Teses / dissertações: "History of islam - islamic empire"

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Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. "Early Àbbāsid religious policies and the proto-Sunnī ùlamā'". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28557.

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This dissertation studies the evolving relationship of the early 'Abbasid caliphs with the proto-Sunni 'ulama'. By the time of Harun al-Rashid, the 'Abbasids had aligned themselves with the emergent proto-Sunnitrends; a pattern of state - 'ulama' relations, with the caliph's view of his function approaching that of the 'ulama ', had begun to emerge. al-Ma'mun was uncharacteristic of the early 'Abbasids in claiming religious authority for himself, apparently to challenge the 'ulama's influence and authority. That effort proved abortive, and confirmed in its failure the earlier pattern of state - 'ulama' relations. The pattern was one of collaboration between the caliphs and the 'ulama'. Proto-Sunni scholars were among the beneficiaries of extensive caliphal patronage, and it was their viewpoints which caliphal interventions in religious life upheld. Owing perhaps to the effects of 'Abbasid patronage, but also to the implications of certain proto-Sunni viewpoints, proto-Sunnis were generally favourable towards the 'Abbasids. A convergence is discernible in the interests of the Caliphs and the 'ulama', and partly explains not only the latter's pro-'Abbasid sentiment but also why it was the proto-Sunni viewpoints that the 'Abbasids came to patronize.

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Azmeh, Wayel. "Misconceptions About the Caliphate in Islam". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1460735934.

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Mead, Jason Andrew. "The survival of the Oriental church during the early Muslim empire". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.

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Low, Michael Christopher. "Empire of the Hajj pilgrims, plagues, and pan-Islam under British surveillance,1865-1926 /". unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082007-174715/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Stephen H. Rapp, committee chair; Donald M. Reid, committee member. Electronic text (210 p. : ill. (some col.), maps, facsim.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 20, 2007; title from file title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-210).

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Çelik, Faika. "Gypsies (Roma) in the orbit of Islam : the Ottoman experience (1450-1600)". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79830.

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The main premise of this thesis is to demonstrate how the Gypsies, (Roma)---both Muslim and Christian, both settled and nomadic---were marginalized by the Ottoman State and society in Rumelia (Rumili) and Istanbul during the "Classical Age" of this tri-continental Islamic Empire.
The Ottoman state and the society's attitudes towards this marginal group are analyzed through the examination of the Muhimme Registers of the second half the sixteenth century and four major Kanunnames concerning the Gypsies issued in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Travelers' accounts and Turkish oral traditions have also been used to explore the social status of the Gypsies in Ottoman society, as well as their image in Ottoman popular culture.
The history of people who were marginal and voiceless in their societies is not just important for its own sake but for what it reveals about the nature of the societies in which they lived. Thus, this present work not only sheds light upon the history of the Gypsies but also attempts to open new grounds for further discussions on the functioning of the "Plural Society" of the Ottoman Empire.

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Fischer, Maureen Julia. ""Turkey is the Key": Studies on America's Relationship with the Ottoman Empire, The Turkish Republic, and Islam in the Near and Middle East". W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068545.

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Mission Accomplished: Manifest Destiny and American Foreign Missions to the Ottoman Empire in the 1830s William Goodell’s memoir, Forty Years in the Turkish Empire, was a compilation of some of his journals, letters, and other writings during his tenure as a missionary living in Constantinople. This paper analyzes Goodell’s motivations, activities, and reflections during the 1830s in order to discuss Goodell’s role as an agent of Manifest Destiny. Though the United States did not have the desire or ability to conquer the Ottoman Empire by the sword, some Americans asserted their power through the spread of religion, and many of these Americans supported the efforts of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). William Goodell provides a view into the Protestant missionaries from the United States to the Ottoman Empire and the world at large who, in the 1830s, were intrinsic component of the burgeoning Manifest Destiny mentality and reflected physical American expansion westward in the form of Christian American expansion eastward. These evangelical missionaries were also a force of expansion, and a strand of manifest destiny expressed in the form of ideological imperialism. “A Colorful and Turbulent Career”: Depictions of Turkey in American Tourist Guidebooks, 1920-1935 Americans who wanted to visit Turkey around its establishment as a nation could consult a variety of sources which help to demonstrate the American perceptions of the Turkish Republic and its leaders during the 1920s and 1930s. The ultimate marker of these American guidebooks is the time they devoted to Robert College in Constantinople. These authors’ depiction of Robert College as an American stronghold in the Oriental East represents the type of Western gaze that acted as a penetrating force and constituted a mental and physical imposition on Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s, a process which continued as travelers used the guidebooks for their various needs. This paper discusses the differences in wants and needs between the Turkish government and Western travelers, reconciled effectively through the reality of İstanbul as the destination of choice for Westerners who wanted a taste of the Orient that was still comfortably “Western.”

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Torunoglu, Gulsah. "A Comparative History of Feminism in Egypt and Turkey, 1880-1935:Dialogue and Difference". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1545531906081599.

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Scharfe, Patrick. "Muslim Scholars and the Public Sphere in Mehmed Ali Pasha's Egypt, 1801-1841". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440432505.

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Bouali, Hassan. "De la révolte au califat zubayride : histoire d'une expérience politique dans les débuts de l'islam". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA100110.

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La fin du VIIe siècle est marquée par une longue guerre civile entre Ibn al-Zubayr et les Umayyades. Ibn al-Zubayr parvint à s’imposer durant une décennie sur une partie majeure de l’empire islamique. Cette expérience politique zubayride est le cœur de cette recherche doctorale. Loin des évidences et des simplifications, cette partie vise à montrer que la révolte d’Ibn al-Zubayr ne fut pas le fait d’un seul homme, il convient également de prendre en considération sa dimension collective et de l’inscrire dans le cadre plus large de la construction de l’empire islamique, de la genèse d’un État patrimonial umayyade, de la périphérisation de l’Arabie, et de l’affrontement entre différents groupes à l’intérieur de la communauté des croyants. Dans un second temps, notre recherche étudie la genèse et l’affirmation de l’autorité califale et impériale acquise par Ibn al-Zubayr à la fin du VIIe siècle. Bien que de nombreuses recherches aient en effet bien souligné certains éléments qui permettent de mieux cerner les référents à partir desquels Ibn al-Zubayr a promu son autorité califale, le sujet reste largement sous étudié. Notre recherche permet de jeter un nouveau regard sur la figure du calife mecquois et son statut nouveau d’imām de la communauté des croyants dans différentes sphères, qu’il s’agisse de l’idéologie et de la conception du califat, de la justice ou encore de la direction du pèlerinage musulman. Une troisième et dernière partie de cette thèse porte plus précisément sur le gouvernement des territoires. L’enjeu de cette partie vise avant tout à analyser la « construction impériale » zubayride. Notre réflexion consiste surtout à mettre en lumière la façon dont les territoires qui étaient précédemment sous domination umayyade furent gouvernés en contexte zubayride. Une large place est accordée à l’histoire sociale, aux pratiques militaires et à la construction d’un pouvoir patrimonial zubayride au cœur de la province d’Irak. Tout au long de cette partie, nous avons tenté de ne pas perdre de vue le contexte de la fin du VIIe siècle, lequel mit les Zubayrides devant la nécessité de gouverner les territoires de l’empire à l’épreuve des défis posés par la seconde fitna
The end of the 7th century is marked by a long civil war between Ibn al-Zubayr and the Umayyads. Ibn al-Zubayr managed to impose himself for a decade over a major part of the Islamic empire. This Zubayrid political experience is the main subject of this doctoral research. Far from obviousness and simplification, we aim to show that the rebellion of Ibn al-Zubayr was not the fact of a single man. It is also necessary to take into account its collective dimension and to include it in the framework larger part of the building of the Islamic empire, the peripherization of Arabia, and the struggle between different groups within the community of believers. Secondly, our research studies the genesis and the assertion of Ibn al-Zubayr’s caliphal and imperial authority. This part allows to understand his new status of imām of the community at the end of the 7th century. A third and final part of this thesis deals more specifically with the government of the Islamic empire. The aim of this part is above all to analyze the Zubayrid "imperial construction"

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Montrose, Christopher Cleveland. "Christian Missions and Islam: The Reformed Church in America and the Origins of the Moslem World". unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11302006-134821/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Mohammed Hassen Ali, committee chair; Ian Fletcher, committee member. Electronic text (109 p. : ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-109).

