Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Homéostasie énergétique et glucidique"
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Sakar, Yassine. "Régulation des transports entérocytaires de sucres par la leptine digestive : impact sur l'homéostasie glucidique et énergétique". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066237.
Texto completo da fonteDevère, Mélodie. "Découverte et caractérisation de nouveaux réseaux neuronaux peptidergiques gouvernant l'homéostasie énergétique et glucidique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR031.
Texto completo da fonteThe alarming rise in obesity and diabetes epidemics worldwide has made the treatment of these diseases a major public health issue. To develop new therapeutic approaches to combat "diabesity", it is crucial to understand the etiology of these pathologies. Recent research highlight the key role of hypothalamic neural networks in the brain regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. In this context, this thesis aimed to determine the role of two neuropeptidergic systems, the 26RFa/GPR103 system and the orexinergic system, within the neural networks governing energy and glucose metabolism.During my thesis, we demonstrated that central injection of 26RFa exerts an antihyperglycemic effect associated with an increased insulin secretion. Furthermore, the central action of insulin is abolished in 26RFa-deficient mice or when co-administering a 26RFa receptor antagonist, establishing that 26RFa neurons relay the central action of insulin to regulate glucose homeostasis, thereby stimulating its own secretion by the pancreas.We conducted a neuroanatomical study revealing the existence of a subpopulation of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area expressing both 26RFa and orexins. Our data show that orexins exert a central antihyperglycemic action similar to that of 26RFa. Additionally, the glycemic and energy characterization of orexin-deficient mice reveals a hypophagic and pro-hyperglycemic phenotype of the mice.Surprisingly, we observed that chemogenetic activation (DREADD) of 26RFa and orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area induces a pro-hyperglycemic effect. Moreover, this activation reduces the mRNA expression of 26RFa and orexins, while their inhibition increases the expression of both neuropeptides, similar to the effect induced by an hyperglycemia. These observations suggest that, to ensure glucose homeostasis, hyperglycemia would inhibit 26RFa and orexin neurons, leading to the increased expression of the two neuropeptides known for their antihyperglycemic effect.Finally, our data promote the evidence that 26RFa is necessary for the orexinergic response to elevated blood glucose, highlighting the occurrence of a genetic interaction between orexins and 26RFa. Collectively, the data of this thesis emphasize the importance of 26RFa and orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Studying the modulation of these neuropeptidergic systems in the context of "diabesity" offers hope for improving the existing therapeutic approaches
Stolarczyk, Emilie. "Invalidation de la détection des sucres par le transporteur-détecteur GLUT2 : impacts sur les homéostasies glucidique et énergétique". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066094.
Texto completo da fonteWe are investigating the mechanisms by which cells sense and adapt their functions to their nutritional environment, focusing on glucose detection. Glucose is not only a substrate for most cells but it also generates a signal to the nucleus that regulates gene transcription. In culture cells, we can block the stimulation of glucose sensitive gene transcription by inhibiting glucose metabolism or by expressing a GLUT2 loop domain that leaves unaffected glucose metabolism. Thus the detection of extracellular glucose triggered by GLUT2 can be studied independently of intracellular glucose metabolism. To evaluate in vivo, the importance of this detection pathway, we produced transgenic mice that expressed ubiquitously the GLUT2 loop domain. Transgenic mice displayed increased daily food intake and perturbed hypothalamic expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. Interestingly, meal consumptions were neither reduced after a glucose injection nor increased after 2-deoxyglucose injection, suggesting a poor detection of glucose abundance or glucopenia. We recorded by indirect calorimetry that mice favoured lipid over glucose oxidation in accordance with their low fat mass. During an oral glucose challenge, we underlined a significantly reduced plasma insulin response. Together pancreatic and hypothalamic failures to detect glucose could contribute to the growth retardation of transgenic mice. Nevertheless, insulin tolerance tests were unchanged suggesting that peripheral tissues, that are not expressing GLUT2, were unaffected in these mice. Taken together, these data suggest that the detection of extracellular sugar mediated by GLUT2 in pancreas and brain, without affecting their basal functions, controls multiple aspects of food intake, satiety and glucose homeostasis. The sugar detector GLUT2 might constitute a new therapeutic target for the benefit of patients suffering from food intake disorders
Peugnet, Pauline. "Origines développementales des anomalies de l’homéostasie glucidique, de la croissance osseuse et prédisposition à l’ostéochondrose chez le poulain". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T092/document.
Texto completo da fonteFetal adaptations to intra-uterine stimuli have immediate and long term effects on the offspring’s health after birth. In equids, this concept known as the DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) was validated using cross-breeding: the mare’s size which affects the fetal environment throughout gestation and then lactation, has a critical impact on the foal’s post-natal growth, as well as on the neonate’s sensitivity to insulin. Osteochondrosis, a pathology of the growing horse, induces heavy financial losses in the equine industry. It has been associated to abnormalities in glucose homeostasis and its antenatal origin is highly suspected. The present research aimed to evaluate the impact of experimental disturbances during fetal development on growth, glucose homeostasis and predisposition to osteochondrosis in the foal until age 1½ year. Increased versus restricted fetal growth was obtained using between-breed embryo transfers (“ponies in draft horses” versus “saddlebreds in ponies”, respectively). The lush environment of the draft mare versus the restricted environment of the pony mare turned out to be critical in the regulation of bone growth, thyroid hormones secretion, β-cells function, insulin sensitivity and the osteoarticular status of the foal from birth to 1½ year of age. This validates the concept of the DOHaD in equids and shows that recipient mares should be carefully selected in embryo transfer practice. By demonstrating the scope of post-natal effects which were programmed in utero and throughout the lactating period, it also alerts the breeder about the importance of broodmare management and its long term impacts. Thus, the second model was developed to address breeders' practices. A disturbance of the nutritional environment of the fetus was induced by supplementing mares in late pregnancy with concentrated feed (barley). So far, only the neonatal foal's glucose homeostasis was affected, whereas all other studied parameters, including growth, were not affected. The foal’s predisposition to osteochondrosis, however, was increased at 6 months of age, which does not preclude that it will affect the animals afterwards since the osteoarticular status of the 6-month-old foal will evolve beyond weaning time. This research could help adjust nutritional recommendations to broodmares
Ruchat, Stéphanie-May. "Étude des déterminants génétiques et des interactions gène-gène et gène-environnement associés à l'homéostasie glucidique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26878/26878.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteWang, Xuan. "Dérivés imidazoliniques actifs sur l' homéostasie glucidique chez le rat diabétique : structure-activité et pharmacologie". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P632.
Texto completo da fonteHivelin, Céline. "Étude des mécanismes de libération du propeptide de la sortiline et de ses effets sur l’homéostasie glucidique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4109.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, approximately 15% of the population is obese and this number keeps rising up every year. Obesity is a major cause of diabetes, inducing an increase of the number of fat-filled cells, called the adipocytes, and a peripheral insulin resistance. This increase of the number of adipocytes is associated with a decrease of sortilin expression, a transmembrane protein which is involved in the release of a propeptide (PE) in the blood circulation. Spadin, a synthetic PE analog, is known to modulate the potassium TREK-1 channel activity. Since, this channel is expressed in pancreatic beta cells which secrete insulin, a hormone involved in blood glucose regulation, spadin may play a role in glucose homeostasis. Consistent with this hypothesis, spadin improves glucose tolerance in mice, by stimulating insulin release. Spadin is a natural peptide derived from sortilin, which is known to control the glucose transporter Glut4 trafficking to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. This suggests that spadin may regulate glucose storage in adipocytes by affecting the sortilin function. However, my results show that spadin has no effect on glucose storage. In summary, spadin is involved in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis and may be an alternative treatment against obesity and diabetes
Marsollier, Nicolas. "Rôle des lipides et du monoxyde d'azote dans la régulation hypothalamique de l'homéostasie glucidique chez le rat : aspects adaptatifs et physiologiques". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077253.
