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Meyer, John R. "Human Rights, Fact or Fiction?: ‘Human Rights and “the Risk of Freedom”’". Scottish Journal of Theology 52, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1999): 47–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600053485.
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Before the General Assembly of the United Nations Pope John Paul II declared that the quest for freedom points to the existence of ‘natural rights’ that reflect the objective and inviolable demands of a universal moral law. While this assertion was well received by those in attendance, an important question remains: how are we to reconcile this universal vision of human rights with the current plethora of disputable legislated rights? Ernest Fortin claims the problem is rooted in the fact that modern ‘rights talk’ emphasizes individual subjective rights over the objective reality of human nature, and Alasdair Maclntyre even questions the moral value of human rights because they are all too easily manipulated by those who view them as self-evident truths. When you add to these observations the appearance of such controversial individual entitlements as ‘reproductive rights’, ‘sex rights’, ‘the right to same-sex marriage’ and the ‘right to die’, it is not surprising to hear people calling for a silencing of ‘rights talk’.
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Tembhurne, Mr Punyashil S. "Indian Fiction in English and Human Rights". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, n.º 7 (31 de julho de 2023): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54639.
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Abstract: Human rights are one of the factors that ensure the hopes of the common man. Sadly, however, it is not uncommon to see these rights violated by dictatorial regimes. When this happens, literature must take the initiative to bring light to such violations and help people sympathize with those whose rights are abused. This article explores the relationship between literature and human rights. It argues that literature can play a paramount role in promoting human rights in two ways. First, literature, being a reflection of reality, can expose the various human rights violations and abuses happening across the world and this will help people to be more aware of these violations. Secondly, using its unique power to touch the hearts and minds of people, literature can make people more sympathetic towards those who suffer and live in pain as a result of violations of their human rights. Mulk Raj Anand is a great humanist and his prime concern is human predicament.Anita Desai shows the denial of social justice to women. Khuswant Singh and Salman Rushdie draw attention towards sexual abuse of children.
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Sharma, Navin, e Priyanka Tripathi. "Human Rights and Literature: A Study of The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida". Southeast Asian Review of English 60, n.º 1 (16 de julho de 2023): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sare.vol60no1.10.
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This article examines the use of symbolic representations in The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida (2022) to narrate the history of Human Rights (HR) violations. The article argues that the genre of fiction has emerged as a cultural medium for promoting the discourse of HR, moving beyond legal, judicial, and political forums. Building upon the concept of Human Rights Literature (HRL) developed by Pramod K. Nayar, the article conducts a critical analysis of the novel. It analyses 1) the use of fictional narratives to depict HR violations, 2) the role of language and cultural discourse that contribute to the dehumanization and demonization of people and massacres, and 3) how the discursive description of HR violations due to riots, civil war, and massacres transforms into a popular language of fiction. The article emphasizes the significance of fiction as a valuable addition to ethical literature within the HR movement and as a tool for spreading awareness.
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Surekha, Dr. "Human Rights and Portrayal of Women in Indian English Fiction". International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, n.º 1 (2023): 083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.81.10.
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Human Rights” are those rights which belong to an individual as a consequence of being a human being. It is birth right inherent in all the individuals irrespective of their caste, creed, religion, sex and nationality. Human Rights, essential for all round development of the personality of the individual in society and therefore, ought to be protected and be made available to all individuals. Literature has substantially contributed to the protection of human rights. Literature can inspire us to change our world and give us the comfort, hope, passion and strength that we need in order to fight to create a better future for us. The literary creation such novels, short-stories etc. are the mirror of society. The novelists of Indian writing in English are keenly aware of the fundamental incongruities which life and world are confronting us in day to day life. The heroes of R.K. Narayan present the ironies of life and the heroines expose the deprivation of common housewives who are denied equal rights in their day to day life. Mulk Raj Anand is a great humanist and his prime concern is human predicament. Manohar Malgoankar presents the pathetic life of the labourers of tea-plantation of Assam. Kamla Markandeya highlights pitiable conditions of peasants of India. Anita Desai shows the denial of social justice to women. Khuswant Singh and Salman Rushdie draw attention towards sexual abuse of children. Thus, literature carries the human experience which reaches the heart of those who have been treated improperly by denial of basic human rights.
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Chakravorty, Mrinalini. "The Dead That Haunt Anil's Ghost: Subaltern Difference and Postcolonial Melancholia". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, n.º 3 (maio de 2013): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.3.542.
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Anil's Ghost, Michael Ondaatje's haunting novel about the Sri Lankan civil war, probes paradoxes that arise in postcolonial fictional representations of transnational violence. What is conveyed by novels of war and genocide that cast the whole of a decolonial territory as a “deathworld”? The prism of death in Anil's Ghost requires readers of this text to relinquish settled notions of how we as humans understand our finitude and our entanglements with the deaths of others. Postcolonial fictions of violence conjoin historical circumstance with phantasmatic expressions to raise important questions about mourning, collective agency, and the subalternity of postcolonial societies. Advancing a theory about “postcolonial crypts” in fiction, I argue that postcolonial fictions' attention to violence transforms notions about the value of human life appraised through a dominant human rights framework.
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Sukmaningsih, Dewi. "Role of Documentation and Legal Information Network (JDIH) Efforts in Fulfillment of Human Rights". Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, n.º 2 (15 de junho de 2018): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i2.3276.
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Indonesia is a country of law, and one of the characteristics of a state of law is the guarantee and protection of human rights, one of which is the right to obtain information, including the legal information that is information about the legislation both national and local. The principle of fiction (fictie) law states that any person considered to determine the existence of a legislation after its enactment, the ignorance of the people on the legislation, can not be excused. To that end, legislation information should be easily accessible. Issuance of Presidential Decree No. 33 of 2012 on Information and Documentation Network of National Law (JDIHN) isin order to fulfill the right to obtain legal information, especially information legislation. Management of Legal Documentation and Information Network by utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) makes legal information can be accessed quickly, easily, complete and accurate, thereby supporting the fulfillment of human rights, namely the right to obtain legal information properly.Keywords: Documentation and Legal Information Network, Efforts, Fulfillment, Human Rights
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Ershov, Yuri. "Human rights as a legal fiction and sociocultural value". Socium i vlast 4 (2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2021-2-86-94.
