Teses / dissertações: "History, 1866"

1

Weir, Rebecca Jane. "Written war : reportage and the literary, 1861-1866". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609236.

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2

Forehand, Beverly. "Striking Resemblance: Kentucky, Tennessee, Black Codes and Readjustment, 1865-1866". TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/868.

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To date, the scholarship covering the Black Codes has centered on these laws' role as the predecessor of Jim Crow. Little study has been given to the laws as a whole--the one encompassing work being Theodore Wilson's Black Codes of the South. Other studies have examined the Black Codes' effect on specific states; however, no specific study has been done on the Black Codes of Kentucky and Tennessee nor has any study been made of these laws' relation to the antebellum Slave Code. This project therefore will represent an attempt to show that the Black Codes of Tennessee and Kentucky bear a direct relation to those states' antebellum Slave Code. The Black Codes of Tennessee and Kentucky were in many instances revised Slave Codes. Often this revision entailed only the removal of the word slave. In other instances, laws applying to free blacks remained on the law books following Reconstruction since they did not apply specifically to slaves and the federal government did not demand their repeal. Both states attempted to pass additional laws which applied to solely freedmen following the Civil War; however, due to Tennessee's position as a former Confederate state, its efforts were thwarted. These aspirations show Kentucky and Tennessee's desire to maintain the antebellum status quo and do not represent the beginning of Jim Crow law. This project will rest mainly on sources from the 1865-1866 period, primarily codes Tennessee and Kentucky's General Assemblies passed during these years. It will also include Slave Codes passed between 1800 and 1860 which were either revised or still in effect during the Black Code era, 1865 to 1866. Whenever secondary sources are used it will be the intent of the author to utilize the primary quotations from within those texts. Finally, it will be seen that the Black Codes of Kentucky and Tennessee owe their form as well as their function to the Slave Code. Likewise it will be clearly seen that the Black Codes were an attempt by Southern legislatures to hold on to the social and racial hierarchy of the antebellum South.

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3

Davies, Emily R. "What Sorrows and What Joys: The Civil War Diaries of Cloe Tyler Whittle, 1861-1866". W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625840.

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4

Welsh, David Roy. "The reform of urban policing in Victorian England : a study of Kingston upon Hull from 1836 to 1866". Thesis, University of Hull, 1997. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4701.

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Chapter 1 introduces the economy, society and politics of Hull in the nineteenth century, concentrating on the middle decades of the century. The characteristics of the old police system in the early 1830s are analysed in chapter 2, along with the proposals which were made for its reform in 1836 and the very similar measures actually introduced. Chapters 3 and 4 constitute the main part of the thesis arranged thematically. A loose distinction can be made between them, with chapter 3 examining what the Hull Police was as a body (its organization, manpower, discipline etc.), while chapter 4 analyses what it did (dealing with crime, public order and issues relevant to serving policemen, etc.). However, it must be stressed that this is not a rigid division of subject matter. Chapter 5 is concerned with two subjects: first, a service provided by the police, fire-fighting, which was usually effective but led to one controversial incident; second, an operational feature of the police, its police stations, which were a recurrent problem for many years until the issue was resolved handsomely. Finally, some of the early policemen are introduced in chapter 6: their working lives are analysed and the effects which this had on them as individuals are considered. The conclusion draws together the main findings of the research and the appendices contain relevant information which is supplementary to the argument and analysis or too detailed to be easily presented in the text or footnotes.

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5

Uglow, Loyd M. (Loyd Michael). "Standing in the Gap: Subposts, Minor Posts, and Picket Stations and the Pacification of the Texas Frontier, 1866-1886". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279057/.

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This dissertation describes the various military outposts on the Texas frontier between 1866 and 1886. It is arranged geographically, with each chapter covering a major fort or geographical area and the smaller posts associated with it. Official military records and government reports serve as the primary sources of data. In 1866 when the United States Army returned to the defense of Texas after four years of civil war, the state's frontier lay open to depredations from several Indian tribes and from lawless elements in Mexico. The army responded to those attacks by establishing several lines of major forts to protect the various danger areas of the frontier. To extend its control and protection to remote, vulnerable, or strategically important points within its jurisdiction, each major fort established outposts. Two main categories of outposts existed in Texas, subposts and picket stations. Subposts served as permanent scouting camps or guarded strategic points or lines of communication. Picket stations protected outlying locations, such as stage stations, that were particularly vulnerable to attack. Because Indians raiding in Texas usually operated in fairly small groups, garrisons at outposts were similarly small. Company-sized detachments generally garrisoned subposts, and picket stations seldom held more than a dozen troops, often fewer. The army used outposts haphazardly during the first few years after the Civil War. Commanders developed standard tactics for outpost garrisons, but they failed to form a comprehensive strategy incorporating a series of outposts in the plan to pacify a particular region until the late 1870s. At that time, Colonel Benjamin Grierson and others began forming a systematic network of outposts in far West Texas. Concentrating his outposts at the region's few water sources, Grierson was able to use those posts as an effective part of a strategy that eventually brought an end to danger from Apaches in that part of the state.

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6

Ivan, Madison. ""The City's Shame:" Prostitution in Cleveland, 1866 to 1915". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396531522.

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7

Heinzen, Jasper Maximilian. "Hohenzollern state-building in the Province of Hanover, 1866-1914". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608945.

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8

Dredger, John Anthony. "Offensive spending: tactics and procurement in the Habsburg military, 1866-1918". Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15684.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of History
David Stone
This manuscript reveals the primary causes of Habsburg defeat both in 1866 and in 1914-1918. The choice of offensive strategy and tactics against an enemy possessing superior weaponry in the Austro-Prussian War and opponents with superior numbers and weapons in the First World War resulted in catastrophe. The inferiority of the Habsburg forces in both wars stemmed from imprudent spending decisions during peacetime rather than conservatism or parliamentary stinginess. The desire to restore the sunken prestige of Austria-Hungary and prove Habsburg great power status drove the military to waste money on an expensive fleet and choose offensive tactics to win great victories. This study shows the civil-military interaction in regard to funding and procurement decisions as well as the deep intellectual debates within the army, which refute the idea that the Habsburg military remained opposed to technology or progress.

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9

Tong, Cheuk-kei, e 唐卓姬. "Municipal waste management in Shanghai, 1866-1949". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41634032.

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10

Beall, Jonathan Andrew. ""Won't we never get out of this state?": western soldiers in post-civil war Texas, 1865-1866". Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1498.

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After the Civil War, the government needed to send an occupation force into Texas to help rebuild the state government and confront the French Imperialist forces that had invaded Mexico. Unfortunately, the government was required to use volunteers because the Regular Army was not yet prepared to handle such a mission. Using citizen soldiers for peacetime occupation was a break from past military tradition, and the men did not appreciate such an act. Historians of Reconstruction Texas have focused on state politics, the rampant violence in the state throughout this period, and the role of freedmen in situating themselves to an uncertain and hostile society. Studies of the military in post-Civil War Texas have examined the armys role in the states political reconstruction, but largely ignore the soldiers. Additionally, these works tend to over-generalize the experience and relations of the troops and Texans. This thesis looks at Western citizen soldiers, comprising the Fourth and Thirteenth Army Corps as well as two cavalry divisions, stationed in Texas after the war from the Rio Grande to San Antonio to Marshall. Beginning with the units receiving official orders to proceed to Texas after the surrender of the principal Confederate forces in 1865, it follows the movements from wartime positions in Tennessee and Alabama to peacetime posts within Texas. The study examines Texan-soldier relations as they differed from place to place. It also investigates the Westerners peacetime occupation duties and the conditions endured in Texas. The thesis argues that there was diversity in both the Western volunteers experiences and relations with occupied Texans, and it was not as monolithic as past historians have suggested. Specifically, this study endeavors to supplement the existing historiography of the army in Texas during Reconstruction. Broadly, this thesis also hopes to be a more general look at the use of citizen soldiers for postwar occupation duty.

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11

Schminder, Jan. "Geschichtsunterricht und Geschichtslehrer an sächsischen Gymnasien 1831-1866". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-131901.