Texto completo da fonteThe control of energy homeostasis- determinate as steady-state between energy expenditure and energy intake/stored- is essential in survival of an organism. Therefore several parameters have to be intimately regulated on short and long term period, to maintain energy balance. Homeostasis depends on existence of a whole neural network, informing central nervous System on environmental and nutritional status variations. Hypothalamus is one of cerebral structure that integrates peripheral signals, partly through detection of circulating nutrients, and hormones. There are nutrients sensing neurons inserted in neural circuit of energy homeostasis regulation, and the study of mechanisms involved in nutrient detection, and the outcome of an overload, is decisive in the comprehension of central metabolic disorders onset. In the frame of this work we focus on hypothalamic lipid sensing, and we dispose of an animal model where only brain micro circulation lipids concentration is increased. This allows us to discriminate between peripheral and central effects. In this model, we show that nitric oxide (NO) production is an intermediary of central lipid effects on energy homeostasis. In a second part of this work, we study the role of plasma-elevated lipid concentration in physiological situation of 24hr fasting-induced lipolysis. We observed that a systemic inhibition of lipolysis increases food intake after refeeding and modifies insulin sensitivity, and that restoration of central circulating lipids is sufficient to reverse lipolysis inhibition effects. Descriptions of central mechanisms and molecular actors highlighted could permit, at least, to find new therapeutic targets
Jarry, Anne-Charlotte. "Rôle de deux entéro-hormones atypiques : la Neuromédine U et le glucagon extrapancréatique, dans l’homéostasie glucidique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC305.
Texto completo da fonteIntestinal epithelium handles three main functions of barrier, nutrient digestion/absorption and enteropeptide secretion. In a century, technical improvements led to the identification of more than 100 enteropeptides, most of which are still poorly characterized. Intestinal endocrine secretions participate in maintaining glucose homeostasis, notably by inducing pancreatic insulin secretion. The gut-pancreas axis is tightly controlled by the central nervous system. Deregulation of pancreatic and intestinal peptides secretion participate in diabetic chronic hyperglycemia. An hyperglucagonemia is notably implicated in brittle glycemic control observed in diabetic subjects, even those who underwent a total pancreatectomy.The aim of this thesis was to characterize two enteropeptides, Neuromedin U and colonic glucagon, and to decipher their implication in glucose homeostasis. The development of a murine model of pancreatectomy has been necessary.Results obtained highlight a production and a secretion of Neuromedin U (NMU) and glucagon by the proximal small intestine and the colon respectively. NMU controls post-prandial glucose excursion by blocking gastric emptying via direct and indirect regulation of gastric wall contractions. Colonic glucagon is synthetized in physiological conditions but its production and secretion are increased following pancreatectomy.This study highlights how gut wall contractions are at play in the regulation of nutrient digestion/absorption. Targeting this parameter with NMU analogs may decrease diabetic hyperglycemia. Furthermore, development of colonic glucagon secretion might be of particular interest for the treatment of diabetic patients. This work demonstrate the prominent role of the gut in glucose homeostasis
Hivelin, Céline. "Étude des mécanismes de libération du propeptide de la sortiline et de ses effets sur l’homéostasie glucidique". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4109/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, approximately 15% of the population is obese and this number keeps rising up every year. Obesity is a major cause of diabetes, inducing an increase of the number of fat-filled cells, called the adipocytes, and a peripheral insulin resistance. This increase of the number of adipocytes is associated with a decrease of sortilin expression, a transmembrane protein which is involved in the release of a propeptide (PE) in the blood circulation. Spadin, a synthetic PE analog, is known to modulate the potassium TREK-1 channel activity. Since, this channel is expressed in pancreatic beta cells which secrete insulin, a hormone involved in blood glucose regulation, spadin may play a role in glucose homeostasis. Consistent with this hypothesis, spadin improves glucose tolerance in mice, by stimulating insulin release. Spadin is a natural peptide derived from sortilin, which is known to control the glucose transporter Glut4 trafficking to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. This suggests that spadin may regulate glucose storage in adipocytes by affecting the sortilin function. However, my results show that spadin has no effect on glucose storage. In summary, spadin is involved in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis and may be an alternative treatment against obesity and diabetes
Stienlet, Devilliers Maëlle. "Implications de l’homéostasie énergétique dans la croissance, l’autophagie et la physiologie de l’intestin chez Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS197.
Texto completo da fonteThe main topic of my PhD is theimportance of energy homeostasis in Drosophilamelanogaster. Energy homeostasis is a biologicalprocess that holds energy stores at a steady state. Mymain PhD topic investigates the importance ofmetabolic homeostasis during growth in Drosophilamelanogaster. I focused on growth induced by themTOR (mechanistic Target-Of-Rapamycin)pathways. There are two mTOR pathways : themTORC1 and mTORC2 pathway. They are veryconserved throughout evolution. The mTORpathways are signaling pathways that activate bothgrowth and metabolism. Howevever the effects ofmTOR activation on metabolism in vivo is still underinvestigation. Moreover, it is not known ifmetabolism activation is necessary to sustain mTORdependent growth. I showed that the activationof the mTOR pathways in vivo decreases energystorage (trehalose, glycogen) during a dietsupplemented with sugar. Moreover, the activation ofthe mTORC1 pathway decreases triglyceride storageduring this diet. Using genetic tools, I also showedthat mTORC2-dependent growth on the autonomouscellular level depends on fatty acid synthesis,pyruvate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase.Moreover, mTORC2-dependent growth is inhibitedby dietary sugar. mTORC1-dependent growth is notsensitive to glucose or fatty acid metabolism alone.However, mTORC1-dependent growth decreaseswhen fatty acid synthesis inhibition is combined withan increase in dietary sugar. I also contributed to twoother projects : one investigating the effect of energyhomeostasis on autophagy onset and an otherinvestigating the effect of fatty acid metabolism ongut physiology
Lacraz, Grégory. "Relation entre Stress Oxydant et Homéostasie Glucidique au cours du Diabète de Type 2 : Adaptation de la Cellule β Pancréatique". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433556.
