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Livros sobre o tema "Human dispersal"
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Boivin, Nicole, Michael Petraglia e Remy Crassard, eds. Human Dispersal and Species Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316686942.
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Rabett, Ryan J. Human adaptation in the Asian palaeolithic: Hominid dispersal and behaviour during the late quaternary. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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New diasporas: The mass exodus, dispersal and regrouping of migrant communities. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington Press, 1998.
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Straalen, Nico, e Dick Roelofs. Human Evolution and Development. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729208.
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Our understanding of human evolution is proceeding at an unprecedented rate over the last years due to spectacular fossil finds, reconstructions based on genome comparison, ancient DNA sequencing and new insights into developmental genetics. This book takes an integrative approach in which the development of the human embryo, the evolutionary history of our body, the structure of human populations, their dispersal over the world and their cultures are examined by integrating paleoanthropology, developmental biology, comparative zoology, population genetics and phylogenetic reconstruction. The authors discuss questions like: - What do we know about ancient humans? - What happens in the development of an embryo? - How did we manage to walk upright and why did we lose our hair? - What is the relationship between language, migration and evolution? - How does our body respond to the challenges of modern society? In addition to being a core text for the study of the life sciences, Human Evolution and Development is an easy-to-read overview for the interested layperson.
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L'invenzione del corpo: Dalle membra disperse all'organismo. Mantova: Negretto, 2009.
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Le corps dispersé: Histoire du corps au XXe siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993.
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Modern Humans: Their African Origin and Global Dispersal. Columbia University Press, 2017.
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Hoffecker, John. Modern Humans: Their African Origin and Global Dispersal. Columbia University Press, 2018.
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1938-, Akazawa Takeru, Aoki Kenichi 1948- e Kimura Tasuhu 1942-, eds. The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia. [Tokyo]: Hokuseu-sha, 1992.
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S, Bellwood Peter, Renfrew Colin 1937- e McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research., eds. Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, 2002.
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Paul, Mellars, ed. Rethinking the human revolution: New behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin and dispersal of modern humans. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007.
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New Diasporas: Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities. U.C.L. P., 1998.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Piotrowski, Tadeusz. The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World. McFarland, 2007.
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Piotrowski, Tadeusz. The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World. McFarland & Company, 2004.
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Scott, Nicole M. Female Intrasexual Competition in Primates. Editado por Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.7.
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Males and females compete with each other and amongst their own sex, but often for different reasons. This chapter enriches current understanding of female-female competition in humans by examining competition in other primates; it explores why females compete and discusses when affiliation and cooperation may lead to better outcomes. Socioecological constraints on a species—such as social organization, food competition, and dispersal preference—play a major role in the structure of female-female relationships; notable attention is given to factors that affect social relationships: food competition, reproduction, dispersal, and dominance. Bond maintenance behaviors and communication strategies are also discussed relative to female-female relationships. Three nonhuman primate societies are examined, and potential lessons from these structures are gleaned where possible. The chapter reviews human progress in overcoming phylogenetic and ecological constraints in favor of women’s societal liberties.
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Blanckenhorn, Wolf U. Behavioral, plastic, and evolutionary responses to a changing world. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0019.
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Organisms can respond to environmental change by modifying their behavior to obtain an instant response, through short-term phenotypically plastic, often physiological, adjustments, and/or by adapting their life history through a more long-term evolutionary response. Behavioural and physiological responses, in fact, can occur at all these three temporal scales. Examples of behaviors so affected include congregation, dispersal, foraging, migration, or mating. Such responses have consequences at the population and community levels, and ultimately for the evolution of species. This chapter discusses insect examples of these kinds, with an emphasis on human-induced factors, such as (primarily) climate change, pollution, fragmentation, and urbanization.
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Ayala, Francisco J., e Camilo J. Cela-Conde. The hominin lineage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0003.
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This chapter describes the origin of the human lineage within the evolution of the hominoids, which raises the difficult issue of how to integrate the evolution of dentition and terrestrial locomotion. Next is the investigation of the appearance and initial dispersal of the hominins toward the end of the Miocene, with particular attention to the models of colonization of new territories as a function of climate changes. The hypothesis of the adaptation to the open savanna by bipedalism is explored. Finally, there is a summary description of the different deposits and localities of the main African localities with human fossils, pointing out the different geological formations and exemplars found in each deposit, including two sites north of the Rift Valley of great importance: Toros-Menalla (Tchad) and Dmanisi (Georgia).
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Joyce, Rosemary A. Breaking Bodies and Biographies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0002.
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Figurines made in Honduras between 900 and 400 BCE established connections among persons through fragmentation, partibility, and enchainment. These figurines were made in two distinct sizes, both miniaturized. Their miniaturization requires concentrated attention to worked surfaces that reveal, on close examination, fine detail, requiring handling and rotation. Larger figurines are rarely recovered intact, often forming assemblages of heads or bodies that imply the dispersal of a partible body. Smaller figurines pierced for suspension as pendants normally are completely intact. They differ in their range of subjects, including both animals and the human subjects typical of the larger figurines. The small figurine pendants were likely to have been objects worn as part of costume. They thus can also be seen as fragmented, separated from the human bodies of which they once formed prosthetic extensions. Together, the larger and smaller figurines create social relations through their miniaturization, focusing attention, and partibility, creating connections.
