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1
Johnson, Donn T., Barb A. Lewis e J. David Whitehead. "Grape Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Biology and Management on Grapes". Journal of Entomological Science 34, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.2.161.
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Grape scale, Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), is a pest of grapes, Vitus spp., in the south-central United States. This study compared Julian days and cumulative degree-days (DD at base 10°C accumulated after 1 April) to grape scale biology and control in Arkansas. On the average, first generation crawlers began emerging 14 May (274 DD) and peaked on 20 May (356 DD). First generation winged males began emerging on 26 June (794 DD) and peaked 13 July (1,108 DD). Second generation crawlers began emerging on 20 July (1,166 DD) and peaked on 12 August (1,549 DD). Second generation wingless males began emerging on 31 August (1,857 DD) and peaked on 18 September (2,026 DD). Relative to untreated vines, vines treated with chlorpyrifos at bud swell (early April) or as late as early May (near grape bloom) realized at least an eight-fold reduction in the number of crawlers and adult males per sticky tape trap. Vines receiving the second application near grape bloom had significantly fewer crawlers in May, August and September than vines sprayed once in late April. A chlorpyrifos treatment in early April provided at least a 30-d lethal residual on grape against grape scale crawlers that emerged during May.
2
McEachern, George Ray. "Four Grape Canopy Systems in Texas". HortScience 33, n.º 4 (julho de 1998): 600e—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600e.
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I. Chennin Blanc 107-cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.6 × 2.4 m, 1119 vines/ha, 14 spurs with 32 buds/vine. Yields were 8.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf; 9.7 in the fourth, and 12.8 the 5th year, 1990, at the Jane Terrell Vineyard, Navasota, Tex. II. Cabernet Sauvignon with a two-trunk 122 cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.3 × 1.2 m, 2445 vines/ha with 48 buds/vine. Yields were 9.7 t·ha-1 for 1994 through 1997 at the mechanically harvested Newson Vineyard, Plains, Tex. III. Le Noir with a 91-cm trunk and a two-cane canopy; spaced 3 × 2.1 m, 1536 vines/ha, with 14 buds/vine. Yields were 13.3 t·ha-1 in 1996 and 11.2 in 1997 at Messina Hoff Vineyard, Bryan, Tex. IV. Merlot/110R with a 45° slanting cordon, 30 cm at south to 152 cm at north, spaced 1.5 × 1.5 m, 4308 vines/ha with 10 spurs and 20 buds/vine. Yield of 10.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf, 1997, at Wolf Vineyard, Valley View, Tex. Four very different canopy systems were successful; the ideal system is yet to be determined.
3
Huo, Shi Wu, e Feng Qin Zhao. "Optimization Design on Covering-Soil Machine for Grape Vines". Applied Mechanics and Materials 528 (fevereiro de 2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.323.
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Aiming at the problem of the fracture and damage of key parts of covering-soil machine for grape vines, on the basis of structure design and test study of the existing small covering-soil machine for grape vines，its key components were analyzed and optimized by using computer-aided software ANSYS，and the problems of structure design existing covering-soil machine for grape vines were found，in the end, the structure of the machine with high-performance was attained through optimizing. This study can provide theoretical basis for this kinds of machine production.
4
Tarricone, L., G. Masi, S. Roccotelli, A. R. Caputo e P. Crupi. "Vine performance of ‘Italia' table grape in relation to organic soil amendment". BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501034.
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The following research took place during the 2018 − ‘19 season in ‘Italia' table grape vineyard in Apulia. Four treatments were compared: no fertilized (T), organic amendment fertilized (B) at rate of 5.0 ton/hectare, equivalent at the rate of 100 Kg N ha−1, 75 Kg P2O5 ha−1 and 75 Kg K202 ha−1; mineral fertilized (M) at the same rate of N, P2O5 and K2O of organic fertilized vines and finally a cover crops treatment with a mixture of vetch, pea and lentil (S). Leaf gas exchange during summer season shown significant differences in term of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration onto organic fertilized vines respect to control vines. Vines fertilized with organic amendment shown a better water status during warmest summer days since organic compounds improve the soil-water holding capacity. Compared to unfertilized vines, vines fertilized with organic amendment have shown a significant increase in yield per vine (+ 32%) in relation to the highest cluster weight and the highest sugar content respect to mineral fertilized vines. Our results indicates that application of an high level of soil organic amendment on ‘Italia' table grape vines increase grapevines yield, berry solid soluble solid and have improved soil properties, contrasting summer drought effect.
5
Hedberg, PR, R. McLeod, B. Cullis e BM Freeman. "Effect of rootstock on the production, grape and wine quality of Shiraz vines in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, n.º 4 (1986): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860511.
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The grape production and grape and wine quality of Shiraz vines, grown either on their own roots or on 6 rootstocks that have varying resistance to nematodes, were compared. Vines on the rootstocks Ramsey and Dog Ridge outyielded ungrafted vines by 46 and 48%, respectively, principally because of increased vegetative growth and hence retention of more nodes at pruning. Ramsey rootstock gave a greater grape yield per shoot. The ability of Dog Ridge stocks to produce yields as high as those of Ramsey highlights the importance of adequate pruning levels to enable the full potential of rootstocks to be determined. Vines on the rootstock Dog Ridge produced wines with higher pH values than wines from ungrafted control vines. Nematode counts suggested that the Vitus champini stocks have good tolerance to both rootknot and root lesion nematodes.
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Granett, Jeffrey, Laszlo Kocsis, Laszlo Horvath e Eva Baracsi Horvathne. "Grape Phylloxera Gallicole and Radicicole Activity on Grape Rootstock Vines". HortScience 40, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2005): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.150.
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The objective was to explore temporal distribution of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), gallicoles on grapevine rootstocks (Vitis sp.) and determine how this distribution arose. We tested the hypothesis that leaf galls are created by individuals arising from the soil in the spring. Galls begin to appear at budbreak and gall averages per leaf increase variably as the season progresses. Initial galling appears to be associated with dry conditions and gall populations decline with rain. Emergence-trap catches show that phylloxera maintain populations on rootstock roots and that these populations disperse above ground. Aerial trap data demonstrated wind dispersal of crawlers and alates. Shielding of canes from soil-emerging phylloxera largely prevented early gall formation. These results suggest alternative testable hypotheses for explaining overwintering of phylloxera in rootstock vineyards.
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Badr, Sayed A. "YIELD AND QUALITY OF THE RED GLOBE GRAPE VARIETY AS INFLUENCED BY GRAFTING ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS". HortScience 27, n.º 6 (junho de 1992): 689e—689. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.689e.
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Grafted and non-grafted vines of the Red Globe cultivar were planted in May, 1985 in a randomized block design to determine the effects of grafting on different rootstock on vine growth, yield, and fruit quality. The rootstocks used in this trial were Harmony, Freedom, Couderc 1613, and Thompson Seedless; non-grafted vines included rooted cuttings and one-year-old rootings. Vines grafted on Freedom were more vigorous than any other vines. The levels of nitrogen and potassium were significantly higher in vines grafted on Freedom than non-grafted vines or those grafted on other rootstocks. Yield was significantly influenced by the different rootstocks. Vines grafted on Freedom produced significantly lower yield than other vines. Vines grafted on Harmony and Couderc 1613 were not significantly different from each other or non-grafted vines that were established from a rooted cutting.
