Bibliografias temáticas / Ideology in general

Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Ideology in general"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 26 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Handry, Handry, Jozef M. N. Hehanussa, Paulus Sugeng Widjaja e Wahyu Nugroho. "Dialektika Ideologi Tanah dalam Konflik Porto-Haria". DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani 8, n.º 2 (30 de janeiro de 2024): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30648/dun.v8i2.1113.

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Abstract. Frequent land conflicts are often unconsiderly triggered by ideological differences. This is also what can be felt in the land conflict between the Porto and Haria communities. Therefore, this research aimed to clearly take to surface these ideological motifs by utilizing the categorization of land ideology in the Old Testament proposed by Norman C. Habel. The results of this study showed that the two conflicting societies each have an ideology that also can be found in the land ideology in the Old Testament, namely the ideology of kingship and the ideology of the ancestors. Therefore, to mediate the conflict, it is necessary to offer another ideology that does not put pressure on land ownership claims, namely the ideology of prophethood.Abstrak. Konflik tanah yang sering dijumpai seringkali tanpa disadari dipicu oleh adanya perbedaan ideologi. Hal itu jugalah yang dapat dirasakan dalam konflik tanah masyarakat Porto-Haria. Oleh karena itu, kajian ini bermaksud untuk menampilkan secara jelas ke permukaan motif-motif ideologis tersebut dengan memanfaatkan kategorisasi ideologi tanah dalam Perjanjian Lama yang dikemukakan oleh Norman C. Habel. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua masyarakat yang berkonflik masing-masing memiliki ideologi yang mirip dengan ideologi tanah dalam Perjanjian Lama, yaitu ideologi kerajaan dan ideologi nenek moyang. Oleh karena itu untuk menengahi konflik tersebut perlu ditawarkan ideologi lainnya yang tidak menekankan pada klaim kepemilikan tanah, yaitu ideologi kenabian.

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Graceiya, Atria, Yoseph Yapi Taum e Susilawati Endah Peni Adji. "IDEOLOGI DAN APARATUS NEGARA DALAM TIGA CERPEN KARYA PUTU WIJAYA : PERSPEKTIF LOUIS ALTHUSSER". Sintesis 15, n.º 2 (2 de novembro de 2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/sin.v15i2.3119.

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ABSTRAK Artikel ini membahas ideologi dan aparatus negara dalam tiga cerpen karya Putu Wijaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma Abrams, yaitu pendekatan objektif dan pendekatan diskurtif. Pendekatan objektif digunakan untuk menganalisis unsur-unsur intrinsik tiga cerpen Putu Wijaya. Pendekatan diskurtif digunakan untuk membongkar ideologi dengan perspektif ideologi Louis Althusser. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dengan mengandalkan jenis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menujukkan bahwa bentuk ideologi dan aparatus negara yang ditemukan beragam, yakni (1) tiap tokoh utama direpresentasikan hal-hal yang melekat pada permasalah tokoh utama; (2) ada interpelasi pada tokoh utama agar diakui sebagai subjek; (3) bentuk ideologi yang ditemukan yakni ideologi dominan, ideologi terkungkung, ideologi bebas, ideologi resistensi, dan ideologi tengah terdapat di dalamnya; (4) aparatus ideologi negara (ISA) mendominasi dalam tiga cerpen karya Putu Wijaya.Kata Kunci: ideologi, aparatus negara, Putu Wijaya, Althusser ABSTRACT This article discusses ideology and the state apparatus in three short stories by Putu Wijaya. The study employs the Abrams paradigm, namely an objective and discursive approach. This study applies an objective approach to analyzing the intrinsic elements of three short stories by Putu Wijaya. A discursive approach is used to dismantle ideology with the ideological perspective of Louis Althusser. Qualitative data were collected using library research method. The results of this study show that ideology and state apparatus are represented in a variety of ways; first, each main character is represented by the problems he experiences; second, there is an interpellation on the main character to be recognized as subject; third, the ideological forms found are dominant ideology, confined ideology, free ideology, ideological resistance, and central ideology; last, the ideological state apparatuses are prominent in three of Putu Wijaya's short stories..Keywords: ideology, state apparatus, Putu Wijaya, Althusser

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Prasetyo, Hadi. "STRATEGI KRITIK CERPEN “TELINGA” TERHADAP ORBA: MENINJAU STRUKTUR PRODUKSI DAN IDEOLOGI TEKS". Fon: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 17, n.º 2 (29 de outubro de 2021): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fon.v17i2.4329.

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ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan strategi kritik cerpen “Telinga” karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma (SGA) terhadap rezim Orde Baru (Orba) Indonesia. Hal tersebut akan dijelaskan dengan cara meninjau struktur produksi dan ideologi teks cerpen “Telinga” karya SGA. Untuk menjelaskannya, penelitian ini menggunakan teori kritik sastra materialistis Terry Eagleton. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode dialektika. Metode ini memungkinkan peneliti untuk menjelaskan ideologi teks sebagai produk pengolahan estetik atas struktur produksi pada masa Orba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagai berikut. Pertama, cerpen “Telinga” sebagai kritik hadir dengan cara menerobos struktur produksi pada masa Orba yang selalu diatur oleh pemerintah. Struktur produksi pada masa Orba yang berkaitan dengan corak produksi umum didominasi oleh pemerintah. Segala bentuk produksi diatur sehingga muncul ideologi umum represif yang berada dalam naungan ideologi Pancasila. Hal tersebut memengaruhi corak produksi sastra yang dituntut untuk pro-pemerintah. Namun, ideologi kepengarangan SGA justru hadir sebagai bentuk resistensi kepada pemerintah sehingga ideologi estetik dalam cerpen “Telinga” berbentuk kontradiksi dengan ideologi umum pada masa Orba. Kedua, kritik cerpen “Telinga” diartikulasikan dengan ideologi teks yang hadir melalui simbol-simbol. Dalam manifestasinya, cerpen “Telinga” berhasil mengkritik Orba dengan cara menyampaikan fakta realitas tanpa harus digugat oleh pemerintah. Kritik tersebut pada gilirannya juga memanfaatkan narasi satire. Dengan demikian, cerpen “Telinga” sebagai kritik dinaturalisasikan melalui ruang estetik untuk mengungkap fakta yang dibungkam pada masa Orba.KATA KUNCI: Struktur produksi; estetik; ideologi teks; Orde Baru (Orba); Terry Eagleton “TELINGA” SHORT STORY CRITICISM STRATEGY TOWARDS THE ORBA: REVIEWING PRODUCTION STRUCTURE AND IDEOLOGY OF THE TEXT ABSTRACT: This research aims to explain the strategy of “Telinga” short story by Seno Gumira Ajidarma (SGA) towards the Indonesian New Order (Orba) regime. It will be explained by reviewing the production structure and ideology of the text of “Telinga” short story by SGA. This research uses Terry Eagleton’s literature’s materialistic criticism theory. The method used in this research is the dialectical method. This method allows the researcher to explain the ideology of the text as a product of aesthetic processing of the production structure during the Orba era. The results showed the following. First, “Telinga” short story as a criticism comes by breaking through the production structure during the Orba era which was always regulated by the government. The production structure during the Orba era related to the general mode of production was dominated by the government. All forms of production are regulated in order that a repressive general ideology emerges under the auspices of the Pancasila ideology. This affected the literary mode of production which was demanded to support the government. However, the SGA’s authorship ideology actually exists as a form of resistance againts the government in order that the aesthetic ideology in “Telinga” short story contradicts the general ideology during the Orba era. Second, “Telinga” short story criticism is articulated with the ideology of the text which is present through symbols. In its manifestation, “Telinga” short story successfully criticizes the Orba regime by delivering reality-based fact without any accusation by government. The critic on its turn also applies satire narracy. Therefore, “Telinga” short story as criticism naturalized through an aesthetic space to reveal silenced fact during the Orba era.KEYWORDS: Production structure; aesthetic; ideology of the text; New Order (Orba); Terry Eagleton