Texto completo da fonteLacraz, Grégory. "Relation entre stress oxydant et Homéostasie Glucidique au cours du diabète de Type 2 : adaptation de la cellule Beta Pancréatique". Paris 7, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433556.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this work was to study the β-cell adaptation to oxidative stress (OS) using a relevant model of type 2 diabetes, the GK/Par rat. In the first part, we have evaluated the islet OS status and the β-cell insulin secretory response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Diabetic GK/Par rat islets were remarkably protected against OS, because (i) OS markers targeted mostly peri-islet vascular and inflammatory areas, and not islet endocrine cells; (ii) they maintained basal ROS accumulation lower than Wistar islets; (iii) GK/Par insulin secretion exhibited strong résistance to the toxic effect of ROS exposure; and (iv) such adaptation was associated with high antioxidant defenses. The second part of this work investigated whether such protection could be a mechanism by which diabetic GK/Par β-cells are spontaneously protected from death in situ. Our results show that the peculiar GK/Par β-cell phenotype was associated with an increased expression of many stress genes including anti-apoptotic genes. We demonstrated that such combination confers résistance to cytotoxic ROS exposure in vitro, raising the possibility that at least some of the activated stress/defense genes have protective effects against p-cell death. We also presented some evidence that the GK/Par p-cell resistance to ROS is at least partly cAMP-dependent. Given OS may originale from other sources that p cells, we got, in the third part, some evidence of the putative role of islet endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and related inflammatory process in mediating the islet hardening to ROS. In vivo treatment with the antagonist of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1Ra) reduced islet EC activation, inflammatory stress and normalized antioxidant genes. Finally, we showed that early (before diabètes onset) islet ROS production may induce antioxidant/anti-apoptotic defense mechanisms, which are operative after diabetes onset in GK/Par rats. The GK/Par model illustrates the effectiveness of β-cells adaptive response to achieve tolerance to the diabetic environment (glucolipotoxicity and inflammation). It is also proposed that β-cell dysfunction could be the necessary price to pay to blunt ROS accumulation that may otherwise compromise p-cell survival
Schmitt, Charlotte. "Implication du transporteur intestinal GLUT2 dans l'absorption des sucres et la fonction entéroendocrine". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066465.
Texto completo da fonteThe constantly renewing intestinal epithelium handles various essential functions including nutrient absorption and persistence of a barrier between our internal and external environments. Several transporters mediate sugar absorption in the proximal intestine. Among them, GLUT2, a very efficient glucose, fructose and galactose transporter and receptor, is located at the membranes of enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine L-cells produce GLP-1, a strong activator of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This thesis aimed to further decipher the role of intestinal GLUT2 in sugar absorption and enteroendocrine cell function. To address this question, mice lacking GLUT2 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells have been generated and studied. Intestinal GLUT2 invalidation alters intestinal glucose absorption and delays glucose biodistribution to peripheral tissues. This spatial and temporal sugar absorption delay provokes intestinal dysbiosis, favoring gut microbiota having a protective impact on gut homeostasis. Surprisingly, intestinal GLUT2 deletion leads to a strong loss in enteroendocrine L cell density, with no impact on GLP-1 plasma levels. This study highlights critical roles for GLUT2 in sugar absorption and enteroendocrine cell function management. The use of specific GLUT2 inhibitors could be considered to limit body weight gain and metabolic disorders induced by sugar rich diets
Charlot, Keyne. "Etude de l'oxydation des substrats, de la balance sympathovagale et du glucose pré et postprandial dans les relations entre exercice,hypoxie et comportement alimentaire". Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_charlot.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteExercise and hypoxia exposure require energy homeostasis to operate, strongly involving the neuro-glucometabolic system. This response has rarely been studied during a prandial sequence and its relations with spontaneous eating behaviour has never been assessed. Moreover, the parallel recording of this response’s kinetics has never been explored. This thesis consists in works about these relations that were conducted in healthy young male subjects, with non-invasive technics allowing subjects to display a spontaneous eating behaviour and an accurate assessment of variables kinetics. In a first serie of two studies, we showed that neither exercise nor hypoxia exposure prior to a spontaneously requested meal altered the prandial sequence (satiety level, delay of meal request, preprandial glucose decline) but that fat oxidation was greater when the meal was requested. Exercise induced a relative impaired glucose tolerance associated with a greater posprandial vagal withdrawal and a higher fat oxidation 3 h after the meal. Six weeks of training, conducted either in a fed or in a fasted state, did not change these neuro-gluco-metabolic postprandial profiles. In a third study, we showed that exercise-induced energy expenditure was weakly compensated for over the following 24 h, but that subjects with a low fitness condition and a relatively high body fatness, compensated more on dietary fats than high-fit, low-fat subjects. Lastly, in a fourth study, we showed that consuming a high-carbohydrate meal was followed by a lower arterial oxygen desaturation during an exercise session practiced in hypoxia, that consuming a high-protein meal. This difference was associated with a greater CO2 production and ventilation rate
Caron, Juliette. "Devenir des peptides bioactifs générés au cours de la digestion gastro-intestinale d’une protéine agroalimentaire et leurs rôles dans la régulation de l’homéostasie énergétique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10172/document.
Texto completo da fonteDietary proteins already gave evidence to generate a strong satiety feeling when entering the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by stimulating gut hormone secretion such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). Moreover, GI digestion of various protein sources has proved to release bioactive peptides which may inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity, an ubiquitous enzyme responsible for inactivating GLP-1. Considering the great potential of dietary proteins, there is a need to understand how GI digestion can generate bioactive peptides involved in energy homeostasis. Bovine haemoglobin was here chosen as a model protein. CCK and GLP-1 secretion enhancing properties as well as DPP-IV inhibition potential of the resultant digests were investigated. The first part of this work dealt with setting up a simulated GI digestion protocol and characterising resultant digests by various analytical tools. Peptide mappings and heat maps were designed to represent each digest. Then, bioactive potentials of the digests were investigated and the final intestinal digest stood up by combining the best DPP-IV inhibitory and CCK and GLP-1 enhancing properties. Successive fractionation steps succeed in isolating a couple of bioactive fractions. The use of an intestinal barrier model aimed at predicting peptide transport of one specific bioactive fraction and its consequences on fraction bioactivity. Lastly, peptide sequences from the most bioactive fractions were characterised and their related ways of action were studied
Moullé, Valentine. "Détection centrale des lipides et contrôle nerveux de l'homéostasie énergétique : importance de l'hydrolyse des triglycérides par la lipoprotéine lipase ou du transport des acides gras par Fat/CD36". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077127.
Texto completo da fonteAmong nutrients, we were interested in the role of lipids on hypothalamus. It exist some neuronal populations within the hypothalamus which can detect and be regulated by fatty acids (FA). Two proteins were studied : lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CD36. Results show that a 30% decrease of hypothalamic LPL activity im mice LPL VMH ~7~ induce two opposite phenotypes : 50% of mice have a body weight gain less important than control (-5%) without food intake modification ; 50% of mice are extremely obese with a decrease of food intake. All mice present a locomotor activity decrease. In rat infused 10 min with a heparinized-lipid emulsion (ILH) in the carotid artery toward brain, food intake is significantly decreased until 5h after infusion (-71%) compared to control group. Insulin sensitivity is also strongly decreased. The effect on food intake depends on the FA entry into cells via CD36 and their acylation by Acyl-coA synthase. This thesis work shows for the first time 1- the importance of hypothalamic TG hydrolysis by LPL on nervous control of energy homeostasis and 2- to better understand the central FA detection by CD36
Reggio, Sophie. "La Membrane Basale du Tissu adipeux : son remodelage au cours de l'obésité et sa relation avec l'insulino-résistance". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066022/document.
Texto completo da fonteDuring obesity, White Adipose Tissue (WAT) undergoes an important remodeling of its Extracellular Matrixwith fibrotic depots around adipocytes and vessels. This typical organization seems to have an impact in the pathophysiology of obesity. Basement Membrane components were detected around adipocytes and endothelial cells and their expression were significantly increased in obese adipocytes. COL4A1 expression in WAT is positively correlated to insulin-resistance parameters in moderate obese subjects, and its reduction is associated to insulin-resistance improvement after gastric bypass in a group of morbidly obese subjects. Finally, we demonstrated a postive correlation between COL4A1 expression and two pro-fibrotic growth factor (TGF1 and TGF3) in obese WAT. In vitro treatment of isolated adipocytes and endothelial cells with these TGF isoforms induced inflammatory and fibrotic phenotype. However, TGF1 and TGF3 exposure only provoked COL4A1 over-expression in endothelial cells, and not in adipocytes. In conclusion, our work have highlighted a new actor in WAT fibrosis during obesity, adipocytes and endothelial cells Basement Membrane, participating in the pathological alterations of obese adipose tissue and metabolism
Daval, Marie. "Rôle de l'AMP-activated protein kinase dans la régulation du métabolisme hépatique et adipocytaire". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066592.