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Lombard, Kevin, Bernd Maier, Franklin J. Thomas, Mick O’Neill, Samuel Allen e Rob Heyduck. "Wine Grape Cultivar Performance in the Four Corners Region of New Mexico in 2010–12". HortTechnology 23, n.º 5 (outubro de 2013): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.5.699.
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Commercial wine grape (Vitis sp.) production in northwestern New Mexico and the greater Four Corners region is now supported by four wineries. The challenges of growing grape vines in northwestern New Mexico include cold winter temperatures and killing spring frosts exacerbated by a semiarid climate and elevations exceeding 1700 m. Nineteen nongrafted European wine grape (Vitis vinifera) and interspecific hybrid wine grape cultivars were planted in 2007 and evaluated between 2010 and 2012. Among European wine grape cultivars, Agria, Malbec, Sangiovese, Viognier, Müller-Thurgau, and Sauvignon Blanc performed poorly or failed altogether. Interspecific hybrid cultivars Baco Noir, Kozma 55, Leon Millot, Chardonel, Seyval Blanc, Siegfried, Traminette, Valvin Muscat, and Vidal Blanc showed greater adaptability to a high-elevation intermountain western U.S. site, yielding on greater than 71% of their vines in each year (except Kozma 55 which only produced on 38% of its vines in 2012 due to severe spring frost damage). We speculate that fruit-bearing shoots on these vines arose from latent buds that survived when primary buds were killed from spring frost events. Once vines were established, grape berry sugar and pH appeared to be within acceptable ranges (3-year mean above 21% soluble solids and juice pH of 3.2), suggesting regional potential to produce favorable wines within acceptable commercial wine grape production ranges. Selection of sites without considerable frost risk and other mesoclimate variances is critical when considering vineyard establishment at high-elevation locations.
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Heuvel*, Justine E. Vanden, Jessica L. Robidoux e Catherine C. Neto. "Leaf Carbohydrate Concentration Affects Development of Phenolic Compounds in Grape Berries". HortScience 39, n.º 4 (julho de 2004): 761B—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.761b.
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Carbon supply reduction was used to investigate the relationship between total non-structural carbohydrate (TNSC) concentration in the vegetative tissue and the production of phenolic compounds in the fruit of grapevines. Potted, greenhouse-grown DeChaunac vines were partially defoliated on one of three dates (berry set, veraison, or 7 days pre-harvest) during the growing season. Light environment of the fruit clusters was not affected by defoliation. Seven days following defoliation, half of the vines were destructively harvested for carbohydrate analysis, while the remaining vines were kept for fruit analysis at maturity. Defoliation of vines at berry set and veraison significantly reduced TNSC concentration in the leaf tissue. Partial defoliation of vines at berry set reduced total flavonols by 24%, total anthocyanins by 33%, and total phenolics by 13% in the fruit compared to the control vines. At veraison, partial defoliation of vines reduced total flavonols by 8%, anthocyanins by 43%, and did not affect total phenolics. While flavonol and total phenolic content was not affected by defoliation 7 days prior to harvest, total anthocyanins were increased by 39%, although leaf TNSC concentration was not affected. Concentration of total flavonols and anthocyanins were positively correlated with TNSC in the leaves (r = 0.53 and r = 0.73, respectively) while total phenolic content was not correlated with TNSC. These results indicate that development of anthocyanins and flavonols in fruit is linked to carbohydrate availability from vegetative tissues during berry set and veraison.
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Ferree, D., T. Steiner, J. Gallander, D. Scurlock, G. Johns e R. Riesen. "Performance of 'Seyval Blanc' Grape in Four Training Systems Over Five Years". HortScience 37, n.º 7 (dezembro de 2002): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1023.
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Own-rooted 'Seyval Blanc' vines were evaluated over 5 years in the following training systems: bilateral cordon, bilateral cordon sylvos (sylvos), upright cordon-spur pruned, and upright cordon-cane pruned. Vines in all systems were spaced 1.8 x 2.7 m and were shoot thinned to 40 shoots and cluster thinned to one cluster per shoot. Cumulative yields over 5 years of the upright cordon systems were higher than vines in the sylvos system. Average weight of cane prunings was higher in the upright cordon vines than in all other systems. Vines trained to the sylvos system had more canopy gaps, less Botrytis bunch rot, and higher juice soluble solids than other systems in some years. The chemical constituents of the must and wine or evaluation by tasting showed little influence of training system.
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Botterill, Tom, Scott Paulin, Richard Green, Samuel Williams, Jessica Lin, Valerie Saxton, Steven Mills, XiaoQi Chen e Sam Corbett-Davies. "A Robot System for Pruning Grape Vines". Journal of Field Robotics 34, n.º 6 (3 de outubro de 2016): 1100–1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.21680.
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English-Loeb, Greg, Andrew P. Norton, David Gadoury, Robert Seem e Wayne Wilcox. "Biological Control of Grape Powdery Mildew Using Mycophagous Mites". Plant Disease 91, n.º 4 (abril de 2007): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-4-0421.
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We evaluated the efficacy of a mycophagous tydeid mite, Orthotydeus lambi, in controlling grape powdery mildew on mature vines of nine different grape cultivars and one unnamed hybrid grown in an experimental vineyard over a 3-year period. O. lambi became well established on all vines where they were released. However, some cultivars supported higher densities than others, depending on, among other factors, the presence and abundance of leaf trichomes in vein axils (domatia). The establishment of O. lambi substantially reduced powdery mildew on foliage and fruit, although the magnitude of disease suppression was greater on some grape genotypes than others, depending on mite density and innate susceptibility to grape powdery mildew. Treatments where O. lambi was used alone were as effective as fungicide. Significantly better disease control was found in treatments with both mites and fungicides. The mass of pruning material and leaf photosynthetic rates were significantly greater for vines with O. lambi, fungicide, or a combination of mites and fungicide compared with untreated vines. The combination of mites and fungicide resulted in significantly greater yield than mites or fungicide alone. Our results illustrate the potential of O. lambi for biological control of grape powdery mildew but also highlight limitations related to differences among grape genotypes in innate susceptibility to mildew and suitability for mites.
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Son, In-Chang, Jae-Hyuk Park e Seon-Kyu Kim*. "Effect of Shading and Water Stress on Growth of `Campbell Early' Grape (Vitis hybrid)". HortScience 39, n.º 4 (julho de 2004): 849B—849. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.849b.
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Three-year-old `Campbell Early' grapevines were subjected to 4 levels of shading (0, 30, 60, and 90%) combined with 3 levels of soil moisture content (12, 34.6, and 100 kPa), and their growth responses were examined. Increase in shoot length of vines grown without soil water stress (12 kPa and 34.6 kPa) and light stress (non-shading and 30% shading) was higher than those grown under 100 kPa and heavy shading. Leaf number showed a gradual increase in proportion to decreasing shading and increasing light level, showing some overgrowth with 30% shading. Leaf area increment of vines with sufficient soil moisture (12 kPa) was the highest, but 30% shading reduced the rate by one half. Chlorophyll content of vine leaves grown under 12 kPa or 34.6 kPa increased regardless of shading level, but that of 30% shading became more important after 30 days. The qP and qN values of vines grown under 12 kPa and 34.6 kPa decreased with the shading level, and under 100 kPa, even non-shading vines showed a drastic decrease. When grown under 12 kPa, photosynthetic rate of non-shaded vines was higher than shaded vines, but when water-stressed, that of non-shaded vines showed a sharp decrease. Increasing shading and water stress level resulted in decrease of sucrose and starch content and increase of reducing sugar.