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Maharani, Septiana Dwiputri, Surono Surono, Ahmad Zubaidi e Hadi Sutarmanto. "Indeks Ketahanan Ideologi Pancasila". Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional 25, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkn.31823.

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ABSTRACTThe Resilience of Pancasila Ideology had ups and downs conditions. Its could not be separated from the efforts and phenomenon in the society. That phenomenon caused the relisilience of Pancasila ideology be strengthened or weakened. Moreover, the condition of Indonesia was experiencing ideological problems right now. This paper decribed about the importance of the resilience of Pancasila ideology in supporting to national resilience, what were the factors that weakened and strengthened the resilience of Pancasila ideology, and what efforts should be made to strengthened the resilience of Pancasila ideology. The methods used in this research were field research and library research, namely interview, FGD, survey, and literature review. This research also briefly described about the instrument of Pancasila Ideology Index (IKIP). The main aspects measured in IKIP were divinity, humanity, unity, popularness, and social justice. The indicators of IKIP were politics, nationality, social, cultural, religious and economic. This article was written and based on research for two years (2017-2018) conducted in nine provinces in Indonesia. Namely: Manokwari (West Papua), Ambon (Maluku), Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara), Denpasar (Bali), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Medan (North Sumatra), Pontianak (West Kalimantan), Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta Special Region), and Jakarta. The location was chosen and based on the level of heterogeneity (religion, ethnicity, and culture). Sampling method used multi-stage random sampling.This article also described the portrait of resilience of Pancasila ideology in the nine (9) cities of IndonesiaABSTRAKKetahanan Ideologi Pancasila mengalami pasang surut. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari adanya upaya dan kejadian dalam masyarakat yang membuat ketahanan ideologi Pancasila menguat atau melemah, baik secara sengaja maupun di luar kesengajaan. Terkait dengan kondisi Indonesia saat ini yang tengah mengalami problematika ideologis, 278 Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 25, No. 2, Agustus 2019: 277-294 penelitian ini sangat diperlukan untuk mengkaji pentingnya ketahanan ideologi Pancasila dalam mendukung ketahanan nasional; apa saja faktor yang memperkuat dan memperlemah ketahanan ideologi Pancasila; serta upaya apa saja yang bisa dilakukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ideologi Pancasila. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan dan pustaka, di antaranya wawancara, FGD, survei, dan kajian pustaka. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan secara ringkas instrument Indeks Ideologi (IKIP). Aspek utama yang diukur dalam IKIP ini adalah ketuhanan, kemanusiaan, persatuan, kerakyatan, dan keadilan sosial. Pada setiap aspek dikategorsasikan lagi ke dalam indikator-indikator yaitu yaitu politik, kenegaraan-kebangsaan, sosial, kebudayaan, keagamaan, dan ekonomi. Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian selama dua tahun (2017-2018) pada sembilan provinsi di Indonesia, yaitu Manokwari (Papua Barat), Ambon (Maluku), Kupang (NTT), Denpasar (Bali), Makassar ( Sulawesi Selatan), Pontianak (Kalimantan Barat), Yogyakarta (DIY), Jakarta (DKI Jakarta), dan Medan (Sumatera Utara). Pemilihan lokasi berdasarkan tingkat heterogenitas agama, suku, dan budaya. Metode penentuan lokasi survei menggunakan multi-stage random sampling. Pada akhir artikel ini juga dipaparkan hasil pengukuran tingkat ketahanan ideologi Pancasila pada sembilan lokasi tersebut.

