Artigos de revistas: "Harm to others"

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Golding, Martin P., e Joel Feinberg. "Harm to Others." Philosophical Review 96, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2185165.

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Darwall, Stephen L., e Joel Feinberg. "Harm to Others." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 47, n.º 4 (junho de 1987): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2107244.

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Seid, Abdu K., Ulrike Grittner, Thomas K. Greenfield e Kim Bloomfield. "To Cause Harm and to be Harmed by Others: New Perspectives on Alcohol's Harms to Others". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (janeiro de 2015): SART.S23506. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s23506.

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Objective To examine how sociodemographic factors and alcohol consumption are related to a four-way typology of causing harm to others and/or being harmed by othersș and one's own drinking. Data and Methods Data from the 2011 Danish national survey ( n = 2,569) were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression. Results Younger age and heavy drinking were significant correlates of both causing harm and being harmed. Women and better educated respondents were more likely to report negative effects on relationship and family from another's drinking. Better educated respondents had higher risks for work, financial, or injury harms from another's drinking. Mean alcohol consumption and risky single occasion drinking were related to both causing harm and being harmed from one's own drinking. Conclusions Drinking variables were the strongest correlates of causing harm and being harmed. Efforts to reduce risky drinking may also help reduce exposures to collateral harm.

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Fischer, John Martin, e Mark Ravizza. "DUCKING HARM AND SACRIFICING OTHERS". Journal of Social Philosophy 25, n.º 3 (dezembro de 1994): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.1994.tb00338.x.

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Feinberg, Joel. "Harm to others—a rejoinder". Criminal Justice Ethics 5, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1986): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.1986.9991791.

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Pedersen, Viki Møller Lyngby. "Harm to Self or Others". Social Theory and Practice 45, n.º 2 (2019): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201971260.

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Opponents of paternalism have sought to formulate non-paternalistic arguments for some seemingly reasonable but apparently paternalistic policies. This article addresses two such non-paternalistic arguments—the public charge argument and the psychic harm argument. The gist of both arguments is that a person’s imprudent or risky behavior often affects the interests of others adversely, and that this justifies restricting his or her behavior in various ways. The article shows that both arguments face important problems. It thus throws serious doubt on the prospect of holding on to apparently sound and well-founded policies whilst at the same time avoiding paternalism.

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Moan, Inger Synnøve, Elin K. Bye, Elisabet E. Storvoll e Ingunn Olea Lund. "Self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use in Norway". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 36, n.º 5 (30 de maio de 2019): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519836372.

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Aims: While it is documented that substance use harms others than the user, less is known about which substances people experience most harm from, and who the victims and perpetrators are. The aims were: (i) to estimate the prevalence of and overlap in self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette, and illegal drug use; (ii) to examine potential differences in the prevalence of harm from close relations’ and strangers’ use; and (iii) to examine how the prevalence of harm varies according to demographics and the respondents’ substance use. Methods: Population surveys conducted among 16–64-year-old Norwegians in 2012 and 2016 ( N = 3407) assessed self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use with identical measures, demographic variables and the respondents’ substance use. Results: Experience of harm from others’ alcohol use was most common, followed by others’ smoking. For all three substances, a higher proportion experienced harm from close relations’ use. Nearly half had experienced harm from others’ use of at least one substance. Women and younger participants were more likely to report harm from others’ alcohol and cigarette use. While alcohol and illegal drug users were more often harmed by others’ use of these substances, smokers reported being less often harmed by others’ smoking. Conclusions: Self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use corresponds with the prevalence of use of these substances in Norway. For all three substances, close relations’ use accounted for more harm than strangers’ use. Own substance use was an important correlate of experienced harm.

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Edman, Johan. "Harm to others - Rediscovered or Eternal?" Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 2016): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0039.

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Hughes, M. "Identifying employees who may harm others". BMJ 292, n.º 6519 (22 de fevereiro de 1986): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6519.559-b.

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Crockett, Molly J., Zeb Kurth-Nelson, Jenifer Z. Siegel, Peter Dayan e Raymond J. Dolan. "Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, n.º 48 (17 de novembro de 2014): 17320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408988111.

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Leon, D. A., e K. Keenan. "Commentary: Alcohol, child development and harm to others: a 'hard' problem". International Journal of Epidemiology 41, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2012): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys134.

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Stone, James, e George Szmukler. "An audit of risk assessment in an emergency setting". Psychiatric Bulletin 26, n.º 3 (março de 2002): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.3.88.