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The article is focused on studying the philosophical and legal nature of fundamental human rights and freedoms, which are interpreted as natural and inherent in a person from birth. It is shown that the “naturalness” of rights and freedoms is a legal fiction. In reality, natural rights and freedoms have a sociocultural, that is, “artificial” character. They strengthen the achieved level of guarantees of individual freedom and humanity in public relations.
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Cizre, Umit. "The truth and fiction about (Turkey's) human rights politics". Human Rights Review 3, n.º 1 (março de 2001): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-001-1006-6.
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Peters, Edward. "Truth and fiction in the negotiation of human rights". Human Rights Review 1, n.º 1 (outubro de 1999): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-999-1010-9.
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Lucan, Maria Casandra. "The right to death. Fiction or reality?" Journal of Legal Studies 17, n.º 31 (1 de junho de 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2016-0004.
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Abstract The present article is part of a dense literature – result of a perennial debate – that has polarized societies for a long time and has evident reverberations in the present. It deals with “the right to death”, trying to offer some answers referring to its existence in fact and the way in which it is perceived by different states and diverse entities with juridical nature. In the first part of the paper, it is insisted upon the right to life, so that subsequently, to speak in detail about a “right to death” and the moral and juridical implications of using such phrases. There are analyzed different states of the world found on one part or the other of the barricade in what concerns the legality of euthanasia and assisted suicide – considered the two hypostasis of the right in question. It is offered, as well, an analysis of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, mentioning that, paradoxically, while it cannot be modified so that it allows the appearance of some new rights, it can tacitly accept the creation by some states that have adhered to it of some rights antagonistic with those presented in its text. The conclusion, is that not any liberalization movement of a social action – quantified through the request of a right – has as a direct result a progress of the respective society, especially when the action creates something diametrically opposed to some fundamental functioning norms, such as, by excellence, the granting of the protection of life of all individuals.
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McCoy, Shane. "Reading the “Outsider Within”: Counter-Narratives of Human Rights in Black Women’s Fiction". Radical Teacher 103 (27 de outubro de 2015): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2015.228.
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In Pedagogies of Crossing (2005), M. Jacqui Alexander asserts that human rights are not rights at all; in fact, human rights does little to mitigate the violence perpetuated by late capitalism and the legacies of imperialism and colonialism. Alexander’s point of contention brings to bear the fact that the passing of human rights by the United Nations, among other groups, institutes a “dominant knowledge framework” that does nothing to mitigate the violence perpetuated by unequal power structures (2005; 124). My paper focuses on the function of literary counter-narratives as a useful pedagogical strategy for teaching about human rights in the undergraduate classroom. I frame my analysis within the theoretical debates in critical pedagogy and turn to what Stephen Slemon defines as the “primal scene of colonialist management”—the literary studies classroom—in order to examine the ways in which contemporary black women’s writing problematizes the rhetoric of ‘women’s rights as human rights.’ Despite the common belief that white middle-class readers are consuming ‘exotic’ literature when reading immigrant fiction, as noted by scholars Kanishka Chowdhury (1992) and Inderpal Grewal (2005), I maintain that counter-narratives are useful for intervening in the reproduction of a “patriotic education” (Sheth 2013) that undergirds rights-based discourse, in general, and human rights, in particular, as desirable global policies that mitigate the violence of social injustices. Through primary texts Michelle Cliff’s Abeng (1984), Jamaica Kincaid’s Lucy (1990), and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah (2013), I argue that these texts perform a counter-“cultural technology” in teaching about human rights in literary studies through the lens of “race radicalism” (Melamed 2011), that is cultural production that interrupts the totalizing effects of neocolonial and imperial discourses so often produced in dominant Western literature. Cliff, Kincaid, and Adichie strategically produce oppositional “outsider” narratives that trouble the hegemonic narrative of ‘women’s rights as human rights,’ which implicitly positions women of color in a subordinate position (Mohanty 1986; Spivak 1986). As black feminist Patricia Hill Collins notes, the “‘outsider within’ status has provided a special standpoint on self, family, and society for Afro-American women.” This standpoint is especially productive for “producing distinctive analyses of race, class, and gender.” I extend Hill Collins’ concept to also include the category of ‘nation.’ Simply put, I argue that the counter-narratives produced by these writers make privy the position of the cultural outsider to American students who have “taken-for-granted assumptions” of human rights discourses as cultural insiders in the U.S. With insight drawn from critical pedagogy, I construct a counter-curriculum that intervenes in a reproduction of global human rights policies constructed through neoliberal ideologies.
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Cohen, I. Glenn. "This Is Your Brain on Human Rights: Moral Enhancement and Human Rights". Law & Ethics of Human Rights 9, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2015): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2015-0001.
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Abstract It seems fair to say that human rights law takes the human as given. Human beings are particular kinds of entities with particular kinds of psychologies and propensities, and it is the job of human rights law and human rights enforcement to govern that kind of entity, be it through sanctions, education, incentives, or other mechanisms. More specifically, human rights law takes human brains as given. If humans were different kinds of beings, both the mechanisms of getting compliance and possibly the very rules themselves would be different. The purpose of this essay is to very tentatively start to tie together thinking in neuroscience, bioethics, and human rights law to ask whether human rights law should take the nature of human beings, and more specifically, human brains, as given. I sketch the alternative possibility and examine it from a normative and (to a lesser extent) scientific perspective: instead of merely crafting laws and setting up structures that get human beings such as they are to respect human rights, that the human rights approach should also consider embracing attempts to remake human beings (and more specifically human brains) into the kinds of things that are more respectful of human rights law. This is currently science fiction, but there is some scientific evidence that moral enhancement may one day be possible. I call the alternative “moral enhancement to respect human rights law.” To put the aim of the essay in its mildest form it is to answer the following question: if it becomes possible to use enhancement to increase respect for human rights and fidelity to human rights law (whatever you think is constitutive of those categories), and in particular in a way that reduces serious human rights violations, is it worth “looking into?” Or, by contrast, are the immediate objections to such an endeavor so powerful or hard to refute that going in this direction should be forbidden.