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Parancika, Rd Bily, e Mohammad Aris. "HEGEMONI IDEOLOGI DALAM WACANA NOVEL AMBA KARYA LAKSMI PAMUNTJAK (KAJIAN TEORI PERKEMBANGAN HEGEMONI)". Alayasastra 17, n.º 1 (31 de maio de 2021): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/aly.v17i1.794.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kekuasaan dan dominasi yang terdapat dalam novel Amba karya Laksmi Pamuntjak. Adapun masalah yang melatarbelakangi penelitian ini ialah bagaimana bentuk hegemoni ideologi masyarakat dan pemerintahan yang terefleksikan dalam novel Amba. Penelitian ini bertolak pada teori ideologi Gramsci dengan menggunakan pendekatan hegemoni ideologi. Pendekatan ini merupakan konsep berpikir Antonio Gramsi mengenai konsep kebebasan, wewenang atau kekuasaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Pengumpulan sumber data yang berupa kutipan dihasilkan dari membaca sumber. Kemudian, data yang terkumpul dicatat, dianalisis, dan diinterpretasikan dengan perspektif hegemoni ideologi. Hasil analisis disajikan dalam bentuk narasi deskriptif-kualitatif. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa novel Amba karya Laksmi Pamuntjak sarat dengan muatan hegemoni ideologi yang meliputi ideologi keagamaan, ideologi politik, dominasi kekuasaan dan kekerasan fisik maupun nonfisik yang dilakukan perorangan maupun sosial. Kata Kunci: Hegemoni, Ideologi, Kekuasaan dan Amba ABSTRACT This research is aimed to express power and domination in Amba novel written by Laksmi Pamuntjak. The issue of this research is how to shape people and government's hegemoni ideology which are reflected in Amba novel. This research stand on the theory of Gramsci's ideology using hegemoni ideology approach. This approach is a concept of Antonio Gramsi's thinking about a concept of freedom, authority, or power. This research used analysis descriptive method. The collection of data sources in the form of quotations is generated from reading sources. Then it's written, analyzed, and intepreted by perspective hegemoni ideology. The analysis result is written by descriptive-qualitative naration. The research showed Amba novel by Laksmi Pamuntjak full of hegemoni ideology content which is consist of religious ideology, politics ideology, power domination and physical-non physical abuse done by person or public. Keywords: Hegemony, Ideology, Power and Amba

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Gormly, James L., e Ira Chernus. "General Eisenhower: Ideology and Discourse". History Teacher 37, n.º 1 (novembro de 2003): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1555608.

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Rachmawati, Kurnia. "KRITIK MATERIALISTIK TEKS SASTRA MAJALAH PANDJI POESTAKA (1943--1945)". Pujangga 5, n.º 2 (25 de junho de 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v5i2.846.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan memaparkan struktur ideologi Teks Sastra dalam Majalah Pandji Poestaka pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia (1943-1945). Pendekatan teori yang digunakan adalah materialisme yang dipaparkan oleh Eagleton. Kritik sastra materialistik mangasumsikan bahwa teks sastra tidak bertindak pasif, tetapi secara aktif menentukan proses produksi dan struktur ideologi yang membentuknya. Karya sastra merupakan produk interaksi dan artikulasi aspek eksternal dan internal teks. Skema kritik sastra materialistik memosisikan aspek eksternal berada di luar teks yang terdiri atas kontituen-kontituen ideologi yang meliputi: corak produksi umum, ideologi umum, corak produksi sastra, ideologi kepegarangan, dan ideologi estetik. Internal teks merujuk pada ideologi teks yang merupakan produk dari interaksi dan artikulasi kontituen-kontituen eksternal teks yang telah dijabarkan sebelumnya dan membentuk serangkaian tegangan, pengolahan dan transformasi. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teks yang berupa Teks Sastra dalam Majalah Pandji Poestaka merupakan hasil artikulasi dominasi kekuasaan Jepang yang menerapkan sistem pemerintahan fasisme-militersme. Mobilization and Control merupakan teknik Jepang guna mendominasi kekuatan dan relasi produksi di Indonesia. Dominasi tersebut mengakibatkan tekanan dan ketimpangan dalam masyarakat, sehingga memunculkan kontestasi ideologi yang diusung oleh para pejuang nasionalis, gerakan bawah tanah, hingga pemberontakan masyarakat kelas bawah yaitu petani. Simpulannya pemberontakan tesebut melahirkan ideologi nasionalisme, sosialisme hingga anarkisme yang memiliki cita-cita yang sama yaitu semangat kebebasan, anti imperialisme, kemerdekaan dan bayangan akan sebuah bangsa (nation). Kata Kunci: Struktur Ideologi, Teks Sastra Pandji Poestaka, Materialisme Eagleton. ABSTRACT This study describes the ideology structure of Teks Sastra in Pandji Poestaka magazine during the Japanese colonial Indonesia (1943-1945). Theory applied in this study is Eagleton’s materialism. This critic concerns on how a literary work acts in the process of production and in shaping the ideology structure. In this case, a literary work is regarded as a product of interaction and articulation in external and internal aspects of the text. The materialism critic places the external aspect outside the text, includes ideology constituents, such as general mode of production, general ideology, literary mode of production, author ideology, and aesthetic ideology. Meanwhile, this critic refers the internal aspect to ideology of the text. This ideology is a product of those constituents’ interaction and articulation that form a sequence of exertions, accomplishment, and transformation. The result of the study shows that the text Teks Sastra in Panjdi Poestaka magazine is articulation of Japanese domination that applied fascism-militarism in their colonial. In order to dominate the strength and the production relation in Indonesia, Japan also uses mobilization and control technic. Therefore, there is inequality in society and they are pressured. This leads the society to do many kinds of struggle to fight the Japanese domination. The struggles produce the ideology of nationalism, anti-imperialism. Besides, Indonesian wants to reach the Independence and to have a nation.Key Words: Structure of Ideology, Teks Sastra Pandji Poestaka, Materialism, Eagleton.

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Pratama, Febri Fajar, Ai Kusmiati Asyiah e Deni Chandra. "Studi Analisis Konsep Ideologi Marhaenisme Sukarno Sebagai Asas Perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia". Jurnal Kewarganegaraan 19, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jk.v19i1.33301.

