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Бала, Марко. "ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНО ЈЕ ПОЛИТИЧКО: ЖИВОТ И ДЕЛО ИМАНУЕЛА ВОЛЕРСТИНА (1930–2019)". ГОДИШЊАК ЗА СОЦИОЛОГИЈУ 28, n.º 1 (2 de junho de 2022): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/gsoc.28.2022.02.
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This text is an attempt to lucidly present the intellectual biography and theoretical work of Immanuel Wallerstein, the main architect and exponent of world-systems analysis. Given that the entire Wallerstein’s work has been devoted to understanding the reality of the modern world-system as the fundament of every prudent action, this paper should simultaneously be read as a homage to one of the greatest names of the 20th century sociology, and as a reflexion on chaotic present and uncertain future of the world we live in. Having in mind his wide range of scholarly interests and a gargantuan oeuvre left as a legacy, we have selected four main topics discussed in Wallerstein’s work. After a concise review of Wallerstein’s intellectual biography in the introduction, the first part focuses on the methodological and epistemological postulates of world-systems theory. The second part discusses the issue known as the “long sixteenth century”, that is, the genesis of the capitalist worldeconomy, which is also the topic of the first volume of Wallerstein’s most important work The Modern World-System. The third part reviews the historical trajectory of antisystemic movements, from the Old Left in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century, to world revolution of 1968 as a turning point in their development, to modern varieties of these movements. The fourth part discusses the issue of rise and fall of the United States of America as a hegemonic power of the world-system.
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Vaitkevičiūtė, Eugenija. "Identity at the Crossroads of Cultures". Trimarium 2, n.º 2 (24 de agosto de 2023): 107–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55159/tri.2023.0102.05.
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The aim of the scientific article “Identity at the Crossroads of Cultures: The Case of the Bilingual Writer Juozapas Albinas Herbaiiauskas” is to analyse, based on empirical and theoretical research methods, the phenomenon of dual identity in the context of the development of nation-states in the first-half of the 20th century, which is determined by historical, cultural and community-related circumstances. The life of the bilingual Lithuanian-Polish, Polish-Lithuanian writer, cultural, public and political figure Juozapas Albinas Herbaiiauskas (Jozef Albin Herbaczewski), the drama and consequences of his identity choices in the context of the very difficult period of Lithuanian-Polish relations is the specific case chosen for such an analysis.
The Union of Lublin, signed in July 1569, created a unique political entity in Europe at that time – the united Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The original model of the union provided that Lithuanians and Poles would live in the union on equal terms.
Despite its troubles, this political entity gave Europe its first written constitution and, in the long term, was partly responsible for the formation of a specific cultural and social position known as “Gente Lituanus, natione Polonus” (“Lithuanian by descent, Polish by nationality”). It became common to have a kind of dual identity – Lithuanian-Polish, Polish-Lithuanian.
However, a few centuries later, the above-mentioned position inherited from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth turned into a problem: perhaps because the political model was only partially successful, the situation changed with the start of the active formation of nation-states. Tensions over borders, territories and geopolitical ambitions led to the need for a clear individual choice. A clearly expressed national identity, including the use of the specific language (Lithuanian or Polish), became an essential indicator of this. Meanwhile, partly due to the influence of the old heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from a socio-cultural point of view, there was still a relatively large number of mixed Lithuanian-Polish and Polish-Lithuanian families in Lithuania and Poland.
One of the more exceptional cases in this context is that of two brothers, Boleslovas and Juozapas Albinas Herbaiiauskas, who were born in the same family of a Polish father and a Lithuanian mother in the second half of the 19th century, but who chose different identities.
Boleslovas Herbaiiauskas (Bolesław Herbaczewski) chose a Polish identity. Juozapas Albinas Herbaiiauskas had a more Lithuanian identity. This bilingual Lithuanian-Polish, Polish-Lithuanian writer, cultural figure, promoter of the Lithuanian National Revival, the first lecturer in Lithuanian in the history of the Jagiellonian University in Poland, translator and publicist was one of the brightest and most colourful personalities in Kraków and interwar Kaunas of the early 20th century. His biography, the specifics of his activities, his polemics with his contemporaries, and the challenges he faced in his efforts to merge and preserve both Lithuanian and Polish identities in the context of the tense relations between Lithuania and Poland provide the researcher with a rewarding opportunity to shed light on the extremely complex and multidimensional era of the development of and relations between the Lithuanian and Polish states through the history of one person and his dramatic choices.
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Greason, Walter. "Blackness and Whiteness as Historical Forces in the 20th Century United States". Multicultural Perspectives 11, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210960902717650.
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Magnussen, Anne. "New People, New Historical Narratives". Diálogos Latinoamericanos 10, n.º 16 (1 de janeiro de 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v10i16.113575.
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At the turn of the 20th century, the small central Texas town ofGonzales saw an impressive population increase consisting primarilyof Anglo Americans from other parts of the United States and ofMexican Americans. The latter constituted a new ethnic community ina town of Anglo Americans and African Americans. The powerrelationship between these two communities followed the norms andpractices of a southern racial hierarchy, and at least to some extent, thearrival of the Mexican Americans questioned the power logics of thisrelationship. The author argues that the activation in the first decadesof the 20th century of a series of historical references to Texas’independence in public space was part of an Anglo American effort tomaintain its economic, social and political power by integrating thenewly arrived Anglo Americans and efficiently excluding the MexicanAmerican community.
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De Ville, Kennethe. "Medical Malpractice in Twentieth Century United States: The Interaction of Technology, Law, and Culture". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 14, n.º 2 (1998): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012198.
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AbstractAlthough medical malpractice litigation in the United States has generated extensive professional and scholarly attention, few analyses of the issue have explored its underlying causes. This essay develops and employs an historical framework to explain the late 20th century phenomenon and concludes that widespread medical malpractice suits are the result of a combination of short-term topical causes and long-term cultural changes that are ignored or left untouched by most reform efforts. Most importantly, however, the development and proliferation of new and improved medical technologies has played a pivotal role throughout the entire history of the litigation, an effect that has become most prominent and important in the last third of the 20th century.
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Zmátlo, Peter. "Karol Anton Medvecký v slovenskej historiografii". Kultúrne dejiny 14, Supplement (2023): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/kd.2023.14.supp.6-35.