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Kunselman, David E. "Arab-Byzantine War, 629-644 AD". Ft. Leavenworth : Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA494014.

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Abdrakhmanov, Talgat. "L'islam au Kazakhstan : les rapports Etats-religion (XVIIIème - XXème siècles)". Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817205.

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Les relations entre l'Etat et la religion sont déterminantes dans l'histoire de chaque pays. Au Kazakhstan, le statut de l'islam a varié au gré du régime sur place. Implanté en plusieurs vagues, commençant par la conquête arabe du sud du pays, puis officialisé par les Qarakhanides, la Horde d'Or sous le khan Özbek et les khans kazakhs, l'islam a trouvé une certaine régulation à partir du XVIIIème siècle avec la colonisation russe. L'Empire russe, intéressé par le fait de gagner les musulmans à sa cause, favorise leur religion en créant l'Assemblée spirituelle à Orenbourg. L'impératrice Catherine II envoie des mollahs tatars dans la steppe kazakhe et construit de nombreuses mosquées pour mieux contrôler les Kazakhs. Mais le renforcement de l'islam donne des résultats inverses à ceux escomptés et l'empire durcit sa position envers le dernier, il limite le nombre de mollahs et de mosquées par région. Avec l'arrivée des soviétiques au pouvoir, tout semble changer. Mais provisoirement seulement ; les premières " déclarations démocratiques " n'aboutissent qu'à se retourner contre toutes les religions par une série de répressions à la fin des années 1920, et l'idéologie communiste espère mettre fin à l'islam. Pourtant les Directions spirituelles musulmanes avaient été rétablies durant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale par Staline qui avait voulu utiliser le potentiel religieux pour servir ses buts. Elles ont fonctionné jusqu'à l'effondrement de l'URSS en reflétant les décisions du parti. L'indépendance du Kazakhstan a donné une chance aux croyants de rétablir la religion, mais en même temps elle a contribué à l'apparition de mouvances radicales. Depuis les années 2000 le gouvernement revoit sa politique en matière religieuse, en effectuant de nouveau des restrictions. L'histoire recommence-t-elle ?

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Auni, Luthfi. "The decline of the Islamic empire of Aceh (1641-1699)". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26066.

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This thesis deals with the history of the Acehnese Islamic empire, focusing on the events leading up to its decline in both its internal stability and its hegemony in the surrounding regions in the second half of the seventeenth century. During the given period (1641-1699) the empire was ruled successively by four female rulers. The thesis deals with the political and economic developments in this period.
Aceh was an Islamic empire in the Indonesian archipelago which emerged as the greatest and most influential Islamic power in the region from the middle of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. It reached its golden age during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636) who succeeded in developing the empire into an unrivaled Muslim power whose control included the West Sumatran coast and the Malay peninsula. During his reign, Aceh became the holder of the political and economic hegemony in the region.
Towards the second half of the seventeenth century, the power of Aceh gradually declined from its peak both internally and externally. Internally, political disintegration paved the way for the process of power transition between political groups within the empire. Externally, both the political importance and the economic supremacy of the empire in the region was drastically reduced. Consequently, its power again shrank back into the north-Sumatran area from which the empire originally emerged.

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Soler, Renaud. "Une histoire de la sīra à l’époque ottomane (XVe-XIXe siècle). Production et formes de la manifestation du savoir historique sur la vie du prophète Muḥammad". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUL112.pdf.

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Entre la fin du XVe siècle et la fin du XIXe siècle, dans les frontières de l’Empire ottoman, Arabes et Turcs produisirent un savoir historique sur la vie du Prophète Muḥammad, au sens que l’on donnait à cette époque au mot « histoire ». Cette production était assurée à la fois par l’écriture de la sīra, ou des siyer-i nebī, et par des formes d’actualisation du passé, qui impliquaient la monumentalisation ou l’incorporation de fragments de ce savoir historique. La monumentalisation consistait à rendre tangible la présence agissante du Prophète dans le monde. L’incorporation relevait de l’inscription dans le corps des fidèles, par des visites, des rituels ou des fêtes communautaires, de fragments de ce passé prophétique. Dans un monde dominé par l’analphabétisme, ces deux modes d’actualisation concouraient à la présence du passé dans le présent, au moins autant que l’historiographie. À partir d’une étude quantitative de la production historiographique sur la vie du Prophète, nous explorerons pas à pas le corpus arabe et turc ottoman de la sīra produit à l’époque ottomane, pour tenter de cerner la structure de son intertextualité, son évolution historique, et surtout établir les règles du fonctionnement de cette économie manuscrite du savoir. Nous essaierons aussi de déterminer quelques formes de monumentalisation et d’incorporation associées aux grands moments de la vie du Prophète, telle qu’elle était racontée dans l’historiographie. Nous montrerons comment, selon des rythmes divers, cette économie de la sīra se désintégra dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, sous l’effet de la diffusion du livre imprimé, des transformations politiques et de la mise en place de nouvelles modalités de production et de manifestation du savoir historique
Between the end of the 15th century and the end of the 19th century, within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, Arabic and Turkish speaking people produced a historical knowledge about the life of Prophet Muḥammad. This production was ensured both by the writing of the sīra, or the siyer-i nebī, and by forms of updating the past, which involved the monumentalization or the incorporation of fragments of historical knowledge about the Prophet. The monumentalization consisted in making tangible the active presence of the Prophet in the world. The incorporation was the inscription, in the body of the faithful, through visits, rituals or community celebrations, of fragments of the prophetic past. In a world dominated by illiteracy, these two modes of actualization contributed to the presence of the past in the present, as much as historiography. From a quantitative study of the historiographical production on the life of the Prophet, we will explore step by step the Arabic and Turkish Ottoman corpus of the sīra produced in the Ottoman period, to discern the structure of its intertextuality, its historical evolution, and above all to establish the rules of this manuscript economy of knowledge. We will also try to determine some forms of monumentalization and incorporation associated with the great moments of the Prophet’s life, as it was told in historiography. We will show how, according to various rhythms, this economy disintegrated in the second half of the 19th century, under the effect of the growing role of the printed book, political transformations and the establishment of new modes of production and manifestation of historical knowledge

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El, Hmidi Lahsen. "Les aspects sociaux et politiques de la diffusion de l'Islam au Mali et au Songhai, 14-16e siècles". Grenoble 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE29067.

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Le "miracle arabe" n'avait pas permis seulement le bouleversement de la carte geopolitique du monde ancien, mais avait e galement ouvert l'afrique noire a l'ere de la revelation divine et des lois universelles. C'est en tekrour que l'islam trouva son second souffle et son extraordinaire renaissance faisant du sahara-soudanais une econde terre de predication. Cette renaissance etait due, en grande partie, a l'habilite, aux talents des commercants arabo-berberes et surtout a l'esprit guerrier du mouvement almoravide. Ainsi, en introduisant leur culture, leur religion et leur langue, les arabes avaient contribue puissament au grand mouvement d'arabisation du soudan qui, du 11eme au 16eme siecle, a pousse les adeptes de mohamed a faconner le monde soudano-sahelien a leur image en persuadant les chefs locaux a mener une vie plus inspiree du modele oriental que de l'heritage ancestral soudanais. Cependant, cette persuation n'avait engendre qu'une influence tres superficielle. Les masses paysanes etaient restees profedement animistes et etrangeres au dialogue qui s'instaurait entre leur chefs et les ressortissants arabo-berberes. Mais si les cites nigeriennes ont connu une vie religieuse et culturelle tres animee aunmoyen-age, c'est grace, il faut le dire, a la politique bienveillante des souver ains soudanais ( les mansas et les askias ) qui ne cesserent de couvrir les lettres musulmans d'honneurs et de presents. Quoiqu'il en soit, la rencontre de l'islam avec l'afrique noire a permis a celle-ci de s'ouvrir sur le monde et d'appre hender les temps modernes avec une mentalite nouvelle
The "arabe miracle" did not only allow the compete change of the geopolitic map of the ancien world, but also allowed bl ack africa to have access to the divine revelation era of universal laws. It is in tekrur that islam found its second br eathe and its extraordinary rebith turning the sudaness sahara into a second earth of predication. This rebith was mostl y due to the gifted arabo-berbertradesmen and more particularly to the warlik spirit of the almoravid movement. Thus, by introducing their culture, religion and language, the arabe had greatly contributed to the great arabization movement of sudan, which from the 11 th century to 16 th century drove mohamed followers to build the sudano-sahelian world in their own image, persuading the local cheifs to live in a more oriental way, rather than in the ancestral sudanese herit age. The agricultural work forces were still strongly animist and did not take part in the dialogue which involved their cheifs and the arabo-berber peopole ( or citizen ). But , if the nigerian cities knew a lilively religious and cultural life during the middle -age, we must say that it is thanks to the benevolent politics of the sudanese sovereigns ( the mansas and askias ) who never stopped honoring muslim scholars. Although, the meeting between islam and black africa permitted the latter to open us itself

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Yardim, Müserref. "La pensée politique et religieuse du "rénovateur ottoman" (islamci) Said Nursî de 1908 à 1926". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/YARDIM_Muserref_2010.pdf.