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AbstractIdeology is important in the order of social and state life. Philosophically, the concept of ideology is very subjective. There are those who consider ideology as dogma, while others are concerned with linking ideology as political discourse and political views. Meanwhile, some think that ideology is based on the concrete interests of social class which is marked by the absence of interest on an economic basis. In the socio-historical context of the Indonesian nation, ideology is used as a "tool" for the struggle to form the mental, character, spirit and thoughts of anti-colonialism, so as to create a manifestation of the fundamental values of Indonesia in the form of Pancasila formulated by national figures. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the concept of Sukarno's Marhaenism ideology which became the forerunner of thoughts/ideas about Pancasila. The method used is concept analysis with a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the results show that marhaenism conceptually emphasizes aspects of the struggle of the marhaens, namely the groups exploited by imperialism and capitalism so that they have difficulty being able to prosper themselves. The important elements in the ideology of Marxism are socio-nationalism, socio-democracy, mass-action, machtvorming, non-cooperation, and self-reliance. and self-reliance.--------------AbstrakIdeologi menjadi hal yang penting dalam tatanan kehidupan sosial maupun bernegara. Secara filosofis, konsep ideologi sangatlah subjektif. Ada yang menganggap ideologi sebagai dogma, ada juga yang menyangkutpautkan ideologi sebagai diskursus politik dan pandangan politik. Sedangkan sebagian lagi menganggap ideologi didasarkan pada kepentingan konkret kelas sosial yang ditandai oleh tidak adanya kepentingan atas dasar ekonomi. Dalam sosio-historis bangsa Indonesia, ideologi dijadikan sebagai “alat” perjuangan untuk membentuk mental, karakter, semangat dan pemikiran anti kolonialisme, sehingga terciptalah manifestasi dari nilai-nilai fundamental keindonesiaan berupa Pancasila yang dirumuskan oleh para tokoh nasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis konsep tentang ideologi Marhaenisme Sukarno yang menjadi cikal bakal pemikiran/gagasan mengenai Pancasila. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis konsep dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa marhaenisme secara konseptual menekankan pada aspek perjuangan kaum marhaen, yaitu kelompok yang dieksploitasi oleh imperialisme dan kapitalisme sehingga mereka kesulitan untuk bisa mensejahterakan dirinya. Adapun unsur-unsur penting dalam ideologi marhaenisme yaitu sosio-nasionalisme, sosio-demokrasi, aksi-massa, machtvorming, non-kooperasi, dan self-reliance.

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Carpenter, Ronald H. "General Eisenhower: Ideology and Discourse (review)". Rhetoric & Public Affairs 7, n.º 2 (2004): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.2004.0033.

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Suartini, Luh. "KONSUMTIFISME PERAN GENDER DALAM KARYA SENI RUPA NI NYOMAN SANI". Jurnal Pendidikan Seni Rupa Undiksha 12, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2022): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjpsp.v12i2.49223.

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Abstrak Selama ini perempuan dalam seni rupa Bali seringkali hanya ditempatkan sebagai objek belaka. Sesungguhnya, dalam karya perempuan perupa kontemporer Bali terdapat ideologi yang bekerja di baliknya. Artikel ini mengungkap dan mendeskripsikan ideologi gender yang bekerja di balik representasi visual Ni Nyoman Sani. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa ideologi gender yang bekerja di balik karya Ni Nyoman Sani yaitu perihal konsumtifisme peran gender atas pemanfaatan peran gender. Pembahasan ini diharapkan bisa memberi pemahaman yang luas dan mendalam bagi publik seni tentang ideologi gender yang bekerja di balik proses kreatif Ni Nyoman Sani Kata kunci: konsumtifisme, peran gender, seni rupa, ni nyoman sani Abstract So far, women in Balinese art are often only placed as mere objects. Indeed, in the work of contemporary Balinese women artists there is an ideology that works behind it. This article uncovers and describes the gender ideology that works behind the visual representation of Ni Nyoman Sani. This article concludes that the gender ideology that works behind Ni Nyoman Sani's work is about the consumptiveism of gender roles over the use of gender roles. This discussion is expected to provide a broad and in-depth understanding for the art public about the gender ideology that works behind the creative process of Ni Nyoman Sani Keywords: consumptiveism, gender roles, fine arts, ni nyoman sani

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Constant, Thomas. "Possible worlds and ideology". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/107744/.

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The broad aim of this thesis is to explore fruitful connections between ideology theory and the philosophy of possible worlds (PW). Ideologies are full of modal concepts, such as possibility, potential, necessity, essence, contingency and accident. Typically, PWs are articulated for the analysis and illumination of modal concepts. That naturally suggests a method for theorising ideological modality, utilising PW theory. The specific conclusions of the thesis proffer a number of original contributions to knowledge: 1) PWs should only be used for explication and not as (intrinsic) evidence or criteria of assessment in ideology theory. The estimation of (e.g.) utopian possibilities, human essences and freedoms must be determined by extrinsic criteria. PWs can serve only as a window or means of expression but not as a set of evaluative premises. 2) For this purpose, a modified version of Lewisian genuine realism (GR), with its device of counterpart theory, is the best approach; the alternative theories risk constricting possibilities or smuggling in assumptions that ought to be objects of analysis in ideology theory. This is instructive, since ideology theorists are prone to pick and choose favoured aspects of modal philosophy without further argument. 3) Conclusions (1) and (2) suggest the adoption of GR or fictionalist GR. Overall, the actualist options are less adequate. Fictionalism, by contrast, is a worthwhile contender, but it too presents comparative weaknesses which reinforce GR’s standing as a potent challenger to the modal metaphysician. Therefore, this thesis presents additional reasons (to Lewis’s) to think GR true. The conclusions are not knockdown, and I draw out incentives and consequences for adopting alternative stances. The various chapters also provide specific details for comprehending and debating ideological modals.

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Frowe, Ian. "Language, ideology and education". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50486/.

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This thesis examines the relationship between language and social reality. The position argued for is one which sees language as having a constitutive role to play in the formation and maintenance of the social world. It elaborates and develops a view expressed by Quentin Skinner, namely, that language and the social world are mutually supportive and exist in a state of dynamic interaction. Because language has this constitutive role in relation to the social world attention to the use of language is important for the language we employ will be a significant factor in determining the nature of that world. The notion of ideology is defined in a critical sense as 'malign decontestation', i. e., the presentation of that which is contestable as if there were only one legitimate perspective. The concepts of absolutism and universalisation are taken as key ideological markers. Given the constitutive role of language, the identification of ideological language becomes important because aspects of the social world which are informed by such a language will reflect the errors inherent in the linguistic structures themselves. One of the central arguments of the thesis is that ideological language often arises when insufficient attention is paid to the ontological differences between activities whose subject matter is the natural world and those whose subject matter is the social world. There is a focus on educational issues because the impetus for this thesis arose out of a growing unease with the nature of the language used in relation to this topic. Although a concern with the language of education is not uncommon, the full significance of the language we use in this area is often unacknowledged because the necessary theoretical background is absent. It is the main purpose of this thesis to provide a philosophical justification for this concern.

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Matsuno, Yuko. "A study of Okinawan language shift and ideology". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291630.