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Ferdinal, Ferdinal. "Injustice: Revealing Human Rights Issues in Ali Akbar Navis's Short Fiction". European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2015): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i1.p137-143.
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Ali Akbar Navis was among satirical writers in Indonesian literature. He was concerned about what his nation had struggled with its democratization process. Navis's works are generally his responses to what was directly going on around him. They mostly represent his concerns about sociopolitical problems, which were significant at the time, he wrote them. They serve for Navis as a tool to protest against injustice and a way of communicating his disagreement with any elements that violate such rights, including the government. This study elucidates what sociopolitical events he disagrees and how he delivers his disagreement.
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Bond, Gwenda. "Honesty and hope: Presenting human rights issues to teenagers through fiction". Childrens Literature in Education 25, n.º 1 (março de 1994): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02355344.
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Oliveira, Ana. "Subject (in) Trouble: Humans, Robots, and Legal Imagination". Laws 9, n.º 2 (31 de março de 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws9020010.
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The legal conception and interpretation of the subject of law have long been challenged by different theoretical backgrounds: from the feminist critiques of the patriarchal nature of law and its subjects to the Marxist critiques of its capitalist ideological nature and the anti-racist critiques of its colonial nature. These perspectives are, in turn, challenged by anarchist, queer, and crip conceptions that, while compelling a critical return to the subject, the structure and the law also serve as an inspiration for arguments that deplete the structures and render them hostages of the sovereignty of the subject’ self-fiction. Identity Wars (a possible epithet for this political and epistemological battle to establish meaning through which power is exercised) have, for their part, been challenged by a renewed axiological consensus, here introduced by posthuman critical theory: species hierarchy and anthropocentric exceptionalism. As concepts and matter, questioning human exceptionalism has created new legal issues: from ecosexual weddings with the sea, the sun, or a horse; to human rights of animals; to granting legal personhood to nature; to human rights of machines, inter alia the right to (or not to) consent. Part of a wider movement on legal theory, which extends the notion of legal subjectivity to non-human agents, the subject is increasingly in trouble. From Science Fiction to hyperrealist materialism, this paper intends to signal some of the normative problems introduced, firstly, by the sovereignty of the subject’s self-fiction; and, secondly, by the anthropomorphization of high-tech robotics.
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Dr. Vishnu Kumar. "Social Resistance in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable". Creative Launcher 7, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.4.13.
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Mulk Raj Anand was a revolutionary writer of the twentieth century India who changed the mode of writing and thinking in the field of Indian fiction writing. The novelists before him, who had written fiction, wrote the fictional side of life which were ideal and romantic in nature. There were a smaller number of issues of the society. Mulk Raj Anand’s writing brought revolutionary change in the field of fiction writing. He wrote the novels for the sake of untouchables and the poor. He raised the issues of casteism, capitalism, feudalism, colonialism and imperialism through his novels. In Untouchable, he has attacked one of the worst social evils of the Indian society which was ignored by the previous writers and that is blot on Indian society, culture and tradition that has colonized eighty five percent people of Indian society. This sensibility has ruined creativity of Indian people. Casteism and untouchability are the blots on the face of humanity. Anand seems fighting for the liberty, equality and justice of the untouchables and the poor. He appealed for the basic human rights and needs in the newly emerging civil structure of colonial and post-independence India. He had the opinion among all the fundamental rights that human dignity is the highest. Bakha, the leading character, had the resistance in the mind but he could not express it due to the fear of his caste. Bakha is a metaphor for all the untouchables of India.
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Planinc, Emma. "Catching Up with Wells: The Political Theory of H. G. Wells’s Science Fiction". Political Theory 45, n.º 5 (31 de março de 2016): 637–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591716642496.
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H. G. Wells’s The Rights of Man (1940)—which provided the groundwork for the 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights—has been re-released with a new Introduction by novelist Ali Smith, who reminds us of Wells’s political prophetic call for “a real federation of mankind,” and of the fact that we have still failed to meet the future he envisioned. If we are to catch up with Wells, we must, however, examine the foundations of Wells’s “cosmopolitan” vision, which requires examining both his scientific non-fiction and his scientific romances. Looking to Wells’s The Island of Dr. Moreau in particular, and the influence of Wells’s early scientific essays on Moreau’s narrative, we get a picture of Wells as a writer and a man who is anxious about the identity and future of the human species, but who nevertheless puts his faith in the “apparatuses” of “education and moral suggestion,” which are held together by “common faith.” Much like Charles Taylor and Simon Critchley, Wells calls for more than a political reconstitution, or institution, of right: he calls for a new cosmic imaginary, or supreme fiction, that has the potential to redeem and preserve the human species.
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Ben-Naftali, Orna, e Zvi Triger. "The Human Conditioning: International Law and Science-Fiction". Law, Culture and the Humanities 14, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2016): 6–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872113499215.
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This article introduces the subject-matter of a symposium on international law and science-fiction. The impact of new technologies on human rights, humanitarian issues and indeed on what it means to be human in a technological age, suffers from a paucity of international legal attention. The latter has been attributed to various factors ranging from technophobia and technological illiteracy, inclusive of an instrumentalist view of technology, to the sense that such attention is the domain of science-fiction, not of international law. The article extends an invitation to pay attention to the attention science-fiction has given to the man-machine interaction and its impact on the human condition. Placing this invitation in the context of the ‘‘law and literature’’ movement, the article exemplifies its value with respect to two technologies, one directed at creating life or saving it (cloning and organ donation) and the other at ending life (lethal autonomous robots).