Texto completo da fonteChanséaume, Emilie. "Modulation du métabolisme énergétique du muscle par les nutriments et la nutrition : rôle potentiel d'un dialogue muscle squelettique-tissu adipeux et implication du métabolisme des lipides". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF1MM15.
Texto completo da fonteObesity is frequently associated with insulin resistance, a feature that precedes by 10 to 20 years the clinical development of type 2 diabetes. These metabolic disturbances are generally combined with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. From these findings has emerged the hypothesis that mitochondria may play a causal role in the aetiology of such pathologies. The aim of this work was 1- to investigate the impact of nutrition on muscle energy metabolism and more particularly on mitochondrial activity and 2- to study the potential role of a cross talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. A cross study was designed in order to examine the effect of nutrients (quality and quantity) on muscle energy metabolism in Wistar rats. Once our model was validated, a chronological study was used to determine the sequence of events leading to metabolic disorders. This work demonstrates that nutrition, and above all, excess energy intake, influences mitochondrial activity (OXPHOS activity and reactive species production), despite increased synthesis of mitochondrial proteins. These adaptations are muscle-type specific and alter more specifically the oxidative fibers. The decrease in mitochondrial oxidative capacities is not causally related to insulin resistance. However, the results evidence that the enhancement of mitochondrial activity may be involved in the improvement of lipid and glucose homeostasis. On the whole, this work confirms that any strategy to reduce fatty acids availability is a relevant approach to prevent the development of metabolic disorders
Saber, Cherif Lynda. "Impact d’une carence périnatale en donneurs de méthyles sur l’ontogenèse et la plasticité des réseaux hypothalamiques et l’homéostasie énergétique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0183.
Texto completo da fonteThe formation of the central nervous system occurs at an early stage of gestation and is followed by its maturation which continues after birth to ensure the proper functioning of neural circuits. Nutritional deficiency in methyl donors (B9/B12 vitamins) during this period leads to developmental abnormalities, growth retardation and persisting cognitive impairments. We investigated in a rat model of gestational deficiency the potential consequences on the development and plasticity of the hypothalamic networks involved in the regulation of eating behavior and energy homeostasis. We also tested whether maternal folate supplementation during the perinatal period, critical for brain maturation, may reduce the deficiency-associated growth retardation. The results showed that deficiency during the gestational period until weaning induces a disruption of the formation of the hypothalamic networks and a lack of integration of the peripheral metabolic signals as well as persisting abnormalities of the gastric mucosa with the activation of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Late supplementation with folic acid (3 mg/kg/day) appeared to be beneficial and reversed the effects of deficiency
Ayari, Sami. "Implication des récepteurs nucléaires HNF-4α et HNF-4γ dans la fonction entéroendocrine et la susceptibilité à l'obésité et au diabète de type II". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066380.
Texto completo da fonteObesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic pathologies associated with glucose and energy homeostasis perturbations. Enterohormones are important players in the regulation of the mechanisms disturbed during these pathologies. Among these enterohormones, GLP-1, secreted by enteroendocrine L cells in response to a meal, potentiates insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells and inhibits food intake. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the role of the nuclear receptor HNF-4γ in the energy homeostasis and the endocrine function of the intestine.By using a total and constitutive HNF-4γ knock-out mouse model, our team has highlighted that the loss of hnf-4γ induces an improved glucose tolerance. This effect is due to an increased GLP-1 cell number and GLP-1 plasma levels in response to glucose. All together these data demonstrate for the first time a role of HNF-4γ in glucose homeostasis through a modulation of the enteroendocrine lineage specific for GLP-1 and suggest that its absence could protect mice from the T2D establishment.The loss of HNF-4γ protects mice from body weight gain and glucose intolerance normally induced by six weeks of a high-fat/high-fructose diet demonstrating its involvement in obesity and T2D. HNF-4γ -/- mice are protected from obesity by a greater energy loss in faeces mainly due to lipid malabsorption. These results demonstrate that HNF-4γ is necessary for the intestinal fatty acids uptake.In conclusion, this study highlights the role of the intestinal nuclear receptor HNF-4γ in enteroendocrine function and susceptibility to obesity and T2D
Mortreux, Marie. "Rôle de la Prokinéticine-2 olfacto-bulbaire dans le contrôle de la prise alimentaire et de l'homéostasie énergétique". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC074.
Texto completo da fonteFood intake is motivated and initiated with the cooperation of internal informations regarding energetic storage of the organism and external informations allowing to give clues about the disponibility of food and its energetic composition. We chose to focus on the olfactory bulb (ob) which is the first center for food-related odors integration. It's sensitivity is modulated by the nutritionnel status of the organism, therefore acting as an important interface able to coordinate both internal and external informations, ultimately maintaining the energy homoestasis. During this thesis, we chose to target the olfactory-bulbar prokineticin 2 (pk2). This protein is highly involved in the transmission of the circadian rhythm and has recently been characterized as an anorectic hypothalamic neuropeptide. Moreover, we highlighted that the olfactory-bulbar pk2 expression was modulated by both the nutritionnal (fed or fasted) and the metabolic (lean or obese) status of animals. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, we have been able to emphasize that the acute injection of recombinant protein within the ob can significantly decrease food intake in mice, with or without leptin. Long-term approaches allowed us to demonstrate that the chronic down-regulation using a shrna can increase animals' food intake and that its over-expression inhibits it
Couvreur, Odile. "Le contrôle hypothalamique de l’homéostasie énergétique : impact de l’environnement maternel et implication du CNTF". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T112/document.
Texto completo da fonteObesity is a major health disease which involves numerous metabolic disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that the risk of developing the pathology in adulthood may be influenced through inappropriate perinatal nutrition. In our study, we first investigated the impact of a maternal high-fat (HF) diet, which is known to induce hypothalamic leptin resistance in adult offspring (Férézou-Viala et al., 2007), to develop obesity in a rich diet environment (P diet). Our results showed that surprisingly, HF maternal diet protected offspring against body weight gain induced by P diet. In a second part of the thesis, we studied mechanisms of action of CNTF, a neurocytokine which could protect some people against body weight gain induced by a P diet (Vacher et al., 2008). Results of this study showed that CNTF ant its subunits receptors could translocate to the hypothalamic cell nucleus to induced POMC transcription
Couchet, Morgane. "Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) : Rôle et régulation dans l'homéostasie protéino-énergétique La citrulline : un allié de choix dans la prise en charge thérapeutique ? An in vitro explant model for studies of intestinal amino acid metabolism". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV035.