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Said Nursî, né à la période de la première monarchie constitutionnelle et ayant assisté à la naissance de la République turque, tente d'adapter son discours religieux et politique aux exigences de la société ottomane et turque de l'époque. Ses activités sont implantées tant dans le domaine religieux que dans le domaine social et politique. Il réussit à fonder un mouvement après la création de la République qui non seulement a marqué l'histoire moderne de la Turquie républicaine, mais qui continue encore de se manifester à l'heure actuelle avec un dynamisme social à travers les "dershane", les maisons d'édition, les médias, les institutions et les organisations. Le mouvement nurcu, nurculuk, qui prétend être moderne en même temps que fidèle aux principes religieux, suscite un grand intérêt d'étude pour l'histoire de l'islam contemporain. Notre travail se donne pour objectif de détenniner le rapport de Said Nursî à son temps. En d'autres termes, il est question de savoir comment il adapte son discours, tant religieux que politique, à l'esprit de son temps : est-il moderne ou traditionnel? Qu'entend-il par « modernité »? Nous tentons de mettre en exergue les traits de sa démarche qui se revendique à la fois moderne et fidèle aux principes religieux du courant islamcl, renouveau ottoman attesté au début du XXe siècle, et plus précisément durant la seconde monarchie constitutionnelle
Said Nursî, born at the time of the First Constitutional Monarchy and having attended the advent of the Turkish Republic, tries ta adapt his religious and political speech ta the requirements of the Ottoman and Turkish society of the time. His activities are established as mueh in the religious field as in the social and political domain. He succeeded in founding a movement after the creation of the Republic which not only marked the modern history of republican Turkey, but which still continues to appear at the present time with a social dynamism through the dershane, publishing hou ses, media, institutions and organizations. The nurcu movement, nurculuk, which claims to be modern and faithful to the religious principles at the same time, arouses a great interest for studying the history of contemporary Islam. Our work aims to determine Said Nursî's relationship to his time. In other words, it is a matter of knowing how he adapts his speech, both religious and political, to the spirit of his time : is it modern or traditional? We try to put forward the features of his approach, which claims to be modern and, at the same time, faithful to the religious principles of the islamci current, the Ottoman revival attested at the beginning of the 20th. Century, and more precisely, of the Second Constitutional Monarchy

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Walmsley, Alan G. "The administrative structure and urban geography of the jund of Filasṭīn and the jund of al-Urdunn : the cities and districts of Palestine and East Jordan during the early Islamic, 'Abbāsid and early Fāṭamid periods". Thesis, Faculty of Arts, 1987. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/13119.2.

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The administrative structure, routes and urban geography of south ash-Sham (Palestine and Jordan) during the first four centuries of Islamic history are neglected topics in spite of their relevance to contemporary archaeological research. The thesis uses both literary sources and archaeological results to discuss these questions, thereby establishing the pattern of major settlement in the region.

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Attanassoff, Velko. "Islamic revival in the Balkans". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FAttanassoff.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis and M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.
"March 2006." Thesis Advisor(s): Glenn Robinson, Anne Marie Baylouny. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104). Also available online.

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Awabdeh, Mohamed al. "History and prospect of Islamic criminal law with respect to the human rights". [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976510677.

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Karonen, Tommy. "Islam i nätverkssamhället : En studie om “ummah” och “islamic state”". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51948.

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Abstract This master thesis examines the development of the Islamic discourse on Internet, by a research of the two Islamic expressions ummah and Islamic state. As a platform for the research is a discussion about 9/11 used, in which Giovanna Borradori interviews Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida about terrorism in the modern time. The research has been made in two steps, the first research is made in December 2005 and the second in February 2015. In the first research is the examined words study in BBS’s and blogs, and in the second case is same expressions examined in Twitter. As analyse method is Hans- - George Gadamers displacement of perspective used, to understand the movements in the discourse and the development of Islamic use of Internet. Manuel Castells thoughts about the network society and his work about the power of communication are used as a theorem to understand the Internet and its development in the last decades. The conclusion of this work is pointing at a progression in the use of Internet as a tool for communication in the Islamic community, and a displacement of perspective from western society as the primary enemy, through an internal religious movement to a more diversified conflict among different Islamic groups. Keywords: Internet, E-jihadism,, network society, Islamic, ummah, Islamic state, Twitter, blogs, BBS’s, mediated history, modern history

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Khattak, Shaheen Kuli Khan. "Images of Islam : a study of the differences between Islamic and Victorian conceptions of certain Muslim practices and beliefs". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/images-of-islam--a-study-of-the-differences-between-islamic-and-victorian-conceptions-of-certain-muslim-practices-and-beliefs(7aefb186-bd3d-4899-aa46-6d4830240702).html.

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22

Forest, Bruce Kelly. "What every Christian high school student should know about Islam an introduction to Islamic history and theology /". Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2010. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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23

Moses, Christopher. "Producing an Islamic institution : a London case study". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275750.

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This thesis constitutes a case study of how an Islamic institution in London is produced as an object of knowledge. It develops an argument by Maussen about mosques in Western Europe, which suggests that they ‘do not have a self-evident, clear and constant meaning’. On the basis of a literature review, he points to how academics have shaped ‘the processes of the production of meaning’ regarding these mosques, something that has political consequences for knowledge. This thesis builds on his work by shifting the research focus to a specific example of an Islamic institution, and including a broader group of actors involved in its production as an object of knowledge. For this research, I undertook an ethnographic study of the institution, holding a junior position within the leadership as a way of learning about its everyday life. This material is complemented by other forms of data, such as research literature, archival sources, media accounts, Council documentation, Parliamentary proceedings, maps, images, and photographs. The thesis has three ‘threads’, which fall into six chapters. The ‘public sphere’ thread comprises three chapters, which look at the institution’s representation by and engagement with three sets of actors: researchers, state representatives, and journalists. A ‘community’ chapter explores local productions of meaning: specifically, how the community’s internal complexity shapes understandings of the institution. Finally, the ‘history’ thread comprises two explorations: perspectives on the meaning of its foundational moment, and its relationship with the history of its built environment. Each of the chapters offers a way of reading the institution, while there are also matters of internal heterogeneity, and further temporal and material complexities in its construction as an object of knowledge. The thesis conclusion proposes the metaphor of ‘palimpsest’ to describe the resultant complexity of meaning in play.

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Haveric, Dzavid, e mikewood@deakin edu au. "Islamisation of Bosnia: Early Islamic influence on Bosnian society". Deakin University. School of Social and International Studies, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051123.133900.

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This Masters thesis examines the process of the Islamisation of Bosnia from the eighth century to the end of the fifteenth century. This era of early Islamic influence has not previously been systematically studied, and remains an area little understood by many medievalists. The major foci of the analysis are the pre-Ottoman era and early Ottoman periods. This thesis raises the following research questions: When and how did the first Islamisation of the Balkan Slavs (including Bosnians) occur? How did Islam influence Bosnian society and culture, and where were the Bosnian Muslim settlements established? This thesis includes a detailed historical investigation that makes use of a range of bibliographic materials. These consist of fragmentary works, archival and administrative documents and other relevant factography collected from a research field trip to Bosnia between June 27 and July 24, 2003. The main findings reveal the complexity of this culturo-religious process in terms of both the early Islamic influence and contemporary cultural diversity. While different theoretical approaches to cultural representation and social space assist in exploring the hybrid nature of Bosniak identity, the primary and secondary data analyses highlight the significance of the phenomenon of the early Islamisation of Bosnia

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25

Feins, Daniel Scott. "Wine and Islam : the dichotomy between theory and practice in early Islamic history". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21236.