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Karol Anton Medvecký, a Catholic priest, politician and folk educator with an interest in ethnography, was an important figure in Slovak modern history and was a participant in important turning points in Slovak society at the beginning of the 20th century. He began to engage in public life at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the introductory parts, the author deals with the methodological and theoretical basis for writing professional historical biographies. The second part describes the work of Slovak historians about this personality, his life and work. The author analyzes and evaluates the previous works of Slovak historiography on K. A. Medvecký, which were professional studies, articles and review papers in proceedings, dictionaries and lexicons. He states that a professional historical biography about K. A. Medvecký has not yet been written.
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Tronchet, Guillaume. "Internationalization Trends in French Higher Education: An Historical Overview". International Higher Education, n.º 83 (2 de dezembro de 2015): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2015.83.9089.
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For many policy makers in France, internationalization of higher education is a new subject. But people have short memories. They have forgotten—or simply do not know—that French universities were pioneers and leaders in internationalization between the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century, before being outshone by the United States and some other countries in Europe. Faced with today’s challenges of globalization, it is time for French universities to reclaim their own history.
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Voronchenko, T., E. Fedorova e E. Gladkikh,. "Ethnocultural transformations in the annexed (1848) territories of Northern Mexico and the hypothetical future as imagined by Californian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries (Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Helen Maria Hunt Jackson, Alejandro Morales)". TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, n.º 10 (2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-64-72.
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The article focuses on defining the ways the 19th and 20th centuries authors presented ethnocultural transformations driven by ethnopolitical processes in the Mexican territories of Alta California annexed by the United States in 1848. The research includes the novels of the 19th-century American authors: The Squatter and the Don (1885) by Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Ramona (1884) by Helen Maria Hunt Jackson; and The Rag Doll Plagues (1992) by the author of late 20th century Alejandro Morales. The object of the research is the historical reality as presented in the literature of California in the 19th and 20th centuries. The subject of the research is the representation of ethnocultural transformations in the territories of the former Alta California in the views of Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Helen Maria Hunt Jackson, and Alejandro Morales. The purpose of the research is to identify the specifics of depicting ethnocultural transformations in the fiction works by Californian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the research includes the works that analyze a literary text as a product of social life in specific cultural and historical conditions. The article uses a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the social and ethnocultural phenomena specific to the population of Mexican territories that became part of the United States. The approach combines methods of the sociology of literature, historical and cultural, problem-focused and chronological, and comparative research methods. The analysis of the novels helps to identify similarities and differences in the representation of the views of the 19th and 20th centuries authors on the ethnocultural transformations both in the ‘current’ historical reality (in literature depicting the ‘local color’) and the hypothetical reality of the future (in the dystopian novel).
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Hassler, Curt C., Shawn T. Grushecky, Lawrence E. Osborn e Joseph F. McNeel. "Hardwood Log Grading in the United States—Part 1: A Historical Perspective". Forest Products Journal 69, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2019): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-18-00023.
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Abstract The ability to efficiently and consistently characterize the quality of hardwood sawlogs is an indispensable part of operating a hardwood sawmill. And it is equally important for buyers and sellers of hardwood logs to negotiate prices on a uniform basis of both scale and grade. While scaling of logs is relatively straightforward, assuming buyer and seller agree on a specific log rule to use (e.g., Doyle, Scriber, International), grading logs for the purposes of evaluating quality is more complex. Hardwood log grading is an essential component of any hardwood sawmill's operation and effectively sets the stage for profit or loss. Various efforts have been made to develop a standardized log grading system by both the forest products industry and the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDAFS) since the beginning of the 20th century. However, even after over a century of effort, there is still no broadly accepted standard for grading hardwood logs. The purpose of this article is to document the historical evolution of hardwood log grading systems. Understanding the development of hardwood log grading systems over time can help to produce a better log grading standard in the future.
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Albarran, Paola Andrea. "Makeup Trends on Television Newcasts in the U.S. during the 20th Century". VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review 7, n.º 2 (5 de outubro de 2020): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revvisual.v7.2694.
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This study is an exploration of the shift from standard definition (SDTV) to high-definition (HDTV) on television newscasts in the United States. This paper examines how this major historic shift affected the thinking, behavior, and trends of female newscasters when using makeup to see what themes arose. Despite the ubiquity of female newscasters, academic research into the influence of HD broadcasting and makeup appearance is limited. Due to this lack of information, the present study provides a cultural approach to examining historical information about this switch. News West 9 broadcasted in Midland-Odessa and interviews to a female newscaster, a news director, and a makeup artist who experienced this shift are utilized to address the historical issues facing high-definition broadcasting during this time.
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Varão, Rafiza. "A first glance at the work of Dorothy Blumenstock Jones". Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación 12, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medcom.19325.
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Despite having occupied an important position in the United States Office of War Information (OWI) and having actively participated in a decisive period of Communication Research, Dorothy Blumenstock Jones is a name almost forgotten in the history of the field of communication. All we know about her biography is like some puzzle pieces, although she made significant contributions to the study of movies in the 20th century. This paper seeks to portray not only biographical data about Jones but especially to map her work and its proposals related to the development of film analysis and content analysis - and to place her on the list of pioneers of communication studies.
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Lewis, Collins. "National Prohibition in the United States: A Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective: Part 1: 19th Century Temperance and Prohibition". Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy 1, n.º 1 (23 de setembro de 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47739/2333-665x.addiction.1004.
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Aim: This is the first of a two part paper that illustrates how cognitive-behavioral factors, the disregard of prior epidemiological data, and misfortunate timing contributed to the failure of National Prohibition in the United States. Methods: This first paper gives a detailed historical and cultural review of the early colonial, the post-revolutionary war, pre-civil war, and post-Civil-War, drinking patterns in the United States. It addresses the origins of the temperance movement, its evolution into a prohibition movement, and the post–civil war, prohibition in Kansas. Findings: Attribution theory shows a cognitive bias in the early 19th century temperance and late 19th century prohibition thinking. Scapegoat theory pointed out that the 19th century reformers targeted alcohol itself as the main source of social suffering and, by and large, neglected the context in which it was consumed. Conclusion: Nineteenth century attribution bias, cognitive errors, and failure to evaluate prior experience set the stage for 20th century, National Prohibition, a disastrous, preventive intervention.
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Zipp, Robert. "Not what, but who: Controlled choice in gifted education programs in the United States". #CritEdPol: Journal of Critical Education Policy Studies at Swarthmore College 1, n.º 1 (2016): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2473-912x.1.1.7.