Texto completo da fonteBeyond its transitional role in the urea cycle, numerous works have evidenced pleïotropic effects of citrulline in the metabolism, especially in the proteino-energy metabolism. Indeed, its amino acid is able to stimulate muscle protein synthesis which is closely related to cellular energy metabolism. Nevertheless, studies conducted until now do not allow to conclude about the importance of the specific endogenous citrulline production by the enterocytes. Also, in the organim, citrulline is produced thanks to a key enzyme, the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), giving to its functionnality a huge implication in the regulation of the proteino-energy homeostasis. Works presented here set up an in vitro model of human duodenal explants, as well as, an in vivo murine model of conditional knock out for the OTC gene. Results obtained have allowed to evidence the importance of the citrulline metabolism since it remains stable over energy status deregulation. Moreover, they have allowed to specify that a healthy organism is able to compensate an OTC deficiency, however, the induction of an energy deregulation with a low protein diet bring to light a major role of the endogenous citrulline in these situations
Sirvent, Pascal. "Implication des interactions homéostasie calcique - métabolisme mitochondrial dans les mécanismes physiopathologiques musculaires : exemple de la myotoxicité des statines et de l'insulinorésistance". Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T015.
Texto completo da fonteCouvreur, Odile. "Le contrôle hypothalamique de l'homéostasie énergétique : impact de l'environnement maternel et implication du CNTF". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769940.
Texto completo da fonteFlorent, Vincent. "Etude de la communication de l’hypothalamus avec la périphérie chez l’Homme : répercussions sur l’activité métabolique cérébrale et le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique Hypothalamic structural and functional imbalances in anorexia nervosa". Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS031.
Texto completo da fonteEating behavior and energy homeostasis depend on the hypothalamic integration of peripheralsignals of different natures, metabolic and hormonal. This continuous dialogue between theperiphery and the brain is essential for maintaining the energy homeostasis and thus allows abalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Despite this regulated system,significant variations in weight can occur and there is then an imbalance in the energybalance. The origin of this disorder is complex, multifactorial, with a behavioral componentexplaining the eating disorder. The implication of the hypothalamus in these pathologies islittle studied and in particular its communication with the periphery. In fact, the mechanismsfor hormonal transport through the median eminence, the real gateway to the brain, are faultyin the obese subject. The role of tanycytes in the transport of these signals, like leptin, is nowwell demonstrated. These specialized glial cells form a bridge between the blood vessels andthe central nervous system and control the access of peripheral hormones. However, recentdata show that a transport route within the tanycytes is faulty, which can be the source ofresistance to the passage of these signals, and lead to a possible eating disorder, from anorexiato obesity.During my thesis, I first examined how the activation of certain hypothalamic regionsinvolved in the regulation of food intake in response to hunger evolved in a population ofpatients suffering from restrictive anorexia nervosa or in lean constitutional patients usingmetabolic MRI techniques. We were able to demonstrate that the glutamatergic tonus wasaltered in the anorexic patient even though the activation of glutamatergic neurons in thehypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area, two regions essential for theregulation of food intake, causes a loss of appetite in mice fed ad libitum. In addition, wewere able to show that the number of nerve fibers passing through the hypothalamic arcuatenucleus was considerably reduced in the anorexic patient, this nucleus being considered as theleader of homeostatic regulation. Conversely, the lateral hypothalamic area contains muchless nerve fibers in thin constitutive and anorexic patients reflecting a character specific to theleanness phenotype. Finally, volume analyzes revealed variations in the hypothalamicultrastructure, variations correlated with the weight of the subjects.Then, mirroring anorexia, we wanted to better understand the phenomenon of hormonalresistance to leptin in the obese subject. For this I designed a study with the aim ofhighlighting both changes in imaging as in anorexia nervosa, but also neuro-hormonal,metabolism, and eating behavior in the obese subject, in the resulting from metformintreatment. This treatment improves the passage of leptin through the tanycytes of the midbasalhypothalamus in an obese mouse model. Recruitment for this second study is underway.All of these data demonstrate for the first time structural and functional anomalies of thehypothalamic ultrastructure in vivo in the anorexic mental patient, with hopefully the futuredemonstration of these anomalies in the obese subject in order to allow a better understandingof the mechanism of leptin resistance in these patients
Campana, Mélanie. "Le métabolisme des céramides hypothalamiques induit une résistance à l’insuline centrale et une dérégulation de l’homéostasie glucidique durant l’installation de l’obésité". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC127/document.
Texto completo da fonteStudies show that hypothalamic lipid accumulation is responsible for the development of central lipotoxicity, a phenomenon that could play a role in the installation of peripheral insulin resistance and type II diabetes by deregulating the nervous control of glucose homeostasis. It is known that the accumulation of ceramides is involved in the development of lipotoxicity of peripheral tissues. The objective of this study is to determine the role of the hypothalamic ceramide metabolism on the installation of a central insulin resistance and to study the mechanisms involved on this phenomenon. We also determined the role of hypothalamic ceramide metabolism in the deregulation of obesity-induced glucose homeostasis.The installation of a central insulin resistance is studied using in vitro approaches using hypothalamic GT1-7 mouse cells treated with palmitate for 24 hours. The action of insulin is measured by the quantification of phosphorylated Akt (western blot). The ceramides are quantified by lipidomic assay, mRNA expression of genes encoding enzymes of de novo synthesis pathway of ceramides by qRT-PCR. Obese Zucker rats were perfused with myriocin (an inhibitor of de novo synthesis of ceramides) in ICV for 21 days. Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance tests are performed. At the end of treatment, they receive an ICV injection of insulin, insulin sensitivity and ceramide levels are quantified in the hypothalamus. Islets of Langerhans are isolated for insulin secretion tests.We have demonstrated that palmitate is able to induce insulin resistance in the hypothalamic GT1-7, which is accompanied by an accumulation of ceramides. In the presence of myriocin, ceramides are no longer accumulated and the insulin resistance induced by palmitate is counteract. Using an inhibitor of PKCζ and an adenovirus encoding a dominant-negative of PKCζ, we have shown that palmitate is no longer able to induce insulin resistance despite the presence of an accumulation of ceramides. In the obese Zucker rat, we have demonstrated an accumulation of hypothalamic ceramides which is counteract by myriocin. This is associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity in the hypothalamus. Interestingly, these animals improve their glucose tolerance which is associated with an increase in parasympathetic tone leading to an increase in insulin secretion. Islets of Langerhans isolated from these rats have increased secretory capacity when treated with myriocin.In conclusion, our study reveals that hypothalamic lipotoxicity is associated with an accumulation of ceramides in this structure, responsible for the installation of insulin resistance. These results also highlight the key role of ceramide metabolism at the hypothalamus level in the deregulation of nervous control of obesity-induced carbohydrate homeostasis
Brenachot, Xavier. "Rôle de l'acide polysialique (PSA) dans le contrôle hypothalamique de la prise alimentaire et du poids corporel". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS096/document.
Texto completo da fonteHypothalamus plays a major role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by the presence of neural circuits controlling food intake. These circuits are plastic and can be rewired during adulthood. We hypothesized that synaptic plasticity can occur during physiological conditions. We have shown that synaptic contact on hypothalamic anorexigen POMC neurons are rewired in mouse upon high fat diet (HFD). This synaptic process is mandatory to adjust energy intake and requires the glycan PSA (polysialic acid). PSA promotes synaptic plasticity in the brain by the weakening of cell-to-cell interaction by addition on NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule). We hypothesized that a defect in brain synaptic plasticity capacity could be a risk factor in the etiology of metabolic diseases. We show that homeostatic feeding response to HFD ingestion was predictive to weight gain observed three months after HFD introduction. The feeding response to HFD was correlated with the hypothalamus PSA level. We show that chronic depletion of hypothalamic PSA accelerate the onset of diet induced obesity. These results indicate that a low hypothalamic PSA level prone to diet induced obesity. In parallel, we focus on the hypothalamic regulation of circulating cholesterol. Melanocortin system control level of circulating cholesterol. Using our model of diet induced synaptic plasticity; we show that there is a link between hypothalamic PSA and circulating cholesterol. A long term reduction of hypothalamic PSA level, lead to an accumulation of fat deposit in blood vessels. This whole work allows us to underscore the role of diet induced synaptic plasticity in the regulation of energy homeostasis
Seipelt, Eva. "Impacts d'une carence maternelle en vitamine D sur le développement cardiaque et le métabolisme de la descendance". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0669.