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The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the commonly held prohibition of alcohol did not prevent some members of the Muslim community from consuming intoxicating drinks. Specifically, this thesis will examine the consumption of wine in the Islamic world from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 CE) through the end of the reign of al-Ma'mun (218/833). Chapter 1 presents an overview of the presence and consumption of wine prior to the birth of Muhammad. It will be demonstrated that wine was a social and sometimes religious norm within the dominions that Islam was to dominate within a generation after Muhammad's death. Chapter 2 explores the prohibition of wine itself as revealed in the Qur'an and portrayed in literature. Chapter 3 examines the reigns of the Rashidun Caliphs and their efforts to come to terms with some parts of the community that were unwilling to cease drinking all forms of wine. Chapter 4 details evidence of continued wine consumption in the Umayyad Era and Chapter 5 similarly for the 'Abbasid era with an overview of the development of the law with respect to the use of wine.

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Wood, Michael John. "A history of the Balqāʾ region of central Transjordan during the Umayyad period". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23363.

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Drawing on a variety of primary and archaeological sources, this study attempts to recreate the political history and the social and economic character of the Balqa' region during the Umayyad period. The Balqa' was a provincial area of Transjordan, which had long been part of the classical world heavily influenced by the Arab tribes of the Syrian desert. After the Arab conquest the Balqa' took on a new role as the home or some of the ruling Umayyad elite. But a process of economic, demographic and urban decline had already begun in the middle of sixth century. Even the ethnic and religious composition of the Balqa's population remained stable; the region was primarily inhabited by Christian Arabs during both the late Byzantine and the Umayyad periods. In passing from Byzantine to Umayyad control the Balqa' underwent a process of transformation, especially in regards to political matters. But the more important trend was one of continuity, even the transfer of political power from the Byzantine bureaucracy to Arab notables was but the culmination of a trend which had begun with the rise of the Ghassanids in the previous century.

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Gledhill, Paul J. R. "The development of systematic thought in early Mālikī jurisprudence, 8th-9th Centuries A.D". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7278e711-57fc-4596-a2b3-82ebfa4fa039.

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By the eleventh century, the conduct of jurisprudence in the Mālikī school of law – one of four that would survive in Sunni Islam – was predicated on a legal system that comprised a particular set of sources: mainly, the positive legal rules posited by Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795) and a few of his subsequent adherents, and ḥadīth and Qur᾽an. The structure of the legal system was one in which these sources were conceived to cohere analogically. By analogy, they could be correlated to each other and thereby systematically rationalized, and new rules to govern new cases generated from, and added to, them. This study recovers the antecedents of that system and describes the main stages of the process by which Mālikī jurisprudence acquired the systematic character of its classical form. It provides a re-assessment of Mālik’s own jurisprudence and of the role of precedent and ḥadīth in the Medinese tradition, arguing that the origins of systematic thought in the Mālikī tradition are to be sought in Mālik’s retrospective rationalizations by analogy of rules pronounced nonetheless from arbitrary considerations. I distinguish the mode of analogy that Mālik employed to this effect (tashbīh) from that which his Iraqi contemporaries and the later classical schools employed ostensibly to derive rules from sources ab initio (qiyās). Mālik, I contend, in fact opposed qiyās because it threatened to undermine the sufficiency of juristic discretion by imposing systematic constraints on the personal reasoning of authoritative arbiters. I show how subsequently the Mudawwanah, a work compiled by Mālik’s ninth-century followers in the Islamic West, promoted the formation of a legal system by subjecting Mālik’s teaching and his students’ ramifications of it to a Ḥanafite design by which they became susceptible of analysis along analogical lines. The system implicit in the Mudawwanah is structurally but not yet materially classical. It remained for the Western Mālikīyah, through their encounters in the East with Shāfi῾ite legal theory in the later tenth century, to absorb into the fabric of their system, which so far comprised only the positive rules of the tradition itself, the revealed sources from which, by qiyās, al-Shāfi῾ī (d. 204/820) in the early ninth century had insisted the law be derived. As background to this theory of systematization, I also address inter alia the following questions, which bear in one way or another on our appreciation of Mālik’s jurisprudence and/or the extent to which we may suppose it to be accessible in the recensions of the Muwaṭṭa᾽: the transmission of the vulgate in ninth-century Andalus; the reception of Mālik’s doctrine in Iraq (as perceived through the Muwaṭṭa᾽ of al-Shaybānī – in particular, the editorial principles that informed its composition – and the Ḥujjah ῾alá ahl al-Madīnah); other recensions and the possibilities for a chronology of Muwaṭṭa᾽āt; representation of Mālik’s doctrine in the Ikhtilāf Mālik wa-al-Shāfi῾ī; the way in which Mālik transmitted the Muwaṭṭa᾽ as an explanation of variation between its recensions.

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Wardeh, Nadia. "Yusuf al-Qaradawi and the "Islamic awakening" of the late 20th century". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32950.

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This study is an attempt to present the thought of Yusuf `Abd Allah al-Qarad&dotbelow;awi and his views on the Islamic awakening of the last two decades. Considered one of the contemporary world's leading moderate Islamic thinkers and activists, he has undertaken the mission to promote the idea of what he sees as a "true Islam," which he envisions as a moderate force that is all-encompassing in human life. An Egyptian, now living in Qatar, he leads a major stream within the Islamic movement today, the tayyar al-wasa&dotbelow;tiyah al-Islamiyah , which believes in the "inevitability of the Islamic solution." Al-Qarad&dotbelow;awi recommends a "long-term plan," seeking in the first place to transform individuals as a prelude towards changing society. The chief step toward accomplishing this mission involves renewing the religion by rediscovering Islam's soundest foundation and going back to its purest sources, i.e., the Qur'an and Sunnah, in addition to applying the "moderate" methodology of the salaf (early Muslim generation). Al-Qarad&dotbelow;awi employs this traditionalist methodology and the wasa&dotbelow;tiyah's ideology in his approach to guiding the Islamic awakening and to directing the Islamic movement in its particular fields of work (which include education, politics, social work, economics, jihad, the media and propaganda, and finally, thought and learning) out of a conviction that these domains represent the crucial issues facing the Muslim world today. Yet despite al-Qarad&dotbelow;awi's fondness for logical discourse, he is a victim of the tendency to make axiomatic statements, which in turn endangers the entire structure of his arguments and leads him into inconsistencies. Despite these problems, his moderate voice is a welcome corrective to some of the more extremist discourse of today.

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Wain, Alexander David Robert. "Chinese Muslims and the conversion of the Nusantara to Islam". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:53a48196-ac0e-4510-b74d-794c48e976ed.

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This thesis is a comprehensive re-examination of Maritime Southeast Asia's (or the Nusantara's) Islamic conversion history between the late thirteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Traditionally, academia has attributed this event to Muslim traders and/or Sufis from either India and/or the Middle East. During the late twentieth century, however, a number of scholars began to consider the possibility of Chinese Muslim involvement. The resulting discussions focused on a re-evaluation of Javanese history in the context of attempts to re-conceptualise pre-modern Nusantara trade (considered the catalyst for Islamisation) as fundamentally orientated towards Southern China, where Muslims played a significant commercial role from the seventh through to the early fifteenth centuries. Despite the intrinsic merits of these efforts, however, they have all been limited by an overwhelming focus on Java and a tendency to examine the relevant issues over only a very narrow time span. This thesis seeks to rectify these problems. First, it will evaluate the validity of the new commercial framework over a much longer period – from the rise of Śrīvijaya in the seventh century CE to the establishment of the early seventeenth-century European trade monopolies. This longue dureé view will provide a much stronger basis for both conclusively re-orientating pre-modern Nusantaran trade towards China and also positing it as the catalyst for conversion, with Chinese Muslims at its heart. Second, the thesis will look beyond Java to examine the conversion histories of several other important Nusantara locations (Samudera-Pasai, Melaka and Brunei), as accessed through early written texts (indigenous, European and Chinese) and archaeology. The thesis then, and thirdly, couples this examination with a consideration of the Islamic influences which came to bear on the Nusantara’s early intellectual and architectural expressions of Islam. Ultimately, by taking this broad chronological, geographical and cultural approach, the thesis aims to more reliably assess the possibility that Chinese Muslims influenced the Nusantara’s initial Islamisation process.

