreira, Fabiano de Araujo, Michele Dalla Fontana, Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros e Gabriela Marques Di Giulio, eds. The Water-energy-food nexus: what the Brazilian research has to say. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/9786588304075.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The Food-Water-Energy (FWE) nexus represents, above all, a perspective, a way of looking at the world, the problems, the solutions, providing a view of the three main resource systems of food, water and energy, not in isolation, but as a system, with many and diverse cross-links between the subsystems. So, analytically speaking, it is a unifying concept, an antidote to the relentless pressures towards reductionism. Human society and its interactions with the natural environment form a dynamic socio-ecological system of such impressive complexity that reductionist approaches seem inevitable to make research and management on the subject viable. This development is not just an illusion - this book already presents some real examples of inter and transdisciplinary approaches, with the FWE nexus as a shared lens to better observe where problems occur and where sustainable solutions can be found.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Kulesza, Wojciech, e Dariusz Doliński. "The Unbearable Darkness of Being and a Toolkit for How We Forge It: Comparative Biases". In Social Biases During Covid 19, 1–21. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34706-1_1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
AbstractMany areas of science deal with “appropriate” behaviors, estimations, and feelings. In this chapter we will describe several different concepts in (social) psychology focusing on inappropriate, misleading, and inaccurate estimations (e.g., totalitarian ego, distortions of memories; illusion of control in uncontrollable situations; illusions of well-being, inflated self-worth; egotism).Our main interests are two concepts we describe in detail: better than average (inflated confidence in one’s own worth) and unrealistic optimism (the expectation that positive events will happen to us while negative to others). These two theories are especially interesting due to the fact that we employ them during great threats and moments of crisis. In a later chapter, we present these illusions as crucial factors in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.
2
Balaguer, Mark. "Against Trivialism and Mere-Verbalism (and Toward a Better Understanding of the Kind of Non-Factualism Argued for in This Book)". In Metaphysics, Sophistry, and Illusion, 13–44. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868361.003.0002.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Chapter 2 does two main things. First, it distinguishes the kinds of non-factualist views argued for in this book from two other kinds of anti-metaphysical views, namely, trivialist views and mere-verbalist views. Second, it argues that (a) mere-verbalist views are false, and given this, (b) trivialist views are metaphysically irrelevant in the sense that even if they’re true, they’re metaphysically uninteresting and unimportant. This is important for two different reasons. First, trivialist and mere-verbalist views have been extremely popular among philosophers—they’ve been endorsed by, e.g., Hume, Carnap, Putnam, Dennett, Parfit, van Fraassen, Chalmers, Hirsch, Thomasson, Sidelle, Schiffer, Rayo, and Sosa—and so it’s important to see how my non-factualist views differ from these more popular views. Second, the arguments that I construct for my non-factualist views later in the book depend on the arguments that I give in this chapter for the metaphysical irrelevance of trivialist views.
3
Balaguer, Mark. "Conceptual Analysis". In Metaphysics, Sophistry, and Illusion, 218–47. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868361.003.0008.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Chapter 8 argues that neo-positivists can endorse scientistic views of conceptual-analysis questions—i.e., questions like ‘What is free will?’, ‘What is a person?’, and so on. Very roughly, scientism about a question Q is the view that Q is an ordinary empirical-scientific question about some aspect of physical reality. This chapter argues for scientism about conceptual-analysis questions by arguing that these questions are completely settled by physical-empirical facts about us—in particular, by psychological facts about what we mean by our words. This is an important part of the neo-positivist argument; for in connection with almost all metaphysical questions, one of the main subquestions that neo-positivists need to address is (or is something like) a conceptual-analysis question. So if neo-positivists can endorse scientistic views of all conceptual-analysis questions, then this simplifies things for them considerably (it makes it much easier for them to motivate neo-positivist views of specific metaphysical questions).