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Diese Untersuchung behandelt innerhalb der generellen Entwicklungsgeschichte des Geschichtsunterrichtes im 19. Jahrhundert einen engen zeitlichen und regionalen Ausschnitt sächsischer Gymnasialgeschichte und untersucht die Bildung von Traditionen im höheren Bildungswesen. Unter dieser mikrohistorischen Perspektive werden einige Bedingungs- und Entscheidungsfelder für den Geschichtsunterricht an sächsischen Gymnasien von 1831-1866 herausgearbeitet. Es wird versucht, den alltäglichen, praxisgetriebenen Kontextrahmen des Geschichtsunterrichtes an den Gymnasien zu beleuchten. Im Fokus der Erörterung steht der erste Lehrplan für den Geschichtsunterricht an sächsischen Gymnasien aus dem Jahr 1845. Dessen Genese als Verwaltungsakt wird im Kontext der sächsischen Gymnasialreformen im Vormärz im Detail transparent gemacht. So werden die vorangehende Ausgangssituation, der fachdidaktische Kontext und die bildungspolitischen Aspekte kurz umrissen. Daneben werden die handelnden Personen untersucht und die anschließende Wirksamkeit des Lehrplanerlasses an den Gymnasien überprüft. Für die Schulen stellte sich der Auftrag zur Realisierung des Lehrplanes vor allem als Ressourcenproblem. Unter diesem Aspekt wird das Thema der Professionalisierung der sächsischen Geschichtslehrer im Untersuchungszeitraum diskutiert.

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12

Foale, Marie Therese. "The Sisters of St. Joseph : their foundation and early history, 1866-1893". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf649.pdf.

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13

Williams, David Langlois. "The Development and Consolidation of Atlanta’s Street Railways, 1866-1891". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/26.

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This is a map from a dissertation that was completed in 1975, which has been scanned to ensure greater access. Please search the GIL Online Catalog for more information about this thesis, or to locate the hard copy within the Georgia State University Library. A Note on Maps (from the Appendix): Two main sources were used in the mapping of streetcar routes: franchises and deeds of conveyance. Neither of these alone or combined were completely satisfactory in fixing the exact route, at any given time, of the lines which were built. While the franchise theoretically laid out the route to be followed, the wording of such legislation was often vague or incomplete, and the franchise was no guarantee that the line would eventually be constructed with no modifications. The deeds, on the other hand, represented the routes existing at the time of the conveyance of the property, often many years after initial construction. This leaves open the possibility that routes may have been slightly changed from time to time as traction companies constructed turn-outs, spur lines, parallel tracks, etc. These maps were drawn up under official auspices and therefore represent an additional primary source of information on this question. This does not, however, render them totally free from error or omission. In the case of the West End and Atlanta and the Atlanta Street Railroad companies, for example, the evidence overwhelmingly indicates that they occupied Broad Street between Marietta and Alabama Streets, which is not indicated on the 1886 official map. When one turns to the general problem of tracing downtown tracks, which were altered quite frequently, the problem of accuracy becomes almost insurmountable. Except in these notable instances, in drawing these lines the author has tried to closely follow the routes as already plotted by the map-makers for the year concerned, even though this has entailed minor deviations from the routes as indicated by primary sources. Such discrepancies pertain primarily to the short-lived Taylor Hill Line of the Atlanta Street Railroad Company and the Park Avenue line of the Metropolitan Street Railroad Company. The lines of the companies are drawn in the following color keys: the Atlanta Street Railroad Company, red (with the Taylor Hill Line in orange); the West End and Atlanta Street Railroad Company, brown; the Metropolitan Street Railroad Company, dark blue; the Gate City Street Railroad Company, light blue; the Edgewood and Atlanta Street Railroad Company, black; and the Fulton County Street Railroad Company, green; the Atlanta, West End and McPherson Barracks and Grant Park Electric Railway companies, pink. Prospective routes of other companies are not indicated. Also not included on the 1894 map are the lines which were built by the Chattahoochee River Railway Company (later the Collins Park and Belt Railroad Company), the Atlanta City Street Railway Company, and the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company. These lines can be seen plotted on the map but are not included in the color key.

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14

Ekberg, Joakim. "Värmländska förstakammarval : Konflikter och offentlighet i det plutokratiska landstinget 1866-1894". Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-307.

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Idén med den svenska tvåkammarriksdagen var att Andra kammaren skulle vara den politiskt berättigade befolkningens direkta röst, medan den likaberättigade Första kammaren skulle frånhålla sig från kortsiktiga politiska schatteringar. Detta skulle genomföras genom de indirekta valen, genom nioåriga och successivt förnyade mandat, och genom ledamöternas ekonomiska oberoende, för vilket den främsta garanten var arvodeslösheten, som kvarstod fram till 1909.

Medan Första kammaren studerats ur olika synvinklar har just omsättningen i praktiken av dessa valprinciper tilldragit sig relativt liten uppmärksamhet. Var valen präglade av konflikt eller konsensus? Interagerade valkorporationerna, landstingen, på något sätt med offentligheten och den allmänna opinionen? Här studeras dessa frågor när det gäller det värmländska landstinget under åren 1866–1894. Källmaterialet utgörs av protokoll, privat korrespondens och dagstidningsartiklar.

Svaret på den första frågan är att valen successivt övergick från en konfliktsituation till en konsensussituation. De tidigaste konflikterna gällde personliga kvalifikationer eller lokalpolitiska hänsyn, till exempel i järnvägsfrågan. När partiväsendet började växa fram på 1870- och 1880-talen började vissa delar av landstinget, samt inte minst Karlstadstidningen, försöka skapa klassgemenskap bland landstingets bönder, som utgjorde nära hälften av ledamöterna. Detta misslyckades dock, delvis på grund av att majoriteten såg till att hålla samman mot denna nya situation. Tullfrågan ledde till ett stort utbyte av ledamöter, då många frihandlare tidigare suttit på Värmlandsbänken medan landstingets hade en mycket stark protektionistisk majoritet. Detta faktum, tillsammans med att det inte var frågan om någon proportionell representation och att man börjat se till att ena sig om kandidater redan vid gemensamma valmöten med provval, ledde till att valen under det tidiga 1890-talet saknade all spänning.

Angående offentligheten var tidningarna under denna tid den viktigaste kommunikationskanalen. Dessa började först i samband med partiväsendets framväxt kommentera eller försöka påverka valens utgång. Detsamma gäller insändarna från enskilda landstingsmän, som dock aldrig blir särskilt vanligt förekommande. Både Nya Wermlandstidningen och Karlstadstidningen försökte framhålla sig själva som folkets representanter och motståndarsidan som intrigant och konspirativ. Inga försök, vare sig genom ledarartiklar eller insändare, att påverka valen tycks dock ha lyckats, och efter den inledande tullstriden insåg båda tidningarna att det nuvarande systemet inte gjorde den typen av externa påtryckningar möjliga. KT började då i stället kritisera själva systemet som "barockt" och "allt utom vist". Övergången från konflikt till konsensus tycks alltså ha genomförts helt utanför den borgerliga offentlighetens sfär.

From 1867 until 1970, the Swedish people was represented by a bicameral parliament. The idea of this structure was to have the Lower House (Andra kammaren) as a direct voice of the population, or rather the part of it that possessed suffrage, while the equally powerful Upper House (Första kammaren) should ideally be a corporation void of short-term political partisanship. This was to be achieved by three measures: first, by indirect elections through the County Councils (Landsting); second, by nine-year, successively renewed mandates; and third, by the economical independence of the members, which was guaranteed by high financial demands for eligibility and by the lack of remuneration. This semi-democratic idea was mostly abandoned during the first few decades of the 20th century, but was highly active during the period studied here, 1866–1894.

There have been few studies on the realization of these principles. Were the elections marked by conflicts or by consensus? Were the preparations carried out within the semi-private sphere of the County Council, or did they involve interaction with the public sphere and the public opinion? By studying the tradition of one specific county, Värmland in western Sweden, we are able to give these questions partial answers. The study includes, apart from the officially produced material, private cor-respondence and newspaper articles.

The answer to the first question is, briefly summarized, that the elections started out marked by conflicts but gradually grew into consensus. The earliest conflicts were often local or personal in nature, and there seems to have been few successful efforts to remove these. When the emergence of a national party system during the 1870s and 1880s led to radical forces attempting to invoke class consciousness in certain groups of the Council, the majority reacted by keeping stronger together. In the largest political struggle of the late 19th century, the customs debate, the Council was more unified than ever in replacing old candidates with new ones, sharing the views of the majority. The minority interests were not allowed to gain representation due to the majority block vote system, and much weight was put in the Council's unity behind the nominees of the informal pre-election meetings.