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Ryukyuan, the Indigenous language of Okinawa, Japan, is in danger of being lost within a generation or two. There has been a rapid shift from Ryukyuan to Japanese and Uchina-Yamatoguchi, consisting of both Ryukyuan and Japanese. This linguistic situation has been brought on by many years of colonization by foreign nations and most recently by massive wave of globalization and modernization. This research examines language loss and shift in one Okinawan village, Henna, through an examination of its history and by exploring the people's language attitudes and ideologies. This study seeks to understand the multidimensional factors that contribute to language choice of the Okinawan people. In the case of Okinawa, it may be said that one's perspective toward Okinawan culture is a key to the future of the Ryukyuan language. With this understanding, it is hoped that the Okinawans can then determine themselves what their futures may be and what language they embrace.

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Smith, Jeffery Bradley Stewart 1965. "The Brazilian military ideology: Implications for institutionalized democracy". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291675.

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The Brazilian military possesses an institutional ideology separate from that of civil society. This ideology has in the past mistakenly been identified as the National Security Doctrine (NSD). However, the NSD is merely the codification of a flexible and continuous ideology that began to develop in the nineteenth century. The ideology is based on geopolitical theory which the military believes offers an objective and scientific approach to the problems of national security. According to the ideology, the organic state's national security is in a constant state of peril which grants the military the role of state guardian. As guardians of the state the military also views itself as society's tutor in the process of preparing the nation for the responsible exercise of democracy. As long as the flexible and authoritarian military ideology is present, democracy in Brazil cannot be institutionalized and will, at best, be a limited democracy.

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Allsobrook, Christopher John. "'On genealogy and ideology criticism'". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6319/.

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This thesis identifies and explains a fundamental philosophical problem of self-implication in Marxian ideology criticism that has led to its misuse and rejection in social theory and political philosophy. I argue that Friedrich Nietzsche's development of genealogy as a method of social criticism complements ideology criticism in a way that overcomes this problem, by addressing it explicitly, rather than trying to avoid it. In making this argument, I hope to bridge a widely perceived gap between Nietzsche's and Michel Foucault's genealogical approaches to social criticism, on the one hand, and Marxian ideology criticism on the other. The conflict between these approaches has been exaggerated in contemporary academic literature, to the loss of invaluable contributions Nietzsche and Foucault make to the theory and practice of ideology criticism. I begin by defining ideology in way that, I demonstrate, takes into account the use of the notion by Karl Marx and the early Frankfurt School Critical Theorists, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno. I identify two central components of ideology, namely, an epistemic aspect, regarding illusion, and a functional aspect, which links ideology to its role in maintaining oppression. I also defend the notion of ideology against major objections to each of these aspects. In Chapter 4, I introduce the problem of self-implication that, I take it, poses the greatest challenge to the coherence of ideology criticism. The remainder of the thesis examines two alternative ways of dealing with this problem, namely immanent and transcendent criticism. I explain the weaknesses with each approach and, in doing so, show why Marx and Adorno each succumb to the problem of ideological self-implication. In the final chapter I argue that Nietzsche's method of genealogy is compatible with ideology criticism and can complement such criticism, to overcome the problems that have been examined.

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Edwards, Robert. "Mythology, ideology and the contemporary American short story cycle". Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/55957/.

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The present study proposes that there is an intrinsic relationship between the contemporary American short story cycle and the myth and ideology of the United States. I argue that the contemporary form of the story cycle has become the genre of choice for certain authors whose work explicitly challenges the dominant ideological discourses of Euroamerica and its underpinning mythologies. The five authors and the texts I discuss are Tim O’Brien and The Things They Carried, Julia Alvarez and How The Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, Gerald Vizenor and Landfill Meditation, Sherman Alexie and Ten Little Indians, and Thomas King and Green Grass, Running Water. In the thesis I address the interrelationship between ideology and mythology and this is the foundation for my examination of the way that these five disparate writers each uses the story cycle in his or her own distinctive way to challenge a dominant ideology and the mythology that underpins it.

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Pelanda, Brian Lee. "“For The General Diffusion Of Knowledge”: Foundations of American Copyright Ideology, 1783-1790". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1216072749.

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Brenner, Michelle Klein. "Ideology and decision making in school-based counseling". Thesis, City University of New York, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3601695.

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The present study built on the design and results from the pilot study in an attempt to explore the relationship between psychologists' personal ideologies and the decisions they make in school-based counseling. Of particular interest was whether higher levels of self-reported ideology were related to support of relevant school policies. Participants included 166 psychologists who responded to an online survey that included questions related to personal and professional ideologies, attitudes toward school policies, training and preparedness in four areas of interest, and hypothetical scenarios. Consistency among responses in areas including theoretical orientation, political party, and training and preparedness in ethics and multicultural issues limited the analyses that could be performed to compare different populations. Correlation data indicated that there was no relationship between those who reported to be religious and those who reported that they were not religious, though slight differences were noted qualitatively. There was also no difference between responses of individuals who had not taken a class but felt prepared as compared with responses of the rest of the population. Correlation data also indicated some associations between the school policies related to liberal/conservative political views and the vignette designed toward that ideology.

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Geddes, Graham R. "Ideology, federalism, and the welfare state the public debate concerning guaranteed annual incomes, 1968-1976". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5632.

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Deacon, James P. "Crime, terrorism and ideology an analysis of Ronald Reagan's discourse on terrorism from 1981 through 1986". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5638.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Chernus, Ira. General Eisenhower: Ideology and discourse. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2002.

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Alagha, Joseph. The shifts in Hizbullah's ideology: Religious ideology, political ideology and political program. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.

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David, Hawkes. Ideology. 2^a ed. London: Routledge, 2003.

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Gordon, Bailey. Ideology: Structuring identities in contemporary life. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2003.

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J, Robinson T., ed. The place of ideology in political life. London: Croom Helm, 1985.

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Kapoor, Ilan. Celebrity humanitarianism: The ideology of global charity. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Poole, Keith T. Ideology and Congress. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007.

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Ellis, Christopher. Ideology in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Balkin, J. M. Cultural software: A theory of ideology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

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Carlton, Eric. War and ideology. London: Routledge, 1990.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Nettleford, Rex. "Ideology, identity, culture". In General History of the Caribbean, 537–58. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73773-4_16.

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Hurbon, Laënnec. "Ideology in Caribbean history". In General History of the Caribbean, 136–61. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73776-5_7.