4
Mouré, Kenneth. "‘Rather a faith than a theory’: Central Bank Co-operation, 1916–1930". In The Gold Standard Illusion, 145–79. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199249046.003.0007.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract Central bank co-operation in the inter-war period has generally been either damned with faint praise or condemned as an outright failure with grave consequences. Stephen Clarke’s path-breaking study of central bank co-operation concluded that central banks achieved considerable success in stabilizing currents after the war. but that co-operation functioned as a ‘fair weather instrument’. After 1928, central bankers were overwhelmed by economic problems beyond their competence and capacit to control: Clarke judged their co-operation from mid-1928 to 1931 a clear failure.1 Kindleberger agreed. ‘Central bank cooperation, never deeply rooted, wilted even before the hot sun of 1929, and the torrid blasts of 1931,’2 and he doubted that co-operation could have done more to avert the Great Depression without strong leadership from one country.3 Temin has cauctioned that An operation was ‘not a good in and of itself’. Greater co-operation within the reigning gold standard orthodoxy in the early 1930s would have polished little: fidelity to the gold standard was the main problem, wok greater central bank co-operation to stay on gold would have prolonged.4
5
Nagel, Thomas. "The Illusion of Tax Fairness". In Analytic Philosophy and Human Life, 132–38. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197681671.003.0013.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract This chapter examines the issue of tax fairness. It explains how the idea that there are standards of fairness that apply specifically to taxes is based on an illusion that threatens to distract attention from what really matters. It is what people end up with after taxes that should determine the assessment of any tax program. The persistence of the idea that the distribution of tax burdens can be fair or unfair in itself stems from a very natural, but mistaken, picture of the relation between taxes and property rights: that in taxing us, the government takes away some of our private property to pay for its activities. The chapter argues that there could be no private property rights in any of the things that a modern economy makes possible if those rights were not circumscribed by a built-in system of taxation. In a genuine argument about the justice of tax policy, the main issue is whether government should be concerned about social and economic inequality.
6
van Onselen, Charles. "Mozambican Labour Regimes and the Eastern Main Line". In The Night Trains, 37–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568651.003.0004.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The South African mining industry profited from the slave- and forced-labour regimes that preceded it in the adjacent Portuguese colony of Mozambique. Many of the earliest migrants were part of a labour force ‘recruited’ through coercion. Black Mozambicans later preferred to work as cheap, indentured migrant labourers rather than face working for no or low wages in their own country. The chapter explains how this helped underpin the illusion that black labour was somehow free, mobile and voluntary. But as southern Mozambique became progressively more underdeveloped economically, the need to coerce black labour became less necessary and the system was said to be operating on a wholly voluntary basis as part of an economy dominated by ‘market forces’.
7
Brown, Judith M. "The Consolidation of Dominion: Illusion and Reality". In Modern India, 46–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731122.003.0003.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract Earlier historians whose framework of study was imperial history had little difficulty in seeing distinct phases in Indian history and marking clear dividing points in it. Their Eurocentric vision led them to chop up India’s experience into segments suggested by British politics, institutions, and decisions: for example, the gaining of empire, 1757-1818, or the subsequent ‘Age of Reform’ inaugurated by Lord Bentinck’s Governor-Generalship. But such clear periodization disappears when the observer shifts his focus to actual practice in India rather than proclaimed policy, whether the issue is the creation of a clear administrative system, the settlement of land rights and revenue obligations, or aspects of social reform. Nor does older periodization help if the historian’s main interest lies in the historical experience of India’s people in their own right, in Indian society’s own dynamics and resources, and in interaction between that society and western influences, rather than in attempting to discern any simple impact of imperial rulers and their policies.
8
Yakherds, The. "The Lion’s Roar of Scripture and Reasoning". In Knowing Illusion: Bringing a Tibetan Debate into Contemporary Discourse, 165–260. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603673.003.0003.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter examines the first major Gelukpa response to Taktsang, Panchen Losang Chöki Gyaltsen’s Lion’s Roar of Scripture and Reasoning. We begin with a biographical sketch of his life and times and then discuss the main philosophical issues he raises. He adopts a debate-style format, critiquing Taktsang’s accusations of “sixteen great contradictions” point by point, and he accuses his opponent of being guilty of the same contradictions he attributes to Tsongkhapa, along with other errors that stem from his inability to grasp the Madhyamaka view properly. The Panchen Lama employs an aggressive, attacking style in his rebuttal, but often mischaracterizes Taktsang’s actual positions, and he sometimes accuses him of adopting stances that he either does not endorse or explicitly rejects. Nonetheless, Lion’s Roar is a nuanced and trenchant philosophical work that explores fundamental issues in Buddhist epistemology and soteriology, and it set up the main lines of attack for later Gelukpas.