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Naqvi, Yasmin. "The right to the truth in international law: fact or fiction?" International Review of the Red Cross 88, n.º 862 (junho de 2006): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383106000518.
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The right to the truth has emerged as a legal concept at the national, regional and international levels, and relates to the obligation of the state to provide information to victims or to their families or even society as a whole about the circumstances surrounding serious violations of human rights. This article unpacks the notion of the right to the truth and tests the normative strength of the concept against the practice of states and international bodies. It also considers some of the practical implications of turning “truth” into a legal right, particularly from the criminal law perspective.
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Baker, Charlotte, e Patricia Lund. "The Role of African Fiction in Educating about Albinism and Human Rights". Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies 11, n.º 3 (agosto de 2017): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlcds.2017.22.
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Chakrabarty, Koyel, e Anup Beniwal. "Human Rights and Literature: A Complementary Study in Indian Fiction in English". International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review 3, n.º 5 (2009): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v03i05/35526.
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Wing, Susanna D. "Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development: Justice and Legal Fiction in Africa". Polity 44, n.º 4 (outubro de 2012): 504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pol.2012.13.
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Ertürk, Nergis. "Introduction: Literature Beyond Bars". Comparative Literature Studies 61, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.61.1.0001.
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ABSTRACT Introducing a cluster on the prison writings of Kurdish human rights lawyer and politician Selahattin Demirtaş, this article explores Demirtaş’s multifaceted understanding of literature as storytelling (anlatı) and fiction (kurgu).
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Hamblin, Sarah. "The Form and Content of Human Rights Film: Teaching Larysa Kondracki’s The Whistleblower". Radical Teacher 104 (3 de fevereiro de 2016): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2016.234.
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This essay argues that the consistent association of human rights film with historical accuracy as a means of raising awareness has led human rights education to focus on filmic content, with fiction films being used primarily as case studies about particular atrocities or as opportunities to discuss more general ethical issues. While the subject matter of human rights films is certainly a major component of human rights education, I maintain that this singular focus prohibits students from examining how a film is situated within a specific matrix of geopolitical power relations and cultural presuppositions. This presumption of truth thus normalizes a westernized worldview, obscuring its ideological foundations and the geopolitical structures that give human rights discourse its universality and function. Using Larysa Kondracki’s The Whistleblower as a teaching case study, this essay demonstrates how an attention to stylistic and generic conventions helps us understand how a film may educate about a particular human rights issue while at the same time propagate the very logics of geopolitical inequality that are implicated in its emergence.
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Moreira, Nelson Camatta, e Ronaldo Felix Moreira Júnior. "Os replicantes de nosso tempo – a violência estatal e a negação da igualdade e dignidade humana a partir da perspectiva da teoria crítica e da distopia na ficção científica / The replicants o four time – state violence and denial of equality and human dignity from the perspective of critical theory and dystopia in science fiction". Revista Brasileira de Direito 13, n.º 3 (22 de dezembro de 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.18256/2238-0604.2017.v13i3.2033.
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RESUMOO texto apresentado tem como foco a relação entre teoria crítica dos direitos humanos e a literatura especulativa, esses temas estarão voltados a apontar a constante violação a direitos como dignidade e igualdade realizada pelo próprio estado contra os grupos periféricos do país. Uma análise desse fenômeno será então apresentada juntamente a narrativas no cenário da ficção para que se possa responder à indagação a respeito da possibilidade de se tratar desse gênero literário e cinematográfico em conjunto com a mencionada teoria crítica para compreender o tratamento dado aos direitos fundamentais e apontar a existência de violações. Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos; Ficção científica; Teoria crítica. AbstractThe presented text is focused on the relation between critical theory of human rights and speculative literature; these issues will focus on the constant violation of rights to dignity and equality held by the state itself against the peripheral groups of the country. An analysis of this phenomenon will be presented along with the narrative in fiction scenario in order to answer the question about the possibility of managing with this literary and cinematic genre and the mentioned critical theory to understand the treatment of fundamental rights and point out the existence of its violations. Keywords: Human rights; Science fiction; critical theory.
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Allsobrook, Chris. "African recognition of dignity as a basis for universal human rights". Acta Academica: Critical views on society, culture and politics 55, n.º 1 (28 de julho de 2023): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38140/aa.v55i1.7268.
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I present a typically African account of human dignity, which I derive from Ifeanyi Menkiti’s influential strongly normative view of traditional African practices of recognition respect (2004). I explain how this implies a suitable basis for a common good criterion for human rights. I develop this account against (a) the claims of Tshepo Madlingozi (2017) and Vincent Lloyd that the struggle against anti-Black racist domination does not depend on recognition; (b) the claim by David Boucher (2011) that human dignity is a convenient fiction for human rights recognition; and (c) the claims of Kwame Gyekye (2002) and Motsamai Molefe (2020) that Menkiti’s view on human dignity does not provide adequate warrant for the universality of human rights. I draw on Menkiti’s account of recognition respect for human dignity and on arguments for the authority of actual rights recognition by Gerald Gaus (2006) and Rex Martin (2013). In doing so, I present a comprehensive theory of human rights recognition that does not depend on any intrinsic, transcendental human capacity but locates the universality of human rights in the mutually recognised common good, which is implicit in extant African communal normative social practices that are oriented toward the recognition of dignity.
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Adami, Valentina. "The Pedagogical Value of Young-Adult Speculative Fiction: Teaching Environmental Justice through Julie Bertagna’s Exodus". Pólemos 13, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2019): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2019-0007.