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Ayala, Francisco J., e Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Lithic traditions: tool-making. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0007.
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This chapter is dedicated to the lithic traditions. It analyzes the pre-cultural cores and flakes produced by chimpanzees for cracking nuts and the evidence of their using bones as tools. Next, the chapter describes the first lithic tradition (Mode 1 or Oldowan), the transition from Mode 1 to 2 (Acheulean culture), and the process for producing the first Acheulean tool, the biface. Mode 2 dispersal separates, by means of the “Movius line,” the localities in Africa, Europe, and Western Asia, which display bifaces, and those in Eastern Asia, which lack them. The cultural use of fire precedes the transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 (Mousterian). The description of the Mousterian culture and the transition to Mode 4 (Aurignacian) raise the issue of the human “modern mind.” The transition from the Middle Stone Age to the African Late Stone Age ends this chapter.
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MacKay, Glen, e Thomas D. Andrews. The Precontact History of Subarctic Northwest Canada. Editado por Max Friesen e Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.55.
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This chapter provides an overview of precontact hunter-gatherer land use in the Subarctic region of northwest Canada. The earliest evidence of human presence in this region is found in the unglaciated areas of Yukon Territory at Bluefish Caves and the Little John Site. The role of an ice-free corridor in the Mackenzie Valley in the dispersal of early peoples remains unclear. Caribou-hunting strategies are used as a theme to explore regional histories between 7,000 B.P. and the beginning of the historic period. Migratory tundra caribou were a focal resource for many hunter-gatherer societies in this region. The emerging archaeological record of alpine ice patches provides a unique view of hunter-gatherer land use in alpine regions. The archaeological record of the Mackenzie Valley is one of the poorest known in all of North America. Throughout, the chapter highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the Subarctic archaeological record for interpreting precontact land use.
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Jacobsen, Dean, e Olivier Dangles. Ecology of High Altitude Waters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.001.0001.
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This book brings together current knowledge on patterns and processes in the ecology of streams, lakes, and wetlands situated at more than 3000 m above sea level. The alpine headwaters of the large Asian rivers and Lake Titicaca are both well-known and iconic examples. High altitude waters include more than these systems—they are both numerous and cover many habitat types, organisms, and specializations. The book provides an overview of the variety of aquatic ecosystems and habitats, their environmental features, prominent species, and their functional adaptations to the harsh aquatic environmental conditions through to global diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients, community dynamics, species interactions and dispersal, trophic relations, and energy flows. High altitude waters are ideal systems to address a broad range of topical themes in ecology because patterns and processes are both diverse and singular. The book highlights how key concepts in ecology (e.g. the stress gradient hypothesis, the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship) could find relevant study models in high altitude waters. The usual perception of pristine mountain waters is far from true, particularly in the case of high altitude waters at low latitudes where human population density is often high, and local communities live in intimate contact with, utilize, influence, and exploit these aquatic systems. Climate change effects, extinction risks of mountain populations due to vanishing glaciers, multiple human impacts, management, and conservation are also treated thoroughly. The book is richly illustrated with diagrams and numerous pictures of these poorly known systems and species.
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Thompson, John D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.001.0001.
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Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.
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Lippmann, Morton, e Richard B. Schlesinger. Environmental Health Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.001.0001.
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This book provides a broad, in-depth primer on chemicals in the total environment, covering the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It defines the terminology used in environmental health science related to chemicals, describes the sources of chemical agents in the environment, how they disperse and transform as they travel throughout the environment, their effects on environmental quality and human health, how levels and exposures are monitored and quantified, the technology for control of chemical pollutants, how environmental standards and guidelines are developed, and procedures for human health risk assessment and risk management. It can serve as a textbook for courses taken by advanced undergraduate or graduate university students and may also be a useful reference for practitioners working in environmental and public health areas.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Invisible-Hand Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0008.
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Invisible-hand explanations suggest that many social practices are a product of human action, but not human design. In coming to terms with such explanations, it is essential to distinguish between explanations of the emergence of practices and explanations of the persistence of practices. The kind of invisible-hand explanation that accounts for the emergence of practices might turn out to be altogether different from the kind that accounts for their persistence. The emergence of practices is often best explained by aggregating explanations: Diverse and dispersed action by numerous people might produce some kind of pattern, even if they did not foresee it or intend to bring it about. By contrast, practices often persist because of evolutionary explanations. They survive some sort of competition. Survival value may have nothing to do with the emergence of a practice in the first place.
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Theodoulou, Stella Z., e Ravi K. Roy. 7. Globalization and the rise of network governance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198724230.003.0007.