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Gifted education’s most pressing problem, according to its critics, is a lack of racial, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity. This lack of diversity can be attributed to the fractured nature of gifted education’s historical development, and the also fractured development of its very independent and numerous stakeholders. By the 20th century, these factors caused an overreaching regulatory structure to be practically infeasible. This policy proposal attempts to push back against historical precedent and begin a process of implementing overarching guidelines for gifted education programs in the United States based on a Controlled Choice model of admissions for gifted and talented pro-grams that receive federal funding. The new federal Special Task Force on Equity in Excellence will be tasked with enforcing and overseeing this policy change.
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Zhong, Cheng. "A perspective of historically cultural studies on Bob Dylan’s epic “Murder Most Foul”". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, n.º 10-1 (1 de outubro de 2022): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202210statyi31.
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Bob Dylan released his newest ballad epic “Murder Most Foul” in the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020. He portrays himself as a poetic singer who cares about the history and destiny of his country and people by narrating the cultural and historical event of the 50s and 60s in the 20th century in the United States in retrospect. This article reflexes the culture, history, politics and globalization process in the pandemic by introducing concepts of collective representations, analogical modes of thinking and totality from a perspective of cultural studies in anticipating a united social community of the United States and even the whole world at large to forge ahead with courage and hope in a historically cultural sense.
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Taranda, G. L. "Modern Dance As an American Alternative to Classical Ballet". Contemporary problems of social work 6, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2412-5466-2020-6-4-45-51.
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the article analyzes the features of the American modern dance, which formed in the first half of the 20th century as an alternative to the classical ballet of the United States, which had Russian roots. In the article there were formulated both the artistic and aesthetic principles of modern dance and the historical and cultural prerequisites for the formation of the US national choreographic school. The work uses theoretical methods: visual and text analysis of choreographic works and music for performances, comparison of the means of plastic expressiveness, movements and figures of classical ballet and modern dance, the principles of stage development of artistic images of performances. The basis of the empirical study was a generalization of the practical experience of staging performances by leading American dancers of the 20th century. According to the results of the study, it is noted that the features of modern dance are opposite to the classical ballet of the United States, testify to the desire of Americans to illuminate the problems of modern time and convey the unique national features of US culture, using elements of African or Indian dances, as well as movements that are not characteristic of classical ballet, but reflect the spirit of our time. The materials of the article have theoretical and practical value for specialists dealing with the problems of culture and art of the 20th century, including modern choreography
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Blue, Ethan. "National Vitality, Migrant Abjection, and Coercive Mobility: The Biopolitical History of American Deportation". Leonardo 48, n.º 3 (junho de 2015): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01027.
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The United States has one of the world’s most extensive systems of mass removal. Its historical roots draw on 19th century biopolitical traditions of border control and internal anti-immigrant policing. In the early 20th century, rail technologies enabled an economical assemblage of steel and law, of racism and politics, attempting national purification by expelling ‘undesirable aliens.’ The process differentiated between the categories of privileged citizenship and abject alienage. The possibilities of national cleansing through deportation allowed new modes of sovereign governance, defined territories, and controlled populations—foundational aspects of modern nationhood.
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Suwada, Katarzyna. "Norbert Elias i socjologia figuracyjna". Kultura i Społeczeństwo 55, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2011): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2011.55.1.4.
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In the article the biography and theories of Norbert Elias, a sociologist who lived and wrote in 20th century, are presented. He tried to overcome the division between society and an individual, he opposed the reduction of processes to states and introduced the term “figuration”. Figurations underline the relational and processual character of social reality. An important part of his sociology is the theory of the civilizing process which using a historical perspectives tries to explain social changes. The aim of this article is to recall Elias’ sociology and to show its importance to contemporary trends in sociology. A starting point is the release of a Polish translation of one of his first book titled What is Sociology?
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Lee, Kuk Heon, e Dong Hyun Chae. "A Historical-Theological Understanding of the “Latter Rain”". Theological Research Institute of Sahmyook University 25, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 170–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.56035/tod.2023.25.3.170.
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This study is a historical-theological analysis of the understanding of the “Latter Rain” developed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The understanding of the Latter Rain stems from the Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States in the 19th century. The Latter Rain in
the Second Great Awakening and the subsequent Holiness Movement was presented as the concept of Holiness or Holy Spirit Baptism. In this process, Holiness-Pentecostalism expected the Latter Rain. Later, in the early 20th century, the Latter Rain Movement took place in the Pentecostal Movement, which was developed along with the gift of the tongue. The Adventists’ understanding of Latter Rain was influenced by the 19th century Holiness-Pentecostalism. White used the term “Latter Rain” without any specific explanation. She emphasized her understanding of the Latter Rain, which differed from Holiness-Pentecostalism, by linking the Latter Rain to the loud cry of the third angel. In the 1880s, the Adventist Church realized that the experience of the third angel's loud cry and the Latter Rain was imminent, and in 1888, the Minneapolis Session of the General Conference understood the announcement as the beginning of a loud cry and the Latter Rain. Consequently, in 1893, the Revival Movement through the Latter Rain took place at Battle Creek Church. The delay in the loud cry reduced the interest in the Latter Rain, and the Adventists waited for the true Latter Rain, defining the tongues and Pentecostal movements that occurred in the 20th century as false Holy Spirit movements. Delaying the achievement of the Latter Rain is becoming an important task in Adventist eschatology.
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Turchin, Peter. "Dynamics of political instability in the United States, 1780–2010". Journal of Peace Research 49, n.º 4 (julho de 2012): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343312442078.
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This article describes and analyses a database on the dynamics of sociopolitical instability in the United States between 1780 and 2010. The database was constructed by digitizing data collected by previous researchers, supplemented by systematic searches of electronic media archives. It includes 1,590 political violence events such as riots, lynchings, and terrorism. Incidence of political violence fluctuated dramatically over the 230 years covered by the database, following a complex dynamical pattern. Spectral analysis detected two main oscillatory modes. The first is a very long-term – secular – cycle, taking the form of an instability wave during the second half of the 19th century, bracketed by two peaceful periods (the first quarter of the 19th century and the middle decades of the 20th century, respectively). The second is a 50-year oscillation superimposed on the secular cycle, with peaks around 1870, 1920, and 1970. The pattern of two periodicities superimposed on each other is characteristic of the dynamics of political instability in many historical societies, such as ancient Rome and medieval and early-modern England, France, and Russia. A possible explanation of this pattern, discussed in the article, is offered by the structural-demographic theory, which postulates that labor oversupply leads to falling living standards and elite overproduction, and those, in turn, cause a wave of prolonged and intense sociopolitical instability.