Regarding the public sphere, its most important instances were the local newspapers. Studies of the moderately liberal Nya Wermlandstidningen (NWT) and the more radical Karlstadstidningen (KT) have shown that the newspapers did not participate in, or at all comment on, the earliest conflicts. Only with the aforementioned changes in the 1870s did KT begin attempts to influence the Council, claiming, not entirely without cause, to represent the public opinion. NWT followed suit to counter the efforts. The same timeline is valid for letters to the editors, which were sometimes sent in from indi-vidual members of the Council, but seem to have had little effect on the elections. KT soon realized that the Council was uninclined to listen to external suggestions, and that the outcome of the elections could not realistically be altered without a radical change in the representation system. In other words, the metamorphosis from conflicts to consensus took place almost entirely outside the public sphere.

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15

Pitts, Nathaniel F. "African American soldiers and civilian society, 1866-1966". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368352.

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16

Laythe, Joseph Willard. "A cycle of crisis and violence : the Oregon State Penitentiary, 1866-1968". PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4367.

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This thesis examines seven crises at the Oregon State Penitentiary between 1866 and 1968 which are symptomatic of a larger pathology of power at play at the institution. These prison crises brought the pathology of power out from behind the thick grey walls of the institution and to the eyes and ears of an uninformed public. This arousal of such attention forced the prison to re-evaluate its penal model, enact half-hearted reforms, but then resume to the institution's traditional pattern and style of punishment. This inability to address the crises or resolve the immediate problem points to a larger problem-namely a pathology of power. The pathology of power is evident in the prison administration's abuse of the political, financial, and physical power that the prison offers. This pathology is innate to the philosophy of the institution, regardless of the penal model then in application (rehabilitative or disciplinary).

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17

Forsgren, Petrus. "Distanshandel och industrialisering : En studie i den svenska tidiga postorderhandelns framväxt och expansion 1866-1895". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Enheten för ekonomisk historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185117.

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Distance trading and industrialization. A study in the swedish early mail order emergence and expansion 1866-1895. Petrus Forsgren, Economic History, Magister Degree, Umeå University Spring 2021. The meaning, preconditions, actors with their background, in the early swedish mail order growth and expansion have been studied between the period 1866-1895. Entrepreneurship and structural change have been the underlying theme. The meaning of mail order pointed to a focus on especially the swedish postal service as an important factor. It was found that important preconditions such as railways, consumer markets, the spread of newspapers along with institutional changes in payments started to change 1866 and was fully developed 1875. Before this period, there were obstacles that made mail order only possible in a small more local scale. As a text analysis advertisements were explored in the early period 1866-1874 in regards to the term ”cash on delivery” where it was found that early advertsements came from Denmark and Germany. But results were also found that gave tendencies for a internally domestic origin for mail order in regards to the actors. It was further explored 1875-1895 where the sold items went from light to heavy which indicated that the prerequisitions for mail order were transformed. A total of 15 actors in which the background was studied. They had all similar procedure of selling nationally via advertisments and through the swedish postal service. The actors were in average born 1833, started their business 1861 at 29,5 years of age and expanded with mail order 1876. All the studied actors had previous business experience and none of them had previously been involved in pedlary. Later actors required less previous experience. It further confirms that mail order were a new fenomena that differed from previous types of retail and might have more in common with wholesale, retailing or e-commerce than earlier assumed predecessors.

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Larsson, Esbjörn. "Från adlig uppfostran till borgerlig utbildning : Kungl. Krigsakademien mellan åren 1792 och 1866". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6145.

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This thesis presents an analysis of cadet training at the Royal War Academy between 1792 and 1866. The purposes of this study are to problematise the Academy's function and to investigate male social reproduction amongst the Swedish upper classes. Two different aspects of social reproduction are studied: the transmission of social position between generations; and the communication of ideals and lifestyle that were linked to the position that was reproduced. The former was studied with the help of Pierre Bourdieu's terminology, while the latter necessitated the use of theoretical perspectives on masculinity. This thesis demonstrates the changes in the preconditions for male social reproduction, and relates them to the transition from a late feudal to a capitalist society. At the end of the eighteenth century, the usual route to a military career was still through the family's personal contacts in the armed forces. In Bourdieu's terms, this was a very direct means of transferring symbolic capital, and one that also required social capital. With the emergence of the middle class, the Academy's recruitment patterns altered. This process coincided with the emergence of a Swedish education system, and cadet training gradually adapted to fit with other elements in the school system. The ability to transfer symbolic capital directly to the next generation crumbled in the face of a system where education was necessary for the reproduction of a social position. Unlike the shifting shape of social reproduction, masculine upbringing was central at the Academy throughout the whole period. The cadets entered as boys and left as men. In this process, relationships within the cadet corps were of crucial importance. The new cadets first had to subordinate themselves to their elders, and then in turn subordinate others. It was this social order that ensured the cadets learnt a harsh lesson in leadership.

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Кондратюк, Г. И., e Н. В. Иванова. "Развитие офтальмологической помощи в Крыму: 1866-1917 годах". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11553.

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20

Halverson, Daniel Lee. ""Monographs on the Universe": Ernst Haeckel's Evolutionary Monism in American Context, 1866-83". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1491568531968955.

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21

Kenney, Patricia Drozd. "LaVilla, Florida, 1866-1887 :reconstruction dreams and the formation of a black community". UNF Digital Commons, 1990. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/699.

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Several factors which influenced the formation of an urban black community following the Civil War are examined in this study. Prior to the war, LaVilla, a suburb of Jacksonville, Florida, was sparsely populated by wealthy white families. At war's end, freedmen seeking shelter and work took advantage of the inexpensive housing and proximity to employment LaVilla offered and, by 1870, became the majority population. The years 1866 through 1887 have been chosen for this study because they demarcate LaVilla's inception on the one hand and, on the other, its disappearance as an independent entity. Local, state, and federal records have been utilized to better understand the freedmen's decision on where to settle, finding work, securing a home, and political participation. Although an integrated community, the focus of this study is on the role of blacks in community formation. During the first twenty years of freedom, the blacks who lived in LaVilla came to organize their community along two separate and distinct paths: the social and the political. The social dimension was segregated and articulated through social networks created by family, kinship, and friendship anchored in and strengthened by the church, school, and voluntary associations. In the context of urban growth and development, these social networks would mitigate the harsh realities of poverty, unemployment, and inadequate housing. The political dimension was integrated and afforded black males power and influence concerning the civic decisions of their community. Following annexation to Jacksonville in 1887, LaVilla's blacks were removed from the political arena and disjoined from the decision-making process. As a result, the freedmen came to rely solely on the social dimension of their community.

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22

Lindgren, Johannes. "Arbetarklass, skandinavism och representation : Om tidningen Fäderneslandet 1866". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185090.

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This paper is an historical investigation of three political ideas presented in the newspaperFäderneslandet (”The Fatherland”) during the year of 1866. The ideas are the writers viewof the working class, the treatment of the abolishment of the estate-based parliament andthe election of the new bi-cameral parliament and their view of the ideology ofscandinavianism.

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23

Kenny, Nicolas. "Forging urban culture : modernity and corporeal experiences in Montreal and Brussels, 1880-1914". Thèse, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6659.

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24

Gallez, Philomène. "Des exceptions qui confirment les règles? L'entrepreneuriat féminin à Montréal, 1920-1980". Thèse, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20466.

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25

Davis, John Richard. "Trade, politics, perspectives, and the question of a British commercial policy towards the German states 1848-1866". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296985.

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26

Kurtz, June Margaret. "The Albania settlement of Griqualand West, 1866-1878". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004665.