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Abstract The environmental crisis is one of the most pressing societal concerns today. Speculative fiction frequently questions current political, legal and cultural attitudes by portraying future scenarios in which some ecological disaster has changed the world order. Scottish children’s author Julie Bertagna has given her contribution to these speculations on the consequences of letting current trends in environmental behaviour continue unchallenged with her young-adult novel Exodus (2002), part of a trilogy continued in 2007 with Zenith and completed in 2011 with Aurora. This paper explores the pedagogical value of young-adult speculative fiction and examines Bertagna’s survival narrative as a questioning of environmental justice, in the light of contemporary theories on young-adult fiction, ecocriticism and human rights.
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Morrison, Spencer. "Cormac McCarthy, Marilynne Robinson, and the Responsibility to Protect". American Literary History 31, n.º 3 (2019): 458–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz024.
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AbstractThis essay describes a new context for understanding the political stakes of US fiction described as postsecular—namely, the emergence of global human rights consciousness in the later twentieth century. Placing Americanist literary criticism’s recent “religious turn” in dialogue with the field of literature and human rights yields new insights for each, I argue. To demonstrate the benefits of this critical dialogue, I interpret two major novels studied by the “religious turn”—Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead—in relation to the United Nations’ responsibility to protect doctrine, which has reshaped the concept and practice of humanitarian intervention in the twenty-first century. Each novel dramatizes a dying father’s strained deliberations over the ethics of intervention on behalf of a vulnerable child—the subject whose maturation provides the figural foundation for human rights consciousness—against potentially grave harm. Each, moreover, deploys language and concepts of spiritual ambiguity to illuminate ethical and epistemological dilemmas that beset decisions regarding whether or not to intervene. Locating sacredness in the subject of human rights, McCarthy’s and Robinson’s texts enmesh rights claims and spiritual idioms in ways that suggest new critical paths for both Americanists and scholars of human rights and literature.
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Mũrĩithi, Wairimũ. "Fragments Towards an Impossible (Domestic) Genre of the Human in Kenyan Crime Fiction". English in Africa 47, n.º 3 (10 de fevereiro de 2021): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eia.v47i3.6s.
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Extrajudicial executions and other forms of police violence in Kenya have always been an issue of significant concern in local and international media and human rights organisations. Reflective of this, scholarly interest in crime fiction in Kenya has grown significantly in recent years. However, the gendered implications of criminality – from sex work to errant motherhood to alternative modes of investigation – are still largely overlooked in postcolonial literary fiction and criticism. As part of a larger study on how women writers and characters shape crime fiction in Kenya, this paper critically engages with stories that the criminalised woman knows, tells, forgets, incarnates, discards or hides about the city. It does so by examining the history of urban sex workers in Kenya, the representation of ‘urban women’ in postcolonial Kenyan novels and contemporary mainstream media, and the various (post) colonial laws that criminalise sex work. Through Justina, an elusive character in Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor’s Dust, I consider how (post)colonial legislative frameworks and social life attempt to manage “impossible domesticity” (Saidiya Hartman) inside and against the geo-history of gendered and classed criminality in urban Kenyan spaces. My purpose is to interrogate hegemonic constructions of the citizen – and by extension, of the human – in Kenyan law and public morality
Keywords: crime fiction, feminism, sex work, human, homo narrans
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Halme-Tuomisaari, Miia. "Toward Rejuvenated Inspiration with the Unbearable Lightness of Anthropology". AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.37.
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How might the connections between anthropology and international law become more dynamic? I reflect upon this question in this essay using ethnographic insights from the documentary cycles of the UN Human Rights Committee, the treaty body monitoring state compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Building on recent anthropological scholarship on international organizations, bureaucracy, and documents, this essay discusses the knowledge practices and legal technicalities that characterize the international community of human rights lawyers. In particular, I reflect on the legal fiction of difference governing UN treaty bodies’ operations and the empirical sameness of participants in different formal categories in the shared community of practice of human rights lawyers. I conclude by suggesting that anthropological insights could significantly enrich our shared understanding of the diverse and subtle effects of human rights monitoring. Simultaneously such insights may offer rejuvenated inspiration for those international lawyers tackling a sense of losing faith in their discipline, both as an influential tool of world improvement and an invigorating intellectual tradition.
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De Bruyn, Ben. "The Great Displacement: Reading Migration Fiction at the End of the World". Humanities 9, n.º 1 (9 de março de 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9010025.
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This paper examines how contemporary works of fiction and nonfiction reflect on anticipated cases of climate dislocation. Building on existing research about migrant agency, climate fiction, and human rights, it traces the contours of climate migration discourse before analyzing how three twenty-first-century novels enable us to reimagine the “great displacement” beyond simplistic militarized and humanitarian frames. Zooming in on stories by Mohsin Hamid, John Lanchester, and Margaret Drabble that envision hypothetical calamities while responding to present-day refugee “crises”, this paper explains how these texts interrogate apocalyptic narratives by demilitarizing borderscapes, exploring survivalist mindsets, and interrogating shallow appeals to empathy.
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Cano, Luis C. "Poshumanismo afectivo en la ciencia ficción colombiana: El caso de Luis Carlos Barragán Castro". Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 58, n.º 1 (março de 2024): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvs.2024.a931916.
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Abstract: Carlos Barragán Castro's literary works skillfully weave together discussions of natural science with a thoughtful exploration of how the science fiction genre can bring about political and social change in twenty-first-century Colombia. In contrast to the prevailing dystopian themes in Western science fiction, Barragán grounds his ideas in the concept of affective posthumanism. In this framework, individual identity becomes intertwined with a mutually beneficial relationship between species, influenced by new scientific and technological developments. His writing delves into ethical and political aspects, infusing the narratives with thought-provoking considerations of ethics, human rights, and justice in a posthuman setting.
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Hrdy, Camilla, e Daniel Brean. "Enabling Science Fiction". Michigan Technology Law Review, n.º 27.2 (2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.27.2.enabling.