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Dounia, Margarita. "Transnational Practices and Emotional Belonging among Early 20th-Century Greek Migrants in the United States". Genealogy 4, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4030090.
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This article aims at studying transnational families dispersed among Greece and the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. It examines the ways in which transnationalism was a common way of being, acting and feeling strongly associated with the available “technologies” of those times, namely photographs, letters and private financial and judicial records. The focus is purposefully micro-historical, analyzing the private collections of two families in a small mountainous village community of the Greek south. Its purpose is to manifest the ways in which transnational families communicated, exchanged items, thoughts and emotions, fulfilled economic obligations and marital aspirations and, overall, created “proxy” transnational spaces. At the same time, shifting the focus to individuals, it aims at presenting the diversities of transnationalism as a lived experience, as unfolded in the personal records of migrants and their kin. Further, it explores transnationalism as a holistic, multi-faceted and all-encompassing ground, with its dynamics influencing not only migrants, but also their families and societies back in the homeland.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Álvaro, Sergio Loza e Rosti Vana. "A Historical-Variationist Analysis of Subject Pronoun Expression in 19th and Early 20th Century Arizonan Spanish". Languages 8, n.º 1 (13 de janeiro de 2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010025.
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This diachronic study is a variationist analysis of subject pronoun expression (SPE) in two key Spanish-language Arizonan newspapers, El Fronterizo (1878–1914) and El Tucsonense (1915–1957), following Tucson’s annexation to the United States through the Gadsden Purchase, a period of great social change during which the Spanish-speaking population in the city underwent a gradual process of anglicization. Since some research on SPE in Spanish in the United States suggests that English-Spanish bilingualism increases the use of overt subject personal pronouns (SPPs) because of their almost categorical use in English, this study’s main aim is to track the initial stages of such progression in a period when social bilingualism was steadily extending in Tucson. In this respect, our results show that the presence of overt SPPs does increase over time in the data analyzed; however, lower rates of overt SPPs in contemporary Tucson and Phoenix spoken Spanish raise the possibility that the percentage surge in the aforementioned period is rather due to the offline written nature of the newspapers, which, for instance, weakens the effect of online constraints, such as switch reference, ambiguous TAM endings, and non-reflexive verbs. Even so, regression analyses with the mixed-effects statistical software Rbrul reveal that the linguistic factor groups shaping SPE in the diachronic data are essentially the same ones found operating in contemporary varieties of Spanish.
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Rexhepi, Zeqirja. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF USA IN BALKAN EUROPEANIZATION". Knowledge International Journal 28, n.º 6 (10 de dezembro de 2018): 2149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28062149z.
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After the communist system fall, the countries in the Balkan region have faced a historical period known as “transition”, a period in which the parliamentary democracy and market economy were established. Having a sustainable historic past, Balkan countries overcome the transition phase with numerous contradictions, by protecting the borders of nation-states. Whereas, in Federative Yugoslavia, a state without a historical past, new political realities were created; a process which went through many wars and as a result, new national countries were established in the Balkans. Actually, in this corner of Europe, seventy years after Yugoslavia’s constitution as a state, the process of "dismantling" the creation of Versailles begins. In the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the United States had attempted to give its contribution to build the 20th century Europe through the process of "self-determination", but at that time American proposals were not taken into account. However, issues of the early 20th century were again put to the table in the late 20th century,The role of America at this period was quite different. In the late twentieth century America was engaged in various world regions as a "guardian" observing the global processes of contemporary civilization. In this context, noticing the “Europeans” inability, USA has got involved to a great extent in the development processes of the Balkans, contributing to the establishment of peace, political stability and the parliamentary democracy system, which in fact constitute the foundations for the "Europeanization” of the peoples and countries of the Balkans.
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Wallace, Ian J., Steven Worthington, David T. Felson, Robert D. Jurmain, Kimberly T. Wren, Heli Maijanen, Robert J. Woods e Daniel E. Lieberman. "Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 35 (14 de agosto de 2017): 9332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703856114.
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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is believed to be highly prevalent today because of recent increases in life expectancy and body mass index (BMI), but this assumption has not been tested using long-term historical or evolutionary data. We analyzed long-term trends in knee OA prevalence in the United States using cadaver-derived skeletons of people aged ≥50 y whose BMI at death was documented and who lived during the early industrial era (1800s to early 1900s; n = 1,581) and the modern postindustrial era (late 1900s to early 2000s; n = 819). Knee OA among individuals estimated to be ≥50 y old was also assessed in archeologically derived skeletons of prehistoric hunter-gatherers and early farmers (6000–300 B.P.; n = 176). OA was diagnosed based on the presence of eburnation (polish from bone-on-bone contact). Overall, knee OA prevalence was found to be 16% among the postindustrial sample but only 6% and 8% among the early industrial and prehistoric samples, respectively. After controlling for age, BMI, and other variables, knee OA prevalence was 2.1-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.1) in the postindustrial sample than in the early industrial sample. Our results indicate that increases in longevity and BMI are insufficient to explain the approximate doubling of knee OA prevalence that has occurred in the United States since the mid-20th century. Knee OA is thus more preventable than is commonly assumed, but prevention will require research on additional independent risk factors that either arose or have become amplified in the postindustrial era.
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West, John B. "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program". Journal of Applied Physiology 91, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2001): 1501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1501.
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Human spaceflight was one of the great physiological and engineering triumphs of the 20th century. Although the history of the United States manned space program is well known, the Soviet program was shrouded in secrecy until recently. Konstantin Edvardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) was an extraordinary Russian visionary who made remarkable predictions about space travel in the late 19th century. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966) was the brilliant “Chief Designer” who was responsible for many of the Soviet firsts, including the first artificial satellite and the first human being in space. The dramatic flight of Sputnik 1 was followed within a month by the launch of the dog Laika, the first living creature in space. Remarkably, the engineering work for this payload was all done in less than 4 wk. Korolev's greatest triumph was the flight of Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934–1968) on April 12, 1961. Another extraordinary feat was the first extravehicular activity by Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov (1934–) using a flexible airlock that emphasized the entrepreneurial attitude of the Soviet engineers. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet program was overtaken by the United States program and attempts to launch a manned mission to the Moon failed. However, the early Soviet manned space program has a preeminent place in the history of space physiology.
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TAMPU, Stelian. "THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY". Strategic Impact 79, n.º 2 (7 de outubro de 2021): 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.
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Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
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Rouhiainen, Leena. "The Evolvement of the Pilates Method and its Relation to the Somatic Field". Nordic Journal of Dance 2, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2011): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/njd-2011-0007.