9
Hischak, Thomas S. "1983–1984". In American Theatre, 223–35. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195123470.003.0015.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract Those still maintaining the illusion that New York was the main source of new plays in the American theatre were sorely shaken this season. Not only did fewer works open on Broadway than in any season in the past century and a half, but those that did were mostly from Europe and regional theatres.
10
Proops, Ian. "Closing Reflections". In The Fiery Test of Critique, 453–62. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656042.003.0019.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In this concluding chapter the main lessons of the book are reviewed, and some further problems for Kant raised. The chapter reflects once again on Kant’s confession that he had found it necessary to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith, offering a deeper explanation of this claim than was given in the introduction. It then considers the consequences of his having regarded Transcendental Realism as not just false, but rather logically impossible. It asks whether such a view can be reconciled—given Kant’s views on contradiction—with the supposed contentfulness of transcendental illusion or with Transcendental Idealism itself. It raises a problem for Kant’s account of metaphysical error as arising from transcendental illusion. Finally, it evaluates Kant’s claim to have offered an exhaustive critique of speculative metaphysics, arguing that this is unfortunately not the case.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Wever, Jacobus W. M., Clement Gosselin e Just L. Herder. "On the Design of a Portable Force Illusion Device for Navigation Aids". In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12374.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Navigation aids rely mostly on (audio)visual cues when it comes to communication with the user. An alternative and more intuitive communication modality may be provided by means of haptic guidance generated by a portable mechatronic device. Especially visually impaired and blind people may benefit from a device that generates the illusion of an external force; it may possibly eliminate the need for a guide dog. This paper investigates constant-velocity crank-driven mechanisms which are able to generate such a force illusion by means of a reciprocating mass. The focus of this paper is on the generation of the illusion itself rather than manipulating the direction of this force. The force illusion is a result of successive positive and negative reaction forces with unequal amplitude, generated by a reciprocating mass. The acceleration ratio of the mass is selected as the main evaluation criterion for comparing different types of candidate mechanisms. Because the input is a simple motor rotating at a constant velocity, the synthesis of the mechanism is key to generating proper acceleration profiles. A brute-force approach is used for the synthesis procedure, i.e., characteristic distances and link lengths are varied with steps of 1mm for each of the candidate mechanisms, thereby generating very large numbers of variants. Kinematic performance reveal typical acceleration ratios in the range of 1 to 19; where a ratio of one does not result in a force illusion while a ratio of 19 might be demanding on the physical design. An objective evaluation leads to selecting the Square Recti-Linear mechanism as the overall most promising candidate mechanism. A prototype of this mechanism is then presented to demonstrate the working principle. The shape of the prototype’s force profile over time is measured experimentally and is shown to be very similar to the profile obtained by simulation. The reciprocating mass accounts for almost one fifth of the total mass of the prototype, resulting in a strong force illusion in comparison with gravitational forces.
2
Popescu, Dragos marian, e Adrian Macovei. "DYNAMIC FLIGHT SIMULATORS - THE ONGOING PARADIGM IN TRAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE PILOTS". In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-064.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Dynamic flight simulators are the pinnacle of science quest to establish a pilot training device that is as real as possible. A brief history of the science involved explain things like: realism, perceptual threshold, motion illusions, G excess, etc. Method: A literature review of the current state of the art in flight simulation for specific sensorial training. Details are presented on various motion platforms (fixed with angular motion, rotary, centrifuge mounted, 6 dof (degrees of freedom)) and their advantages and disadvantages. The focus is on advanced performance pilots. Our personal experience with a 3 dof rotary device is summarized. Our device training focus was on spatial disorientation and the main profiles of motion illusions are detailed (leans, somatogyral, Coriolis). Visual illusions are mentioned but not included in the results due to simulation limits. Results: Personal inference over the efficiency of the training regarding understanding, fixation and compensatory skills by reviewing relevant published data and personal experience with the 3 dof device. In our experience, from 355 pilots who attended the training, 79.72% perceived the training as useful. From the responders that did not appreciate the training, 90.28% were rotary wing pilots. Leans and Coriolis illusion had the most impact. While Coriolis is an easy illusion to demonstrate (a Barany chair usually suffice), Leans requires advanced equipment and profile tuning research. Reasons for perceived training inefficiency is detailed. Personal recommendations on future training paradigm are given. Conclusion: There is not yet a perfect flight training device. Good results maybe obtain with even the simplest of devices, providing the team is willing and able to trim the software according to individual and group needs.