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Gadoury, David M., Robert C. Seem, Roger C. Pearson, Wayne F. Wilcox e Richard M. Dunst. "Effects of Powdery Mildew on Vine Growth, Yield, and Quality of Concord Grapes". Plant Disease 85, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.137.
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Vitis labruscana ‘Concord’ is a widely planted grape cultivar grown in the United States for processing into juice and other products. Concord fruit are sporadically but sometimes severely damaged by the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Uncinula necator. The effects of powdery mildew on vine growth, yield, and quality of Concord grapes at three levels of cropping intensity commonly found in commercial grape production were determined in vineyard studies. Top-wire cordon-trained Concord vines were balance pruned, pruned to retain 80 nodes, or minimally pruned. Replicated plots of the foregoing were then either protected from powdery mildew by regular fungicide applications, or were inoculated and left unsprayed. Over a 4-year period, the effects of foliar infection on vine growth, yield, and juice quality of unsprayed vines were compared with vines that received a conventional protection program of four fungicide applications. Failure to control powdery mildew resulted in a chronic reduction in wood maturity measured as the number of nodes on canes that developed periderm. The reduction in nodes did not reduce yield, possibly due to compensation in shoots produced from the remaining nodes. Powdery mildew did not affect bud survival or vigor, measured as the number of shoots produced per node on retained canes. The most significant effects of powdery mildew were on berry sugar levels and juice color and acidity, which on the unsprayed vines were sometimes reduced below minimally acceptable thresholds for processed grapes. Significant reductions due to powdery mildew in these parameters occurred in all three pruning treatments, but were most pronounced at higher cropping levels.
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Provost, Caroline, Alexander Campbell e François Dumont. "Rootstocks Impact Yield, Fruit Composition, Nutrient Deficiencies, and Winter Survival of Hybrid Cultivars in Eastern Canada". Horticulturae 7, n.º 8 (10 de agosto de 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080237.
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Grafting cold-hardy hybrid grapevines may influence their attributes under different pedoclimatic conditions and may also contribute to cold-hardiness, influence plant physiology, and affect yield and fruit composition. In a six-year study, we evaluated bud survival, plant development, nutrient deficiencies, yield, and fruit composition for three cold-hardy grape varieties: Frontenac, Frontenac blanc, and Marquette. The grape varieties were grafted on four rootstocks: 3309C, SO4, Riparia Gloire, and 101-14. The final combinations were own-rooted. The six-year research period indicated that cold-hardy hybrids were affected differently by each rootstock. Magnesium deficiency was lower for grafted Frontenac and Frontenac blanc compared with own-rooted vines, but bud survival and grapevine development were not affected by rootstock. Moreover, results related to yield components showed that there are significant differences between rootstocks and own-rooted vines. Frontenac was the least affected grape variety compared to Frontenac blanc and Marquette, where only cluster weight and berry weight were impacted. Overall, for the two Frontenac varietals, we also observed a greater maturity for fruits of vines grafted on 101-14 and 3309C compared with own-rooted vines. Grafting affected fruit composition for Marquette differently, where the lowest grape maturity was observed for fruits on vines grafted on SO4. This study demonstrates that rootstocks affect cold-hardy hybrids, highlighting their potential under eastern North American conditions.
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Zombardo, Alessandra, Erica Mica, Sergio Puccioni, Rita Perria, Paolo Valentini, Giovan Battista Mattii, Luigi Cattivelli e Paolo Storchi. "Berry Quality of Grapevine under Water Stress as Affected by Rootstock–Scion Interactions through Gene Expression Regulation". Agronomy 10, n.º 5 (12 de maio de 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050680.
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Despite phenotypic plasticity that allows the adaptation to harsh environments, when vines experience severe abiotic stresses, they can suffer from metabolic damages affecting grape production and quality. Grafting is an affordable strategy to mitigate these negative consequences since the rootstock can increase the drought tolerance in the scion. This work explored the effects of pre-veraison water deficit on vines grafted on different rootstocks (Mgt 101-14 and 1103 Paulsen) to obtain physiological, biochemical, and molecular information about the influence on grape quality. Repeated measurements were carried out to assess vine physiology, production, technological maturity, and berry phenolic composition. qRT-PCRs were executed on berry skins at maturity to assess the expression levels of ten genes and five miRNAs involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Water stress caused significant alterations in grape technological maturity. The rootstock effect was not detected in primary metabolism while it was well defined in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in berries (such as anthocyanins). Finally, significant differences were identified in gene and miRNA expression between water-stressed and well-watered vines. In conclusion, the response to water stress can be modulated by rootstocks, which mainly act by regulating secondary metabolism, especially in grapes.
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Pradubsuk, Suphasuk, e Joan R. Davenport. "Seasonal Uptake and Partitioning of Macronutrients in Mature ‘Concord’ Grape". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, n.º 5 (setembro de 2010): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.5.474.
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Understanding how grape (Vitis L.) vines store nutrients in permanent tissues, how much nutrient vines take up from the soil, and how nutrients are partitioned and redistributed throughout the plant is critical to the development of sound nutrient management practices. This study investigated the seasonal patterns of macronutrient uptake and redistribution in whole ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) vines. The study was conducted in a 42-year-old own-rooted ‘Concord’ vineyard. The site was a furrow-irrigated fine sandy loam. In 2006 and 2007, four vines were excavated at winter pruning, budbreak, three- to four-leaf stage, bloom, veraison, harvest, and postharvest. Each vine was separated into different organs, dried, and weighed to determine biomass, and then ground and analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The results showed that the seasonal dynamics of nutrient contents shared a consistent pattern: translocation of nutrients from woody tissues to actively growing organs at the beginning of the season; nutrient uptake from bloom to veraison (P and Mg in 2006), bloom to harvest (N, P, K, and Ca), or veraison to harvest (P and Mg in 2007); and nutrient movement to woody tissues occurring after veraison until leaf fall with no further nutrient uptake. There was a very high accumulation of Ca in permanent structures of the vine, reflecting the high Ca and CaCO3 found in the soils of the region. As a result, the vines had a higher Ca content than all other nutrients throughout the growing season, which is different from findings in other growing areas.
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Wolfe, Dwight, e Gerald R. Brown. "TRAINING SYSTEM AFFECTS PERFORMANCE OF TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS". HortScience 27, n.º 11 (novembro de 1992): 1178d—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1178d.
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Each of the grape cultivars [Vitis species, (L) Batch], `Concord', `Himrod', `Challenger', `Reliance', `Glenora', `Moored', planted June 1983, and `Mars' planted Spring, 1987, was trained to the 4-cane Kniffin (KN) and the Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) systems. Yield per vine, pruning weight, number of nodes, cluster weight, number of berries per cluster, berry weight, and percent soluble solids were recorded. Vines from `Reliance' trained to the KN system produced fruit with significantly higher percent soluble solids than did vines trained to the GDC. No significant differences in percent soluble solids were observed between the two training systems for the other cultivars. `Concord' produced more kg/vine of pruning weight when trained to the KN system than when trained to the GDC. Pruning weight did not differ significantly between the two training systems for the other cultivars. Cultivars more productive (yield/vine) on the GDC trellis were `Concord', `Himrod', `Reliance' and `Moored' whereas `Challenger' was more productive when vines were trained to the KN system. No differences between the two training systems were observed for `Glenora' or `Mars'.