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Awabdeh, Mohamed Al. "History and prospect of Islamic criminal law with respect to the human rights". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15294.

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Die wichtigste dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Frage ist, ob ein spezifisches muslimisches Strafrecht in den muslimischen Ländern noch angewendet werden kann. Gibt es eine Zukunft für die Sharia, und wenn ja, wie sieht diese aus? Welche Art des Strafrechts wird zurzeit und zukünftig benötigt, um ein ruhiges und beständiges Leben in islamischen Gesellschaften zu ermöglichen? Können diese Gesellschaften einen Gesetzeskodex anwenden, der den internationalen und inländischen Erwartungen im Sinne der grundlegenden Menschenrechte sowie den Prinzipien von Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz entspricht? Mit dieser vorliegende Recherche möchte ich wichtige Konzepte des Strafrechts erklären - nicht nur Nicht-Muslimen sondern auch Muslimen. Wir haben selbst auch das Bedürfnis zu erlernen, wie man mittels wissenschaftlicher Methoden und Logik das islamische Strafrecht erforschen und erfassen kann. Wir möchten zeigen, wie islamisches Strafrecht durch Studie und Analyse verstanden werden sollte. Die Auslegung des Gesetzes muss entsprechend dem Nutzen und im Interesse der Menschen geändert werden, weil Gott möchte, dass seine gesamte Schöpfung in Frieden, Gerechtigkeit und Respekt füreinander lebt. Die heutige islamische Welt ist streng in Modernismus und Fundamentalismus geteilt. Beide Denkweisen können in hohem Grade über ihr Verhältnis zum Westen definiert werden. Modernismus zieht in Betracht, was der Westen erzielt hat und verlangt eine Anpassung der eigenen Ideen, Werte und Bräuche. Die Modernisten befürworten eine ausgedehnte Deutung des Islams, um traditionelle islamische Lehren und Prinzipien harmonisch mit den Aspekten einer modernen, progressiven Gesellschaft co-existieren zu lassen. Fundamentalismus dagegen verlangt die Rückkehr zum angeblich ursprünglichsten Konzept des Islam, das westliche Errungenschaften und Konzepte zurückweist. Bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts stimmten liberale islamische Denker darin überein, dass es zwingend notwendig ist, die rechtlichen Grundlagen zu modernisieren ohne dabei jedoch islamische Beschränkungen völlig zu vernachlässigen.
The big question underlying this work is whether a specific Muslim criminal law can still be applied in Muslim countries. Is there a future for the Sharia, and if yes, how will it look like? What type of criminal law is needed at present and in the future in order to provide for peaceful and stable Islamic societies that apply a law code that meets international and domestic expectations in view of basic human rights as well as general approaches towards justice and equality before the Law? Through this research I would like to explain some important points of criminal law not just for the non -Muslims but also for Muslims. We ourselves want to learn how to conduct research using scientific methods and logic in order to understand Islamic criminal law. We want to show how Islamic criminal law should be understood through study and analysis. The analysis of law must be changed according to the benefits and interests of the people because God wants to see all his creation living in good way, peacefully, with justice and respect for each others. The Islamic world of today is sharply divided between modernism and fundamentalism. Both streams of thought may be defined to a large extent by their relationship to the West. Modernism takes into account what the West has achieved and calls for an adaptation to one's own ideas, values and practices. They advocate a broad interpretation of Islam for harmonising the traditional Islamic teachings and principles with the needs of a modern, progressive society. Fundamentalism, on the other hand, implies a return to a supposedly original core Islamic concept that rejects Western achievements. By the beginning of the 20th century there was a consensus among liberal Islamic thinkers about the necessity to reform and to meet modern legal standards without totally abandoning Islamic restrictions.

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Haydar, Maysan. "Immigration and the Forging of an American Islam". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595279435195722.

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Al-Musleh, Mohamed Abubakr A. "Al-Ghazali as an Islamic reformer (Muslih) : an evaluative study of the attempts of the Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali at Islamic reform (Islah)". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2798/.

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Notwithstanding the enduring and rich “legacy of islah (Islamic reform)”, the study of it is relatively scarce and remarkably limited to modern times. The present study attempts to shed some light on this legacy by evaluating the contribution of an outstanding pre-modern Muslim scholar, al-Ghazali. Surprisingly, some studies create an absolutely positive picture of him, while others portray him in an extremely negative light. Thus, this study raises the question of whether it is justifiable to classify him as a muslih (Islamic reformer). In the light of the analysis of the concept “islah” and the complexity of Al-Ghazali’s time, the study demonstrates his life-experience and verifies that he devoted himself to general islah at a late period of his life, after succeeding in his self-islah. Further the study assess his islahi teachings in general, namely those formulated in the Ihya’ and evaluates the claimed effects of his attempts at islah. The study also highlights a number of strengths and weaknesses of al-Ghazali’s efforts and critically discusses some of the criticism directed at him. By weighing up the points for and against al-Ghazali, this study concludes by asserting that classifying him as a muslih appears to be fairly justified.

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Adams, Roldah. "Historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa a case study of the Islamic Library in Gatesville /". Thesis, Click here for online access, 2003. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=lib_papers.

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Collins, Micah David. "What The Religions Named In The Qur'an Can Tell Us About The Earliest Understanding of "Islam"". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1341884313.

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35

Al-Nahee, Owed Abdullah S. "The religious structure of Najrān in late pre-Islamic and early Islamic history : from the end of the Ḥimyarite Kingdom until the end of the Rashidun Caliphate (525-661 CE)". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7931/.

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This thesis questions what was the religious structure of the region of Najrān was during the period between 525 and 661 CE by examining the factors of forming the religious structure, how each religious community practised its religious life and the influence of Islam on this religious structure. It therefore consists of six chapters, Chapter one contains a discussion on primary and secondary sources relevant to the research questions. In Chapter two, the background on Najrān is given, in terms of its geography, demography, economy and political history prior to the period under research. The following three chapters after that investigate the religious aspects of polytheism, Judaism and Christianity in terms of origins, types of worship, rituals of worship and theological beliefs. The discussions also shed light on their religious leaders, places of worship and doctrinal sects. In Chapter six, the study debates how Islam influenced the religious structure of Najrān, by tracing its arrival and the policy of Muslim authorities to spread Islam among the Najrānite people. The thesis discusses the main features of the policy of the Muslim authority towards non-Muslims in terms of religion, security, economy and citizenship. It finally evaluates the impact of this policy on the lives of non-Muslim Najrānites. The thesis concludes that Najrān seems to represent a multi-religious society during the period under research. It points out that geographical, economic and political factors contributed towards making it. The thesis also deduces that each religious community established its identity which developed over the course of time to include places of worship, clergy, types of deity, doctrines, theological beliefs and rituals of worship, and that the domination of Islam clearly made the most important change in this multi-religious society by making Muslims the majority in the region.

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Stephens, Julia Anne. "Governing Islam: Law and Religion in Colonial India". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10842.