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Gram, Harvey. "Ideology and Time: Criticisms of General Equilibrium". In Joan Robinson and Modern Economic Theory, 285–302. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08633-7_8.

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Brom, Libor. "Aleksandr Zinov’s ev’s Vision of Soviet Ideology". In Utrecht Publications in General and Comparative Literature, 106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/upal.27.10bro.

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Scott, Alan. "General theories of social movements: functionalism and Marxism". In Ideology and the New Social Movements, 37–53. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003363156-3.

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Rabaté, Jean-Michel. "Poundwise: Towards a General Critique of Economy". In Language, Sexuality and Ideology in Ezra Pound’s Cantos, 183–241. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05210-3_6.

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Eh Htoo, Saw, e Tony Waters. "Ne Win’s Burmanization Ideology: The Burmese Way to Socialism (1962–1966)". In General Ne Win’s Legacy of Burmanization in Myanmar, 101–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1270-0_5.

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Eh Htoo, Saw, e Tony Waters. "Ne Win’s Political Ideology: One Culture, One Economy, One Military (1967–1989)". In General Ne Win’s Legacy of Burmanization in Myanmar, 131–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1270-0_6.

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Soutou, Georges-Henri. "General de Gaulle and the Soviet Union, 1943–5: Ideology or European Equilibrium". In The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–53, 310–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25106-3_20.

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Ge, Zhaoguang. "History, Ideology, and General Ideological History: A Case Study of Chan Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty". In New Perspectives on the Research of Chinese Culture, 63–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4021-78-4_4.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Iliev, Andrej, Aleksandar Grizev e Aleksandar Petrovski. "IDEOLOGY OF MODERN WAHHABISM". In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.3.7.22.p16.

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Wahhabism represents an ideological and religious movement. It is the dominant islamic movement in Saudi Arabia. The founder of this ideology is Muhammad Ibn Abd AlWahhab (1703-1792). In the introductory part of this paper, the authors give an explanation of the historical paths of Wahhabism as a general Islamic doctrine. The main focus of the paper is on the basis of the ideology of wahhabism. This ideology starts with the Muslim brotherhood of Hassan el-Banna in 1928, through the Islamic ideological movements of Abul ala Maududi and Sayid Qutb and ends with the extremist Deobandi faith in South Asia. All of these Islamist movements established a strong presence in the Muslim world during the second half of the 20th century. In the sesond part of the paper, the authors give a review on wahhabism ideology, as in its basis, wahhabism is not an officially recognized and approved Islamic religious direction. Having in mind that the main role of wahhabism is unification of Saudi Arabia, this religious direction has always been a broader subject of public attacks and criticism. However, the interest in wahhabism increased at the beginning of the 21st century, especially with the terrorist attacks in the USA on 11.09.2001. One of the first Islamic movements based on wahhabism was founded in Saudi Arabia, known as “Ikhwan”. This Islamic movement was represented by Bedouin tribes that were formed by Ibn Saud. Finally, having in mind the full spectrum of ideological and doctrinal steps of wahhabism in general, we must mention the influence of wahhabism towards the other Islamic movements, and also gave a clear vision of its widespread vision in global frames. The ideology of wahhabism, according to the world views on radical Islam movements, represents a prototype ideology of some extreme and terrorist groups. The aim of this paper is to analyze the historical development and social role of the modern ideology of wahhabism towards other Islamic movements. All of the above mentioned will be analyzed through the comprehensive social changes that have taken place in the world over the last century. 190 Keywords: ideology, modern wahhabism, islamic movements, influence, terrorist groups

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Wentong, Zhang. "The Teaching Exploration of Curriculum Ideology and Politics in Logic General Education". In 2020 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.225.

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Moisa, Gabriel. "Ideology and propaganda in the last years of the Ceaușescu regime. The case of Romanian cinema". In Latinitate, Romanitate, Românitate. Conferinţa ştiinţifică internaţională, Ediția a 7-a. Moldova State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/lrr2023.30.

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In the last part of the communist regime in Romania, it experienced a permanent degradation of the citizens’ standard of living. Despite increasingly aggressive propaganda, everyday reality revealed the growing problems of the regime. This general context present in Romanian society also had effects on the cinematographic field, where the propaganda accents increasingly targeted the entire population of Romania, with a special focus on the young generation. The latter had to be prepared much more carefully to increase the level of bearability, so as not to generate reactions of any kind. The study follows several aspects related to the way Romanian film was used as a propaganda tool by the Romanian regime in the last decade of communism in Romania.

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Kondrakova, Inna, Liudmila Bocharnikova, Viktor Erofeev, Natalia Orlovskaya e Marina Shepelenko. "On the issue of criminal responsibility for crimes of extremist nature among youth". In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.zngh8145.

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Changes that took place at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries made extremism a global problem. The scale and nature of the extremist movements of our time indicate that the problem under consideration has turned from a private human into a general social one, and has reached the world level. At present, the issues of extremism occupy one of the key places. The ideology of extremism has a destructive effect on the future of our country, thereby undermining the territorial unity and political balance of the Russian Federation. As a result, the ideology formed among young people not only distorts the worldview, but also affects the consciousness, turns the young generation into a “time bomb”, the purpose of which is to destroy the established social order. It should be noted that the state policy of the Russian Federation is primarily aimed at identifying cases of extremism, and not at all on preventive measures to combat it, which is a huge disadvantage in working with the younger generation. Despite the difficulties in considering this issue, judicial practice demonstrates a fairly large number of examples of bringing young people to criminal responsibility for crimes of an extremist nature.

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Plamadeala, Ion. "The Cancel Culture in Western Academic Life". In Conferinta stiintifica nationala "Lecturi în memoriam acad. Silviu Berejan", Ediția 6. “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/lecturi.2023.06.14.

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The article deals with the phenomenon of “cancel culture” which is gaining momentum in academic life and scientific research in Western universities, questioning its manifestations and consequences in terms of epistemology, freedom of expression and academic freedom. These are described and critically evaluated as an unprecedented form of intellectual and political totalitarianism exercised by militants of the reactionary „woke” ideology, by reactivating similar practices from the Soviet regime and the Chinese cultural revolution. The disastrous consequences of this phenomenon on members of the academic community and academic culture in general, which is undergoing a serious epistemic crisis, are revealed.