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Chen, Mathilde, François Brun, Marc Raynal e David Makowski. "Timing of Grape Downy Mildew Onset in Bordeaux Vineyards". Phytopathology® 109, n.º 5 (maio de 2019): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-17-0412-r.
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Grapevine downy mildew (GDM) is a severe disease of grapevines. Because of the lack of reliable information about the dates of GDM symptom onset, many vine growers begin fungicide treatments early in the season. We evaluate the extent to which such preventive treatments are justified. Observational data for 266 untreated sites for the years between 2010 and 2017 were used to estimate the timing of GDM onset on vines and bunches of grapes in South West France (Bordeaux region) through survival analyses. The onset of GDM was not apparent on vines and bunches before early to mid-May, and the rate of GDM symptom appearance was highly variable across years. Depending on the year, 50% of the plots displayed symptoms between mid-May and late June for vines. For several years, our statistical analysis revealed that the proportion of plots with no symptoms was high in early August on vines (27.5 and 43.7% in 2013 and 2016) and on bunches (between 23 and 79% in 2011, 2013, and 2016). We found a significant effect of the amount of rainfall in spring on the date of symptom appearance. These results indicate that preventive fungicide application is unjustified in many vineyards, and that regional disease surveys should be used to adjust fungicide treatment dates according to local characteristics, in particular according to rainfall conditions in spring.
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Karoglan, M., M. Osrečak, L. Maslov e B. Kozina. "Effect of cluster and berry thinning on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines composition". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 5 (1 de outubro de 2014): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/598/2013-cjfs.
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The manipulation of grape yield is widely practised to improve grape and wine quality. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon vines in the Zagreb vineyard hills, north-western Croatia, were subjected to three crop removal treatments [cluster thinning (CT), berry thinning (BT), CT+BT, and untreated control] in a randomised block design experiment. CT and CT+BT treatments reduced the grape yield but increased the mean cluster weight compared to control vines. BT alone had a little effect on the yield components. Control grapes generally had the lowest soluble solids (°Oe) and highest titratable acidity (g/l). In most cases, control wines had the lowest total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanin concentrations, while CT+BT treatment had the highest ones followed by CT treatment. It was concluded that CT+BT produced wines with generally increased total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins, as well as many individual phenolic compounds. Thus, grape yield per vine seems to be strongly connected with the grape and wine compositions. The final cost-effectiveness of this canopy interventions still remains questionable.
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King, P. D., D. R. Lauren, J. S. Meekings, K. C. Phillips e M. P. Agnew. "Fosetyl-Al sprays on phylloxera damaged grape vines". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (8 de janeiro de 1985): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9472.
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Williams, R. N., M. A. Ellis, D. S. Fickle e M. S. Ellis. "Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.50a.
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Abstract Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Concord’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 13 Jul and 27 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 19 Sep, 20 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infected by grape berry moth as well as the number of damaged berries per cluster.
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Glenn, D. Michael, Nicola Cooley, Rob Walker, Peter Clingeleffer e Krista Shellie. "Impact of Kaolin Particle Film and Water Deficit on Wine Grape Water Use Efficiency and Plant Water Relations". HortScience 45, n.º 8 (agosto de 2010): 1178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.8.1178.
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Water use efficiency (WUE) and response of grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, and ‘Viognier’) to a particle film treatment (PFT) under varying levels of applied water were evaluated in Victoria, Australia, and southwestern Idaho. Vines that received the least amount of water had the warmest canopy or leaf surface temperature and the lowest (more negative) leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration (E), and photosynthesis (A). Vines with plus-PFT had cooler leaf and canopy temperature than non-PFT vines; however, temperature difference resulting from irrigation was greater than that resulting from PFT. In well-watered vines, particle film application increased leaf water potential and lowered gS. Point-in-time measurements of WUE (A/E) and gS did not consistently correspond with seasonal estimates of WUE based on carbon isotope discrimination of leaf or shoot tissue. The response of vines with particle film to undergo stomatal closure and increase leaf water potential conserved water and enhanced WUE under non-limiting soil moisture conditions and the magnitude of response differed according to cultivar.
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Boyden, Laurie E., e Peter S. Cousins. "A Modified Method for Inducing Precocious Flowering in Grape Seedlings". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julho de 2005): 1147C—1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1147c.
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Breeders of woody perennials seek to shorten the time from propagation to flowering and the turnover time between generations. Grapevines usually flower and fruit no earlier than their third season. Onset of flowering occurs when anlagen, undifferentiated primordia arising from axillary and terminal bud meristems, begin to develop into inflorescences as well as tendrils. This occurs in response to hormonal stimuli; high levels of gibberellins in juvenile tissue favor vegetative growth, whereas increased cytokinin levels in physiologically mature tissue favor reproductive growth. We modified a method developed for Vitis vinifera for use on grape rootstock seedlings. Exogenous applications of chlormequat and N-benzyl-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) adenine (PBA, a cytokinin) were used induce precocious flowering by increasing the cytokinin:gibberellin ratio, triggering anlagen to develop into inflorescences on physiologically juvenile vines. The optimum treatment was a single application of 3000 micromolar chlormequat and 250 micromolar PBA, followed by 10 subsequent daily applications of PBA alone. Lower concentrations of treatments resulted in a loss of efficacy, and higher treatment concentrations and/or longer durations resulted in phytotoxicity. Abnormalities in flower and leaf morphology were observed with all treatments. Grape rootstock seedlings are dioecious and staminate vines were more responsive to the treatments than pistillate vines. We did not observe production of hermaphroditic flowers on staminate vines. Pollen collected from flowering staminate seedlings was successfully used in crosses that produced fruit and viable seeds. The ability to induce precocious flowering in juvenile grape seedlings has many applications in grape breeding and genetic research.
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Buchanan, GA, e GD Godden. "Insecticide treatments for control of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifolii) infesting grapevines in Victoria, Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, n.º 2 (1989): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890267.
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Carbofuran, oxamyl, aldicarb and fenamiphos treatments were tested for control of grape phylloxera [Daktulosphaira vitifolii (Fitch)] on ungrafted Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in central Victoria. All insecticides were applied as granular formulations to the root zone of grapevines. Oxamyl was also tested as a foliar spray. Carbofuran was the most effective treatment, although aldicarb and oxamyl reduced phylloxera populations at some sampling periods. Fenamiphos did not control phylloxera. Vegetative growth, yield and root mass of infested grapevines declined during the 3 years of the experiment. In the third year, carbofuran- treated vines had significantly (P=0.05) greater fruit yield and more vegetative growth than control vines, but were performing poorly in relation to yields expected from uninfested vines. It is concluded that carbofuran treatment combined with optimum viticultural management may delay or reduce the decline of phylloxera infested grapevines. However, replanting with vines grafted to resistant rootstocks is a preferable long-term solution.