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This dissertation charts how the legal regulation of Islam in colonial India fostered a conception of religion that focused on dividing it from secular economy and politics. Colonial law segregated religious law from other branches of law through intersecting binaries that pitted religion against reason and family against the economy. These binaries continue to shape both popular and scholarly approaches to South Asian religion. Unsettling these common assumptions, the dissertation reveals the close relationship between contemporary conceptions of religion and the imperatives of imperial governance. By segregating religious from secular law, the British developed a bifurcated strategy of governance that balanced contradictory commitments to preserving Indian traditions with introducing modernizing reforms. Scholars have traditionally located the origins of the colonial approach to administering Indian religious laws in the early decades of Company rule. The dissertation argues instead that the conceptual framework of religious personal laws emerged between the second and third quarter of the nineteenth century. Changing concepts of sovereignty, an evangelical commitment to spreading Christian civilization, and the integration of colonial production into global markets led colonial officials to look for ways to consolidate the authority of the colonial state. Due to the history of Mughal rule, colonial officials viewed Islamic law as posing a particular threat to colonial suzerainty, placing Islam at the center of these debates. Limiting religious laws to the sphere of domestic relations and ritual performance allowed the colonial state to maintain the rhetoric of respecting Indian religions while consolidating new bodies of criminal, commercial, and procedural law. The boundaries colonial law drew around religion, however, proved unstable. By bringing different definitions of religion into dialogue, legal adjudication in courts unsettled the boundaries between religious and secular authority that colonial legislation and legal texts attempted to solidify. The dissertation looks at legal debates occurring in different levels of the judicial system and in the wider court of public opinion, turning to newspaper coverage of trials and literature on Islamic law. The dissertation uses this broadened archive of legal contest to explore alternative understandings of the relationship between religion, politics, and economy.
History

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Bednarkiewicz, Maroussia. "Summoning the believers as the Christians did? : religious differentiation in Muslim sources until the third/ninth century". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e98bd5c-3d6d-4530-b372-95780de2af86.

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The Muslim tradition tells us that when Muslims migrated to Medina and their number increased, they felt the need for an efficient means to convoke the community for the daily prayers. Jews and Christians both had well-established summoning rituals involving different instruments, that Muslims considered adopting. They eventually developed a distinct, simple ritual consisting of a small set of chanted formulæ, which became known as the adhān, the Islamic call to prayer. This is the narrative thread that we find in all major Sunnī collections of aḥādīth - reported sayings of Muḥammad and his companions - which recount the introduction of the adhān. The present work postulates that this thread or 'proto-narrative' was used by several narrators, transmitters, and collectors until the third/ninth century who modified it and added new elements in order to settle political and religious controversies of their times. This proto-narrative is outlined in the main chapter (chap. 3), which highlights how it was modified and why, using close textual analysis of both Sunnī and Shī'ī texts with data-dense graphs of relations, locations, and times produced via network visualisation tools. Five major Sunnī legal treaties from the second/eighth century onwards were also scrutinised (chap. 4) to better understand the general context in which the aḥādīth about the introduction of the adhān were being circulated and confirm the results obtained through the textual analysis. The conclusions reveal specific mechanisms used in the formation and transmission of aḥādīth. In the case of the adhān, aḥādīth represent half of a 'conversation' between people, students, or rulers on one side, asking questions about the origins and the right form of the call to prayer, and on the other side, scholars or jurists who answer with adapted narratives. Only the latter was preserved, yet the present thesis shows that it is often possible to reconstruct, to a certain extent, the former part of this 'conversation'.

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Rassi, Salam. "Justifying Christianity in the Islamic middle ages : the apologetic theology of ʻAbdīshōʻ bar Brīkhā (d. 1318)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd4d5621-24a8-4432-acea-9b5e58a9074a.

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The subject of this thesis is the theology of the late 13th- early 14th century churchman 'Abdisho' bar Brikha. Better known by modern scholars for his poetry and canon law, he is far less recognised as a religious controversialist who composed works in Arabic as well as Syriac to answer Muslim criticisms. My overall argument contends that 'Abdisho''s hitherto neglected theological works are critical to our understanding of how anti-Muslim apologetics had by his time become central to his Church's articulation of a distinct Christian identity in a largely non-Christian environment. 'Abdisho' wrote his apologetic theology at a time when Christians experienced increasing hardship under the rule of the Mongol Ilkhans, who had officially converted to Islam in 1295. While the gradual hardening of attitudes towards Christians may well have informed 'Abdisho''s defensive stance, this thesis also demonstrates that his theology is built on a genre of apologetics that emerged as early as the mid-8th century. Our author compiles and systematises earlier debates and authorities from this tradition while updating them for a current authorship. In doing so, he contributes to the formation of a theological canon that would remain authoritative for centuries to come. My analysis of 'Abdisho''s oeuvre extends to three doctrinal themes: the Trinity, the Incarnation, and devotional practices (viz. the veneration of the Cross and the striking of the church clapper). I situate his discussion of these topics in a period when Syriac Christian scholarship was marked by a familiarity with Arabo-Islamic theological and philosophical models. While our author does not engage with these models as closely as his better-known Syriac Christian contemporary Bar Hebraeus (d. 1286), he nevertheless appeals to a literary and theological idiom common to both Muslims and Christians in order to convince his coreligionists of their faith's reasonableness against centuries-long polemical attacks.

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Hage-Ali, Chady. "La mission évangélique américaine et le monde arabo-musulman : une histoire géopolitique de la rencontre islamo-chrétienne du XIXe siècle à nos jours". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0028.

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L’histoire de la mission évangélique américaine et de son influence sur la politique américaine au Moyen-Orient depuis le début du XIXe siècle demeure largement méconnue du grand public. Pourtant, les missionnaires ont fortement contribué à l’ouverture de leur pays au monde et à son positionnement comme acteur majeur de la scène internationale. Dans les provinces ottomanes, leurs apports en matière d’éducation, de santé, de culture et d’action sociale furent souvent plus significatifs que leurs résultats en matière d’évangélisation. En partant du postulat que l’influence des missions chrétiennes sur les choix politiques reste relative au cours de l’histoire, notre thèse entend distinguer la responsabilité des missionnaires et des leaders religieux du rôle joué par Washington dans l’apparition des crises et des conflits qui secouent le Moyen-Orient et le monde arabo-musulman. Elle examine les causes de l’échec à évangéliser massivement et à implanter les valeurs laïques et démocratiques. Elle souligne également les ambivalences et les divergences qui traversent le protestantisme américain, les attitudes, les représentations et les pratiques des évangéliques et du gouvernement américain à l’égard de l’islam, d’Israël, des nations arabes et musulmanes
The history of the American Evangelical Mission and its influence on American policy in the Middle East, since the beginning of the nineteenth century, remains largely unknown to the general public. However, protestant missionaries have greatly contributed to the opening of their country to the world and to its status as a major player on the international scene. In the Ottoman provinces, their contributions to education, health, culture and social action were often more significant than their results in terms of evangelization. On the assumption that the influence of Christian missions on political choices remains relative in the course of history, our thesis seeks to distinguish the responsibility of missionaries from the political role played by Washington in the emergence of crises and conflicts that shake up the Middle East and the Arab-Muslim World. It examines the reasons for the failure of massive evangelization and implementation of democratic and secular values. It also highlights the ambivalences and divergences that cross American Protestantism, the attitudes, representations and practices of Evangelicals and American government towards Islam, Israel, the Arab and Muslim nations

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Jarrar, Rola Neyazi. "The discipline of Qur'an recitation in Britain and its history and status in the Islamic curriculum". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7886/.

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This thesis aims to determine whether the teaching of Tajwid science in the UK is of a sufficient standard. This stems from the author’s experience in professional studies and teaching experiments performed in Britain in this field, which have indicated that current instruction is substandard. The research aim is to contribute to developing Tajwid teaching in Britain. To conduct this research, the author evaluated Tajwid teaching using a series of methods. A pedagogical study was applied; specifically, a questionnaire with Tajwid students from different UK Islamic organisations. She then engaged in two group meetings with Tajwid teachers, conducted close-ended telephone interviews with Islamic organisations based in the UK, reviewed five English-language resources, and suggested alternative sources for Tajwid instruction that explain the subject through al-Shāṭibiyyah, which features the most well-known form of recitation among Muslims. Finally, she hosted a series of free Tajwid classes to examine research-recommended sources and their effects on learners’ attitudes. The findings proved that different approaches are required to develop Tajwid teaching in the UK; furthermore, they helped to establish the criteria required to develop effective Tajwid teaching, and clarified the importance of incorporating new sources that use topics comprehensibly and provide solutions to related problems.

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41

Laher, Suheil Ismail. "TWISTED THREADS: GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE TERM AND CONCEPT OF TAWATUR IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11698.