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Patent law promotes innovation by giving inventors 20-year-long exclusive rights to their inventions. To be patented, however, an invention must be “enabled,” meaning the inventor must describe it in enough detail to teach others how to make and use the invention at the time the patent is filed. When inventions are not enabled, like a perpetual motion machine or a time travel device, they are derided as “mere science fiction”—products of the human mind, or the daydreams of armchair scientists, that are not suitable for the patent system. This Article argues that, in fact, the literary genre of science fiction has its own unique—albeit far laxer—enablement requirement. Since the genre’s origins, fans have demanded that the inventions depicted in science fiction meet a minimum standard of scientific plausibility. Otherwise, the material is denigrated as lazy hand-waving or, worse, “mere fantasy.” Taking this insight further, the Article argues that, just as patents positively affect the progress of science and technology by teaching others how to make and use real inventions, so too can science fiction, by stimulating scientists’ imagination about what sorts of technologies might one day be possible. Thus, like patents, science fiction can have real world impacts for the development of science and technology. Indeed, the Article reveals that this trajectory—from science fiction to science reality—can be seen in the patent record itself, with several famous patents tracing their origins to works of science fiction.
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Ravindran, Pinki V. "The Occult Feminine: Ecofeminist Renderings in Fact and Fiction". Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, n.º 4 (29 de julho de 2023): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.4.11.
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Discrimination, Oppression, Exploitation are the expressions that we encounter repeatedly in the present milieu. In the patriarchal society that we live in, we witness the Macho Man subduing and exploiting Woman and Nature alike, for the gratification of his Need and Greed. Women and Nature are both creators and nurturers. The inherent feminity in a Woman is as much mirrored in Nature. It is this ethereal connection that a Woman and Nature share that Ecofeminists have seeked to establish and popularize. Ecofeminism originated from the idea that various forms of repression are interlinked, they follow the same pattern and hierarchy be it the human world or the natural world. Ecofeminists believe that until and unless Man unlearns this habit, the exploitation of women and destruction of nature won’t cease. Environmental Degradation leads to the erosion of Human Rights as well because we need a healthy environment to survive and realize our potential. Devastation of the ecology and economic iniquity go hand in hand. We have had forest land, tribal reserves being usurped by the powers that be, in the name of development and progress. There are many accounts of strife and revolt against the repressive tendencies of the state and private organizations. Women have been invariably in the forefront of such struggles, for the preservation of their own identity as well as the conservation of Nature. The human tendency to ignore the rights of other constituents that make up this natural world is the root cause of the conundrum mankind is in today. Literature, be it fiction or non-fiction mirrors life in myriad ways. This paper intends to collate Ecofeminist excerpts from literary works and real life struggles to conjure up a montage that reinforces womankind’s intimate bond with nature.
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Ferreira-Snyman, Anél, e Gerrit M. Ferreira. "The Application of International Human Rights Instruments in Outer Space Settlements: Today's Science Fiction, Tomorrow's Reality". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (25 de junho de 2019): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a5904.
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The military and commercial exploitation of outer space has received increasing international attention since the United States of America announced its intention to establish an outer space military force to protect its interests in outer space. Simultaneously, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and private enterprises such as Blue Origin and SpaceX declared plans to colonise the Moon and/or Mars in the near future. While technology is advancing rapidly to make these objectives a reality, the international legal rules related to these developments are completely uncertain, and in some instances non-existent. It is evident that these developments may have a direct impact on the internationally protected human rights of individuals, taking into account the extremely adverse conditions in outer space and the dangers involved in creating sustainable human living conditions in outer space. International discussion of and action on these legal issues are needed urgently. As a starting point, this contribution discusses the question of whether existing international human rights instruments enjoy extra-territorial application in outer space, given the current status of outer space law. In answering the question, a broad overview is presented of some human rights issues that may be relevant to living in outer space, and the role that the doctrine of effective control may play in this regard is analysed.
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Ty, Rey. "From fear to siblinghood, compassion and love: the role of faith communities in the time of the coronavirus pandemic". Caminhos de Diálogo 9, n.º 14 (19 de julho de 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/cd.a9n14p70-83.
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This article presents the argument according to which pandemics have always affected the human society, the current COVID-19 being the latest of the series of health crisis that affects humankind. The objectives of this paper were fourfold. First, it traced the development of global epidemics that have plagued the world, drawing lessons from classics in fiction and non-fiction literature. Second, it investigated the impact of the current pandemic on human lives today. Third, it examined the role of the churches and faith-based groups individuals in response to the needs of the people during the pandemic. Fourth, it laid down further tasks that need to be undertaken during this health crisis. Critical international political economy, deep ecology, eco-centrism and the human rights-based approach guided this research. An Asia-wide ecumenical fellowship of national councils and churches served as the case study. Specifically, it investigated the ways in which the churches responded to the pandemic in relation to migrant workers and food security.
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Beulay, Marjorie. "The Action of Legal Persons in the European System of Human Rights Protection – Collective or Individual Interest?" Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 12, n.º 3 (2013): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341267.
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Abstract Human Rights are accustomed to being linked to individual interests, i.e. to defend the rights of individuals. But the development of their international protection has led to emphasizing new realities. With the globalization of law, the globalization of the subjects of international law has also appeared. If States gradually act collectively thanks to international organizations, individuals seem to follow the same path in forming collective entities named legal persons, which are entitled to rights. The main problem of this situation is defending these rights in front of international courts and, in particular, in front of the European Court of Human Rights. Representing a community leads to defending a collective interest, however, it is not easy to distinguish between the rights of the legal person itself and the rights of the collectivity the legal person is representing. Despite the fiction of the legal person, these entities seem to be collective claimants and consequently to defend a collective interest. Can we conclude that the actions of legal persons before European bodies of Human Rights protection are actions with a collective aim? Indeed this situation implies needing to define which entity retains cited rights and which interest is being defended, that of the individual or that of a collectivity of individuals? This article looks for some answers in the case law of the European Court, which can be considered unequivocal in the light of the case law of other jurisdictions.