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McColl, CR. "Cyanamide advances the maturity of table grapes in central Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, n.º 4 (1986): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860505.
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In the hot subtropical desert of Central Australia, a 25 mg/ml cyanamide solution was applied to Sultana H4 and Cardinal grape vines immediately after pruning on 2 May, 30 May, 27 June or 25 July, 16, 12, 8 and 4 weeks prior to the usual time of budburst, about 22 August. Both cultivars responded to cyanamide, the vines bursting bud 2-4 weeks after application. Vines treated on 2 May and 30 May suffered frost damage and produced negligible crops; those treated on 27 June and 25 July flowered significantly earlier than untreated vines, despite slow growth in July and August. Fruit ripening in Sultana H4 was advanced by 4, 3 and 2 weeks by cyanamide applications on 30 May, 27 June and 25 July, respectively. Ripening in Cardinal was advanced by 3.5 and 2.5 weeks by cyanamide applications on 27 June and 25 July, respectively. The ability to advance maturity has significant implications for commercial table-grape production in the region.
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Pulko, B., S. Vršič e J. Valdhuber. " Influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of Sauvignon Blanc". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 5 (25 de julho de 2012): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/347/2011-cjfs.
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This influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of Sauvignon Blanc was examined. The yield on rootstock 41B/72 was 1 kg/vine or more higher than on rootstocks SO4 cl. 31, Riparia cl. 1 and Kober 5BB. The vines grafted on the Börner rootstock gave the highest weight of 100 berries (241 g). The highest seed weight of 100 berries (6.9 g) was found on rootstock 196/17 Cl, while the lowest one was on the Riparia cl. 1 (5.6 g). There was a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.91) between the berry and seed weights of vines on rootstock 41B/72 (2003). The total acidity content and the relationship between tartaric and malic acids were affected more by the weather conditions than by the rootstock. Relatively strong correlations between the grape yield and total soluble solids (r = –0.89), and between grape yield and total acidity (r = 0.76) were found in the grape juice on rootstock 41B/72 (in 2002).
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Clark, John R., Tony K. Wolf e M. Kay Cook. "Thermal Analysis of Dormant Muscadine Grape Buds". HortScience 30, n.º 4 (julho de 1995): 850C—850. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.850c.
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Thermal analysis was used to determine if muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) buds supercooled and to determine the seasonal cold hardiness of several grape cultivars. Buds of the muscadine cultivars `Carlos' and `Summit', sampled from vines grown at Clarksville, Ark., produced low-temperature exotherms consistent with the number of buds tested. Apparent hardiness of the buds increased from 5 Nov. 1993 through 7 Jan. 1994. Mean low-temperature exotherms (MLTE) were lowest on 7 Jan. and were –21.5C for `Carlos' and –23.4C for `Summit'. Mars (V. labrusca L.) buds, sampled at Clarksville and Winchester, Va., were included in the study, and increased in hardiness during the same period. MLTE temperatures for `Mars' from Arkansas were similar to those of the muscadine cultivars on 7 Jan.; however, `Mars' attained lower MLTE temperatures with vines grown in Virginia compared to those in Arkansas. Location differences may be due to cultural conditions, sample handling, environment or other reasons.
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Karagiannis, S., Panos Lanaridis e Marie-Jeanne Salaha. "Determination of benzothiazole in grapes and wines". OENO One 34, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2000): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2000.34.2.1008.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Benzothiazole was measured in grapes from Muscat Lefko vines from the Isle of Samos and in Muscat d'Alexandrie vines from the Isle of Lemnos. Differences were noted in regard to altitude, soil composition and exposure, and in the corresponding wines. This compound was also determined in grapes of ten other white grapevines cultivated in Greece, and in their corresponding wines. The results show the presence of benzothiazole in all of the grapes examined, and that it might have been formed during the maturation of the grape. The levels of benzothiazole varied from 0.8 to 6.1 mug/l; this was always below the threshold of perception.</p>
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Salvi, Linda, Alberto Niccolai, Eleonora Cataldo, Sofia Sbraci, Francesca Paoli, Paolo Storchi, Liliana Rodolfi, Mario R. Tredici e Giovan Battista Mattii. "Effects of Arthrospira platensis Extract on Physiology and Berry Traits in Vitis vinifera". Plants 9, n.º 12 (19 de dezembro de 2020): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121805.
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Several advantages on physiology, productivity, and grape quality have been reported for grapevine treated with seaweed extracts, but little is known about the importance of cyanobacterial-based biostimulants in viticulture. The purpose of this pioneering work was to analyze the broad-spectrum effects of the Arthrospiraplatensis F&M-C256 extract on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Nero grown in pots in optimal conditions and under water stress. To evaluate the effects, major physiological parameters of the plants and the quali-quantitative parameters of grape were analyzed. According to the results obtained in this study, ameliorating effects in leaf gas exchanges induced by A. platensis F&M-C256 treatments were detected in both irrigation regimes. Above all, A. platensis F&M-C256 allowed keeping stomata open without negative consequences in water potential in treated vines under water-stress conditions. In terms of berry traits, A. platensis F&M-C256-treated vines presented higher berry weight in comparison with untreated vines in both water regimes and improved berry composition in treated vines subjected to drought. The results of the present study demonstrated an A. platensis-dependent physiological response in case of abiotic stress, which prominently affects grape traits at harvest.
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Pool, R. M., R. M. Dunst e A. N. Lakso. "Comparison of Sod, Mulch, Cultivation, and Herbicide Floor Management Practices for Grape Production in Nonirrigated Vineyards". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, n.º 6 (novembro de 1990): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.872.
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In two 4-year studies, `Concord' (Vitis labruscana, Bailey) cane pruning weight, yield, and soluble solids content were similar for vines growing under herbicide and cultivation treatments. In a vineyard with shallow soil, vines grown under mulch had a significantly greater increase in cane pruning weight than did vines grown with sod middles. Growth suppression of sod-managed vines occurred only in relatively dry years. While there was annual variation in vine response to herbicide and cultivation treatments, the cumulative responses over the 4-year study were similar for these treatments. A second vineyard where soil was less restrictive for root growth did not respond to the replacement of clean cultivation with herbicide treatments. In both experiments, there was no apparent advantage of two instead of a single herbicide application, and there was no difference between the budbreak, as opposed to bloom timing, of herbicide application.
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Smart, D. R., S. Cosby Hess, R. Plant, O. Feihn, H. Heymann e S. Ebeler. "Geospatial variation of grapevine water status, soil water availability, grape composition and sensory characteristics in a spatially heterogeneous premium wine grape vineyard". SOIL Discussions 1, n.º 1 (27 de novembro de 2014): 1013–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-1013-2014.