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The history of the Albania Settlement of Griqualand West is examined from its beginnings in 1866 to its demise in 1878. Albania was very much a product of its time. Nineteenth century British colonial policy was basically expansionist, despite minor fluctuations caused by the various influences affecting it, such as the Free Trade and Mercantilist doctrines, social factors within Britain and events within the colonies themselves. From 1815 colonial settlements were fairly common in British territory, especially after Wakefield had provided a convincing theoretical framework for them. Within South Africa itself there are differing interpretations of what motivated British policy and of the role of the missionaries, while the changing political and economic landscape markedly affected Britain's decisions. British Government settlement schemes were undertaken mainly for social or military reasons, but there were also many settlements founded by land speculators. The economically depressed 1860s hit the Eastern Cape hard and this, combined with the transition to sheep farming, which created considerable land hunger, made the Albania scheme attractive to Eastern Cape farmers. The Griqua people led by Andries Waterboer had made a great effort to establish hegemony north of the Orange River, over the Sotho-Tswana and other Griqua chiefs. By 1866 the attempt had failed and Free State farmers were encroaching onto Nicholas Waterboer's lands. When Waterboer's agent, David Arnot, proposed the establishment of a settlement of Albany men to act as a "Wall of Flesh", Waterboer accepted the idea. Arnot's motivation was also land speculation in an area where diamonds were likely to push up land values. From its inception the settlement was dogged by quarrels, mainly over land, amongst the parties involved - the Griqua, brutally removed to make way for the settlers; the settlers, dissatisfied with the land tenure system and their administration; Arnot; the British and the encroaching Boer farmers . After the 1871 annexation of Griqualand West, into which Albania was absorbed, it took seven years, two Land Commissions, a Land Court and a special Land Claims Commissioner to sort out the tangled claims and bring order to the area and Albania's history to a close.

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Flores, Carlos A. (Carlos Arturo). "Music Theory in Mexico from 1776 To 1866: A Study of Four Treatises by Native Authors". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331988/.

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This investigation traces the history and development of music theory in Mexico from the date of the first Mexican treatise available (1776) to the early second half of the nineteenth century (1866). This period of ninety years represents an era of special importance in the development of music theory in Mexico. It was during this time that the old modal system was finally abandoned in favor of the new tonal system and that Mexican authors began to pen music treatises which could be favorably compared with the imported European treatises which were the only authoritative source of instruction for serious musicians in Mexico.

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Stockings, Craig Humanities &amp Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The torch and the sword : a history of the army cadet movement in Australia 1866-2004". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39751.

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The aim of this thesis is to provide a general history of the army cadet movement in Australia from 1866 to 2004 by tracing the interactions between four fundamental forces that have stood as its foundation for almost 140 years. In various guises military, educational, social, and financial factors are the pillars on which the cadet movement has always rested. Over time the balance and relative dominance of each has determined the shape and state of the cadet organisation and will continue to do so in the future. When these four forces have been aligned the movement has thrived but when they have pulled in disparate directions it has faltered. Throughout the thesis, contextualising these four key concepts, are two more general themes concerning the influence of conservative politics and a recurring state school/private school divide. The history of army cadets, and therefore this thesis, is an investigation into the interplay of these dynamics. With such a purpose and methodology the thesis begins by tracing the development of the movement from its nineteenth century origins by identifying issues and circumstances that led some colonies to maintain thousands of cadets while others struggled to field any. It goes on to examine the formation, five years after Federation, of a Commonwealth cadet scheme birthed only to be swamped by the era of compulsory military training in Australia from 1911-29 which saw, at its peak, almost 100,000 schoolboys in khaki. The thesis analyses the re-organised voluntary cadet system in place from 1930-38 which, matching the circumstances of the adult army, faltered in numbers and support as it was restructured into dual 'Regimental' and 'School' branches. It goes on to assess the impact of the Second World War and the renewed impetus it provided to the cadet organisation before investigating the prosperity of the movement throughout the 1950s and 1960s in spite of the complexities raised by National Service and Australian involvement in conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Malaya and Borneo. Particular attention is paid to the early 1970s and the machinations surrounding the unexpected decision to disband the cadet organisation announced by the Labor government on 26 August 1975. The cadet story does not conclude at this point, however, with Vice Regal controversy and a subsequent Liberal-National election victory resurrecting the movement. The re-styled cadet scheme of 1976-83 is investigated followed by twelve years of division and distress under consecutive Labor federal governments between 1984-95. The thesis concludes by examining the reversal of fortunes for the movement from 1996-2004 which saw the cadet system develop, by the end of the period, into a well led, resourced and motivated organisation of almost 17,000 members. The research informing this thesis is based on documents held in National Archives of Australia offices in all state capitals, as well as those held in the Australian War Memorial. In addition, all state public record offices have yielded significant material, as have a wide range of private and school-based archives. More recent primary source information has been gathered from sources within the Department of Defence Archives, Queanbeyan, NSW, while select active and closed files from Headquarters Australian Army Cadets and the Directorate of Defence Force Cadets were graciously provided to the author. The study has also been informed by a wide selection of official, privately published and unpublished secondary sources spanning more than a century.

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Lam, Chun-cheung Otto, e 林準祥. "A study of the origins, emergence and development of Western banking in China, 1770s-1866". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38031012.

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PYPER, Jens Fabian. "Meinecke, Croce, and the individual : the moral foundations of the study of history, 1918-1946". Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10421.

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Defence date: November 2008
Examining board: Prof. Martin van Gelderen (European University Institute)-supervisor ; Prof. Dr. Gisela Bock (Free University Berlin) ; Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Hardtwig (Humboldt University Berlin) ; Prof. Dr. Bo Stråth (University of Helsinki/European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
No abstract available

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Kurguzova, Ksenia. "Soviet history in hindsight : a comparative study of history textbooks in Russia, Ukraine and Estonia between 1980 and 2010". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6161.

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L’effondrement du communisme en 1991 en Russie a conduit à la révision des manuels scolaires d’histoire en Russie et dans les anciennes républiques de l’URSS. Ce travail propose d’évaluer l’histoire récente post-communiste enseignée dans les classes supérieures du secondaire dans trois pays post-communistes. Nous allons s’attarder sur la présentation des divers périodes historiques de l’histoire Soviétique dans les manuels scolaires d’histoire en Russie, Ukraine et Estonie. Ce travail tente également d’examiner les diverses approches dans l’enseignement d’histoire dans ces trois pays, ainsi que de répondre à la question comment les nouveaux manuels redéfinissent la perception de la culture et d’histoire des élèves dans chaque pays.
Our work will examine the crucial rupture between Soviet and Russian history from 1985 (1991 in some cases) through 2010, during which rival political leaders of Ukraine, Estonia and Russia had an opportunity to develop and attempt to impose their visions of their respective national identities and their history. The main goal of this study is to provide a new understanding of the connection between history, ideology, and development of national consciousness. The focus of the previous research in this domain concentrated on each studied country in particular. Mainstream historiography left unnoticed particularities in the development of new political discourse in the peripheral states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The proposed study project will examine the consequences of the dissolution of the USSR on the socio-political situation in Eastern Europe. It should shed light on the effects the collapse of the Soviet Union had on the intensification of ethnic, nationalist and religious discourse in several former socialist republics. We conducted a comparative study of recent history textbooks in several countries of Eastern Europe (in Russia, Ukraine and Estonia) and analyzed the new content of post-Soviet history textbooks used in Eastern European Secondary schools. Each of these countries followed a distinct path; therefore we aimed to reveal their particular search for a new national identity and citizenship during the transitional period.
В рамках данной работы мы изучили преподавание истории в школах трех постсоветских государств: России, Украины и Эстонии. Было также уделено внимание восприятию истории ХХ века населением этих стран. Были собраны, частично переведены с национальных языков и проанализированы около 50 школьных учебников истории для старших классов из России, Украины и Эстонии. Изученные учебники являются наиболее массовыми и иногда даже единственными в своем роде в школах этих государств. Анализ школьных учебников истории, приведенный в этой работе, показывает, что в отличие от России, Украина и Эстония пошли по пути преподавания подрастающему поколению националистической трактовки истории, основанной на мифах о древности своего народа, о высокой культурной миссии предков и о «заклятом враге». Россия, в свою очередь, сделала ставку на патриотическое воспитание нового поколения, умалчивая неприятные эпизоды из прошлого и прелагая новый, «позитивный» подход к изучению истории. Эта работа ставит цель не только проанализировать сложившуюся ситуацию в школьном образовании в Восточной Европе после распада Советского Союза, но и оценить роль преподавания истории в создании особенной, уникальной и, зачастую, националистической идеологии.