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Tawātur is the concept that if we obtain the same information through a sufficient number of independent channels, we reach certainty about that data. When applied to the transmission of Qur'ān and hadith texts, tawātur can serve as a means by which to assert the truth of a source-text, which in turn has implications for correctness of the religious belief or practice that is conveyed by the text, and hence the orthodoxy of one accepting or rejecting it.
Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations

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42

Abdalla, Mohamad, e n/a. "The Fate of Islamic Science Between the Eleventh and Sixteenth Centuries: A Critical Study of Scholarship from Ibn Khaldun to the Present". Griffith University. School of Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040618.091027.

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The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively survey and evaluate scholarship, from Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) to the present, on the fate of Islamic science between the eleventh and sixteenth-centuries, and to outline a more adequate scholarly approach. The thesis also assesses the logic and empirical accuracy of the accepted decline theory, and other alternative views, regarding the fate of Islamic science, and investigates the procedural and social physiological factors that give rise to inadequacies in the scholarship under question. It also attempts to construct an intellectual model for the fate of Islamic science, one that examines the cultural environment, and the interactions among different cultural dynamics at work. Drawing upon Ibn Khaldun's theory and recent substantial evidence from the history of Islamic science, this thesis also entails justifying the claim that, contrary to common assumptions, different fates awaited Islamic science, in different areas, and at different times. For the period of Ibn Khaldun to the present, this thesis presents the first comprehensive review of both classical and contemporary scholarship, exclusively or partially, devoted to the fate of Islamic science for the period under study. Based on this review, the thesis demonstrates that, although the idea that Islamic science declined after the eleventh century has gained a wide currency, and may have been established as the preferred scholarly paradigm, there is no agreement amongst scholars regarding what actually happened. In fact, the lexicon of scholarship that describes the fate of Islamic science includes such terms as: "decline," "decadence," "stagnation," "fragmentation," "standstill," and that Islamic science "froze," to name just a few. More importantly, the study shows that six centuries ago, the Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun provided a more sophisticated and complex theory regarding what happened to Islamic science, which was not utilised except in the work of two scholars. The thesis tests the adequacy of the different claims by applying them to four case studies from the history of Islamic science, and demonstrate that evidence for specified areas shows that different fates awaited Islamic science in different areas and times. In view of the fact that Ibn Khaldun's theory is six centuries old, and that evidence of original scientific activity beyond the eleventh century emerged in the 1950s, what would one expect the state of scholarship to be? One would expect that with the availability of such evidence the usage of "decline" and other single-faceted terms would begin to disappear from the lexicon of scholarship; scholars would show awareness, and criticism, of each other's work; and development of more and more sophisticated concepts would emerge that would explain the fate of Islamic science. The thesis demonstrates that this did not happen. It argues that the key problem is that, after Ibn Khaldun, there was a centuries-long gap, in which even excellent historians used simple, dismissive terms and concepts defined by a limited, but highly persistent, bundle of interpretative views with a dominant theme of decline. These persistent themes within the scholarship by which Islamic science is constructed and represented were deeply embedded in many scholarly works. In addition, many scholars failed to build on the work of others; they ignored major pieces of evidence; and, in most cases, they were not trying to discern what happened to Islamic science but were referring to the subject as part of another project. Thus, in this corpus of scholarship, one that contains the work of some of the 'best' scholars, the myth of the decline remains not only intact but also powerful. Convinced of its merit, scholars passed it on and vouched for it, failing to distinguish facts from decisions based on consensus, emotion, or tradition. There are very few noteworthy cases where Islamic science is being represented in ways that do not imply negativity. There are also some few narratives that present more complex descriptions; however, even Ibn Khaldun's complex theory, which is arguably the most adequate in the scholarship, is non-comprehensive. Some modern scholars, like Saliba and Sabra, present a challenge to the common argument that Islamic science suffered a uniform decline. However, in the absence of any significant challenges to the common claims of the fate of Islamic science, particularly that of decline, it is evident that, at the very least, the scholarship seems to offer support to the work of discourses that construct the fate of Islamic science in single-faceted, simplistic and reductive terms.

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43

Abdalla, Mohamad. "The Fate of Islamic Science Between the Eleventh and Sixteenth Centuries: A Critical Study of Scholarship from Ibn Khaldun to the Present". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367065.

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The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively survey and evaluate scholarship, from Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) to the present, on the fate of Islamic science between the eleventh and sixteenth-centuries, and to outline a more adequate scholarly approach. The thesis also assesses the logic and empirical accuracy of the accepted decline theory, and other alternative views, regarding the fate of Islamic science, and investigates the procedural and social physiological factors that give rise to inadequacies in the scholarship under question. It also attempts to construct an intellectual model for the fate of Islamic science, one that examines the cultural environment, and the interactions among different cultural dynamics at work. Drawing upon Ibn Khaldun's theory and recent substantial evidence from the history of Islamic science, this thesis also entails justifying the claim that, contrary to common assumptions, different fates awaited Islamic science, in different areas, and at different times. For the period of Ibn Khaldun to the present, this thesis presents the first comprehensive review of both classical and contemporary scholarship, exclusively or partially, devoted to the fate of Islamic science for the period under study. Based on this review, the thesis demonstrates that, although the idea that Islamic science declined after the eleventh century has gained a wide currency, and may have been established as the preferred scholarly paradigm, there is no agreement amongst scholars regarding what actually happened. In fact, the lexicon of scholarship that describes the fate of Islamic science includes such terms as: "decline," "decadence," "stagnation," "fragmentation," "standstill," and that Islamic science "froze," to name just a few. More importantly, the study shows that six centuries ago, the Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun provided a more sophisticated and complex theory regarding what happened to Islamic science, which was not utilised except in the work of two scholars. The thesis tests the adequacy of the different claims by applying them to four case studies from the history of Islamic science, and demonstrate that evidence for specified areas shows that different fates awaited Islamic science in different areas and times. In view of the fact that Ibn Khaldun's theory is six centuries old, and that evidence of original scientific activity beyond the eleventh century emerged in the 1950s, what would one expect the state of scholarship to be? One would expect that with the availability of such evidence the usage of "decline" and other single-faceted terms would begin to disappear from the lexicon of scholarship; scholars would show awareness, and criticism, of each other's work; and development of more and more sophisticated concepts would emerge that would explain the fate of Islamic science. The thesis demonstrates that this did not happen. It argues that the key problem is that, after Ibn Khaldun, there was a centuries-long gap, in which even excellent historians used simple, dismissive terms and concepts defined by a limited, but highly persistent, bundle of interpretative views with a dominant theme of decline. These persistent themes within the scholarship by which Islamic science is constructed and represented were deeply embedded in many scholarly works. In addition, many scholars failed to build on the work of others; they ignored major pieces of evidence; and, in most cases, they were not trying to discern what happened to Islamic science but were referring to the subject as part of another project. Thus, in this corpus of scholarship, one that contains the work of some of the 'best' scholars, the myth of the decline remains not only intact but also powerful. Convinced of its merit, scholars passed it on and vouched for it, failing to distinguish facts from decisions based on consensus, emotion, or tradition. There are very few noteworthy cases where Islamic science is being represented in ways that do not imply negativity. There are also some few narratives that present more complex descriptions; however, even Ibn Khaldun's complex theory, which is arguably the most adequate in the scholarship, is non-comprehensive. Some modern scholars, like Saliba and Sabra, present a challenge to the common argument that Islamic science suffered a uniform decline. However, in the absence of any significant challenges to the common claims of the fate of Islamic science, particularly that of decline, it is evident that, at the very least, the scholarship seems to offer support to the work of discourses that construct the fate of Islamic science in single-faceted, simplistic and reductive terms.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
Full Text

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44

Muflih, Mahmoud Hussein. "An analytical study of the development of the Islamic education curriculum in Jordan". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2906/.

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This thesis expansively discusses the development of Islamic education and its curriculum in Jordan from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives, hitherto an under-researched area. However, it places special emphasis on most recent attitudes, approaches and policies surrounding the Islamic education curriculum in Jordanian schools. This is done by reviewing the most relevant literature available on the subject as well as by analysing the data collected during an extensive field work. It is stressed that although the study employs qualitative approach to contextualise the research, it largely relies on quantitative methods consisting of field work and interviews. Subsequently the final results demonstrate many positives in the process of the development in the curriculum of Islamic education. In addition, it suggests that much has been done in this regard since the beginning of the formal establishment of the education system in Jordan in early eighties. However, it admits that there is much to be done in terms of elevating the standard of the Islamic education curriculum. It suggests that there is a need for a constant drive to improve the content of the curriculum to bring Islamic education at par with the secular education. Finally, it recommends that the future development of the content of the Islamic education curriculum should indeed take place in view of the modern Jordanian context, but this process of development must not compromise the spiritual element that lay at the core of Islamic education.