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Abstract. The geoscience component of terroir in wine grape production continues to be criticized for its quasi-mystical nature, and lack of testable hypotheses. Nonetheless, recent relational investigations are emerging and most involve water availability as captured by available water capacity (AWC, texture) or plant available water (PAW) in the root zone of soil as being a key factor. The second finding emerging may be that the degree of microscale variability in PAW and other soil factors at the vineyard scale renders larger regional characterizations questionable. Cimatic variables like temperature are well mixed, and its influence on wine characteristic is fairly well established. The influence of mesogeology on mesoclimate factors has also been characterized to some extent. To test the hypothesis that vine water status mirrors soil water availability, and controls fruit sensory and chemical properties at the vineyard scale we examined such variables in a iconic, selectively harvested premium winegrape vineyard in the Napa Valley of California during 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Geo-referenced data vines remained as individual study units throughout data gathering and analysis. Cartographic exercises using geographic information systems (GIS) were used to vizualize geospatial variation in soil and vine properties. Highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) emerged for pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), mid-day leaf water potential (ΨL) and PAW, with berry size, berry weight, pruning weights (canopy size) and soluble solids content (°Brix). Areas yielding grapes with perceived higher quality had vines with (1) lower leaf water potential (LWP) both pre-dawn and mid-day, (2) smaller berry diameter and weight, (3) lower pruning weights, and (4) higher °Brix. A trained sensory panel found grapes from the more water-stressed vines had significantly sweeter and softer pulp, absence of vegetal character, and browner and crunchier seeds. Metabolomic analysis of the grape skins showed significant differences in accumulation of amino acids and organic acids. Data vines were categorized as non-stressed (ΨPD ≥ −7.9 bars and ΨL ≥ −14.9 bars) and stressed (ΨPD ≤ −8.0 bars and ΨL ≤ −15.0 bars) and subjected to analysis of variance. Significant separation emerged for vines categorized as non-stressed versus stressed at véraison, which correlated to the areas described as producing higher and lower quality fruit. This report does not advocate the use of stress levels herein reported. The vineyard was planted to a vigorous, deep rooted rootstock (V. rupestris cv. St. George), and from years of management is known to be able to withstand stress levels of the magnitude we observed. Nonetheless, the results may suggest there is not a linear relationship between physiological water stress and grape sensory characteristics, but rather the presence of an inflection point controlling grape composition as well as physiological development.
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Wimmer, Madeline, Beth Ann Workmaster e Amaya Atucha. "Training Systems for Cold Climate Interspecific Hybrid Grape Cultivars in Northern Climate Regions". HortTechnology 28, n.º 2 (abril de 2018): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03946-17.
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Training systems influence grapevine (Vitis sp.) size, shape, and canopy architecture, which ultimately affects yield and fruit composition. Cold climate interspecific hybrid grapes (CCIHG) have propelled the creation of a new and fast-growing grape and wine industry in the northeast and upper midwest of the United States. This study evaluated the effect of three training systems: high cordon (HC), midwire vertical shoot positioning (VSP), and modified Scott Henry (SH) on vine growth, yield, and fruit composition of four CCIHG cultivars, Brianna, Frontenac, La Crescent, and Marquette, during two growing seasons. The divided canopy training system SH increased the crop yield per meter of row in all cultivars relative to HC and VSP, despite reduction in crop size imposed by crop thinning in vines trained to SH. VSP-trained vines had lower yields compared with HC, and this was most evident during the second year of the study, as vines were still being trained when the study commenced. Despite the higher crop size associated with vines trained in a SH system, there were minimal differences in fruit soluble solid concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and pH at harvest time. No differences were observed in vine size, expressed as dormant cane pruning weights, among training systems possibly because of the control of vegetative vigor, especially in VSP-trained vines, through shoot positioning and summer pruning. CCIHG cultivars appear to have the capacity to support higher yields under SH and HC systems without compromising fruit quality; however, labor requirements involved in establishing and maintaining more complex training systems should be considered when selecting a training system for CCIHG cultivars.
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Wise, John C. "Grape, Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1996". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1997): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.55.
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Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature (16 year old) cv. ‘Concord’ grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 GPA using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50 ft long rows of vines replicated four times. Applications of materials were made on 28 Jun (Bloom, 725 Degree Days base 50 for GLH), 10 Jul (3C), 22 Jul (4C), 7 Aug (5C), 21 Aug (6C), 3 Sep (7C), and 16 Sep (8C). Grape leafhopper evaluations were made on 19 Jul and 15 Aug by randomly selecting 50 leaves per replicate, or 200 leaves per treatment, and examining them for presence of GLH nymphs. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 30 Sep by randomly selecting 25 grape clusters per replicate, or 200 per treatment, and counting the number of clusters with damage from GBM larvae.
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Liu, Scarlett, Xuesong Li, Hongkun Wu, Bolai Xin, Julie Tang, Paul R. Petrie e Mark Whitty. "A robust automated flower estimation system for grape vines". Biosystems Engineering 172 (agosto de 2018): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.05.009.
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Teissedre, Pierre-Louis. "Composition of grape and wine from resistant vines varieties". OENO One 52, n.º 3 (3 de agosto de 2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2223.
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Obtaining resistant varieties to diseases without loss of organoleptic quality is a real challenge for oenology. Inter-specific hybridization of grapevines began in the 19th century and was initially aimed at introducing pest and disease resistance in offspring. Later, several breeding programmes implemented worldwide led to the development of varieties showing different characteristics such as cold-hardiness, short/long growing season, and pest resistance. Vitis vinifera grapes have preferred flavour characteristics for wine production, but they tend to be susceptible to pests, diseases, and extreme temperatures; species native to North America and East Asia are generally better adapted to these stressors. But these wild species tend to be low yielding and produce wines with undesirable sensory characteristics, including high acidity, low astringency, and excessive herbaceous or undesirable aromas. To be an innovative revolution during the 21st century, resistant varieties (actual and future) should be tested in different contexts for 3 major points: (i) vines can produce grapes without pesticides; (ii)
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Spano, D., P. Duce, P. Deidda e A. Motroni. "COMPARISON OF ACTUAL AND CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM GRAPE VINES". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 537 (outubro de 2000): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.537.18.
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McFarlane, N. J. B., B. Tisseyre, C. Sinfort, R. D. Tillett e F. Sevila. "Image Analysis for Pruning of Long Wood Grape Vines". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 66, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 1997): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0125.
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Bettiga, Larry J. "Growth and Productivity of Green-growing and Dormant ‘Chardonnay’ Benchgrafts during Vineyard Establishment". HortTechnology 25, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2015): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.6.752.
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Vine growth and yield variables were measured for grape (Vitis vinifera) planted as green-growing and dormant ‘Chardonnay’ benchgrafts during the first 8 years after vineyard establishment. Benchgrafts of ‘Freedom’ and ‘Kober 5BB’ rootstock were evaluated. Vines planted as green-growing benchgrafts had smaller trunk and cordon diameters and lower pruning weights. Growth variables measured were higher for ‘Freedom’ benchgrafts than ‘Kober 5BB’. Yields were higher for vines planted as dormant benchgrafts in three of the first six production years when compared with vines established with green-growing plants. Productivity was higher for vines planted with dormant benchgrafts or grafted on ‘Freedom’ rootstock because the permanent framework of vines in these treatments was fully developed earlier in the training process, which allowed for earlier crop production.
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Dokoozlian, N. K. "Gibberellic Acid Application Timing Influences the Bud Viability and Fruitfulness of Seedless Table Grape Cultivars". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 598c—598. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.598c.