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Chupeska, Ana. "FROM ETHNOPOPULISM TO SECURITY RISKS". In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.3.6.22.p13.

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Erin Jenne (2018), in her highly instructive article dedicated to ethnopopulism: Is Nationalism or Ethnopopulism on the Rise Today?, defines ethnopopulism as a “discourse that equates ‘the people’ with ‘the nation’ and holds that sovereignty should be an expression of the will of the ‘nation-people”30. She refers to Mudde’s notion of the populist radical right31, denoting the moment when he draws attention to the fact that in recent decades nationalist parties are experiencing their rise and most of these parties are taking on an ethnopopulist form.32 Populism33, as such, it is worth mentioning, according to Mudde, is an antagonistic ideology, i.e. an ideology that considers that society is divided into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "pure people" versus "corrupt elite" and politics should be an expression of the volante general of the people’ / or general will of the people (Mudde, 2004)34. Later, in line with Stavrakakis and De Cleen, Jenne puts an eye on the notion that populism and nationalism both serve to inscribe the boundaries of the idealized sovereign community more restrictively - excluding elites and “national others”, and also that nationalism is an antagonistic in-out discourse that excludes non-nationals, while populism is an antagonistic up-down discourse that excludes elites or the political establishment (De Cleen 2017; De Cleen and Stavrakakis 2017; De Cleen et al. 2020; Jenne 2022)35. She elaborates: ….” What happens when nationalism is co-articulated with populism in a single political system? The answer lies within the mobilizational logic of each. Nationalist politicians use symbols to mobilize the population against perceived foreign or domestic threats related to the ethnos.

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Gonçalves, Raquel Garcia, Ricardo Viana Carvalho de Paiva e Izabella Galera. "Reflections on the practices of brazilian urban planning: errors that repeat". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7912.

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The crisis of the planning estabilished on the 1970 decade, the historical changes occurred in Brazil on the 1980 years, the strong of neoliberal ideology, the globalization ideas and the performance of the consultants are important elements to the understanding of the legitimation process of the dominant paradigms on the urban research and on the accomplished planning practices, in general, of the great urban projects. This article establishes connections between the historical context of Brazil and the diffusion of new ideas. The objective of this paper is to propose reflections about the interfaces between the actual planning practices and the urban utopians elaborated on the XIX century.

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Nikolić, Nenad. "PROBLEM IDENTITETA NACIONALNE KNjIŽEVNOSTI U MEĐUNARODNOM KONTEKSTU". In IDENTITETSKE promene: srpski jezik i književnost u doba tranzicije. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Edaucatin in Jagodina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zip21.025n.

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The paper analyses the global tendency of conceptualizing transnational and regional literature in order to suppress national literatures at first, and then to completely replace them. The analysis is based on History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Eds. M. Cornis-Pope and J. Neubauer, Vol. I 2004, Vol. II 2006, Vol. III 2007, Vol. IV 2010). The tendency to replace national literatures with the transnational one is depicted within the framework of broader cultural, social, and political circumstances. Based on the ideology of “Western liberalism, global capitalism, and George Soros” – which was stated as the core idea of the History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by its editors – this tendency leads to a general weakening of traditional identities framework: from personal to national identity. Therefore, the suppression of national literature is simultaneous with the suppression of nationality in general, and with changing the notion of literature as it existed in the age of national states since that notion was correspondent with the personal identity which also undergoes through changes.

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Botnari, Liliana. "The Difficult Route of Romanian from the Bessarabia and the Guardians of the Scientific Truth". In Conferinta stiintifica nationala "Lecturi în memoriam acad. Silviu Berejan", Ediția 6. “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/lecturi.2023.06.13.

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The creation of a „Moldavian language”, with new grammatical rules and a lexicon focused on popular speech, occurred in order to delimit the Moldavian identity from the Romanian one, insisting on the theory that they are distinct and have separate evolutions. The Soviet authorities promoted the idea of a fundamental difference between the natives situated in the east of the Prut and the Romanians from Romania, repressing any outburst of Romanian identity and consciousness in the RSSM or RASSM. In these hostile times, linguists, writers, publicists and artists in general knew a rigorous censorship, carrying the burden of Moldovanism. In the 1940s-1960s, when the Russian language forcibly became the official language in the Bessarabian territory, linguists such as N. Corlăteanu, I. C. Varticean or S. Berejan had an intense and tumultuous philological activity, constrained by the creeds and grievances of the party and ideology Soviets, who were forced to work under conditions of an unhealthy bilingualism.

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Didkovskaya, Yana, Dmitriy Onegov e Dmitriy Trynov. "THE RELATION BETWEEN THE POLITICAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND SOCIAL WELLBEING OF POLITICALLY-ACTIVE YOUTH IN RUSSIA". In NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2019/b2/v2/36.

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this paper, we present the analysis of the relation between the political self-identification and social wellbeing of politically active youth in Russia. The method we used to study political self-identification included the identification of respondents' political views in the specter of ideologies representing the most established ideological and political trends in the public consciousness. We measured social well-being using a scale from 1 to 5 points to assess subjective satisfaction with the situation in the country in various fields. Although we measured the level of young people security: how do they assess their future - as confident or not? The political activity of Russian youth exists in two forms: "support" and "opposition"- whether they support the authorities or oppose them. Based on this principle, we surveyed two groups of respondents. The first group includes participants of youth organizations actively cooperating with authorities, as well as participants of regional Youth Parliaments, Youth Governments, Youth Public Chambers (active supporters, N=300). The second group includes those young people, which represent the modern youth protest, first of all, volunteers of the Progress Party and the Libertarian Party (active oppositionists, N=300). The study revealed that among active supporters, there are a lot of those who are not following any political ideology (40%) or cannot identify their political and ideological views (17%). Respondents with such position are quite a few among active oppositionists. The significant proportion of active oppositionists share liberal or libertarian views (51%). In both groups, radical views are not popular - almost no one identifies himself with the Communist or Nationalist ideology. We found that several wellbeing indicators have significantly different values in both groups. In particular, young supporters of the authorities are more secure: almost 80% of respondents feel security in one way or another, and only 16% are not secure, while among oppositionists, only 15% fell secure, and more than 80% of oppositionist respondents not feel security. The results of the survey showed that low levels of satisfaction, in general, characterize the social wellbeing of politically active youth. Politically active youth is most critical in the economic sphere of society. If we compare the social wellbeing of the two groups of politically active youth (supporting and opposing authorities), the indicators of satisfaction with the situation in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres of society among active oppositionists are significantly lower than those of supporters. We concluded that there is a relation between the social wellbeing of young people and their self-identification in politics: young people who identify themselves with liberal political views (close to the ideology of liberalism) express pessimistic social sentiment and sharply critical assessment of social wellbeing. Young people with uncertain or "blurred" political orientation, show more optimistic mood and satisfaction with the current situation.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Ideology in general"

Ardanaz, Martín, Evelyne Hübscher, Philip Keefer e Thomas Sattler. Voter Responses to Fiscal Crisis: New Evidence on Preferences for Fiscal Adjustment in Emerging Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012884.