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Fortin-Gagné, Valérie. "L'expédition de la France au Liban sous Napoléon III (1860-1861)". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13454.

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L’Empire ottoman, au XIXe siècle, s’affaiblit sans cesse et paraît destiné à s'effondrer. Il est l’objet de convoitises et de rivalités entre les puissances européennes. Sous sa suzeraineté, la Syrie et, avec elle, la région du Mont-Liban, est une zone clé sur le plan stratégique puisqu'elle domine l’accès aux voies menant à l’Inde et à l’Asie méridionale et orientale. La France et l'Angleterre tentent toutes deux de s'y imposer par communautés locales interposées : la première à travers les Maronites, la seconde à l'aide des Druzes. Au printemps 1860, des troubles éclatent entre les deux communautés, entraînant le massacre de milliers de chrétiens. Les puissances européennes, poussées par le gouvernement de Napoléon III, s'entendent pour intervenir au moyen d'une commission d'enquête et l'envoi de troupes. Cette expédition a pour mission officielle d’aider l’Empire ottoman à rétablir l’ordre et à protéger les chrétiens. Le présent mémoire démontre que la France impériale entretenait des visées politiques et économiques à l'égard de la Syrie et du Liban. L'historiographie n'avait jusqu'à présent pas analysé en profondeur les véritables mobiles français dans cette expédition. Les ambitions politiques et économiques ont été beaucoup plus déterminantes dans la décision française de mettre en branle l'expédition que le devoir « humanitaire » de protection des chrétiens ou la satisfaction de son opinion publique. Loin de se laisser abattre par la catastrophe que représentent les massacres qui menace la survie de sa clientèle et donc de son influence en Syrie, Paris, et particulièrement son ministre des Affaires étrangères E. Thouvenel, a réussi à tourner la situation à son avantage. Se servant habilement du désir d'ingérence des autres puissances et de son rôle de protectrice des chrétiens, la France est parvenue à acculer au pied du mur l'Angleterre, qui s'opposait à l'intervention, et à justifier celle-ci sur des principes éloignés de ses objectifs réels. Les troubles ont finalement constitué pour elle une occasion d'augmenter l'autonomie de la Montagne par rapport au pouvoir central et la puissance économique et politique de sa clientèle à travers la révision du statut administratif de la région. Ce faisant, elle a renforcé son influence dans l'Est méditerranéen et fait un pas de plus vers une domination française en Syrie.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire grew weaker and seemed headed for collapse. It became the object of the ambitions and rivalries of the European powers. Under its suzerainty, Syria, including the Mount Lebanon region, was a key area strategically since it dominated the access routes to India and southern and eastern Asia. France and England both tried to impose their influence by way of local communities. France acted through the Christian Maronites, while Britain used the Druzes. In the spring of 1860, trouble broke out between the two communities, resulting in the massacre of thousands of Christians. The European powers, at the behest of the government of Napoleon III, agreed to intervene by sending a commission of inquiry and troops. The expedition’s official mission was to help the Ottoman Empire to restore order and to protect Christians. This thesis shows that imperial France pursued political and economic goals with regard to Syria and Lebanon. The historiography had not previously analyzed in depth the real French mobile in this expedition. The political and economic ambitions were far more important in its decision to set in motion an expedition than the "humanitarian" Christian duty of providing protection or the satisfaction of the public opinion. Far from being deterred by the catastrophe of the massacre that threatened the survival of its protégés and therefore its influence in Syria, Paris, and especially its foreign minister E. Thouvenel, managed to turn the situation to his advantage. Skilfully using the desire of interference of other powers and its role as protector of Christians, France managed to corner England, which opposed the intervention, and justify it on principles far removed from its real objectives. The troubles finally represented for her an opportunity to widen the autonomy of the Mountain vis-à-vis the central authority of the Ottoman Empire and to increase the economic and political power of its clients through the revision of the administrative status of the region. In so doing, it has strengthened its influence in the eastern Mediterranean and moved a step closer to dominating Syria.

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Soderstrom, Lukas. "Nietzsche's physiological philosophy of history". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7547.

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Bakka, Karima. "Elf ERAP en Irak, de 1968 à 1977". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6969.

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Dès sa création en 1966, l’ERAP s’est fixé pour but d’accroître la production du pétrole « franc », en diversifiant ses sources d’approvisionnement. Un tel objectif prend une tournure cruciale dès lors que les rapports tendus entre le groupe français et les autorités algériennes semblent menacer ses acquis dans le Sahara. Toutefois, se tailler une place sur le marché mondial semble à cette époque une tâche ardue, voire improbable, puisque les espaces les plus pétrolifères sont déjà occupés par les grandes sociétés, dites Majors. Néanmoins, la société d’État française réussit à s’implanter dans plusieurs pays producteurs, dont l’Irak en 1968, jusqu’alors considéré comme la chasse gardée de la Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Aussi, l’expérience irakienne, suite à l’insuccès en Algérie, incite Elf ERAP à se concentrer dans les pays pétroliers de l’Afrique subsaharienne et en Mer du Nord. Le 3 février 1968, Elf ERAP signe un accord avec la compagnie d’État pétrolière, INOC, pour se charger de la prospection et de l’exploitation d’une partie du territoire confisqué par l’État irakien à la puissante Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). En contrepartie de ses apports financiers et techniques, Elf ERAP sera rémunérée par un approvisionnement garanti en pétrole irakien : il s’agit d’un nouveau genre de partenariat, dit « contrat d’agence ». Ce dernier succède au système classique des concessions et vaut à la société d’État un franc succès dans son projet de pénétration au Moyen Orient. Très vite, les prospections donnent lieu à la découverte de gisements. La production démarre en 1976 et s’élève à 5 millions de tonnes en 1977. Dès lors, Elf ERAP, devenue la SNEA, peut envisager avec optimisme son avenir énergétique, puisque sa sécurité d’approvisionnement est, en partie, assurée par le marché irakien. Mais, contre toute attente, le groupe d’État français se retire de l’affaire en mai 1977, laissant place à l’INOC, qui prend en charge le projet deux ans avant la date prévue par le contrat initial de 1968. Ce sujet de recherche consiste à éclaircir le rôle d’opérateur joué par l’ERAP en Irak, entre 1968 et 1977. Pour tenter d’expliquer le départ prématuré d’Elf Irak, il nous faut identifier les facteurs endogènes et exogènes qui ont pu motiver une telle décision. Autrement dit, la société d’État aurait-elle subi les revers de ses propres choix énergétiques ou un tel dénouement serait-il imputable à la politique pétrolière irakienne? Quelles sont les implications de la conjoncture pétrolière internationale dans le cas d’un tel retrait? Aidée des archives historiques d’Elf et de TOTAL, nous sommes arrivée à la conclusion que la compression du marché pétrolier, entre distributeurs et producteurs, au cours des années 1970, a considérablement nui à la rentabilité des contrats intermédiaires du type agence.
Ever since its creation in 1966, ERAP aimed to increase oil from the “franc” zone by diversifying its supply sources. Such an aim became all the more crucial as its acquisitions in the Sahara seemed threatened by tense relations between the French group and Algerian authorities. Still, to secure a share of the world market at that time seemed to a difficult if not an impossible task, the biggest oil-producing spaces having already been occupied by the big corporations called Majors. However, the French state company managed to settle in several oil-producing countries, including Iraq in 1968, until then viewed as a private hunting ground for the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Also, following its failure in Algeria, the Iraq experiment prompted Elf ERAP to set its sights on oil-rich subsaharian African countries and the North Sea. On February 3rd 1968, Elf ERAP signed an agreement with the state oil company INOC to take charge of exploration and exploitation of a part of the territory that was confiscated by the Iraqi government from the powerful Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). In return for this financial and technical input/support, Elf ERAP would be rewarded with steady supply of Iraqi oil. It was a new kind of partnership termed « service contract ». The latter replaced the old system of concessions and helped the state company succeed in its attempt to penetrate the Middle East. Exploration quickly led to the discovery of oil fields. Production started in 1976 and reached 5 million tons in 1977.This allowed the Elf ERAP, renamed the SNEA, to look with optimism at its energy supply future, the latter being provided in considerable part by the Iraqi market. Surprisingly, however, the French state company backed away from the deal in May 1977, and was replaced by the INOC which took over the project two years before the date planned by the initial contract of 1968. This research project seeks to clarify the operator role played by ERAP in Iraq between 1968 and 1977. To explain the premature departure of Elf Iraq, one needs to determine both the endogenous and exogenous factors that might have motivated such a move. In other words, did the state company suffer the repercussions of its own energy choices, or was the Iraqi oil policy responsible for such an outcome? To what extent was the withdrawal attributable to the international oil situation? With the help of Elf and TOTAL archives, we have come to the conclusion that the compression of the oil market uniting distributors and producers greatly affected the profitability of intermediary contracts « service contracts».