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A study initiated in Spring 1995 examined the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) application timing on the return fruitfulness of Thompson Seedless and Flame Seedless table grapes. Vines treated with GA3 at prebloom, bloom, or berry set were compared to vines treated at prebloom + bloom + berry set and nontreated vines. Application amounts for each cultivar and timing were based on commercial label recommendations. Nodes from each treatment were collected in mid-winter and dissected, and their viability and fruitfulness were recorded. Bud viability (shoots per bud) and fruitfulness (clusters per shoot) also were evaluated at budbreak in 1996. The results indicate that GA3 applications at prebloom and bloom are most detrimental to bud viability and cluster initiation in these cultivars.
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Allegro, Gianluca, Chiara Pastore, Gabriele Valentini e Ilaria Filippetti. "Effects of delayed winter pruning on vine performance and grape composition in cv. Merlot". BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304003.
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Delaying winter pruning until after budburst is a technique that can retard vine phenological phases and reduce grape sugar concentration at harvest. Given these characteristics, many studies have recently been conducted to verify the ability of pruning after budburst to contrast the negative effects of climate change. In our trial, vines of the cv. Merlot, trained to a VSP spur pruned cordon, were pre-pruned leaving 8 nodes per shoot and hand finished when the shoots sprouted by the apical nodes were at BBCH13 (treatment LP) and BBCH18 stage (treatment VLP). Vines refinished during winter were used as control (WP). Anthocyanins and tannins of skin and seeds were analysed after both exhaustive extraction (total content) and extraction conducted with a hydroalcoholic solution (extractable portion). Vines refinished after budburst showed reduced leaf area, yield, cluster and berry weights; technological maturity of these vines was delayed as lower sugar concentration and pH were observed at harvest. Treatment VLP had a stronger effect than LP on these parameters. Considering phenolic compounds, the skin and seed tannin concentration increased only in VLP, while no effect was found on anthocyanins. In conclusion, delaying pruning until after budburst revealed interesting prospects for contrasting the negative effects of climate change.
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Lu, Jiang, Olusola Lamikanra e Stephen Leong. "Induction of Seedlessness in `Triumph' Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) by Applying Gibberellic Acid". HortScience 32, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1997): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.1.89.
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Gibberellic acid (GA3), a plant growth regulator used routinely in the production of seedless bunch grapes, was sprayed on the seeded muscadine grape cultivar Triumph. GA3 at 100, 200, and 300 mg·L-1 was sprayed on the leaves and fruit clusters at late bloom; a second spray followed 1 week later. The sprayed vines produced more than 20% seedless berries and the size of the berries with seeds increased significantly. GA3 application in commercial muscadine grape production may have potential benefits.
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Liu, Liyuan, e Hua Li. "Review: Research progress in amur grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, n.º 4 (julho de 2013): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-202.
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Liu, L. Y. and Li, H. 2013. Review: Research progress in amur grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 565–575. Vitis amurensis Rupr., which originates in China and has several important traits, such as cold- and disease-resistance, is now commercially cultivated in China. Vitis amurensis has a strong root system and high growth vigor allowing it to survive temperatures as low as −40°C without the need to bury its vines, saving inputs in vineyard management. During growth, V. amurensis vines have high resistance to many diseases, such as grape white rot and grape anthracnose, and are thus often used as a disease-resistant stock as well as the most powerful cold-resistant rootstock to breed materials for novel cultivars. As a wine grape, the fruit fragrance and distinctive taste are unique for making high quality red and sweet wines, which have a brilliant ruby red color, fine fragrance, and a full-bodied and distinctive taste. Vitis amurensis grapes and the wines made from them contain abundant bioactive natural substances, which have important effects on lowering human blood pressure, antioxidation, anti-aging, cardiovascular disease prevention, etc. The present article addresses research progress and the utilization of V. amurensis achieved in the past decades. Further studies are proposed.
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Senthilkumar, S., R. Vijayakumar, K. Soorianathasundaram e D. Durga Devi. "Effect of Pruning Severity on V egetative, Physiological, Yield and Quality Attributes in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.): A Review". Current Agriculture Research Journal 3, n.º 1 (5 de maio de 2015): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.3.1.06.
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Grape is one among the most delicious, refreshing and nourishing fruits of the world. It is one of the earliest fruits grown by man. The berries are a good source of sugars and minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, and vitamins like B1, B2, and C. Grape has so many uses and is so unique that no fruit can challenge their superiority. Crop load is the most important factor affecting yield and cluster quality as well as vine vigor of both seeded and seedless varieties. Hence, an optimum canopy size and bunch number per vine are to be maintained for achieving better fruit Quality which warrants proper balancing between vigour and capacity. The pruning requirement of different varieties differs as per their growth behaviour. Therefore, variety-specific standardization of pruning is essential for any grape cultivars for harnessing potential yield and quality. In this view, it is essential to get scientific information on the pruning requirement of grapes. Pruning all the matured canes to fruit bud level, as adopted by local grape growers results in more exploitation of reserved food material leading to loss of vigour, quality and early setting of senility in vines. Heavy bearing of vines results in poor quality fruits with low TSS and high fruit acidity.
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Matta, Frank B., e Obadiah M. Njue. "CHEMICAL MANIPULATION OF GRAPE DORMANCY UNDER SIMULATED TROPICAL CONDITIONS". HortScience 30, n.º 3 (junho de 1995): 435g—436. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.435g.
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Defoliating chemicals (ammonium thiosulfate, ethrel, and thidiazuron) were evaluated on 8-month-old `Canadice' and `Concord' grapes. The effectiveness of chemical defoliators was determined 20 days after application. Vines were pruned after defoliation and dormancy breaking chemicals (thiourea, cyanamide, and gibberellic acid (GA3) were applied 4 days later. All treatments were applied as sprays. All chemicals were effective in defoliating the vines of both cultivars. Generally, the higher concentrations (ammonium thiosulfate, ethrel, and thidiazuron at 15.15, 3.0, and 0.35 g·liter–1, respectively) were more effective. All chemicals reduced days to maximum budbreak of both cultivars. The higher concentrations (thiourea, cyanamide, and GA3 at 30.3, 15.15, and 0.75 g·liter–1, respectively) resulted in greater reductions in days to maximum budbreak. `Concord' was later in reaching maximum budbreak. Total percent budbreak of both cultivars was increased by all chemicals at the higher concentrations. Cyanamide resulted in greater total percent budbreak in both cultivars.
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Zufferey, Vivian, Thibaut Verdenal, Agnès Dienes, Sandrine Belcher, Fabrice Lorenzini, Carole Koestel, Marie Blackford et al. "The influence of vine water regime on the leaf gas exchange, berry composition and wine quality of Arvine grapes in Switzerland". OENO One 54, n.º 3 (25 de agosto de 2020): 553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.3.3106.