Texto completo da fonteIn utero environment, including vitamin D status, is crucial to ensure normal development of the foetus and to prevent any metabolic and cardiac diseases throughout the whole life. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the interactions existing between maternal vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and the potential programming of cardio-metabolic fate of the offspring. First, for the juvenile offspring, the energetic homeostasis and the weight of the offspring from deficient mother were sex-dependently altered. In adulthood, an obesogenic diet combined with maternal VDD, disrupted glucose homeostasis and adiposity in male offspring but not in females. Such phenotypes were associated to different transcriptomic profiles in adipose tissue, that could be related to differential modulation of circulating levels of estradiol in females. The maternal VDD modulates metabolic fate of the offspring, in exacerbated proportions, when the offspring was exposed to obesogenic diet during adulthood. Then, we studied the impact of maternal VDD on the cardiac fate of offspring. In embryos maternal VDD induced left ventricular hypertrophy, modulated their cardiac transcriptome and such modifications seemed to be related to the modulation of chromatin structure. Also, the morphology and cardiac function were altered in the adult offspring. Maternal VDD impairs the cardiac development of the foetus and programs cardiac outcomes in adulthood
Hamon, Marie-Paule. "Importance de la protéase mitochondriale Lon dans le maintien de l'homéostasie protéique et de la fonction mitochondriale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS241.
Texto completo da fonteAs the main energy producer of the eukaryotic cell, mitochondria are also a major source of reactive oxygen species and a prime target for oxidative damage to proteins. To cope with these mechanisms involved in ageing and a large number of pathologies, the mitochondrion has protein maintenance systems among which the Lon protease. The objective of this thesis was to clarify the role of this protease localized in the mitochondrial matrix and particularly involved in mitochondrial proteins homeostasis and the elimination of oxidized proteins. This study was conducted on transformed HeLa cells so that Lon expression could be significantly reduced. Our results show that lack of Lon affects protein homeostasis by elevating carbonyl protein levels. We have also identified a number of proteins with varying levels of expression and oxidative changes in the absence of Lon. The mitochondrial function is also disturbed by Lon down expression as this is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the respiratory chain. In addition, slightly more than a third of the proteins affected by Lon failure are mitochondrial and about half of them are involved in two areas: energy metabolism and protein quality control. Mitochondrial network fragmentation and potential mitochondrial DNA integrity damages noted in Lon-free cells are further arguments in favor of mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the impact of Lon deficiency on protein homeostasis and mitochondrial function can be modulated by the carbon source available to the cells since it varies according to whether the culture medium is supplemented with glucose or galactose
Lukowicz, Céline. "Rôle dimorphique du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique et des perturbations métaboliques induites par un mélange de pesticides". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30203/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe incidence of metabolic diseases has steadily increased in recent decades reaching epidemic proportions. It is conventionally accepted that their main cause is related to a diet rich in fats and sugar and/or a sedentary lifestyle that can be aggravated by certain genetic polymorphisms. Chemical contaminants in our environment are also suspected to contribute to the development of these metabolic disorders by disrupting the energy balance of organisms. Several studies report the role of nuclear receptors as mediators of these metabolic effects induced by environmental contaminants. As part of this PhD work, we investigated the role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the regulation of energy homeostasis and as a mediator of the metabolic effects induced by exposure to a mixture of pesticides. CAR is a key nuclear receptor for the detoxification system of compounds, whether exogenous or endogenous. Its role in energy metabolism has been studied mainly in male mice, but metabolic and detoxification functions are highly dependent on sex. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the consequences on the energy homeostasis of the deletion of the CAR nuclear receptor in male and female mice. These animals were followed over a period of more than one year and their phenotype was compared to that of non-invalidated mice for this receptor. The results show that the absence of CAR is very deleterious in males that develop obesity, diabetes and hepatic steatosis. CAR-/- females mice are protected from these disorders and even have better glucose tolerance. This protection is lifted by ovariectomy of these females suggesting a role of female sex hormones in their protection. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and lipidomic analysis are in agreement with this phenotypic change. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the in vivo metabolic consequences of chronic exposure to a mixture of pesticides present in the diet at presumed non-toxic doses. After one year of exposure to this mixture, male mice developed an overweight with an increase in their fat masses. This overweight was accompanied by glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, female mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hepatic oxidative stress and a disturbance of urinary microbiota related to the intestinal microbiota. These results show for the first time an obesogenic and diabetogenic sex-dependent effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides. We have also demonstrated a role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the sexual dimorphism observed following this exposure. All of this work provides causal links in favor of a relationship between environmental contaminants and sex-dependent health and a role of the nuclear receptor CAR in the effects observed. This raises the issue of gender and mixture in the risk assessment linked to exposure to environmental contaminants
Stobbe, Katharina. "La chimiokine CCL5, un régulateur clé de la neuroinflammation et du diabète de type 2 associé à l’obésité nutritionnelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6010.