3
Abbott, Jake J., e Allison M. Okamura. "A Sufficient Condition for Passive Virtual Walls With Quantization Effects". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59805.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The “virtual wall” is the most common building block used in constructing haptic virtual environments. A virtual wall is typically based on a simple spring model, with unilateral constraints that allow the user to make and break contact with a surface. There are a number of factors (sample-and-hold, device dynamics, sensor quantization, etc.) that cause virtual walls to demonstrate energetic behavior, destroying the illusion of reality. Passive objects are incapable of generating energy, so in this paper, we find an explicit upper bound on virtual wall stiffness that is a sufficient condition for virtual wall passivity. We consider a haptic display that can be modeled as a mass with Coulomb and viscous friction, being acted upon by two external forces — an actuator and a human user. The system is equipped with only one sensor — an optical encoder measuring the position of the mass. We explicitly consider the effects of position resolution, which has not been done in previous work. We make no assumptions about the human user, and we consider arbitrary constant sampling rates. The main result of our analysis is a sufficient condition for passivity that relies on the Coulomb friction in the haptic device.
4
Сметана, Владимир Васильевич. "THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WINTER: LESSONS FROM UNFULFILLED PROMISESVLADIMIR SMETANA". In Современные технологии. Технические и естественные науки: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Архангельск, Июнь 2024), 52–56. Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/240606.2024.85.66.003.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Скорость развития искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в современном мире может создать иллюзию, что ИИ сопровождает исключительно бурный спрос как разработчиков, так и инвесторов к этой технологии. К сожалению, история искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) - это не только история триумфальных прорывов и восхитительных открытий, но и история разочарований, невыполненных обещаний и периодов застоя. Эти периоды, известные как «зимы ИИ», характеризовались снижением финансирования, интереса со стороны научного сообщества и общественности, а также скептицизмом в отношении перспектив развития этой области знания. В этой статье мы рассмотрим основные причины наступления "зим ИИ", проанализируем уроки, извлеченные из этих неудач, и обсудим, как они повлияли на дальнейшее развитие искусственного интеллекта. The speed of development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the modern world can create the illusion that AI accompanies an exceptionally rapid demand for this technology from both developers and investors. Unfortunately, the history of artificial intelligence (AI) is not only a story of triumphant breakthroughs and amazing discoveries, but also a story of disappointments, unfulfilled promises and periods of stagnation. These periods, known as the "AI winters", were characterized by a decrease in funding, interest from the scientific community and the public, as well as skepticism about the prospects for the development of this field of knowledge. In this article, we will look at the main causes of the onset of "AI winters", analyze the lessons learned from these failures, and discuss how they influenced the further development of artificial intelligence.
5
Costovici (Mema), Denisa-Atena. "Ethics in Cyberspace – Dangers and Threats". In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/6.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Rapid technology development and easy access to virtual space was directly proportional to the proliferation of multiple categories of network users and consumers. This contemporary reality has contributed to the emergence of the illusion of unrestricted accessibility of the online environment and the permissiveness of expression “no matter what”. The cyberspace draws a thin line between freedom of expression and violation of behavioural norms toward others. In order to mitigate the behaviours that transcend ethical boundaries, a series of basic conditions of use and restrictions have been legislated (mainly crimes related to threats and illegal content shared in the virtual world) which do not include all the situations encountered in practice. Given the cyberspace dimension, prevalent in most civilized areas of the planet, as a means and method of intercultural communication, ethical standards should be standardized and applied uniformly. This research paper is an attempt to objectively address the issues of standards and ethical values on the Web, with reference to cyber terrorism, groups of organized crime, hacktivism and states’ implication and responsibility. The main hypothesis of the research emphasizes that the information society requires the creation and enforcement of new laws, because it coexists in a completely new environment - the Network. Referring to the Network links, it is a fact that it cannot be kept safer against unauthorized access, without the application of adequate security measures and techniques. This research paper aims to shed the light on the dangers and threats that challenges the information society thought cyberspace.