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Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyse the impact of different water regimes on the physiological and agronomical behavior of an aromatic white grapevine (cv. Arvine) by means of various levels of irrigation. The consequences of the plant water status were evaluated by carrying out a chemical (aromatic precursors) and sensorial analysis of the resulting wines.Methods and results: Adult vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Arvine grafted onto 5BB were subjected to different water regimes (various levels of irrigation) during the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor the plant water status [pre-dawn leaf (ΨPD) and stem (ΨSTEM) water potentials and carbon isotope composition (d13C) in the must]. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis AN and transpiration E), stomatal conductance (gs), yield parameters, berry composition at harvest, analysis of potential grape aromatic properties (glycosyl-glucose G-G, precursor 3-mercaptohexanol P 3-MH) and the sensorial quality of wines were analysed over a period of 8 consecutive years (2009-2016) in the Agroscope experimental vineyard in Leytron under the relatively dry conditions of the Rhône valley in Wallis, Switzerland.In the non-irrigated vines, the progressively increasing water deficit observed over the season reduced the leaf gas exchange (AN and E) and gs. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased over the season and was greater in the vines that had suffered water restriction than in the irrigated vines. The rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in the must sugars at harvest. A decrease in plant vigor was observed in the water stressed vines over multiple years. Moderate to high water stress during fruit ripening lowered the contents of total and malic acidity in the musts and the content of yeast available nitrogen (YAN). On the other hand, contents in sugar and the aromatic precursor (P-3MH) in berries were not influenced by the vine water status. The G-G values for berries increased with rising water stress in the non-irrigated vines. The wines from the plants subjected to water stress and to yeast available nitrogen deficiency (non-irrigated vines during hot and dry seasons) had a less distinctive typicity, and developed a lower aromatic expression with a more bitter taste, than the wines from the non-stressed plants. Overall, and compared with the stressed vines, the organoleptic characteristics and quality of Arvine wines from vines which had not undergone restrictions in water and nitrogen during the growing season were appreciated more.Conclusions: The vine’s physiological behavior (leaf gas exchange, plant vigor) and agronomic parameters (yield, berry composition), together with the quality of white aromatic Arvine wines, were strongly influenced by vine water regimes during the growing season.Significance and impact of the study: Vine water status and must nitrogen contents are key factors in grape composition and in the sensorial quality of resulting aromatic white wines.
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Lu, J., e O. Lamikanra. "Effects of Gibberellic Acid Treatments on Fruit and Seed Development of Muscadine Grapes". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 662f—663. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.662f.
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Gibberellic acid, a plant growth regulator commonly sprayed for seedless bunch grape cultivars, was used to spray on the seeded muscadine grape cultivars `Carlos', `Fry', `Higgins' and `Triumph'. GA3 at 100 to 300 ppm were sprayed on leaves and fruit clusters before and after anthesis. The flower/fruit clusters also were dipped into a much higher concentration (1000 ppm) in addition to the sprayed concentration of GA3. Berry weight significantly increased in all the sprayed vines, with a maximal increase up to 50%. Early and more uniform ripening was observed in the cultivar `Triumph'. More than 20% of seedless berries also were found on the GA3-sprayed `Triumph' vines. However, the latter two responses (early ripening and seedlessness) did not occur in other cultivars tested. Similar results also were obtained in the dipping treatments. The results indicated that the seeded muscadine grapes responded well to the GA3 treatments in general, but genotype variation is obvious.
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Pittcock, J. Kim, Richard E. Durham, Roy E. Mitchell, William L. Lipe e Timothy E. Elkner. "Relative Vigor Following a Severe Freeze of 18 Wine-grape Varieties at Brownfield, Texas". HortScience 30, n.º 4 (julho de 1995): 845A—845. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.845a.
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Texas Tech Univ., in collaboration with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Lubbock, maintains a research vineyard at Brownfield. Texas. Thirty-one wine-grape varieties are being evaluated for performance on the Texas High Plains. The vines were planted on their own roots in a completely randomized design with four replications and two plants per replication. The average rainfall, including supplemental irrigation, was ≈550 mm/year. Sufficient data exist for comparison of 18 varieties during the 1992–1994 seasons, following a severe freeze in Nov. 1991. The vines were trained to a horizontal bilateral cordon and spurpruned with two buds per spur and 10 to 12 spurs per vine. Pruning weights were taken from the surviving vines during the 1993–1995 dormant seasons. Pruning weights were used as a direct estimate for plant vigor. The varieties exhibiting lowest vigor included `Carmine', `Pinot Blanc', `Pinot Noir', and `Ruby Cabernet', while those exhibiting highest vigor included `Semillion', `Chenin Blanc', `Muscat Canelli', and `French Columbard'.
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Johnson, James W., Robert D. Kriegel e John C. Wise. "Grape, Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Control, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.50.
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Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature 14 year old grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50-foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied, as indicated in the table, on the following dates: 4 May (BS), 25 May (1C), 9 Jun (Bloom), 22 Jun (3C), 3 Jul (4C), 17 Jul (5C), 29 Jul (6C), 12 Aug (7C), 25 Aug (8C) and 6 Sep (9C). Second generation grape berry moth application was timed for one wk after sustained catch in pheromone traps. Phytotoxicity damage was rated on the untreated control and the Danitol plots on 22 Jul. Twenty-five leaf samples were rated as clean or damaged. A leaf was rated as damaged if it had spots or blemishes that could not be attributed to disease or insect injury. All damaged leaves had ≤25% of their surface injured. Damage evaluations for grape berry moth, and Japanese beetle were performed on 27 Sep. Damage was assessed by sampling 25 fruit clusters from each replicate. Each cluster was rated for the presence or absence of injury from each of the three insect pests.
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Amato, Davide, Giuseppe Montanaro, Stephan Summerer, Nunzio Briglia, Faouzi Attia, Emmanuel Challet e Vitale Nuzzo. "The effects of calcite silicon-mediated particle film application on leaf temperature and grape composition of Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vines under different irrigation conditions". OENO One 54, n.º 4 (9 de novembro de 2020): 1007–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.4020.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Aim: This study examined whether the application of calcite-silicon mediated particle film (CaPF) at veraison can mitigate a drought-induced increase in leaf temperature on grapevine, thus contributing to improved leaf functionality, yield and grape composition traits.Methods and results: A total of 48 five-year-old Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted onto SO4 were grown (in 20 L PVC pots) under Mediterranean conditions (Southern Italy). The vines were pruned to a single spur with 3 winter buds irrigated daily to 100 % field capacity, and fertilised weekly.At veraison and using a 2×2 factorial experimental design, the two main factors, thermoregulation and water, were imposed at two levels: spraying with a thermoregulation compound (CaPF) and no spraying (NS); irrigation (WW) and drought stress (D)). A group of 24 vines was subjected to a 15-day drought period by receiving, every day, 25 % (D) of the daily water consumption of WW vines. The other 24 vines continued to be fully irrigated on a daily basis (WW). Twelve vines per group were sprayed (WW+CaPF, D+CaPF) with calcite-silicon mediate (3 % V/V) at the beginning of drought imposition, the remaining 24 vines were not sprayed (WW-NS, D-NS). Soil water moisture and stem water potential values were monitored from 11.30 to 13:30 nearly every week, and other vegetative and reproductive parameters were also measured.During the experiment, air temperature peaked at ≈35°C at midday, VPD at about 3.7 kPa and PAR reached ≈2000 µmol m-2 s–1. Results show that in CaPF sprayed vines, leaf-air temperature differences were lower than in unsprayed vines in both irrigated and drought stressed groups. WW+CaPF vines retained significantly more leaf area and showed the highest value of accumulated vine transpiration.Conclusion: Calcite-silicon mediated particle film could enhance the resilience of grapevine to adverse environmental conditions and may contribute to preserve terroir elements in highly reputed wine grape growing areas.Significance of the study: The study showed that foliar application of calcite silicon-mediated processed particles films can be used in arid regions to mitigate leaf temperatures in grapevines.