Texto completo da fonteObesity is defined by the excessive accumulation of body fat and accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation of peripheral metabolic tissues, especially of adipose tissue. Adipocytes secrete inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, which can act at the cerebral level and modulate neuronal activity. The hypothalamus is an important region of the brain, which contains neural networks involved in the control of energy metabolism and feeding behavior. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammation occurs also at the level of the hypothalamus. Our recent results showed that the chemokines can be involved in the deregulation of energy homeostasis. CCL5 is a chemoattractant cytokine well known for its role in cerebral and peripheral inflammation. Together with one of its cognate receptors, CCR5, it also contributes to neural function and diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and neuropathic pain.We were interested in the inflammatory response of the hypothalamus and different adipose tissues to high-fat diet and its role in the development of diet-induced obesity. In particular, we are focusing on the role of the previously identified chemokine CCL5 and its receptor CCR5, in the central inflammation associated with the deregulation of energy metabolism and the pathogenesis of obesity.In this study, we tested the long-term effects of an obesogenic high-fat or standard diet on the development of obesity in adult CCL5-/-, CCR5-/- and wild-type mice. After 16 weeks of feeding, animals were sacrificed and peripheral and cerebral tissues collected. Metabolic parameters, locomotor activity, expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and peptides involved in feeding behavior were measured. We discovered that both CCL5-/- and CCR5-/- mice seem to be protected from weight gain and the associated impairment of glucose metabolism compared to WT mice. To evaluate the implication of CCL5 in neuropathic pain associated with diabetes, thermal pain sensitivity of CCL5-/- and CCR5-/- mice was measured in both conditions. Remarkably, in high fat diet condition, CCL5-/- mice displayed higher tolerance to heat pain compared to control mice.Furthermore, CCL5-/- mice show a different expression pattern of inflammatory markers and hypothalamic neuropeptides compared to control mice. In addition, we used RNA in situ hybridization (RNAScope® Technology) to verify the cellular localization of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 in the hypothalamus of wild-type mice.Our results indicate that the absence of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 protects against the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes and the absence of CCL5 abolishes the increased thermal pain sensitivity observed under high fat diet challenge. Thus, the CCL5 signaling cascade could represent a new putative target for the development of therapeutic strategies
Cardinal, Pierre. "Rôle du récepteur aux cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) hypothalamique dans la régulation de la balance énergétique et de l’homéostasie du glucose". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR22029/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe endocannabinoid system is a major player in energy balance regulation. However, a complete understanding of its role within the hypothalamus, a region critically involved in energy balance regulation, is still missing. The general aim of this PhD work was to dissect the specific role of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations in energy balance regulation and glucose homeostasis by characterizing three new mouse mutant lines with a conditional deletion of CB1. On standard diet, CB1 deletion within the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and a decrease in body weight gain without modifying food intake, while CB1 deletion within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN-CB1-KO) decreased fat mass, increased fatty acid oxidation in vivo and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and improved peripheral glucose metabolism. CB1 deletion within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN-CB1-KO) decreased body weight gain without affecting food intake or body composition. When exposed to a high-fat diet, VMN-CB1-KO mice gained significantly more weight and fat mass than their WT, while PVN-CB1-KO mice were partly protected from diet-induced obesity thanks to increased energy expenditure. These results overall suggest that CB1 expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations have distinct roles in energy balance regulation, which in turn also depend on the diet consumed
Desmoulins, Lucie. "Détection hypothalamique du glucose chez le rat soumis à un régime gras enrichi en saccharose : rôle de la dynamique mitochondriale et des espèces actives de l'oxygène d'origine mitochondriale". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS024/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe hypothalamus participates in the control of energy homeostasis by detecting circulating nutrients, such as glucose. The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), in particular, senses hyperglycemia and initiates physiological responses, e.g., insulin secretion via the autonomous (vagal) nervous system. We have recently demonstrated that glucose sensing requires mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) signaling heavily dependant on mitochondrial fusion and fission (dynamics). Recently, genetic models have associated some of these dynamics within the MBH to their obesogenic susceptibility. The aims of my thesis were first to establish a model that only presents a hypothalamic glucose sensing defect induced by a high fat high sucrose (HFHS) feeding in rats. After caracterizing this model, our objectives were to determine whether modulating the diet affects mitochondrial dynamics, and thus, mROS signaling, through the mitochondrial respiratory function in the hypothalamus. We finally reversed some dysregulated metabolic signalings potentially involved in mitochondrial dynamics in order to reverse the phenotype observed in HFHS fed rats. Our results demonstrate that after 3 weeks of HFHS feeding, rats had a normal body weight despite an increase in the fat mass compared to control rats. HFHS fed rats displayed also a glucose intolerance, increased fasting glycemia but no modification of fasting insulinemia. Hypothalamic glucose sensing induced insulin secretion, measured after an intra-carotid glucose injection towards the brain that only increases brain glycemia without alteration in peripheral glycemia, was drastically decreased. However, glucose stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets was not different compared to controls. These defects correlate with a decrease of MBH ROS production in response to glucose, with no modification in the redox status. Efficiency of hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration was evaluated using oxygraphy, and results showed mitochondrial respiratory deficiencies in HFHS fed rats. The fission protein DRP1 exhibited decreased mitochondrial translocation in the MBH in response to glucose, suggesting decreased mitochondrial fission. The increase of AMPK activation in the hypothalamus was not responsible for the alteration of hypothalamic glucose sensing since its reversal with an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of compound C failed to restore brain hyperglycemia induced insulin secretion. Likewise, an ICV injection of leptin that induced STAT3 activation also failed to restore brain hyperglycemia induced insulin secretion. Finally, the decrease in AKT activation suggested a central insulin resistance. These results demonstrate for the first time that hypothalamic alteration of mitochondrial ROS signaling, fission and respiration were present in rats exposed to a 3 weeks HFHS diet. Such hypothalamic glucose sensing defects are early events preceding those in islets. These early but drastic hypothalamic modifications could participate in a primary nervous defect of the control of insulin secretion, and finally, the etablishment of a diabetic phenotype
Benoit, Charlotte. "Programmation métabolique par l’environnement périnatal et profils hypothalamiques des microARNs chez le rat". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T074.
Texto completo da fonteEpidemiological studies have demonstrated that the incidence of metabolic diseases in adults such as hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and the metabolic syndrome is markedly increased when maternal nutrition is altered at critical periods of foetal development. Numerous studies in humans and rodents have demonstrated the importance of the perinatal environment in metabolic programming. Thus, a metabolic or endocrine unbalanced environment predisposes offspring to various metabolic diseases in adulthood. These phenotypes are often associated with changes in mRNA or protein expression in the hypothalamus, a central structure involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) appear as attractive candidates for exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypothalamic dysfunction observed during metabolic programming. The aim of my project was to characterize the phenotype and the hypothalamic profile of miRNAs in the adult offspring in two contexts of metabolic programming. First, we studied the long-term consequences of early postnatal leptin blockade, a hormone described to be involved in the establishment of metabolism and hypothalamic connections. Rats treated with a leptin antagonist exhibit overweight (under chow and high-fat diet) and are also subjected to insulin resistance. As signs of insulin resistance appeared as soon as weaning, we analyzed at this age by microarray the hypothalamic miRNAs expression profile which reveals modification of hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern including miRNAs previously linked to peripheral insulin-résistance. In the second part of my thesis, we have demonstrated that a maternal high-fat diet induced a lower weight in the offspring from the second postnatal day. In adulthood, these animals exhibit similar insulin and leptin sensitivities as compared to controls and are not predisposed to overweight when exposed to a high fat diet. This phenotype is associated with changes in the miRNA expression profile in arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. In conclusion, we show for the first time that metabolic programming is associated with altered hypothalamic expression of miRNAs, which could contribute, at least partially, to the establishment of the offspring phenotype
Allard, Camille. "Les astrocytes et la détection hypothalamique du glucose : rôle métabolique et implication des connexines astrocytaires". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935261.
Texto completo da fonteOuld, Hamouda Hassina. "Impact de la qualité des protéines et des lipides du régime de renutrition sur la composition en acides gras, la réponse hépatique à l'insuline, la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique et l'inflammation, chez les rats âgés Wistar souffrant de malnutrition". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T019/document.
Texto completo da fonteMalnutrition related to aging is often accompanied by many metabolic disorders, including the disruption of energy homeostasis (installation of insulin resistance), fragility, decreased muscle mass and immune response deficiency. Thus, the nutritional manipulation, during aging, is considered to be a solution to prevent these disorders or to treat and limit damages. Amongst the nutrients that have been widely studied, we find the quality of proteins (or amino acids), of lipids (n-3 PUFA) and micronutrients (vitamin D).The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of undernutrition and assess the potential of the refeeding formulas containing a high content of soluble protein of milk, associated with milk fat enriched with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALA precursor and DHA) and vitamin D, on the fatty acid (FA) of the plasma, red blood cells and brain and its consequences on markers of inflammatory status, the hepatic response to insulin, the expression of genes involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as hypothalamic inflammation, in old rats previously submitted for food restrictionAs a first step, our results showed that the dietary restriction of three months, despite being only moderately ALA deficient, induced a drastic loss omega3 (ALA and derivatives LCn-3), whereas a weak increase of ARA derived from n-6 series is observed, leading to a rise of the pro-inflammatory state expressed as an increase in the ratio ARA/LCn-3.However, we have shown that the four-week-refeeding formulas containing a blend of dairy-fat, rapeseed and DHA associated with casein or milk soluble proteins, restored 1 / DHA values of the brain not previously restored by the refeeding control diet, 2 /increases the values of LCn-3 derivatives (EPA, DHA) to levels above those obtained with the control non-malnourished and refeeding diets. This increase was accompanied by a reduction in ARA values, leading to a drastic drop in plasma and red blood cells ratio ARA / EPA. These formulas show for the first time that they can induce a very significant reduction of inflammatory status compared to that usually seen in old rats and could therefore present a more general interest in prevention of ageing diseases associated or not to undernutrition.In a second step, our results showed that dietary restriction of three months resulted 1/increased expression of the insulin receptor in the hypothalamus, liver and adipose tissue, accompanied by an increase of the proinflammatory factor TNF in the hypothalamus. However, the four-weeks-refeeding produces 2/ a similar weight gain and maintains hepatic insulin sensitivity. Indeed, we showed, for the first time, that refeeding, with diets containing the blend of dairy-fat / rapeseed / DHA, would 3/ increase food intake and decrease the hypothalamic inflammation, especially with the full formula containing a mixture of high content of soluble milk proteins, associated with dairy-fat / rapeseed / DHA fortified with vitamin D
Carneiro, Lionel. "Détection hypothalamique de l'hyperglycémie : rôle de la dynamique mitochondriale dans la signalisation par les espèces actives de l'oxygène". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689166.