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Laramée, François Dominic. "Lire et penser le monde : une analyse numérique d’un long siècle de géographies imaginées dans l’imprimé de langue française (1700-1815)". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22652.

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Wronski, Peter. "Combat, Memory and Remembrance in Confederation Era Canada: The Hidden History of the Battle of Ridgeway, June 2, 1866". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35747.

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On June 1, 1866, one thousand heavily-armed Irish-American Fenian insurgents invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River from Buffalo, NY. The next day near the town of Ridgeway, 800 Fenians battled with 850 Canadian volunteer soldiers, including a small company of 28 University of Toronto students who ended up taking the brunt of the attack. The Battle of Ridgeway (or Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge) ended with a disastrous rout of the Canadians who in their panicked retreat left their dead and wounded on the field. It was the last major incursion into Canada, the last battle in Ontario and the first modern one fought by Canadians, led in the field exclusively by Canadian officers, and significantly fought in Canada. The Fenian Raid mobilized some 22,000 volunteer troops and resulted in the suspension of habeas corpus in the colonial Province of Canada by its Attorney General and Minister of Militia John A. Macdonald, but the battle which climaxed this crisis is only prominent by its obscurity in Canadian historiography. Almost everything known and cited about Ridgeway springs from the same sources—four books and pamphlets—three of them published in the summer of 1866 immediately after the event and the remaining one in 1910. This dissertation argues that the history of the battle was distorted and falsified by these sources and by two military board of inquiries staged to explicitly cover up the extent of the disaster. This study investigates the relationship between the inquiries and the contemporary author-historians of two of the sources: Alexander Somerville, an investigative journalist in Hamilton, Ontario, a recent immigrant from Britain with a controversial history; and George T. Denison III, a prominent young Toronto attorney, a commander of a troop of volunteer cavalry, a former Confederate secret service agent, author-commentator on Canada’s military policy and presiding judge on both boards of inquiry. This study describes the process by which Ridgeway’s history was hidden and falsified and its possible scope and significance in Canadian historiography. New archival and published sources are identified, assessed and assembled for a newly restored and authenticated micro-narrative of the battle.

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Shelekpayev, Nariman. "Ottawa, Brasília, Astana : the invention of capital cities in Canada, Brazil, and Kazakhstan (1850-2000)". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21731.

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Schminder, Jan. "Geschichtsunterricht und Geschichtslehrer an sächsischen Gymnasien 1831-1866". Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12269.

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Diese Untersuchung behandelt innerhalb der generellen Entwicklungsgeschichte des Geschichtsunterrichtes im 19. Jahrhundert einen engen zeitlichen und regionalen Ausschnitt sächsischer Gymnasialgeschichte und untersucht die Bildung von Traditionen im höheren Bildungswesen. Unter dieser mikrohistorischen Perspektive werden einige Bedingungs- und Entscheidungsfelder für den Geschichtsunterricht an sächsischen Gymnasien von 1831-1866 herausgearbeitet. Es wird versucht, den alltäglichen, praxisgetriebenen Kontextrahmen des Geschichtsunterrichtes an den Gymnasien zu beleuchten. Im Fokus der Erörterung steht der erste Lehrplan für den Geschichtsunterricht an sächsischen Gymnasien aus dem Jahr 1845. Dessen Genese als Verwaltungsakt wird im Kontext der sächsischen Gymnasialreformen im Vormärz im Detail transparent gemacht. So werden die vorangehende Ausgangssituation, der fachdidaktische Kontext und die bildungspolitischen Aspekte kurz umrissen. Daneben werden die handelnden Personen untersucht und die anschließende Wirksamkeit des Lehrplanerlasses an den Gymnasien überprüft. Für die Schulen stellte sich der Auftrag zur Realisierung des Lehrplanes vor allem als Ressourcenproblem. Unter diesem Aspekt wird das Thema der Professionalisierung der sächsischen Geschichtslehrer im Untersuchungszeitraum diskutiert.

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Laramée, François Dominic. "Transformations sociales chez les Cherokees, 1794-1827". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11082.

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Bouleversements démographiques, pressions assimilatrices, défaites militaires et rivalités territoriales : ce mémoire étudie les transformations que connaît la société Cherokee sous l’impulsion de ces forces au cours du «long XVIIIe siècle» qui débute avec l’intensification des contacts avec les colons anglais vers 1700 et qui se termine avec la déportation des Cherokees vers l’Indian Territory, dans l’actuel Oklahoma, à la fin des années 1830. Son regard porte principalement la centralisation des institutions politiques, la transformation des règles qui définissent l’appartenance à la nation, et l’évolution des rôles des genres dans la famille et dans l’économie pendant la période entre la signature du traité de paix de 1794 et l’adoption par les Cherokees d’une Constitution fortement inspirée de celle des États-Unis, en 1827.
Demographic shifts, pressures to assimilate, military disasters, and territorial rivalries : this thesis studies how Cherokee society was transformed by these forces during the «long 18th century» that began with the intensification of contacts with European settlers in the early 1700s and that ended with the Cherokees’ removal to the Indian Territory (located in today’s Oklahoma) in the late 1830s. It focuses on the centralisation of political institutions, the transformation of the rules governing tribal membership and acceptance, and the changing roles of men and women in the family and in the Cherokee economy, primarily between the signing of the 1794 peace treaty with the United States and the adoption of a Constitutional government by the Cherokee Nation in 1827.

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Barnay, Martin. "Aux frontières du mercenariat : éléments de contexte et trajectoires de trois «affreux» français de la sécession katangaise (1960-1963)". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12478.

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Ce mémoire étudie les origines de l’engagement des combattants de nationalité française en faveur de la sécession du Katanga (1960-63), au moment de l’indépendance du Congo belge. Recrutés pour s’opposer à l’Armée nationale congolaise et aux Casques bleus de l’ONU qui cherchent à faire réintégrer la province par la force, ces hommes aguerris par quinze années de guerre contre-insurrectionnelle vont s’avérer être les éléments clefs du dispositif militaire katangais. Centrée sur les « conditions objectives » de l’action plutôt que sur ses « fondements psychologiques », notre étude vise à mettre en lumière les « forces profondes » au gré desquelles l’intervention des « affreux » a pris forme. Elle s’intéresse en particulier à la trajectoire de trois figures remarquables du point de vue de l'historiographie de l'engagement armé international : Roger Trinquier, Roger Faulques et Bob Denard. Inspirée de la sociologie du champ intellectuel et militant dont elle contribue à montrer la pertinence pour l’étude du fait militaire transnational, notre recherche soutient que le sens de l'engagement ne peut être saisi qu'en replaçant la trajectoire de ces hommes au sein des différents niveaux de contexte dans lesquels elle s’est réalisée. Notre mémoire montre que le recours aux « affreux » coïncide avec le recul des vieilles puissances coloniales sur la scène internationale et avec l'affirmation des nouveaux acteurs que sont les États-Unis, l'URSS et l'ONU. L'engagement de ces hommes, dépourvus de statut officiel, apparaît pour la France comme un moyen détourné de maintenir en Afrique des intérêts et une influence contraire à la dynamique des indépendances.
This thesis studies the case of three French combatants engaged in favor of the secession of Katanga (1960-1963), in the wake of Belgian Congo’s independence. These men were recruited to fight against the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers as those latter sought to reintegrate by force the province into a united Congo. Hardened by a decade of counter-insurgency warfare, the few dozens of French “affreux” proved to be key figures in the Katangese military apparatus. The thesis is informed by recent work in the sociology of intellectual and activist fields, and confirms the relevance of these methodologies in the study of transnational military service. Focusing on the objective conditions that structure practice rather than on the psychological dimensions of action, this research highlights the “deep forces” according to which the intervention of the “affreux” was shaped. The trajectories of these men are examined across the varying levels of context within which they took place: the history of decolonization and of the Cold War; the rapports between old European nations and emerging world powers regarding Africa; the principles, rules and rationale characterizing the foreign policy of France under the Fifth Republic. Our thesis reveals that the use of the “affreux” coincides with the decline of old colonial powers and with the affirmation of new players such as the United States, the Soviet Union and the UN on the international stage. The engagement of these men, without any official status, appears to France as a roundabout way to keep in place some of its interests and influence in Africa.