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The forces of globalization are compelling public administrators to direct their attention increasingly towards transnational forms of governance. ‘Globalization and the rise of network governance’ shows that in network governance-type systems, power and authority tend to be decentralized and dispersed among a variety of autonomous stakeholders operating beyond the scope and control of national governments. They are organized around values, concerns, issues, and problems ranging from global climate change to human security. Flexible and fluid in their organizational structure, they allow participants to flow in and out of a network as circumstances change. Examples of how governing networks have been particularly influential in addressing the climate change crisis are provided.
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Ayala, Francisco J., e Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Middle and Lower Pleistocene: the Homo radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0008.
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This chapter deals with the radiation of the genus Homo after its exit from Africa. It deals with population dispersals and the meaning of the taxon Homo erectus with respect to the African and Asian fossils. The morphological characterization of H. erectus is complemented with other sorts of evidence, such as fossil footprints. The comparison between the Asian and African specimens suggests the possible existence of the taxon Homo ergaster. The next issue is the colonization of Europe, with a distinction between “long chronology” and “short chronology,” according to a sporadic or permanent human presence. The hominins’ possible ways of entry in Europe are discussed, and the oldest exemplars, such as Homo antecessor, are described. Finally, the climatic (glaciations) and cultural alternatives are examined in order to determine the status of H. erectus considered as a whole.
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Campbell, Lindsay K. City of Forests, City of Farms. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707506.001.0001.
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This book begins with the question of why PlaNYC2030—New York City’s municipal, long-term sustainability plan, launched during the Mayor Michael Bloomberg administration—had a robust urban forestry agenda, but lacked an urban agriculture agenda. PlaNYC launched the MillionTreesNYC campaign, investing over $400 million in city funds and leveraging a public-private partnership to plant one million trees citywide. Meanwhile, despite NYC having a long tradition of community gardening and burgeoning interest in local food systems, the plan contained no mention of community gardens or urban farms. In contrasting the top-down, centralized investment in the urban forest with the dispersed and decentralized social movement around urban agriculture, the book describes the ways in which political, discursive, and material processes intertwine to construct nature in the city. Urban greening unfolds through the strategic interplay of actors, the deployment of different narrative frames, and the mobilizing and manipulation of the physical environment—including other living, non-human entities. Understanding how and why the sustainability agenda is set and implemented provides crucial lessons to scholars, policymakers, and activists alike as they engage in the greening of cities.
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Padín, Susana Beatriz, e Silvia Alicia Passalacqua, eds. Protección vegetal. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/69361.
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Desde épocas remotas las plagas de los vegetales en cultivo y en la post-cosecha han sido una preocupación para investigadores, experimentadores y agricultores, perseverando el objetivo de optimizar los rendimientos a través de un manejo de bajo impacto para el ambiente y la salud humana. Así fue como se mejoró la calidad de las formulaciones de productos fitosanitarios (PF), se restringieron y prohibieron principios activos de alta toxicidad, los registros nacionales e internacionales se volvieron cada vez más exigentes sobre todo en aspectos relacionados a la toxicología y ecotoxicología. Se incorporaron los avances tecnológicos en maquinaria agrícola de alta precisión especialmente para la aplicación de PF, se adoptó gradualmente la siembra directa como sistema conservacionista, la biotecnología aplicada a la agricultura, la adecuación a mercados de exportación entre otros. Acompañando esta tendencia a mediados del siglo XX, el sector productivo en su conjunto experimentó una transformación al acceder a las innovaciones tecnológicas que lograron un aumento de la productividad. En el dictado del curso de grado para esta temática, los tiempos no son suficientes para su desarrollo, la bibliografía está en general dispersa y existe valioso material de difícil acceso. Por tal motivo se presentan cinco capítulos que reflejan aspectos novedosos para el manejo de las plagas siguiendo los lineamientos de la buena práctica agrícola, como así también la prevención de efectos no deseables como es la generación de resistencia.
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Goff, James, e Walter Dudley. Tsunami. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001.
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Tsunamis, the giant waves that periodically engulf coastal areas and even the shores of lakes and rivers, have had a major impact on the world. Not only have they caused countless deaths but also they have changed nations, societies, and cultures from prehistoric to modern times. This book describes the science of tsunamis and the many ways they can be generated, ranging from earthquakes to volcanic eruptions and explosions, landslides, and others. It also explains how the waves travel across oceans at the speed of a jet airplane and how they focus or disperse their incredible energy. It delves into the clues that ancient tsunamis have left behind to be unraveled by modern science so that we can better understand not only what has happened in the past but also what will happen in the future. The book also explores the human side of tsunami disasters, examining their effect on the residents of impacted communities by recounting the amazing true stories of survival, heroism, and tragic loss. It discusses and provides examples of what works in mitigation, preparedness, warning, response, and recovery from tsunamis; what does not work; and what needs to be done. It contains little-known stories about scientists struggling to better understand these catastrophic waves, while fighting government ignorance and reluctance to take action, as well as amazing chance discoveries and the continued quest to learn more and become better prepared, as every year the odds of yet another catastrophic tsunami increase.