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Abstract Somatics is a field of practice that consists of approaches to bodywork that aim at psycho-physical integration and enhance the well-being of an individual. This is mainly done through appreciating the first-person perspective on the body. Don Hanlon Johnson (1995; 1994) suggests that, in the Europe and North America of the 20th century, the evolvement of diverse somatic practices could be viewed as a historical movement of its own. The inter-links that the Pilates Method has with this movement are not generally known. Joseph Pilates created an exercise method that he himself called Contrology during the early and mid 20th century, while working both in Germany and the United States. This paper delineates the evolution of Contrology by linking it to the German Body Culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In so doing, it suggests that, while promoting especially functional and aesthetic efficacy of human movement, the Pilates Method shares historical roots with the somatic field. It likewise shares some principles with somatic education in that it enhances clients’ body awareness and supports the improvement of their movement patterns.
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Maynes, Mary Jo. "Autobiography and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Methodological Considerations". Social Science History 16, n.º 3 (1992): 517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016606.
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Historical social science—which I understand to be analysis of change over time that is informed by the theories, methods, and questions of the social sciences—has in the past 25 or 30 years established itself as an important area of interdisciplinary study. It emerged at a point in time when, in the United States at least, several of the social science disciplines were dominated by positivist epistemologies and models drawn from the natural sciences. In practice, much of what has been understood as social science history has centered on the recovery and analysis of largely quantifiable sources that allowed the writing of the collective biography of large populations—the ordinary people arguably under-or unrepresented in classic historical accounts of previous eras. Drawing upon social-scientific traditions provided concepts and methodologies for analyzing processes that encompassed everyone, rather than merely the events dominated by an elite, and for studying relatively anonymous collectivities rather than merely the “great men.”
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Kallenberg, Vera. "Die Pionierinnen der Pionierin. Zu Gerda Lerners »The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina. Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition« (1967/2004)". Aschkenas 33, n.º 2 (28 de novembro de 2023): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2023-2016.
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Abstract This article traces the history of the double biography »The Grimké Sisters« (1967/2004) by Gerda Lerner, an American Jewish historian who, as a Viennese Jew, escaped Nazi Europe for the United States in 1939. Focusing on the history of the making of »The Grimké Sisters«, the essay analyzes Lerner’s book as ›life writing‹. It demonstrates Gerda Lerner‘s (1920–2013) becoming scholarly persona in the context of her self-interpretation of the Grimké Sisters as her own figures of identification and role model. By showing the nexus of African Americans’ rights and women’s rights in the Grimké sisters’ engagement, Gerda Lerner processed the own in the foreign. In doing so, Lerner’s interest in white abolitionism and the women’s rights movement in the 19th century U.S. echoes her multiple outsider and persecution experiences as a Jewish emigrant, left-wing feminist, and pioneer in Women’s history in the 20th century.
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 2 (abril de 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.
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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.
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Bohan, Chara Haeussler, e James A. Chisholm. "Mary Sheldon Barnes: An Educator’s Life in Historical Context". Social Studies Research and Practice 6, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2011): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2011-b0008.
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The challenge of writing a historical biography is interesting from several perspectives. The writer primarily seeks to provide a clear picture of the subject without imposing personal biases. Maintaining an objective perspective becomes more difficult when deciding which material to include or exclude. This challenge became very evident when we began to write about Mary Sheldon Barnes. She was a leading educator at the end of the nineteenth century in the United States. It is easy to overlook her writing in educational history, but her impact on teaching methodology is present today in most classrooms. She was a pioneer because she included “sources” or pieces of original documents and pictures in her first textbook entitled Studies in General History. Her educational contributions have been blurred for several reasons which are explored in this research.
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García Searcy, Enrique. "Criminalización y políticas migratorias: Cambios en el proceso de estratificación racial y estigmatización de la población de origen mexicano radicada en los Estados Unidos (1954-2001)". Frontera norte 32 (1 de janeiro de 2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2015.
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This article aims to analyze from a historical perspective the changes in the process of racial stratification and stigmatization of the population of Mexican origin based in the United States. From a bibliographic and documentary exploration of changes in U.S. migration policies with respect to its southern border during the second half of the 20th century, three distinct historical periods were identified (1954-1964, 1965-1985 and 1986-2001). The social changes presented in these historical periods allowed this population to consolidate as one of the country’s main ethnic minorities, but this failed to eliminate the racial stigmatization imposed on Mexican (and later Hispanic) migrants by the dominant white culture since the second half of the 19th century. This has been reflected consistently in the current policies that U.S. immigration authorities have implemented on the border with Mexico.
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Lieberman, Leonard, Rodney C. Kirk e Michael Corcoran. "The decline of race in American physical anthropology". Anthropological Review 66 (30 de junho de 2003): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.66.01.
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This paper is a review of how and why the race concept has changed in the United States during the 20th century. In the 19th century the concept of race provided the unchallenged folk taxonomy and the prevailing scientific paradigm for placing human biological and cultural variation into categories called races. At the height of the eugenic and anti-immigration movement of the early decades of the 20th century, Boas and his students began the critique of racism and aspects of the race concept. In the early 1950s Washburn proposed that the modern synthesis replace race typology with the study of processes and populations. In the 1960s new data on clinal genetic gradations provided tools for studying human variation while challenging the race concept. We present several kinds of documentation of the decline of the race concept over the 20th century, and place the above changes in the context of the essential development of new genetic evidence. We also relate the decline of race to historical developments, the growth of the culture concept, and the biographies of the participants. We reject political correctness and view science as a self-correcting endeavor to relate concepts to the empirical world.
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Moldovan, Raluca. "Bitter Harvest: A Comparative Look at the British and American Presence in Afghanistan from the Great Game to the 2021 US Withdrawal". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2021): 279–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.2.11.
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"The present article is built on the premise that both the British Empire in the 19th century (during its rivalry with Russia, known as the Great Game) and the United States in the 20th century treated Afghanistan as a means to an end in their quest to fulfil their strategic interests, without much concern for the country’s people, history and traditions, which ultimately contributed to their failure: Britain was forced to accept Afghanistan’s independence in 1919 at the end of the third Anglo-Afghan war, while the US withdrew its troops in August 2021, putting an end to what proved to be an unwinnable war. The article’s main body examines the British and American presence in Afghanistan through the lens of a historical comparison meant to highlight the similarities and differences in their approaches, while the conclusion contains a few lessons the US should learn from Afghanistan that might, ideally, inform its future interventionist strategies. Keywords: Afghanistan, Taliban, United States, Britain, Great Game. "
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Nepeina, K. S., e V. A. An. "HISTORICAL SEISMIC STATIONS IN USSR AND REGISTRATION UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS". NNC RK Bulletin, n.º 2 (17 de outubro de 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2021-2-47-52.