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Aims and MethodPatient records from the emergency clinic at the Maudsley Hospital were analysed from July 1999 to assess the standard of risk assessment for self-harm and for harm to others routinely recorded by junior doctors. The recorded risk factors for the consultation and the evidence that risk had been considered were noted. An intervention that comprised two seminars and two written reminders about the importance of risk assessment was made and the analysis of records in the emergency clinic repeated for July 2000.ResultsRisk factors were recorded more frequently for harm to self than for harm to others. There was little recorded evidence that consideration had been given to the overall risk of harm to self, and there was no evidence of this for harm to others. Recording of risk did not change significantly between 1999 and 2000.Clinical ImplicationsAssessment for risk of harm to others is not a part of the emergency consultation that is emphasised by the majority of junior psychiatrists. Changing practice will require a shift in the way that risk to others is presented in psychiatric teaching.

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Callinan, Sarah. "Alcohol’s harm to others: Quantifying a little or a lot of harm". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 3, n.º 2 (24 de julho de 2014): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i2.160.

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Callinan, S. (2014). Alcohol’s harm to others: Quantifying a little or a lot of harm. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(2), 127-133. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i2.160Aim: Harm to others from alcohol consumption has become a World Health Organization research priority and the subject of current or planned research in over 20 countries. The aim of the current study is to compare the efficacy of two measures commonly used to ascertain the subjective level of harm experienced by respondents that is attributable to the drinking of others.Design: A cross-sectional survey.Setting: Australian respondents were recruited using computer-assisted telephone interviewing.Participants: 448 adult respondents were asked about their experience of harm attributable to the alcohol consumption of others.Measures: Respondents were asked whether they were harmed a little or a lot by the drinking of both strangers and heavy drinkers known to them, and were asked to rate this level of harm from 1 to 10. They were also asked questions about the types of harm they experienced.Findings: Overall, respondents were fairly consistent in their responses to these two measures, with the mean score of a little or a lot of harm similar for both stranger and known drinker harms. Prediction of the two types of scores was similar, based on the respondents’ experience of harms; however, tangible stranger harm did not predict being harmed a lot.Conclusions: The 1 to 10 score is better predicted by harms experienced; however, this may be due to a lack of variance in the dichotomous question. Equivalence scores are outlined and discussed.

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Saunders, Ben. "Harm to What Others? J. S. Mill's Ambivalence Regarding Third-Party Harm". Journal of the History of Philosophy 62, n.º 2 (abril de 2024): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hph.2024.a925520.

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abstract: John Stuart Mill's harm principle holds that an individual's freedom can only be restricted to prevent harm to others. However, there is an important ambiguity between a strong version, which limits legitimate interference to self-defense and therefore prohibits society from protecting third parties (those who are not its members), and a narrow version, which grants any society universal jurisdiction to prevent nonconsensual harms, no matter who is harmed. Mill sometimes appeals to the strong harm principle to preclude interference, but elsewhere endorses measures (including humanitarian foreign intervention and animal cruelty laws) to protect third parties, suggesting that he subscribes only to the weak harm principle. This ambiguity regarding who it is that society has standing to protect has important implications for the scope of individual freedom.

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Alexander, Larry. "Harm, Offense, and Morality". Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 7, n.º 2 (julho de 1994): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002666.

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Joel Feinberg’s magnificent four volume work, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, represents a sustained and comprehensive argument regarding what conduct is appropriately regulated through criminal prohibitions and sanctions. Feinberg’s conclusions are essentially those of the Millian liberal: Conduct that causes harm or offense to others may be criminalized, but conduct that is harmful only to the actor or that is a harmless immorality may not be. Feinberg’s governing principle, however, is not Mill’s maximization of utility but is instead respect for individual autonomy. For Feinberg, respect for autonomy delimits the legitimate boundaries of concern with others’ conduct insofar as the concern is expressed through criminal prohibitions.

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Linton, Otha W. "X-rays Can Harm You and Others". Academic Radiology 19, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2012): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2011.10.017.

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Golding, Stephen J. "X-rays Can Harm You and Others". Academic Radiology 19, n.º 6 (junho de 2012): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2012.02.018.

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Rossow, Ingeborg. "How Well Do Survey Studies Capture Alcohol's Harm to Others?" Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (janeiro de 2015): SART.S23503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s23503.

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Empirical studies assessing alcohol's harm to others very often rely on population survey data. This study addresses some of the problems and challenges in using survey data for this purpose. Such problems include the limited capacity of population surveys in identifying infrequent harm and long-term consequences of drinking. Moreover, the drinker may report the alcohol-related harm or the person being harmed may report the damage. However, irrespective of who reports the harm, causal attribution to drinking is problematic. Challenges for future population surveys to address alcohol's harm to others include the need for improved models and understanding of complex mechanisms to guide empirical studies within the broad range of harm. Study designs other than cross-sectional surveys, such as longitudinal study designs and combinations of population surveys and other data sources, are likely to overcome some of the identified problems in current population surveys of alcohol's harm to others.

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Lee, Kounseok. "Risk for Self-Harm or Harm to Others: Definition and Assessment of Dangerousness". Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research 26, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.16946/kjsr.2023.26.1.12.