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Watson, David. "Failing States, Human (In)Security, and the American World Novel". New Global Studies 13, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2019): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2019-0005.
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AbstractAs a growing number of contemporary American novelists take the world and its socio-cultural and geopolitical complexity as their subject matter, the contemporary novel’s form and sense of worldliness are shifting. Twenty-first century US fiction challenges normative models of the world proposed by theories of cosmopolitan relationality by projecting fragile worlds of strife and trauma, in which violence accompanies geopolitical turbulence. In these novels, discourses around human security—the everyday security needs of vulnerable populations—are increasingly prominent. Accordingly, contemporary US fiction often incorporates within its geopolitical imaginary such issues as human rights, humanitarian interventions, development, and how life is disabled by prejudice, civil war, scarcity, and health or other crises. In this essay, I range across a number of works by contemporary American novelists such as Dave Eggers, Jennifer Egan, Denis Johnson, Dana Spiotta, and Bob Shacochis in which state failures as well as human and geopolitical security concerns impact on the form given to the world by these novelists. In their novels, narratives concerning human security as well as threats to geopolitical stability produce transnational geographies in which global interconnections and circulation intensify feelings of insecurity.
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Mussies, Martine. "“Dashing and daring, courageous and caring”: Neomedievalism as a Marker of Anthropomorphism in the Parent Fan Fiction Inspired by Disney’s Adventures of the Gummi Bears". Dzieciństwo. Literatura i Kultura 3, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/dlk.625.
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As is already visible in its opening credits, the television series Disney’s Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985–1991) uses neomedievalism to confirm the anthropomorphism of the titular characters. More than 35 years after this series’ first episode aired, this phenomenon is still easily traceable in the parent fan fiction, online stories about the Gummi Bears, written for children by adults. This paper addresses two seemingly overlooked fields: The Gummi Bears series and the fan fiction it inspired. It shows that this anthropomorphic perception adds new perspectives on human relations with the natural environment and on the treatment of animals, and thus contributes to building the awareness of ecological and animal rights in societies, especially when it comes to future generations.
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Chamorro Maldonado, Miguel Alejandro. "Vision of transmedia narratives of memory. Case study of the digital platform Museum of Memory and Human Rights of Chile". European Public & Social Innovation Review 9 (3 de julho de 2024): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-297.
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Introduction: Creative modalities in transmedia narratives contribute to seeing the recovery of Chile's historical memory in fiction and non-fiction content, communicationally in new reconstructions of memory. Objective: Review and explain the conditions of the transmediality of memory organized on the online platform www.mmdh.cl Methodology: Five subplatforms of various genres and formats are observed in which content analysis of the narratives and a focus group of professionals are applied, to analyze the sense of transmediality of the memory stories according to sociocultural variables. Results: By observing the diversity of opinions, transmedia memory allows us to reconstruct a conceptual map of stories that is based on the elaboration of multistories. Discussion: The diversity of memory treatments facilitates the sense of reflection of a change in the construction of memory, basing its importance on the dynamics of the story and education for new generations. Conclusion: It is demonstrated that the language of new statements promote varieties of expressions that are part of this transformation in the cultural organization of the past, thus covering all areas of contemporary life for the constant debate of memory, without losing its essence. of justice and truth.
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Moore, Alexandra Schultheis, e Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg. "Victims, perpetrators, and the limits of human rights discourse in post-Palermo fiction about sex trafficking". International Journal of Human Rights 19, n.º 1 (2 de janeiro de 2015): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2014.980404.
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Phillips, Brian. "Getting the Real War into Books: Notes on Contemporary Fiction for Human Rights and Peacebuilding Practitioners". Journal of Human Rights Practice 9, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2017): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux029.
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Kurki, Visa A. J. "Can Nature Hold Rights? It's Not as Easy as You Think". Transnational Environmental Law 11, n.º 3 (novembro de 2022): 525–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102522000358.
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AbstractThe Rights of Nature movement has recently achieved significant successes in using legal personhood as a tool for environmental protection. Perhaps most famously, the Whanganui River in Aotearoa New Zealand was accorded legal personhood in 2017. These kinds of development have attracted plenty of scholarly interest, but few have scrutinized a foundational underlying question: Can natural areas, such as rivers, or other non-sentient natural entities actually be legal persons?The case of the Whanganui River is an example of the direct legal personhood model: it purports to grant legal rights to the river directly. Some other jurisdictions have set up legal persons to administer rivers, without declaring the rivers themselves to be legal persons: the indirect legal personhood model. This article offers legal-philosophical arguments for why legal personhood cannot be attributed to rivers directly.Normally, legal persons can hold claim-rights and be legally wronged. Some legal persons, such as human adults, can also be held legally responsible and exercise legal competences by entering into contracts. Natural entities cannot do any of these things. Hence, they cannot be legal persons directly; rather, their putative direct legal personhood will collapse into indirect legal personhood. Hence, treating natural entities as direct legal persons amounts only to a legal fiction. Such fictions may be justified for symbolic reasons. However, if environmental protection requires setting up a legal person to protect a natural entity, such protection in most cases can be realized without claiming that the natural entity itself would have become a legal person.
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Burke, Lucy. "Hostile environments? Down’s syndrome and genetic screening in contemporary culture". Medical Humanities 47, n.º 2 (junho de 2021): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2020-012066.
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This essay explores the complex entanglement of new reproductive technologies, genetics, health economics, rights-based discourses and ethical considerations of the value of human life with particular reference to representations of Down’s syndrome and the identification of trisomy 21. Prompted by the debates that have occurred in the wake of the adoption of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), the essay considers the representation of Down’s syndrome and prenatal testing in bioethical discourse, feminist writings on reproductive autonomy and disability studies and in a work of popular fiction, Yrsa Sigurdardóttir’s Someone To Look Over Me (2013), a novel set in Iceland during the post-2008 financial crisis. It argues that the conjunction of neo-utilitarian and neoliberal and biomedical models produce a hostile environment in which the concrete particularities of disabled people’s lives and experiences are placed under erasure for a ‘genetic fiction’ that imagines the life of the ‘not yet born’ infant with Down’s syndrome as depleted, diminished and burdensome. With close reference to the depiction of Down’s syndrome and learning disability in the novel, my reading explores the ways in which the generic conventions of crime fiction intersect with ideas about economics, politics and learning disability, to mediate an exploration of human value and social justice that troubles dominant deficit-led constructions of disability.