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During the Cold War of the 20th century and the classification of information between the largest nuclear states the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA), data on the registration of nuclear explosions were not published in the reports of the Unitied Seismic Observation Service. However, underground nuclear explosions were recorded. For example, underground nuclear explosions, produced by the United States on Amchitka island, were recorded by more than 30 stations of the USSR at epicentral distances Δ ~ 8–160°. Tests at the Nevada Test Site were found especially well throughout the USSR seismic stations. As a result of processing the bulletins of registered events, checking the values with the time service, the registration parameters for the Soviet stations were destroyed. However, thanks to an employee of the laboratory 5-s of the Institute of Physics of the Earth named after O.Yu. Schmidt of the USSR Academy of Sciences Kh.D. Rubinstein is kept at the Institute for the Dynamics of Geospheres of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after Academician M.A. Sadovsky. Only after 1985 messages from some seismic stations of the former USSR began to be published in the operational reports of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This material is intended to publish that layer of invaluable information on the registration of underground nuclear explosions, made by the United States, which has been so carefully created for decades, and has not been published anywhere at the moment.
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Berteaux, John Anthony. "Black France, Black America: Engaging Historical Narratives". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 9, n.º 2 (21 de julho de 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5474.
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Abstract During the first quarter of the 20th Century a small group of black intellectuals, artists, and musicians abandoned the United States for Paris. The rumor was that the French did not believe in racist theories – that France offered blacks social and economic opportunities not available in the States. This paper critically examines that narrative as well as North America’s melting pot legend – an expression of the promise of America made popular in 1909 by playwright Israel Zangwill. The stories that we tell about ourselves as a nation are important because our moral sentiments are frequently a product of these narratives. They influence our vision of populations and their circumstances. They serve as starting points for philosophical investigation and critical self-reflection. My intent is not to prove these stories or narratives false but rather, to illustrate how their widespread acceptance has affected people’s abilities to recognize, understand, and responsibly address compelling and complex racial problems. What I recommend is the need for an on-going, comprehensive, and critical examination of socially dominant historical narratives.
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Pavlov, N. V. "The War in the Historical Memory of Nations". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 2(41) (28 de abril de 2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-65-76.
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There is no doubt that the most important event of the 20th century was a joint victory of the united front of peoples and states over German fascism. For some that was the victory in the Second World War. For the Russians - the victory in the Great Patriotic War which cost the Soviet Union incredible efforts, enormous sacrifices and material losses. Now when we celebrate the 70thyear since that epoch-making date we turn our attention once more to the lessons of history because the memory of the war has been imprinted deeply on our gene level of Russians and Germans. This is because every family from both sides sustained heavy losses. This memory is alive in literature, in movies and plays, songs, in memorials, biographies and historical dates. The Russian and German descendants of those who fought against each other are doing an important work searching for the killed, looking after the burial places, compensating the damage to the victims of this inhuman massacre, trying to understand critically our common and controversial past. What was the 9th of May for the Germans and the Russians in the perception of Germans and Russians? Was it a victory, a defeat or liberation? This is what the author of the article reflects on, convinced that we are anyway dealing with the greatest event of the 20th century, at least because it prevented the end of civilization.
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Longhurst, James. "Reconsidering the Victory Bike in World War II: Federal Transportation Policy, History, and Bicycle Commuting in America". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 13 (26 de agosto de 2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794288.
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The largest federal intervention in bicycle transportation policy in the 20th century damaged the popularity and prospects of adult cycling in the United States. But in contemporaneous publications and in historical accounts, the World War II “Victory Bike” program has been described positively and fondly, even by bicycle advocates. Using the methodology of the discipline of history, this paper contrasts published literature on the Victory Bike against the unpublished, archival records of the federal government’s Revised Ration Order 7 of July, 1942. A first-ever close analysis of month-by-month rationing demonstrates the deeply restrictive nature of that program, which contradicts both early promises and later accounts. By the end of the war, civilian bicycle production and sales had halted completely, the industry had been decimated, and adult cycling was increasingly associated with wartime sacrifice and deprivation. Recovering this 20th century policy history is a necessary part of understanding American bicycle culture in the 21st, partially explaining the comparative lack of adult bicycle commuting today.
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Rogaski, Ruth. "The Manchurian Plague and COVID-19: China, the United States, and the “Sick Man,” Then and Now". American Journal of Public Health 111, n.º 3 (março de 2021): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305960.
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In this article, I explore the historical resonances between China’s 1911 pneumonic plague and our current situation with COVID-19. At the turn of the 20th century, China was labeled “the Sick Man of the Far East”: a once-powerful country that had become burdened by opium addiction, infectious disease, and an ineffective government. In 1911, this weakened China faced an outbreak of pneumonic plague in Manchuria that killed more than 60 000 people. After the 1911 plague, a revolutionized China radically restructured its approach to public health to eliminate the stigma of being “the Sick Man.” Ironically, given the US mishandling of the COVID pandemic, observers in today’s China are now calling the United States “the Sick Man of the West”: a country burdened by opioid addiction, infectious disease, and an ineffective government. The historical significance of the phrase “Sick Man”—and its potential to now be associated with the United States—highlights the continued links between epidemic control and international status in a changing world. This historical comparison also reveals that plagues bring not only tragedy but also the opportunity for change.
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Albarran, Paola Andrea. "Makeup Trends on Television Newscasts in the U.S. during the 20th century: Exploring High-Definition Television, Journalists, and Appearance". International Visual Culture Review 2 (17 de abril de 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-visualrev.v2.2084.
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This study is an exploration of the shift from standard definition (SDTV) to high-definition (HDTV) on television newscasts in the United States. This paper examines how this major historic shift affected the thinking, behavior, and trends of female newscasters when using makeup to see what themes arose. Despite the ubiquity of female newscasters, academic research into the influence of HD broadcasting and makeup appearance is limited. Due to this lack of information, the present study provides a cultural approach to examining historical information about this switch. News West 9 broadcasted in Midland-Odessa and interviews to a female newscaster, a news director, and a makeup artist who experienced this shift are utilized to address the historical issues facing high-definition broadcasting during this time.