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The Mental Health Act of 1995 was fully revised on May 29, 2016, and implemented on May 30, 2017, under the name of the Mental Health Promotion and Mental Health Service Support Act (Mental Health Welfare Act). The act newly defined mentally ill people as those with significant limitations in independent daily life and reduced their classification based on severity. Before the revision, patients could be admitted to the hospital if satisfied with the risk of self-injury or harm to others or the need for treatment. The self-injury and harm to others risk criteria for involuntary admission is based on the idea of respecting patients’ right to self-determination. However, predicting future risks can be challenging, and the situation at the time of judgment should be considered. This study aims to examine the administrative and legal interpretation of the self-injury or harm to others risk for involuntary admission, review definitions and evaluations of the risk of self-harm in various areas, and suggest improvements for mental health policies or guidelines.

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Smith-Gowling, Claire, Susan F. Knowles e Suzanne Hodge. "Understanding experiences of the self-harm of others: A qualitative exploration of the views of young people with complex mental health needs". Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 23, n.º 4 (27 de fevereiro de 2018): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104518755216.

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As adolescent self-harm is a growing public health concern, more research is needed to identify potential risk factors. Studies have highlighted that exposure to the self-harm of others may be a risk factor associated with engagement in self-harm. However, research investigating young people’s experiences of the self-harm of others has been limited. This qualitative study aimed to explore young people’s experiences of the self-harm of others and interviewed a total of eight young people (five females and three males; aged between 13 and 18 years) resident at one of two adolescent mental health inpatient units in the North of England. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and four themes were identified: ‘Pre-admission exposure to self-harm’, ‘Exposure on the inside: An unpleasant environment’, ‘Helper vs helped’ and ‘Separation from the attention seekers: competing for authenticity’. Prevention efforts to reduce the social transmission and stigma surrounding self-harm among young people are discussed.

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Palmer du Preez, Katie, Jason Landon, Laura Maunchline e Rebecca Thurlow. "A Critical Analysis of Interventions for Women Harmed by Others’ Gambling". Critical Gambling Studies 2, n.º 1 (19 de maio de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cgs76.

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At present, gambling studies literature has multiple understandings of family and others affected (FAOs) by gambling harm and their support needs in play, each with different possibilities and constraints for harm reduction engagement with women. Individual psychological approaches have been privileged, eschewing the social and relational situation of gambling and harm in women’s lives. In Australasia, the majority of those seeking support in relation to a significant others’ gambling are women. Gender has been posited as a shaping force in the social stratification system, distribution of resources, and gambling and harm within society. There has been minimal engagement with the lived experiences of FAOs, which limits gambling harm reduction service development and planning. This research critically engaged with gambling harm reduction studies for FAOs, alongside interviews with eight women FAOs who presented to community services from a social constructionist perspective. The aim was to provide insight into how women FAOs position themselves and their support needs in relation to gambling harm and recovery. Data was analysed using thematic analysis informed by feminist poststructuralist theories of language. Results suggested that this small group of women were subject to intersecting patriarchal constraints and economic determinants of gambling harm. Powerful normative and moral constructions of ‘good/bad’ mothers operated to individualise some women’s responsibility for addressing harm in families and to alienate these women from gambling support services. These findings suggest that gambling services must support women and families in ways that go beyond personal functioning, extending into the social and political conditions of possibility for harm and recovery. Critical psychology and coherent gender analysis may offer opportunities to expand the role of gambling support to include advocacy, community development, and more client-led and gender-aware practice with women affected by gambling harm.

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Rossow, Ingeborg, e Mats Ramstedt. "Challenges in Estimating Population Impacts of Alcohol's Harm to others". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 2016): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0042.

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Background There is a renewed interest in alcohol's harm to others (AHTO), and survey studies in the general population are often used to estimate the extent of harm, to address the severity and variety of harms, and to identify the victims of such harm. While cross-sectional survey studies are attractive in several respects, they also entail several methodological challenges. Aim We discuss some of these issues, paying particular attention to the problems of causal attribution, transferability, survey data collection and range of harms. Conclusions We offer some suggestions for study design to enhance causal inferences from studies examining alcohol's harm to others.

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Kamm, F. M. "RESCUE AND HARM:". Legal Theory 5, n.º 1 (março de 1999): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325299501018.

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How much must we sacrifice in order to stop strangers from suffering serious losses, and does distance from them alter our obligations? When may we harm some people to help others? How can we best reason about these issues? These are three general questions—the first two are substantive ones, the third a methodological one—that Peter Unger discusses in his book Living High and Letting Die (hereinafter LHLD) and that I discuss in this article.1

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Callinan, Sarah, Anne-Marie Laslett, Dag Rekve, Robin Room, Orratai Waleewong, Vivek Benegal, Sally Casswell et al. "Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v0i0.218.