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45

Milby, Katherine Amanda. "The Making of an Image: The Narrative Form of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/rs_theses/16.

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This thesis explores the meaning and significance of the form of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. It asks the questions: What are the possible reasons for Ibn Ishaq choosing a narrative form for this biography of Muhammad? What does a narrative format grant the text? Are there historical factors which could have influenced the decision? What other influences affected the text? Finally, what are the implications of Ibn Ishaq’s decision to use a narrative form? Taking into consideration narrative theory, the historical setting, and textual evidence, the thesis argues that Ibn Ishaq chose the format most likely to control the image of Muhammad, thus controlling the conversation of what Islam should be. The implications of this view affect how one understands the usages of the Sira as well as the historicity of the text.

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46

Samour, Nahed. "Judge and Jurisconsult - Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22264.

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Judge and Jurisconsult – Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law (Richter und Rechtsberater- Zwingende und überzeugende Autorität im Islamischen Recht) Wer spricht das Recht in der islamischen Rechtsprechung? Die islamische Rechtsgeschichte konzentrierte sich lange auf den Einzelrichter (qadi) als Inbegriff der Rechtsprechung. Der Richter handelte jedoch nicht als einzige Verkörperung der Rechtsprechung. Ein Justizpersonal unterstützte seine und arbeitete von einer ihm unterstellten Position aus. Darüber hinaus hat der gelehrte Rechtsberater (mufti) die Rechtsprechung durch übereinstimmende und abweichende Meinungen vor Gericht in vielerlei Hinsicht geprägt. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich auf zwei Autoritäten am Gericht – qadi und mufti – in der frühen Abbasidischen Rechtsgeschichte (2. und 3. Jahrhundert nach der islamischen Zeitrechnung bzw. 8. und 9. Jahrhundert der gregorianischen Zeit), die miteinander kooperiert oder auch konkurriert haben. Die Grundlage ihrer Beziehung ist das islamische Prinzip der gerichtlichen Beratung von Experten in Rechtsfragen. Die islamische Rechtslehre ermutigt einen Richter, der mit Rechtsunsicherheiten konfrontiert war, einen gelehrten Rechtsberater (mufti) zu konsultieren, bevor er eine gerichtliche Entscheidung trifft. Die islamische Rechtsprechung entstand somit aus einem Verhältnis von Kooperation, Konfrontation und Kooptation zwischen Richtern und (außer-gerichtlichen) gelehrten Rechtsberatern.
Judge and Jurisconsult – Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law Who dispenses justice at court? Islamic legal historians have long focused on the single judge (qadi) as the embodiment of the administration of justice. The judge, however, did not act alone in dispensing justice. A judicial staff supported his work, working from a position subordinate to him. In addition, evading a clearly demarcated judicial hierarchy, the learned jurisconsult (mufti) shaped adjudication in many distinct ways through concurring and dissenting opinions at court. This contribution focuses on two authorities—the qadi and the mufti—who cooperated or competed with each other at court in early Abbasid legal history (2nd-3rd century A. H. / 8th-9th century C.E.). Fundamental to their relationship is the Islamic principle of judicial consultation of experts on legal questions. Islamic legal doctrine encouraged a judge confronted with legal uncertainties to consult a mufti before issuing a judicial decision. Islamic adjudication thus emerged out of cooperation, confrontation and cooptation between judge and (extra-judicial) legal experts.

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47

Oweidat, Nadia. "Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd and the limits of reform in contemporary Islamic thought". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f91d164-36dd-498a-8786-b3223fecef50.

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This thesis examines in depth the thought and ideas of the Egyptian intellectual Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd as a representative of modernist Isalmic thought. In unpacking and analysingAbu Zayd’s ideas, this thesis focuses on five major issues: shari‘a, Islam and politics, the Arab-Islamic heritage, history, and the issue of women’s rights. This thesis argues that Abu Zayd’s thought suffers from some of the same weaknesses he attacked in traditional and Islamist thought. By focusing on Abu Zayd I not only contribute to understanding a major intellectual in contemporary Islamic thought but also shed light on his wider intellectual family.

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48

Kanade, Nikhil. "Tracing Islamic Extremist Ideologies: The Historical Journey of Jihad from the Late Antique Period to the 21st Century". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1389.

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Popular interpretations and academic scholarship tends to emphasize the relationship between jihad, military action, and communal violence. These reinforce a sense that violence is inherent to Islam. Investigations into the contexts where jihad has been deployed highlight how its use is often a call for unity believed to be necessary for political goals. Therefore, in order to deconstruct this belief, this thesis tackles instead the relationship between textual interpretations and historical actions, and how these varied across specific moments in time. The case studies examined range from the initial evolution of a theory of jihad in the late antique world, to the Crusades in the 11th and 12th centuries, to early modern dynamics of the Ottomans and Safavids, and finally to modern state-making projects in the Arabian Peninsula These examples seek to create a comprehensive picture of the intricacies rooted in jihad and the narrative that can be associated with a religion that is most often misunderstood. The effort to shed some light on the multiple facets of jihad is hinged upon how these case studies differ from one another, thus forcing the reader to question how they previously understood the modern day phenomenon of jihad. While the conversation will reiterate various themes and concepts as discussed in previous scholarship, it should push the boundaries on how jihad has been framed as a modern day extremist ideology.

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49

Nigro, Justin. "RECONCILING ISLAM AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE VIRTUOUS CITY: REREADING AL-FARABI'S AL-MADINAH AL-FADILAH WITHIN 10TH-CENTURY ISLAMIC THOUGHT". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/440141.

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Religion
M.A.
In his tenth-century work, al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah, the Muslim philosopher Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī posits a solution to the internecine hostilities between Muslim intellectual communities which occurred as a result of conflicting positions on the relationship between revelation and reason, religion and philosophy. In this work al-Fārābī demonstrates that both religion and philosophy are derived from, and dependent upon, divine revelation from Allah to the Prophet. Modern scholars of al-Fārābī interpret his work differently, reading him as an enemy of religion who subordinates Islam to philosophy. In this thesis, after establishing al-Fārābī within the historical and ideological context of tenth-century Islamic thought I analyze al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah in light of a commentary on the text by Richard Walzer, who is among those scholars who read al-Fārābī as an enemy of Islam who merely reproduces Greek philosophy in Arabic. Contrasting the original Arabic text with Walzer’s English translation and commentary I apply readings of several of al-Fārābī’s other works as an interpretive lens, through which the correct reading of al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah is made clear. I further analyze the text in light of Islamic Scripture, by which I demonstrate that the foundation on which al-Fārābī’s cosmology is founded has precedence within the Qur’ān. Working in the tenth century al-Fārābī sought to reconcile the conflicting views of his fellow Muslims, in order to bring peace to the community, the Muslim Ummah. Al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah should be regarded as his crowning achievement in these efforts.
Temple University--Theses

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50

Lamey, Emeel S. "The Idea of ‘Holy Islamic Empire’ as a Catalyst to Muslims’ Response to the Second Crusade". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2359.

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The oral traditions in the Islamic world presented only the moral benefits of Jihad. Yet, the fact is that, though the moral benefits continued to exist before and after the First Crusade, though the interest seemed to have been present and the necessary intellectual theories continued on, Muslims did not advance the practical Jihad. Nonetheless, the disastrous Second Crusade struck a powerful chord among Muslims. It forced Muslims to battle for their very survival, and to do so they would have to adapt, but equally they could only survive by drawing on their imperial inheritance built up over centuries. A number of concerns identified with the “golden age” of the Islamic empire influenced the Jihad movements for Muslims associated the imperial traditions with Islam itself. Given the examples of the First and Second Crusades, this study proposes that the idea of “Islamic Empire” constituted Muslims’ practical response to the crusades.

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