Texto completo da fonteBerland, Chloé. "Triglyceride-sensing in the mesocorticolimbic system and reward-driven behaviour control". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/Berland_Chloe_2_va_20180911.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteObesity spreading is due to an imbalance of energy homeostasis, with excessive consumption of sweet and fat food, and sedentary lifestyles. Food intake partly depends on dopamine release in the mesocorticolimbic system, and calorie-rich hedonic food, among other objects of desire, stimulate this reward circuit. Dopaminergic release in the mesocorticolimbic system is a main factor for compulsive feeding, and calorie-rich food could be responsible for abnormal feeding behaviours, where excessive food intake is assimilated to MCL malfunctions similar to drugs addiction. More particularly, postprandial triglycerides represent a major source of dietary lipids, and obesity is often associated with hypertriglyceridemia, but also with dopaminergic signalling impairments. Mesocorticolimbic system neurons express several enzymes involved in triglycerides hydrolysis, such as the lipoprotein lipase, suggesting an ability to sense triglycerides and modulate their activity accordingly. The aim of this thesis is to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms by which dietary triglycerides act onto dopaminergic structures and control food intake
Thomas, Amandine. "Hypoxie intermittente et homéostasie glucidique : étude des mécanismes d'action cellulaire A hybrid model to study pathological mutations of the human ADP/ATP carriers Visceral white fat remodeling contributes to intermittent hypoxia-induced atherogenesis The insulin sensitizing effect of topiramate involves KATP channel activation in the central nervous system The Impact of Sleep Disorders on Glucose Metabolism: Endocrine and Molecular Mechanisms Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a novel inducer of hypoxia inducible factor-1 activity: its role in the susceptibility to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia Chronic intermittent hypoxia improves whole-body glucose tolerance by activating skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase in mice Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) deficiency impairs whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice but does not worsen high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions Specific transcriptomic signature in response to intermittent hypoxia exposure in liver and fat tissue". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV044.
Texto completo da fonteIntermittent hypoxia (IH), induced by sleep apnea, leads to alterations in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis but the mechanisms involved remains poorly understood. The objective of this work was to study the effects and the underlying mechanisms of chronic exposure to IH on glucose homeostasis. IH induces both systemic and tissue-specific insulin resistance , as well as improved glucose tolerance associated with an activation of muscle AMPK. IH also causes a change in the pattern of gene expression in liver and adipose tissue and an increased risk of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis development. Finally, the deletion of PHD1, a regulatory protein of HIF-1, leads to insulin resistance associated with hepatic steatosis, making HIF-1 a possible target involved in the metabolic changes induced by IH
Thomas, Amandine. "Hypoxie intermittente et homéostasie glucidique : Etude des mécanismes d'action cellulaire". Thesis, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV044/document.
Texto completo da fonteIntermittent hypoxia (IH), induced by sleep apnea, leads to alterations in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis but the mechanisms involved remains poorly understood. The objective of this work was to study the effects and the underlying mechanisms of chronic exposure to IH on glucose homeostasis. IH induces both systemic and tissue-specific insulin resistance , as well as improved glucose tolerance associated with an activation of muscle AMPK. IH also causes a change in the pattern of gene expression in liver and adipose tissue and an increased risk of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis development. Finally, the deletion of PHD1, a regulatory protein of HIF-1, leads to insulin resistance associated with hepatic steatosis, making HIF-1 a possible target involved in the metabolic changes induced by IH
Hryhorczuk, Cecile. "Impact des acides gras alimentaires sur le système dopaminergique mésolimbique : effets différentiels des acides gras saturés et mono-insaturés". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18570.
Texto completo da fonteThe mesolimbic dopamine system, also known as the reward system, is well recognized for its role in motivated reward-related behaviours such as drug addiction. It consists of dopamine neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area that project, among others, to the nucleus accumbens. Similar to neurons in the hypothalamus, dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area can detect circulating hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin to adjust food intake, motivation and dopamine tone. This suggests that they could also perceive nutritional signals like glucose and fatty acids. Moreover, several lines of evidence exist showing that palatable food enriched in fat and obesity reduce mesolimbic dopamine function. Given the many unknowns regarding the mechanisms of obesity-induced dopamine dysfunction, and given that fatty acids differentially influence cardiovascular and mental health according to their class, we sought to determine the effects of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid and the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid, two of the most abundant fatty acids in the body and foods, on mesolimbic dopamine function. Notably palmitic acid and oleic acid differ in their intracellular metabolic fate as well as in their effects on food intake and leptin and insulin signaling at the level of the hypothalamus. We first evaluated the fatty acid sensing properties of the mesolimbic dopamine system. We looked at the effects of the injection of oleic acid or palmitic acid in the ventral tegmental area on food intake, motivation and dopamine neurons activity. Our results demonstrate that oleic acid, but not palmitic acid, reduces basal and motivated feeding behavior and neuronal activity. Those effects seem to be dependent on its entry into the cell. Moreover, using a neurons culture system we show that dopamine neurons can uptake fatty acids. We then examined the effect of food-derived oleic and palmitic acid on mesolimbic dopamine function. We assigned rats to a low-fat control diet or to one or the other of a high-fat diet: one enriched in oleic acid or one enriched in palmitic acid. The two high-fat diets are isocaloric and differed only in the fat source. Following eight weeks of feeding, the palmitic 5 acid-enriched high-fat diet, but not the oleic acid-enriched diet, decreased the sensitivity to the rewarding and locomotor-sensitizing effects of amphetamine. This was associated with a reduction of dopamine receptor D1R signaling and dopamine transporter expression. Importantly this occured independently of weight gain and hormonal changes. Lastly, we explored the impact of those diets on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Results show that the saturated fat diet alters the function of the axis as well as the expression of several keys genes targeted by glucocorticoids in the hypothalamus but without affecting anxiety-related behavior. This work provides further insight into how the mesolimbic dopamine system is altered by high-fat food consumption. It brings light to the differential effects of two classes of fatty acids and the mechanisms by which they modulate food intake and motivation. The prolonged intake of saturated fat, but not mono-unsaturated fat, disrupts the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and decreases mesolimbic dopamine function prior to the onset of obesity and major metabolic alterations. Dysfunction of dopaminergic systems induced by saturated fat consumption could promote further intake of such palatable food as a means to compensate for reward hyposensitivity.