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Callinan, S., Laslett, A., Rekve, D., Room, R., Waleewong, O., Benegal, V., Casswell, S., Florenzano, R., Hanh, H., Hanh, V., Hettige, S., Huckle, T., Ibanga, A., Obot, I., Rao, G., Siengsounthone, L., Rankin, G., & Thamarangsi, T. (2016). Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 25-32. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.218Aims: This paper outlines the methods of a collaborative population survey project measuring the range and magnitude of alcohol’s harm to others internationally.Setting: Seven countries participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) and ThaiHealth Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth) research project titled “The Harm to Others from Drinking,” along with two other countries with similar studies, will form the core of a database which will incorporate data from other countries in the future.Measures: The WHO-ThaiHealth research project developed two comparable versions of a survey instrument, both measuring harm from others’ drinking to the respondent and the respondent’s children.Design: Surveys were administered via face-to-face methods in seven countries, while similar surveys were administered via computer-assisted telephone interviews in two additional countries. Responses from all surveys will be compiled in an international database for the purpose of international comparisons.Discussion: Harms from the alcohol consumption of others are intertwined with the cultural norms where consumption occurs. The development of this database will make it possible to look beyond reports and analyses at national levels, and illuminate the relationships between consumption, harms, and culture.Conclusions: This database will facilitate work describing the prevalence, patterning, and predictors of personal reports of harm from others’ drinking cross-nationally.

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Callinan, Sarah, Anne-Marie Laslett, Dag Rekve, Robin Room, Orratai Waleewong, Vivek Benegal, Sally Casswell et al. "Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.218.

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Callinan, S., Laslett, A., Rekve, D., Room, R., Waleewong, O., Benegal, V., Casswell, S., Florenzano, R., Hanh, H., Hanh, V., Hettige, S., Huckle, T., Ibanga, A., Obot, I., Rao, G., Siengsounthone, L., Rankin, G., & Thamarangsi, T. (2016). Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 25-32. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.218Aims: This paper outlines the methods of a collaborative population survey project measuring the range and magnitude of alcohol’s harm to others internationally.Setting: Seven countries participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) and ThaiHealth Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth) research project titled “The Harm to Others from Drinking,” along with two other countries with similar studies, will form the core of a database which will incorporate data from other countries in the future.Measures: The WHO-ThaiHealth research project developed two comparable versions of a survey instrument, both measuring harm from others’ drinking to the respondent and the respondent’s children.Design: Surveys were administered via face-to-face methods in seven countries, while similar surveys were administered via computer-assisted telephone interviews in two additional countries. Responses from all surveys will be compiled in an international database for the purpose of international comparisons.Discussion: Harms from the alcohol consumption of others are intertwined with the cultural norms where consumption occurs. The development of this database will make it possible to look beyond reports and analyses at national levels, and illuminate the relationships between consumption, harms, and culture.Conclusions: This database will facilitate work describing the prevalence, patterning, and predictors of personal reports of harm from others’ drinking cross-nationally.

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Callinan, Sarah, Anne-Marie Laslett, Dag Rekve, Robin Room, Orratai Waleewong, Vivek Benegal, Sally Casswell et al. "Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.vxiy.218.

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Callinan, S., Laslett, A., Rekve, D., Room, R., Waleewong, O., Benegal, V., Casswell, S., Florenzano, R., Hanh, H., Hanh, V., Hettige, S., Huckle, T., Ibanga, A., Obot, I., Rao, G., Siengsounthone, L., Rankin, G., & Thamarangsi, T. (2016). Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 25-32. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.218Aims: This paper outlines the methods of a collaborative population survey project measuring the range and magnitude of alcohol’s harm to others internationally.Setting: Seven countries participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) and ThaiHealth Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth) research project titled “The Harm to Others from Drinking,” along with two other countries with similar studies, will form the core of a database which will incorporate data from other countries in the future.Measures: The WHO-ThaiHealth research project developed two comparable versions of a survey instrument, both measuring harm from others’ drinking to the respondent and the respondent’s children.Design: Surveys were administered via face-to-face methods in seven countries, while similar surveys were administered via computer-assisted telephone interviews in two additional countries. Responses from all surveys will be compiled in an international database for the purpose of international comparisons.Discussion: Harms from the alcohol consumption of others are intertwined with the cultural norms where consumption occurs. The development of this database will make it possible to look beyond reports and analyses at national levels, and illuminate the relationships between consumption, harms, and culture.Conclusions: This database will facilitate work describing the prevalence, patterning, and predictors of personal reports of harm from others’ drinking cross-nationally.

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Lund, Ingunn Olea, Erica Sundin, Carolien Konijnenberg, Kamilla Rognmo, Priscilla Martinez e Andrea Fielder. "Harm to Others from Substance use and Abuse". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (janeiro de 2015): SART.S39722. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s39722.