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Though governments regularly implement fiscal adjustments to avert crisis, voter attitudes toward competing adjustment strategies are still poorly understood. A conjoint experiment with 8,000 survey respondents in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru confirms that individuals prefer spending- to tax-based adjustments in general. However, preferences change dramatically depending on which specific tax and spending adjustments are included and on individuals' personal characteristics. Consistent with their broad preferences for spending- over tax-based adjustments, respondents oppose increases in the personal income tax and support public employment cuts. However, they support or are indifferent towards higher corporate income or value-added taxes and they oppose cuts in social assistance. Preferences for fiscal adjustment also depend on voter characteristics that are unrelated to their pecuniary interests. Ideology, social beliefs, and trust in government significantly influence their preferences for tax- or spending-based adjustments in general and for the specific composition of those adjustments.

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Kessler, Gabriel, Gabriel Vommaro e Gonzalo Assusa. El proceso de polarización en América Latina Entre la secularización y el conflicto distributivo. Maria Sibylla Merian Centre Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/kessler-et-al.2023.53.

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América Latina vive actualmente un proceso de polarización en muchos países que constituye sin lugar a dudas un reto para incrementar los rasgos más cohesivos de la convivialidad. ¿Cómo actúan los factores económico-distributivos y culturalesmorales en los escenarios actuales de polarización? En este paper mostramos, primero, que el proceso general de secularización está extendido en la mayor parte de los países estudiados, aunque persisten segmentos conservadores resilientes y muy activos. Segundo, que los issues culturales-morales adquieren saliencia en conflictos polarizados en virtud de la relación entre la aceleración de los cambios en las posiciones en temas culturales (secularización acelerada) y la acción de variables asociadas con la politización de estos issues: ideología y religión. Tercero, que los issues económico-distributivos siguen estructurando preferencias políticas y se mantienen como escenario de polarización en América Latina, aunque las posiciones en este campo son menos consistentes y correlacionan más con la clase que con la ideología. Nuestro paper estudia los casos de Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y México, que reúnen el 80 % de la población del continente. Se apoya en un análisis de las series históricas (desde los años 1980 hasta la actualidad) de la encuesta World Values Survey e incorpora datos provenientes de un estudio comparado basado en grupos focales.

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Brummel, Lars. Referendums, for Populists Only? Why Populist Parties Favour Referendums and How Other Parties Respond. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, dezembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4302.

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Populists are generally known as supporters of referendums and several populist parties have promoted direct democracy in recent years. To deepen our understanding of the populism referendum link, this study analyses how populist parties in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands defend a greater use of referendums and how their non-populist counterparts respond to this populist call for referendums. An analysis of election manifestos shows that populist parties justify their referendum support by characterizing referendums as a purely democratic ideal, by presenting it as an alternative to decision-making by ‘bad’ political elites or by promoting referendums as a tool to realise their preferred policy decisions. Populist referendum support is thus related to people-centrism and ant-elitism, as elements of a populist ideology, but also to strategic considerations. These lines of argument are used by both populists on the right and the left, but anti-elitism is particularly prominent in manifestos of radical rightwing populist parties. Populists are not the only supporters of direct democracy – however, there is no evidence that non-populist parties did become more favourable towards referendums to adapt to the populist call for a greater referendum use.

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Tickner, Arlene. Hacia una lectura crítica del militarismo y la militarización. Fundación Carolina, fevereiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac_04.2022.

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El siguiente trabajo analiza la militarización y sus vínculos con la ideología del militarismo desde distintos enfoques críticos de la seguridad. Para ello, se ofrecen varias definiciones de ambos términos con miras a establecer su carácter general, la interconexión que existe entre ellos y su anclaje en las políticas estatales de seguridad. Asimismo, el texto se interroga sobre la relación cívico-militar presente en la mayoría de los análisis sobre los procesos militarización a fin de evidenciar sus carencias como guía práctica para limitar la influencia castrense en la política y la vida civil. En su lugar, se argumenta que una aproximación crí- tica al militarismo y la militarización exige comprender cómo “lo militar” está envuelto en “lo civil”, incluso en las democracias, y de qué manera distintas inseguridades y violencias basadas en el género, la raza y la clase social se incrustan y se normalizan en los órdenes sociales, políticos y económicos militarizados.

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Vela, Mauricio A., e Sebastián J. Miller. Are Environmental Taxes Affected by Legislatures' Ideological Positions? Inter-American Development Bank, setembro de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011501.

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Environmental taxes have been discussed as one of the main mechanisms to deal with environmental problems. Nonetheless, instruments of this type have rarely been implemented, and the adoption of new or higher environmental taxes has faced resistance in some countries. The purpose of this work is to identify one possible political answer to why adoption of environmental taxes varies. One explanation is that legislatures' ideological position affects the degree of usage of taxes generally and environ- mental taxes in particular. For example, right-wing parties tend to be less associated with environmental concerns and more associated with lower government intervention. This paper presents evidence that reflects this relationship, showing the positive association of more left-wing legislatures with higher levels of environmental taxation. A panel of data for 37 developed and developing countries over 16 years is used considering the percentage of total revenue from environmentally related taxes, the ratio of this revenue to total energy use and tax levels in industry and household sectors. The results show that most of these impacts involve environmentally related taxes in the industry sector. Proportional representation electoral systems and high seat concentration by few parties appear to be necessary conditions for the negative relation of right-wing ideology with environmental taxes.

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