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D'Abramo, Kevin. "Scattered narratives : a critical and creative re-examining of subjugated history". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7974.

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Labadie, Mathieu. "Amphilochos : étude sur la légende du héros grec et le sanctuaire oraculaire de Mallos". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4368.

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Le héros grec Amphilochos, descendant mythique de la célèbre famille des hérosprophètes Mélampodides, était, comme son père Amphiaraos, un devin reconnu et un soldat aux aptitudes militaires formidables. Après avoir participé à la seconde expédition contre Thèbes et à la guerre de Troie, celui-ci aurait pérégriné dans bon nombre de contrées en fondant plusieurs cités situées entre l’Espagne et la Syrie. Quelque temps après sa mort brutale en combat singulier contre un autre devin nommé Mopsos, Amphilochos fut élevé au rang de divinité oraculaire à Mallos de Cilicie, une cité dont il avait été lui-même le fondateur. À l’époque romaine, Amphilochos avait acquit, en plus d’un statut ontologique supérieur, une très grande réputation dans cette région où il rendait des oracles à des pèlerins qui venaient eux-mêmes le visiter dans son antre. Cette recherche, qui vise d’une part à étudier de façon exhaustive la légende d’Amphilochos, tente surtout de déterminer, malgré un nombre restreint d’indices, les modalités de la révélation oraculaire dans le sanctuaire de Mallos de Cilicie.
The Greek hero Amphilochos, the mythical descendant of the famous family of the Melampodides hero-prophets, was, like his father Amphiaraos, a recognized soothsayer and a soldier with formidable military skills. After taking part in the second expedition against Thebes and the Trojan War, he is said to have wandered in many a land and founded several cities lying between Spain and Syria. Soon after his sudden death in a single combat with another seer named Mopsos, he was elevated to the rank of oracular divinity in Mallos of Cilicia, a city which he himself founded. During the Roman period, Amphilochos, indued with increased ontological status, got into high repute in this region where he gave oracles to the pilgrims who came and visited him by themselves in his abode. This research, which aims first to explore exhaustively the legend of Amphilochos, attempts above all to determine the terms of the oracular revelation in the sanctuary of Mallos of Cilicia, in spite of little compelling evidence.

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Trottier-Gascon, Caroline. "Âge, éducation et compagnies de jeunesse à Venise, début du XVIe siècle". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18733.

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Ce mémoire insère les compagnie della calza dans le parcours de vie des patriciens vénitiens. Après avoir présenté une théorisation de l’âge comme système de catégorie, nous décrivons le fonctionnement des institutions encadrant l’âge dans la République vénitienne avant l’enregistrement obligatoire des naissances, qui commence en 1506. Ensuite, nous montrons comment, au même titre que l’intégration progressive aux institutions républicaines, les compagnie della calza participaient au processus d’éducation des jeunes patriciens. Nous avançons l’hypothèse que les transformations que connaît la réglementation de l’âge dans le premier tiers du XVIe siècle auraient pu contribuer à la disparition des compagnie della calza : à partir de 1531, l’ouverture du poste de Savio ai Ordini aux jeunes de vingt-ans ans aurait plutôt favorisé l’éducation des jeunes de l’élite patricienne dans les institutions républicaines, retirant une des raisons d’être des compagnies. Enfin, il présente une étude de cas consacrée à deux compagnies, les Reali et les Floridi. En retraçant les carrières politiques des anciens compagnons, nous confirmons l’idée, avancée par Robert Finlay, d’une République vénitienne gérontocratique, dominée par les patriciens les plus âgés.
This dissertation inserts the compagnie della calza within the life paths of Venetian patricians. After a theorisation of age as a system of categories, we describe how the institutions regulating age in the Venetian Republic worked before the mandatory registration of birth (starting in 1506). We then show how participation to compagnie della calza was part of the education process of young patricians, in parallel to their progressive assimilation into republican institutions. Therefore, we argue that the transformations of age regulations in the first third of the 16th-century contributed to the disappearance of the compagnie della calza : after 1531, the opening of the office of savio ai ordini to 25 year olds instead favoured the education of elite patrician youth within republican institutions, which impacted the purpose of the companies. Finally, we offer a case study of two companies, the Reali and the Floridi. By following the political careers of former members, we confirm the hypothesis put forward by Robert Finlay of a Venetian gerontocracy dominated by the oldest of patricians.

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Castex, Jonathan. "Le mirage des oracles militaires en Grèce ancienne : l'exemple de Leuctres (-371)". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21263.

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Bouvette-Turcot, Andrée-Anne. "Maternal history of early adversity and child emotional development : investigating intervening factors". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16040.

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L’objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances quant aux circonstances permettant une transmission intergénérationnelle du risque émanant de l’adversité maternelle et aux mécanismes sous-tendant cette transmission, dans quatre articles empiriques. Le premier visait à explorer la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle, la sécurité d’attachement mère-enfant et le tempérament de l’enfant. Les mères ont complété une entrevue semi-structurée portant sur leurs représentations d’attachement avec leurs parents, à 6 mois, et ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 2 ans. La sécurité d’attachement fut également évaluée à 2 ans. Les résultats ont démontré que les enfants dont les mères rapportaient des niveaux supérieurs d’adversité présentaient de moins bons niveaux d’activité comportementale, uniquement lorsqu’ils avaient un attachement sécurisant avec leur mère. Ces résultats suggèrent une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. Le deuxième article visait à investiguer si le transporteur de sérotonine (5-HTTLPR) module la transmission de risque intergénérationnelle de l’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 18 et à 36 mois. Le génotype des enfants fut extrait à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé un effet d’interaction entre l’adversité maternelle et le génotype de l’enfant sur le tempérament, suggérant une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets de l’adversité maternelle sur le fonctionnement émotionnel des enfants. Le troisième article visait à explorer la relation entre les difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale des mères, la sensibilité maternelle et les symptômes intériorisés de leurs enfants. Les mères ont complété plusieurs questionnaires desquels un score composite de difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale fut extrait. La sensibilité maternelle fut observée à 12 mois. Les symptômes intériorisés des enfants furent évalués par les deux parents à 2 et à 3 ans. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une augmentation des difficultés maternelles d’adaptation psychosociale étaient associée à davantage de symptômes intériorisés chez les enfants, mais seulement chez ceux dont les mères étaient moins sensibles. Ces résultats ont été observés par les mères à 2 ans et par les deux parents à 3 ans. Ces résultats suggèrent que les enfants peuvent être différemment affectés par l’adaptation émotionnelle de leur mère tout en mettant l’emphase sur le rôle protecteur de la sensibilité maternelle. Le quatrième article visait à investiguer les rôles médiateurs de la dépression et de la sensibilité maternelle dans la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle et le tempérament de l’enfant. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également rapporté leurs symptômes dépressifs à 6 mois. La sensibilité maternelle fut évaluée de façon concomitante. Les mères ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle à la génération suivante suivant une médiation séquentielle passant d’abord par la dépression maternelle et ensuite par la sensibilité maternelle. Finalement, les résultats des quatre articles ont été intégrés dans la conclusion générale.
The main goal of this dissertation was to document more extensively the circumstances under which intergenerational risk transmission of maternal adversity occurs and to identify underlying processes. The dissertation is comprised of four empirical articles. The first article examined the relation between maternal history of early adversity, mother-child attachment security, and child temperament. Mothers completed a semi-structured interview pertaining to their childhood attachment experiences with their parents at 6 months and rated their children’s temperament at 2 years. Mother-child attachment was also assessed at 2 years. Results showed that children whose mothers received higher scores of early life adversity displayed poorer temperamental activity level outcomes but only when they also showed high concomitant levels of attachment security, suggesting intergenerational effects of maternal early life experiences on child temperament. The second article examined the intergenerational effects of maternal childhood adversity on child temperament targeting the serotonin transporter polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, as a potential moderator of those maternal influences. Maternal history of early adversity was assessed with an integrated measure derived from two self-report questionnaires. Mothers also rated their children’s temperament at 18 and 36 months. Child genotyping was performed at 36 months. Results yielded a significant interaction effect of maternal childhood adversity and child 5-HTTLPR genotype on child temperament, suggesting intergenerational effects of maternal history of adversity on child emotional function. The third article investigated the interactive effects of maternal psychosocial maladjustment and maternal sensitivity on child internalizing symptoms. Families took part in four assessments between ages 1 and 3 years. Mothers completed several questionnaires from which a composite score of maternal psychosocial maladjustment was derived. Maternal sensitivity was rated by an observer at 12 months. Child internalizing symptoms were assessed by both parents at 2 and 3 years. Results revealed that increased maternal psychosocial maladjustment was related to more internalizing symptoms in children, however only among children of less sensitive mothers whereas children of more sensitive mothers appeared to be protected. This was observed with maternal reports at 2 years, and both maternal and paternal reports at 3 years. These results suggest that young children may be differentially affected by their parents’ emotional adjustment, while highlighting the pivotal protective role of maternal sensitivity in this process. Finally, the fourth article examined the mediating roles of maternal depression and maternal sensitivity in the relation between maternal history of early adversity and child temperament. Maternal history of early adversity was assessed with an integrated measure derived from two self-report questionnaires. Mothers also reported on their depression symptoms at 6 months. Maternal sensitivity was rated concurrently. Mothers also completed a questionnaire on their children’s temperament at 36 months. Results suggested the intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal childhood adversity to offspring occurs through a two-step, serial pathway, specifically through maternal depression, first, and, then, to maternal sensitivity. Finally, the results of the four articles were integrated into a general conclusion.