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Moan, Inger Synnøve, e Torleif Halkjelsvik. "Work-Related Alcohol Use and Harm to Others". Substance Use & Misuse 55, n.º 14 (17 de agosto de 2020): 2305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1801744.

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Barker, Jessica L., e Pat Barclay. "Local competition increases people's willingness to harm others". Evolution and Human Behavior 37, n.º 4 (julho de 2016): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.02.001.

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McDonald, Katherine E., Nicole E. Conroy, Robert S. Olick e The Project ETHICS Expert Panel. "What's the Harm? Harms in Research With Adults With Intellectual Disability". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 122, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2017): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-122.1.78.

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Abstract Scientific advances can improve the lives of adults with intellectual disability, yet concerns that research participation may impose harm impede scientific progress. What counts as harmful can be subjective and perceptions of harm may vary among stakeholders. We studied perspectives on the harmfulness of research events among adults with intellectual disability, family members and friends, disability service providers, researchers, and Institutional Review Board members. We found considerable variance. For example, adults with intellectual disability see exclusion from research as more harmful, but most psychosocial harms as less significant than others. All stakeholders agree that having someone else make the participation decision is harmful. Findings provide insights into the concept of harm and ethical research with adults with intellectual disability.

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Øverland, Gerhard. "Dividing Harm". Journal of Moral Philosophy 8, n.º 4 (2011): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552411x592176.

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In this paper I argue that mere causal contribution to harm is morally significant on two counts: a) innocent aggressors have a duty to bear additional costs to help protect their potential victims, as compared to the duty innocent bystanders are expected to bear, and correspondingly; b) it is permissible to use more force against innocent aggressors, as used in self-defense and defense of others, than innocent bystanders. The paper has two parts. First I aim to demonstrate the intuitive plausibility of this proposal and what I call “the asymmetrical fair share procedure.” According to this procedure, innocent aggressors have a duty to take on a fair share of the harm if dividing it is possible, and a fair share of the risk of being harmed if redistribution of harm is impossible. In the second part, I develop a contractual account explaining why mere contribution is morally significant.

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Volz, Lukas J., B. Locke Welborn, Matthias S. Gobel, Michael S. Gazzaniga e Scott T. Grafton. "Harm to self outweighs benefit to others in moral decision making". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 30 (10 de julho de 2017): 7963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706693114.

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How we make decisions that have direct consequences for ourselves and others forms the moral foundation of our society. Whereas economic theory contends that humans aim at maximizing their own gains, recent seminal psychological work suggests that our behavior is instead hyperaltruistic: We are more willing to sacrifice gains to spare others from harm than to spare ourselves from harm. To investigate how such egoistic and hyperaltruistic tendencies influence moral decision making, we investigated trade-off decisions combining monetary rewards and painful electric shocks, administered to the participants themselves or an anonymous other. Whereas we replicated the notion of hyperaltruism (i.e., the willingness to forego reward to spare others from harm), we observed strongly egoistic tendencies in participants’ unwillingness to harm themselves for others’ benefit. The moral principle guiding intersubject trade-off decision making observed in our study is best described as egoistically biased altruism, with important implications for our understanding of economic and social interactions in our society.

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Beynon, Caryl, David Bayliss, Jenny Mason, Kate Sweeney, Clare Perkins e Clive Henn. "Alcohol-related harm to others in England: a cross-sectional analysis of national survey data". BMJ Open 9, n.º 5 (maio de 2019): e021046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021046.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence, the frequency and the perpetrators of alcohol-related harm to others (AHTO) and identify factors associated with experiencing harm and aggressive harm.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingEngland.ParticipantsAdults (general population) aged 16 and over.Outcome measuresPercentage of respondents who experienced harm. Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the outcomes. Outcomes were (1) experienced harm/did not experience harm and (2) experienced aggressive harm (physically threatened, physically hurt and forced/pressured into something sexual)/did not experience an aggressive harm (no aggressive harm plus no harm at all).ResultsData to support a response rate calculation were not collected; 96.3% of people surveyed completed the AHTO questions. The weighted sample was 4874; 20.1% (95% CI 18.9 to 21.4, N=980) reported experiencing harm in the previous 12 months and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0 to 5.4, N=225) reported experiencing an aggressive harm. Friends and strangers were the dominant perpetrators. Most harms (74.8%) occurred less than monthly. Factors associated with experiencing harm were: younger age (p<0.001), drinking harmfully/hazardously (p<0.001), white British (p<0.001 compared to other white groups and Asian groups and p=0.017 compared to black groups), having a disability (p<0.001), being educated (p<0.001 compared to no education) and living in private rented accommodation (p=0.004 compared with owned outright). Being in the family stage of life (defined as having children in the household) had significantly lower odds of harm (p=0.006 compared to being single), as did being retired (p<0.001 compared to being employed). Factors associated with experiencing an aggressive harm were similar.ConclusionsThis exploratory study, using data collected through the Alcohol Toolkit Survey, shows that AHTO affects 20.1% of the population of England. Even apparently minor harms, like being kept awake, can have a negative impact on health, while aggressive harms are clearly of concern. Using a standard methodology to measure harm across studies would be advantageous. Policies that focus on alcohol must take into consideration the impact of drinking on those other than the drinker.