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Hutt, Kendall Louise. "REVIEW: Noted: Powerful, unadulterated insight into West Papua". Pacific Journalism Review 23, n.º 1 (21 de julho de 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i1.324.
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The Earth Cries Out, by Bonnie Etherington. Auckland: Vintage, 2017, 285 pages. ISBN 978-0-14-377065-7BONNIE ETHERINGTON'S debut novel, The Earth Cries Out, may be fiction, but it tells the true, powerful, story of West Papua, a nation separated from its Pacific brothers and sisters by Indonesian repression. The novel also serves as a useful background tool for journalists and provides them with an opportunity to learn of the human rights violations in West Papua.
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Chick, Kay A. "Promoting Democratic Ideals and Social Action: Children’s Literature on the Civil Rights Movement and School Integration". Social Studies Research and Practice 2, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2007): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-01-2007-b0005.
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This article highlights the role of social studies educators in promoting democratic ideals and social action. The benefits of incorporating children’s and young adult literature into the social studies curriculum in the elementary and middle school grades are discussed. Biography, historical fiction, poetry, and information books are presented to teach students about the civil rights movement and school integration. Literature extension activities are designed to encourage students to examine issues of equality, social justice, and human dignity, while also considering their own prejudices and perspectives on social action.
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Saxena, Vandana. "‘Live. And remember’: History, memory and storytelling in young adult holocaust fiction". Literature & History 28, n.º 2 (14 de setembro de 2019): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197319870380.
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Young adult fiction has emerged as a crucial pedagogical tool for Holocaust education. According to scholars and writers, it promotes empathy and also encourages the readers to become a part of the process of remembering. However, this field of storytelling also grapples with the dilemma of traumatic subject matter and its suitability for young readers. The humanist conventions of young adult fiction are often in conflict with the bleak and horrifying core of Holocaust literature. Young adult novelists have tried to deal with these problematic aspects by using multiple narrative strategies to integrate the memories of genocide and human rights abuse with the project of growth and socialisation that lies at the heart of young adult literature. This paper examines the narrative strategies that make young adult fiction an apt bearer and preserver of the traumatic past. Specifically, these strategies involve fantastical modes of storytelling, liminality and witness testimonies told to the second- and third-generation listeners. These strategies modify the humanist resolution of young adult narratives by integrating growth with collective responsibility.
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Hall, Emily. "Locating Empathy". Pedagogy 19, n.º 3 (1 de outubro de 2019): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15314200-7615570.
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This article explores how to use science fiction, particularly texts centered on android protagonists, to open up discussions of marginalization, race, and oppression in the introductory literature classroom. In response to the hateful rhetoric directed toward asylum seekers, this author developed an entire course around personhood and rights. She first examines how, in particular sci-fi works, paranoia and prejudice compel citizens to delineate between kinds of personhood. She then illuminates how students were invited to make parallels between the othering that the androids endure and historical and present-day examples of human rights abuses. After a semester of examining and debating these issues, students selected an android or robot in a television show, film, or video game of their choice and first assessed how the android’s personhood was delimited by human and then articulated why humans placed these boundaries on the android. Throughout the article, the author explains the kinds of texts she used for the course, the assignment students were tasked with, and how the course broached other issues of power dynamics, such as consent and disability rights.
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Chambers, Matthew. "“Freedom – Is It a Crime?”: Herbert Read’s The Green Child and Human Rights in Post-war Britain". Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, n.º 31/1 (outubro de 2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.31.1.03.
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Modernist author Herbert Read was best known as an art critic, anarchist, and poet, but one of the few works of his which remains in print is his little understood only attempt at fiction: his novel, The Green Child (1935). The novel updates a medieval tale about mysterious green-hued children who suddenly appear in a village, and in Read’s work, the so-called Green Children set off a narrative where, I argue, that individual liberties like freedom of movement and political debates around human rights and refugees are staged and thought through. In reapproaching this semi-fantastical tale, I analyse how Read imagines a form of social utopia and also offers commentary on the mid-20th century refugee crisis.
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MURADYAN, ARMENUHI. "MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL QUESTIONS IN ARSHAK CHOPANYAN’S FICTION". JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES 1, n.º 64 (13 de junho de 2024): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v1i64.91.
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The article examines A. Chopanyan’s short fiction. The biographical facts and aesthetic views of the writer played an important role in the work, helping to understand Chopanya’s works, their peculiarities and depth. Arshak Chopanyan is a writer with exceptional talent. He dedicated himself to the homeland,the people, its history and culture. He is a poet, translator, scientist,critic, public figure. His literary views were greatly influenced by his famous teachers. The « Souls of Boys» Series occupies an important place in his work.He creates a series of portraits and raises moral and psychological questions in each story,examining the fate of the heroes. Many of his heroes are despised by society sometimes they feel guilty and try to atone for their sins. The writer has a lot of interests,but at the center of various topics is human being.First of all,he is attracted by the poor and defensless people of the lower class, with their severe mental suffering, gloomy lifestyle, violated rights,endless worries and vain illusions. We came to this conclusion, that Chopanyan’s prose is characterized by moral and psychological questions,which reflect the secret corners of the soul of human beings, darkness and suffering. The author tries to awaken love, kidness,pity in people attention to the heroes of his story. Chopanyan’s stories teach the reader to understand the other person’s silence, to discover their soul.Chopanyan is a considerate, psychological novelist.