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Makurin, A. I. "WHITE HOUSE AND UNITED STATES CAPITOL: BATTLE FOR THE SUPREME COURT (SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY)". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 2 (61) (2023): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-84-95.
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The U.S. Constitution requires the President to submit Supreme Court nominees to the Senate for its advice and consent. The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Since the early 20th century, Presidents have submitted 62 nominations for the Court, including those for the post of Chief Justice. Of this total, 55 were confirmed (seven declined to serve). The article dissects the crucial constitutional disputes between the executive and legislative branches of government from the Eisenhower administration to the end of the Clinton administration, and examines the day-to-day working relations between the President and Congress, which go beyond the traditional discussions of Supreme Court decisions. The article analyzes the conflicts between the President and Congress in the field of shared power – nomination and confirmation of the Supreme Court Justices in the Senate. The research is based on historical and statistical data on the Supreme Court: its institutional development; decision trends; background, nomination; its relations with public, governmental, and other judicial bodies; and its influence. A special place in the article is given to the analysis of the policies of the Nixon, Reagan and Clinton administrations.
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Johnson, Katharine M., William B. Ouimet, Samantha Dow e Cheyenne Haverfield. "Estimating Historically Cleared and Forested Land in Massachusetts, USA, Using Airborne LiDAR and Archival Records". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 21 (27 de outubro de 2021): 4318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214318.
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In the northeastern United States, widespread deforestation occurred during the 17–19th centuries as a result of Euro-American agricultural activity. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, much of this agricultural landscape was reforested as the region experienced industrialization and farmland became abandoned. Many previous studies have addressed these landscape changes, but the primary method for estimating the amount and distribution of cleared and forested land during this time period has been using archival records. This study estimates areas of cleared and forested land using historical land use features extracted from airborne LiDAR data and compares these estimates to those from 19th century archival maps and agricultural census records for several towns in Massachusetts, a state in the northeastern United States. Results expand on previous studies in adjacent areas, and demonstrate that features representative of historical deforestation identified in LiDAR data can be reliably used as a proxy to estimate the spatial extents and area of cleared and forested land in Massachusetts and elsewhere in the northeastern United States. Results also demonstrate limitations to this methodology which can be mitigated through an understanding of the surficial geology of the region as well as sources of error in archival materials.
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Keeley, Jon E., e Alexandra D. Syphard. "Different historical fire–climate patterns in California". International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, n.º 4 (2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16102.
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The relationship between annual variation in area burned and seasonal temperatures and precipitation was investigated for the major climate divisions in California. Historical analyses showed marked differences in fires on montane and foothill landscapes. Based on roughly a century of data, there are five important lessons on fire–climate relationships in California: (1) seasonal variations in temperature appear to have had minimal influence on area burned in the lower elevation, mostly non-forested, landscapes; (2) temperature has been a significant factor in controlling fire activity in higher elevation montane forests, but this varied greatly with season – winter and autumn temperatures showed no significant effect, whereas spring and summer temperatures were important determinants of area burned; (3) current season precipitation has been a strong controller of fire activity in forests, with drier years resulting in greater area burned on most United States Forest Service (USFS) lands in the state, but the effect of current-year precipitation was decidedly less on lower elevation California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection lands; (4) in largely grass-dominated foothills and valleys the magnitude of prior-year rainfall was positively tied to area burned in the following year, and we hypothesise that this is tied to greater fuel volume in the year following high rainfall. In the southern part of the state this effect has become stronger in recent decades and this likely is due to accelerated type conversion from shrubland to grassland in the latter part of the 20th century; (5) the strongest fire–climate models were on USFS lands in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and these explained 42–52% of the variation in area burned; however, the models changed over time, with winter and spring precipitation being the primary drivers in the first half of the 20th century, but replaced by spring and summer temperatures after 1960.
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Hart, Jonathan Locke. "Jane Gray’s Framing of Asa Gray through Autobiography, Biography, and Correspondence". Canadian Review of American Studies 52, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras.2021-005.
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Jane Loring Gray, wife of celebrated and renowned Harvard botanist Asa Gray, helped to build up the work and the posthumous reputation of her husband as a leading scientist, an advocate of Charles Darwin, and a popular proponent of science in the nineteenth-century United States. Jane left Asa the scientist for others and wanted to create a portrait of Asa the person. This article discusses the Grays’ partnership in science, places that relationship in context, and stresses the contribution Jane made to Asa’s legacy, including the way she framed her husband’s work and reputation after his death. The emphasis is on the literary, historical, cultural, biographical, and autobiographical dimensions of the Grays’ work, on the implications that work has for botany and science, and on the challenges that Jane Gray had owing to her gender, to family and social roles, and in the face of delicate health.
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Williams, Sarin. "Teaching Cultural Competency through Early New Orleans Jazz". Jazz Education in Research and Practice 5, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2024): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jazzeducrese.5.1.09.
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Abstract: Studying the inception of early jazz in 20th-century New Orleans can provide opportunities to address issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion by increasing cultural competency. Providing students with a historical framework for the creation of jazz may promote empathy with musicians of diverse races, cultures, and musical backgrounds while applying these lessons to students' lives today. Early jazz itself can be examined as a combination of African and European musical ancestry brought together by Black, White, and Creole musicians for the birth of a unique musical idiom to the United States. Along with historical information, this article integrates three suggested lessons connecting cultural competency to the National Association for Music Education's 2014 Music Standards through the creation of jazz for a diverse array of students.
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LIU, Chao. "Racism in the Early-20th-Century U.S. and Sun Yatsen’s Outlook on Chinese Culture". Cultura 15, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2018): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul.2018.02.07.
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Abstract Confronted with the decline of Western hegemony, the post-Great-War American society witnessed a prevailing trend of racism represented by Lothrop Stoddard, who proposed to suppress the nationalist movements in Asia and completely prohibit the immigration of Asians into the United States to maintain white supremacy across the world. His racist discourse also constituted the historical context of Sun Yat-sen’s speech to The Kobe Chamber of Commerce. Unlike previous studies of the speech that focused on Sun’s expression of “Greater Asianism,” this paper examines his critical remarks on Stoddard, intending to explore the intellectual origin of the renewed outlook held by Sun on Chinese culture in his later years, as he intentionally misinterpreted Stoddard’s main idea as cultural revolt, neutralied such notions as biological determination and human inequality, and replaced white supremacy with the ascendancy of Chinese culture by emphasizing its originality, historical unity and moral superiority. On the very basis, Sun presented an alternative mode of modern civilization that diverged from the Euro-centric capitalist modernity. Echoing various anti-capitalist and counter-enlightenment thoughts of this period, Sun’s proposal could be taken as an integral part of the “new cultural conservatism” promoted by Chinese intellectuals in the 1920s.