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Castrén, Sari, Kalle Lind, Heli Hagfors e Anne H. Salonen. "Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 18 (10 de setembro de 2021): 9564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189564.

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Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of gambling-related harms (GRHs) for subgroups of AOs and to distinguish GRH profiles for AO subgroups. Methods A total of 7186 adults aged 18 years and over participated in the Gambling Harms Survey evaluating year 2016. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results Of all respondents, 12.9% were defined as past-year AOs (women 13.7%; men 12.1%). The proportion of affected non-family members (ANFs) was 8.4%, and 5.6% were affected family members (AFMs). AFMs were usually women, and ANFs were usually men. Emotional, relationship, and financial harms were the most common types of harm. The odds of experiencing financial harm were highest for the 18- to 34-year-olds (OR 1.82) and for those whose partner/ex-partner had a gambling problem (OR 3.91). Having a parent/step-parent (OR 1.93) and child/stepchild (OR 3.64) increased the odds of experiencing emotional harm, whereas male gender (OR 0.50) and being an ANF (OR 0.58) decreased emotional harm. Relationship harm was evident for partners/ex-partners (OR 1.97–5.07). Conclusions GRH profiles for AO subgroups varied, which emphasizes the need for effective harm minimization strategies for those in need.

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Colasante, Emanuela, Francesco Fabi, Carla Rossi, Gianpaolo S. Tomba e Sabrina Molinaro. "Updated Indicators to Evaluate Harmful Drug Use, in Particular, Poly-Drug Use". Current Drug Research Reviews 11, n.º 1 (26 de fevereiro de 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874473711666180924155231.

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Background: Drug use indicators that are capable of measuring the individual levels of harm following drug use, and in particular, poly-drug use, have previously been proposed, based on individual drug and frequency of use data and expert rankings of harms related to various substances. These indicators allow the estimation of risk profiles for selected groups of individuals and comparisons, both over time and between populations. Recent advances regarding the ranking of drug use harms allow a refinement of these indicators, separating the effects on self and others. Objective: To define updated indicators and compare their performance to previous ones on datasets related to the Italian ESPAD longitudinal data. Methods: Two new scores, based respectively on the Harm to self and Harm to others substance scores, are defined. These scores follow the same logic as the previous poly-drug score (PDS), but now using the new Harm to self and Harm to others scores as weights, both in the individual calculations and in the calculation of the two normalizing factors. Results: The new harm-to-self drug use indicator is shown to correlate strongly with the previous poly-drug use indicator; and the Harm to others indicator, is introduced and commented upon. Using further ESPAD survey information related to personal behaviour, it is shown that high values of poly-drug use indicators are linked to specific behaviours related to interest in school, relationship with parents and use of leisure time. These results are consistent with previous analyses based on surveys among high school students in Italy.

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von Hirsch, Andrew, e Joel Feinberg. "Injury and Exasperation: An Examination of Harm to Others and Offense to Others". Michigan Law Review 84, n.º 4/5 (fevereiro de 1986): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1288841.

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Williams, Glanville. "Finis for Novus Actus?" Cambridge Law Journal 48, n.º 3 (novembro de 1989): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300109717.

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An extreme view of criminal responsibility might be that everyone is under a duty to act in such a way that others are not led to cause harm, so that in some circumstances he would be responsible for “causing” harm that is directly caused by others, even though it is caused without his authorisation, help or encouragement.

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Seregin, Andrei. "On Stoic Self-Contradictions: ἀδικεῖν vs. βλάπτειν in Chrysippus (SVF III, 289)". ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, n.º 2 (2020): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-2-448-455.

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In this article, I offer an analysis of Chrysippus’ treatment of “injustice” (ἀδικία) in SVF III, 289. First, I show that he espouses two theses: I) Every injustice is an act of harming those who suffer it; II) One who does injustice to others thereby does it to oneself. Then I discuss the two most plausible interpretations of II): a) One who does “conventional” injustice to others, i.e. causes them non-moral harm, thereby does “moralistic” injustice to oneself, i.e. makes oneself morally worse; b) One who does “moralistic” injustice to others thereby does it to oneself. I show that a) is untenable because the Stoics reject the very notion of non-moral harm, and b) fails because they believe that moral harm is basically self-regarding.

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Stewart, Shannon L., Ashley Toohey e Natalia Lapshina. "Childhood Maltreatment and Risk of Harm to Self and Others: The Role of Sex and Polyvictimization". International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience 7, n.º 1 (27 de outubro de 2020): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1072592ar.