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(8803058), James P. Podgorski. "Korean and American Memory of the Five Years Crisis, 1866-1871". Thesis, 2020.

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This project examines the events from 1866 to 1871 in Korea between the United States and Joseon, with a specific focus on the 1866 General Sherman Incident and the United States Expedition to Korea in 1871. The project also examines the present memory of those events in the United States and North and South Korea. This project shows that contemporary American reactions to the events in Korea from 1866 to 1871 were numerous and ambivalent in what the American role should be in Korea. In the present, American memory of 1866 to 1871 has largely been monopolized by the American military, with the greater American collective memory largely forgetting this period.

In the Koreas, collective memory of the five-year crisis (1866 to 1871) is divided along ideological lines. In North Korea, the victories that Korea achieved against the United States are used as stories to reinforce the North Korean line on the United States, as well as reinforcing the legitimacy of the Kim family. In South Korea, the narrative focuses on the corruption of Joseon and the Daewongun and the triumph of a “modernizing” Korean state against anti-western hardliners, and is more diverse in how the narrative is told, ranging from newspapers to K-Dramas, leading to a more complicated collective memory in the South.

This Thesis shows that understanding the impact that the first state-to-state encounters had on the American-Korean relationship not only at the time but also in the present, is key to analyzing the complicated history of the Korean-American relationship writ large.

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Bélisle-Desmeules, David. "La Babylone des marins : Marins hauturiers à Montréal 1851-1896". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20143.

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PRUTSCH, Markus J. "The Charte constitutionnelle of 1814 and Süddeutscher Frühkonstitutionalismus: Transfer and reception of 'Monarchical Constitutionalism' in Post-Napoleonic Europe". Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13282.

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Defence Date: 25/09/2009
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, European University Institute (Italy); Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen, European University Institute (Italy); Prof. Dr. Brigitte Mazohl, University of Innsbruck (Austria); Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Volker Sellin, University of Heidelberg (Germany)
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The objectives of this enquiry are essentially concerned with reaching a better understanding of the course, form and intensity of constitutional transfer by analysing the transnational impact (or perhaps ‘non-impact’) of the Charte constitutionalism on what is generally referred to as ‘Southern German constitutionalism’. Even though the Southern German countries weighed lightly in the European balance of power, their history is singularly interesting, not least because they were the first two territorial states in Germany which received a constitution after 1814. Developments there thus served as a signal for political life and constitutionalisation processes throughout Germany during the 19th century. Undoubtedly, a study encompassing all the Southern German states would be desirable. However, this enquiry cannot and does not set out to fulfil such task. What it does do is to take a closer and more in-depth look at a limited number of research cases by focusing on the two examples of Bavaria and Baden. Both these states accomplished constitutionalisation over the shortest period of time and in doing so became, so to speak, the ‘foremost of forerunners’. They, therefore, exemplify in their constitutional demands, issues and challenges the whole process of constitutionalisation in Southern Germany. Württemberg, and sometimes also Hesse-Darmstadt, are usually also considered to be an ‘integral part’ of early Southern German constitutionalism, but will not be dealt with in detail in this study. The reason for this being is not least, apart from the pragmatic demands of having to limit the number of cases, that Württemberg is by far the best researched of all the Southern German states due to the conflict-ridden nature of its constitutionalisation process.

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HEINICKEL, Gunter. "Auf der Suche nach einem 'dritten Weg' : Adelsreformideen in Preußen bürokratischem Absolutismus und demokratisierendem Konstitutionalismus 1806-1854". Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14483.

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Defence date: 31 March 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, European University Institute Florence; Prof. Dr. Michael G. Müller, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Prof. Dr. Heinz Reif, Technische Universität Berlin; Prof. Dr. Witold Molik, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan.
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Prévost-Grégoire, Florence. "Concevoir l’international : le Comité national d’études sociales et politiques d’Albert Kahn, 1916-1931". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18732.

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Alors que la Première Guerre mondiale fait encore rage, le banquier et philanthrope Albert Kahn, crée, en 1916, le Comité national d’études sociales et politiques (CNESP). Composé d’intellectuels français, le CNESP se réunit une fois par semaine, et ce, jusqu’en 1931, afin de discuter des plus chauds sujets de l’heure. Résolument tourné vers l’international, ce comité, bien que les membres soient exclusivement Français, reçoit un nombre important de conférenciers étrangers et s’intéresse grandement à ce qui se passe à l’extérieur des frontières de la France. Ce mémoire, qui s’inscrit dans les courants de l’histoire internationale et l’histoire intellectuelle, met l’accent sur cet intérêt pour les sujets internationaux et étudie la conception que se fait le CNESP de l’internationalisme durant la période de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’analyse des procès-verbaux des rencontres révèle que le comité a une vision de l’international qui s’exprime sur deux niveaux. D’abord, il entrevoit l’international comme quelque chose d’objectif : le système international doit être organisé selon les principes de paix par le droit et les problèmes à caractère global doivent être solutionnés selon les méthodes objectives de la science. Ensuite, l’étude des considérations subjectives derrière de telles prétentions d’objectivité dévoile une conception de l’international qui est influencée par une forte croyance en l’universalisme des valeurs françaises. La conception de l’international génère donc une dynamique d’exclusion qui s’exprime plus particulièrement à travers un langage métaphorique lié à la famille.
During the heat of the Great War, Albert Kahn, banker and philanthropist, founded the Comité national d’études sociales et politiques (CNESP). Bringing together members of the French elite, the CNESP held meetings every week until 1931, to hold intellectual discussions about current affairs. Even though the members were exclusively French, the committee invited a considerable number of international speakers. This thesis, whose fields of research are linked to those of intellectual history and international history, places emphasis on this committee’s interest in international topics and studies its conceptualization of internationalism during the interwar period. This survey of the CNESP’s meetings reveals that the committee had a vision of internationalism that was expressed on two different levels. First, the committee understood the international as an objective structure: the international system had to be organized around principles of law and international problems had to be resolved by the objective methods of science. Second, study of the subjective considerations behind those pretentions of objectivity reveals that the conceptualisation of internationalism was influenced by a strong belief in the universalism of French values. This conceptualisation of internationalism therefore implies dynamics of exclusion that are expressed more particularly through a metaphoric discourse linked to the family.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "History, 1866"

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