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Bessonova, Maryna, e Dmytro Tryukhan. "The Influence of Historical Trauma on Traditional Approaches to the Interpretation of American History in the United States". Kyiv Historical Studies 17, n.º 2 (2023): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2023.23.
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The publication highlights the impact of historical trauma on collective memory and the formation of interpretations of national history in the United States. The trauma studies is one of the most important and disputable vectors of today’s historical researches in the USA. The traumatic events of American history, and especially of its certain communities (such as Afro-Americans, Native Americans), significantly influenced the formation of traditional historical narratives. Slavery, colonialism, violations of the rights of the indigenous population of the modern USA have been postponed in the collective memory of the multicultural American society and reflected on traditional approaches to the interpretation of history and its coverage in school textbooks. Almost a century, from the emergence of the first own history textbooks to the middle of the 20th century. traumatic events were glossed over and a whitewashed version of the past was presented, with a distorted interpretation of slavery and other sad moments in American history. It was discovered that there were many discussions in the American society focused on history interpretations and teaching of history at schools. Both North and South of the USA were trying to transform main narratives of the American History by their own vision. However, we can state the evolution of traditional approaches: at the beginning of the constructing of own historical narratives such issues as slavery and conquest of the Native Americans were silenced as a problematic issues, but now these issues as well as history of the other social groups (except of dominated narratives about white free men) are essential part of modern narratives. Opened discussion is a manifestation of awareness and collective work on historical traumas which are aimed at the consolidation of American society.
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Wright-Maley, Cory. "American Partition". Canadian Social Studies 54, n.º 1 (12 de dezembro de 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/css31.
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The current assessment of the state of political division in the United States is foreboding. Americans are more divided than any time since the Civil War, leaving some to opine that these differences may be irreconcilable. This speculative analysis takes seriously as its point of departure the position of a growing number of American commentators and policy experts who argue that the United States exhibits many of the risk factors that could lead down the path toward another civil war. Some of these commentators have advocated breaking up the union to pre-empt this outcome. The critical analysis within this article draws upon historical analogues from states partitioned during the 20th century such as such as the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Palestine, and India. These comparisons are used to evaluate proposals for a geographical sundering of the United States into Red and Blue Americas. My analysis highlights the ways in which any kind of national dissolution, though appealing to some at first glance, would be more politically complex, demographically fraught, and possibly no-less violent than the alternative of civil conflict. The most promising alternative appears to be that of learning to live and work together through difference.
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Goss, David A. "From the Editor". Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 49, n.º 4 (6 de novembro de 2018): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v49i4.25907.
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Historical narratives reflect the biases of their creators. In order to promote his own interests, sporting goods magnate A.G. Spalding created a "creation myth" that baseball was a uniquely American sport which evolved from the English game "rounders." While historians later debunked this assertion and established an earlier and more complicated origin story for baseball, Spalding's historical narrative persists in popular culture. Optometry has a similar "creation myth" which holds that the profession began at the turn-of-the 20th century in the United States with the founding members of the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the move to make optometry a legislated profession. However, optometry's origins are much older, beginning in the late 13th century and, therefore, can be divided into periods. The period beginning in 1890 and which saw the founding of the AOA should be viewed as the beginning of "modern optometry." Optometry historians should recognize the importance of all periods of optometry history.
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Abrams, Marc D. "Prescribing Fire in Eastern Oak Forests: Is Time Running Out?" Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2005): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.3.190.
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Abstract Before European settlement, vast areas of the eastern US deciduous forest were dominated by oak species. Evidence indicates that periodic understory fire was an important ecological factor in the historical development of oak forests. During European settlement of the late 19th and early 20th century, much of the eastern United States was impacted by land-clearing, extensive timber harvesting, severe fires, the chestnut blight, and then fire suppression and intensive deer browsing. These activities had the greatest negative impact on the once-dominant white oak, while temporarily promoting the expansion of other oaks such as red oak and chestnut oak. More recently, however, recruitment of all the dominant upland oaks waned on all but the most xeric sites. Mixed-mesophytic and later successional hardwood species, such as red maple, sugar maple, black birch, beech, black gum and black cherry, are aggressively replacing oak. The leaf litter of these replacement species is less flammable and more rapidly mineralized than that of the upland oaks, reinforcing the lack of fire. The trend toward increases in nonoak tree species will continue in fire-suppressed forests, rendering them less combustible for forest managers who wish to restore natural fires regimes. This situation greatly differs from the western United States, where fire suppression during the 20th century has made a variety of conifer-dominated forests more prone to stand-replacing fire.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):190 –196.
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Kosheliev, Artem. "THE CONCEPT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND USA STRATEGY IN RELATIONS WITH THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (LATE 20TH – EARLY 21ST CENTURY)". European Historical Studies, n.º 27 (2024): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2024.27.4.
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This research is devoted to identifying the causes of the crisis in the global security system, triggered by the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February 2022. The foundational concept underlying the strategy of the European Union and the United States in developing relations with the Russian Federation post-Cold War is analyzed in the article. Specifically, contemporary approaches of the EU and the US towards Russia bear the hallmarks of the concept known as Wilsonianism, which became the bedrock of the foreign policy strategy of the US and European countries towards post-Soviet states. The study presents a critique of this concept and analyzes its weaknesses. It also attempts to explain the logic behind the decisions of Western politicians regarding Russia from the end of the Cold War to its large-scale invasion of Ukraine. Through historical examples, the author demonstrates why it is currently impossible to apply the principles of Wilsonianism in developing a strategy for relations with the Russian Federation. Specifically, this is related to the lack of a common value foundation on which this concept is based. At the same time, the feasibility and appropriateness of the United States and European Union countries returning to the so-called principle of Realpolitik in relations with the Russian Federation is analyzed, as such proposals are also being discussed in the contemporary Western intellectual community. According to the author, this concept is also incapable of ensuring lasting peace and stability in Europe, as demonstrated by the historical example of its dominance in the strategies of Old-World states in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Accordingly, its application under current conditions also does not seem beneficial for restoring stability in the international system. The research analyzes the most effective systems of international relations that have prevailed in the world over the last 200 years and explains why, under current conditions of a global security crisis, only one strategic concept of containment appears most attractive in terms of maintaining peace and stability.