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Objectives: Research has shown that children who experience abuse and neglect are at much higher risk of experiencing negative outcomes such as physical and mental health problems, social skill deficits, and poor quality of life. The goal of this paper was to examine the relationship between polyvictimization and risk of harm to self and others, taking into account both age and sex differences. Methods: A total of 8980 participants (4156 with maltreatment history) were recruited from over 50 mental health facilities in Ontario, Canada. Group comparisons were completed to examine types of trauma experienced, and risk of harm to self and others. Results: Among our sample, we found that 29% of children and youth had experienced multiple types of interpersonal trauma. We also found that while female children and youth who had experienced trauma were at greater risk of harm to themselves, males were at greater risk of harming others. Further, our results highlight that children and youth who had experienced multiple types of maltreatment, regardless of age or sex, were at the greatest risk of harm to self and others. Implications: Findings from this research highlight that interpersonal trauma is multifaceted and add to existing evidence that there is a cumulative relationship between experiencing multiple types of maltreatment and risk in relation to harming oneself or others. Our findings underscore the importance of a background assessment that takes into account all forms of maltreatment in order to properly understand risk of harm and inform intervention.

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Sundin, Erica, Jonas Landberg, Maria Rosaria Galanti, Robin Room e Mats Ramstedt. "Country-Level Heavy Episodic Drinking and Individual-Level Experiences of Harm from Others’ Drinking-Related Aggression in 19 European Countries". European Addiction Research 28, n.º 2 (29 de novembro de 2021): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520079.

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Introduction: There is limited knowledge about how individual experiences of harm from others’ drinking are influenced by heavy episodic drinking (HED) at the country level. The present study aimed to assess (1) the association between the country-level prevalence of HED and the risk of experiencing harm from others’ drinking-related aggression and (2) if HED at the country level modifies the association between consumption of alcohol per capita (APC) and such harm. Methods: Outcome data from 32,576 participants from 19 European countries stem from the RARHA SEAS study. Self-reported harm from others’ drinking included having been verbally abused, harmed physically, or having serious arguments. Data on country-level drinking patterns were derived from the World Health Organization. Associations between country-level prevalence of monthly HED and experiences of aggression (at least 1 of 3 studied harms) were derived through multilevel models – adjusted for country-level age structure and by including the respondent’s own HED patterns as a mediator. Results: A 1% increase in the prevalence of monthly HED was associated with 5% higher odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.05) of experiencing others’ alcohol-related aggression among men, and 6% (OR 1.06) among women. The results suggest that the association between APC and harm was stronger in countries with high prevalences of HED, but the modifying effect could not be confirmed. Discussion/Conclusion: Harm from others’ drinking-related aggression depends not only on individual factors but is also influenced by the drinking patterns of the population. However, the country-level prevalence of HED only explains a small part of the variance of this type of harm.

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Moan, Inger Synnøve, e Geir Scott Brunborg. "Alcohol’s Harm to Others: Does the Drinking Location Matter?" Substance Use & Misuse 56, n.º 10 (25 de junho de 2021): 1421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1928215.

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Tamburrini, Claudio. "What’s Wrong With J.S. Mill’s “Harm-to-Others”-Principle?" Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 38, n.º 1 (maio de 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2011.9714546.

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Karlsson, Nina, e Christoffer Tigerstedt. "Alcohol's Harm to others – a Potent and Intricate Perspective". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 2016): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0037.

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Laslett, Anne-Marie, Sarah Callinan e Amy Pennay. "The increasing significance of alcohol's harm to others research". Drugs and Alcohol Today 13, n.º 3 (9 de setembro de 2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-11-2012-0010.

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Spiekermann, Kai. "Small Impacts and Imperceptible Effects: Causing Harm with Others". Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38, n.º 1 (setembro de 2014): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misp.12017.

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Barsky, Allan. "Serious Imminent Harm to Nonidentifiable Others: Updated Exceptions to Confidentiality". Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work 23, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2018): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18084/1084-7219.23.1.341.

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As of January 1, 2018, Standard 1.07(c) the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics has been updated, changing the exception to confidentiality from situations when disclosure is necessary to prevent “serious, imminent harm to the client or other identifiable persons” to situations when disclosure is necessary to prevent “serious, imminent harm to the client or others.” This article explores the rationale and implications for removing the term “identifiable persons.”

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Kwon, Kyoung-In, e Sung-mi Shin. "Analysis of YouTube comments related to ‘self-harm’ using topic modeling". Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, n.º 16 (31 de agosto de 2023): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.16.449.