6
Corbo, Stefano. "Belief in the Age of Disbelief: Form, Utopia and Assemblage". In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.47.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This paper attempts to unfold the intricate relationship between architecture, the discourse around utopia, and the form of utopia itself with a specific focus on recent phenomena. Utopia intended not as illusion or as imaginary world, but as prefiguration, the realm of not yet—something that is not existing now, but that can exist in the future. Utopia not as a dream but as a project. For centuries, social and political demands have inspired the materialization of very specific episodes, both at the urban and the building scale. From Sforzinda’s Ideal City to Hilberseimer’s Vertical City, passing through even naïve and provocative proposals such as Superstudio’s Supersurfaces, form has always represented the main medium to see beyond current models and to propose alternatives, whether those proposals had actually the ambition to question the status quo or simply to lyrically run away from it. From the late 1970s on, the dialectics between utopia and form has progressively evaporated. Today, in the so-called age of Hyperobjects—a term introduced by Timothy Morton in 2013 to describe the overwhelming impact of human activities on earth—the notion of utopia can be brought back to the table to face new challenges and new systemic issues. The form that utopia can take will gravitate around the idea of assemblage, as introduced by philosopher Manuel DeLanda. Theoretical and operative consequences of assemblages in the territory of architecture will be explored, as well as their contribution in the definition of a radical yet real project of future.
7
Rinkenauer, Gerhard, Jai Prakash Kushvah e Marc Grosjean. "Psychophysics and user experience: Perceptual differences in the effort required to operate virtual push-buttons". In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002143.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Perceptual physical aspects of controls, such as interaction forces during operation, are important for ergonomic design. However, controls with equivalent physical properties may be perceived as functioning differently depending on their visual or acoustic appearance. To address this issue, the present study investigated how the size, brightness and loudness of pushbutton switches affect the perceived operating force. Two simple pushbuttons (standard and test) were presented side by side in a virtual environment and actuated with a 3D haptic device. The simulated mechanical properties of the pushbuttons (force-displacement characteristics) corresponded to those of real switch buttons. Three experiments were conducted with different groups of subjects. Physical characteristics of the standard button were kept constant and physical size, brightness and loudness of the test button were systematically varied respectively in all 3 experiments. Participants were instructed to press the standard and the test push-button one by one and to judge the perceived force for test push-button compared to the standard one in a 2-alternative-forced-choice task. Based on these judgments, the required operating force of the test key was adjusted using a simplified adaptive staircase procedure until the force of the test key varied by the point of subjective equality. Based on the subjective equality, the perceived operating force for the experimental condition was calculated. The results showed main effects of key size, brightness and loudness on perceived operating force. Consistent with findings from basic research (size-weight illusion), perceived operating force was higher for smaller keys. Additionally, perceived operating force was reported higher for higher brightness or higher loudness. Overall, the results suggest that psychophysical methods are suitable for objectively measuring the user experience of interacting with controls in application contexts.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Illusion de la main en caoutchouc"
1
Deák, Ágnes. Reality and Illusion in Colombia: What were Five Years of Transition Enough for after the Peace Agreement? Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.11.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In November 2016, Colombia’s five decades of armed conflict, which had claimed hundreds of thousands of victims, ended in a peace agreement between the government of President Juan Manuel Santos and the FARC guerrilla movement. This analysis examines the progress made in the five main points of the accord: comprehensive rural development reform, political transition, the process of demobilization and social inclusion, the eradication of illicit crop production, and the reform of the justice system. Although violence has decreased overall, and tens of thousands of families have been provided with legal ways of making a living as well as access to land and basic services, the results fall short of the stated goals, in which the changes in government and public policy that have taken place over the years have played a significant role.
2
Hilgert, Marianne, e Miguel Székely. What's Behind the Inequality We Measure: An Investigation Using Latin American Data. Inter-American Development Bank, dezembro de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010769.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The use of income distribution indicators in the economics literature has increased considerably in recent years. This work relies on household surveys from 18 LAC countries to take a step back from the use of these indicators, and explore what's behind the numbers, and what information they convey. We find: a) that the way countries rank according to inequality measured in a conventional way is to a large extent an illusion created by differences in characteristics of the data and on the particular ways in which the data is treated; b) Our ideas about the effect of inequality on economic growth are also driven by quality and coverage differences in household surveys and by the way in which the data is treated; c) Standard household surveys in LAC are unable to capture the incomes of the richest sectors of society; so, the inequality we are able to measure is most likely a gross underestimation. Our main conclusion is that there is an important story behind each number. This story influences our judgement about how unequal countries are and about the relation between inequality and other development indicators, but it is seldom told or known. Perhaps other statistics commonly used in economics also have their own interesting story, and it might be worth trying to find out what it is.