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Objectives In this study, YouTube video comments were collected and analyzed to confirm the impact of YouTube related to “self-harm” on those who do not self-harm and to find effective ways to help those who do self-harm. Methods To this end, comments on the top nine videos derived by searching for the keyword “self-harm” on YouTube were collected, and 10 topics were derived by topic modeling comments from users who did not seem to have self-harm experience. Topic modeling is an analysis method that finds hidden topics based on statistics that analyze big data. Results The topics of the selected topics are “You need empathy and comfort to help self-inflicted people live in the world.”, “Concerns and discomfort towards self-harming people who worry about scars on their bodies.”, “Presenting a religious solution to self-harm.”, “We should consider self-harm as a social problem and find alternative ways together.”, “Thank you for telling me the reactions that people around you can do.”, “I remember my experiences related to self-harm that I experienced in my adolescence.”, “Need safe and professional counseling on self-harm,” “The way adults deal with self-harm.”, “Reaction to posting self-harm photos.”, “to be aware of one's psychological difficulties through an understanding of others' self-harm.”. Conclusions In the comments on YouTube related to “self-harm,” users' efforts and supportive actions to sympathize with and understand those who harm themselves were confirmed. On the other hand, concerns and concerns about self-harm scars appeared at the same time, and although I understand the hard feelings, it was confirmed that there was a negative opinion on self-harm behavior. Finally, we proposed a way to help those who harm themselves through the contents of 10 topics.

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Warpenius, Katariina, e Christoffer Tigerstedt. "Positioning Alcohol's Harm to others (AHTO) within Alcohol Research: A Reinvented Perspective with Mixed Policy Implications". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, n.º 5-6 (dezembro de 2016): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0041.

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Aims & Design This overview analyses the recent emergence of the concept of alcohols harm to others (AHTO) and the potential policy implications embedded in this research perspective. The overview is an account of ways in which recent alcohol research has grasped the kind of harm that goes beyond the drinker. It positions the dimensions of alcohol's harm to others as a research perspective in relation to other established research approaches to alcohol-related problems. Findings Several concepts presented within different disciplines have focused on how adverse consequences of drinking go beyond the individual drinker. However, the scientific discussion is still characterised by an obvious conceptual instability. Alongside the growing research interest in alcohol's harm to others there is a political discourse stressing the urgency of alcohol policy measures protecting innocent victims against damage from others' alcohol use. Conclusions In drawing attention to the interactional nature of alcohol-related harm, the AHTO perspective brings a novel syntagmatic and cross-cutting aspect to established traditions in alcohol research and forms a unique scientific approach. The AHTO perspective has the potential for creating a political will to move the alcohol policy agenda forward, but the question of a suitable and credible term is unresolved. Conceptually, the AHTO perspective is still in a state of flux, while politically it is loaded with considerable ambitions and interests related to causal attributions and ethical conclusions embedded in the research perspective.

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Ahmad, Kabir, Amanda Beatson, Marilyn Campbell, Rubayyat Hashmi, Byron W. Keating, Rory Mulcahy, Aimee Riedel e Shasha Wang. "The impact of gender and age on bullying role, self-harm and suicide: Evidence from a cohort study of Australian children". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2023): e0278446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278446.

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There has been limited longitudinal investigation to date into the association between bullying, self-harm, and suicidality in Australia and the impact of specific demographic differences on this relationship. This is despite the continued rise in the incidence of bullying, self-harm, and suicide. As such, the current study draws on data from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian children (LSAC) to examine the association between bullying, self-harm, and suicidality and explore the impact of demographic differences across three bullying related behaviors (being bullied, bullying others and being both bullied and bullying others). The evidence indicates that bully-victims exhibit the highest risk of self-harm and suicidality in Australia. When considering demographic differences, it was identified that females and adolescents aged 16-17-years-of-age had the highest risk of self-harm and suicidality. Further, a direct curvilinear relationship between age and the categories of self-harm was identified with an inflection point around 16–17 years. The study supports the need for further investigation into the association between bullying, self-harm, and suicidality longitudinally with a particular focus on other moderators.

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Egnoto, Michael J., e Darrin J. Griffin. "Analyzing Language in Suicide Notes and Legacy Tokens". Crisis 37, n.º 2 (março de 2016): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000363.

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Abstract. Background: Identifying precursors that will aid in the discovery of individuals who may harm themselves or others has long been a focus of scholarly research. Aim: This work set out to determine if it is possible to use the legacy tokens of active shooters and notes left from individuals who completed suicide to uncover signals that foreshadow their behavior. Method: A total of 25 suicide notes and 21 legacy tokens were compared with a sample of over 20,000 student writings for a preliminary computer-assisted text analysis to determine what differences can be coded with existing computer software to better identify students who may commit self-harm or harm to others. Results: The results support that text analysis techniques with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool are effective for identifying suicidal or homicidal writings as distinct from each other and from a variety of student writings in an automated fashion. Conclusion: Findings indicate support for automated identification of writings that were associated with harm to self, harm to others, and various other student writing products. This work begins to uncover the viability or larger scale, low cost methods of automatic detection for individuals suffering from harmful ideation.

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