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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Government information – Great Britain – History"
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Bellamy, Christine. "The Paradox of National Registration in a Liberal State: The Case of Wartime National Registers in Great Britain, 1915–52*". English Historical Review 134, n.º 570 (outubro de 2019): 1196–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez293.
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Abstract This article traces the history of British government policy on wartime national registration from 1915 to 1952. In contrast to accounts that emphasise the significance of registration for the development of an ‘information state’, it explores the implications of the fundamental paradox in national registration in a liberal state. That is, the distinctive value of a register lies in its continuing accuracy and comprehensiveness; but these properties depend on wholesale and continuing compliance with the bureaucratic demands of a tool widely regarded in Whitehall as intrusive, coercive and unpopular. The register used in the First World War never recovered from Whitehall’s unwillingness to enforce it, and preparations for registration in a second major war were frustrated by the reluctance of its principal users—those responsible for military conscription and food rationing—to be closely associated with it or dependent on it. The article explains why a robust register was nevertheless set up in 1939, but suggests, too, that the capabilities it offered to identify and trace people were less warmly welcomed and extensively exploited by other government services than is often assumed. Furthermore, the perceived need to maximise trust in its confidentiality restricted the disclosure of information recorded in the register to other public agencies, especially the police. The overall thrust of the article, then, is to cast doubt on whether the wartime national registers in the Great Britain could have developed into a formative pillar of an emergent information state.
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Tashtamirov, Magomed, Natalya Kuchkovskaya, Irina Avdeeva e Olga Burova. "The history of economic methods of assessing social capital". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, n.º 5-2 (1 de maio de 2022): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi36.
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The problem of measuring group social capital is primarily related to the difficulty of determining its indicators and collecting and processing the necessary statistical data. The systematization of statistical information is secondary to the justification of indicators, since it is initially important to specify “What?”, and then - “How to measure social capital?”. There is no unified position on this in academic circles. In the 21st century, thanks to special research by individual national governments and groups of scientists under the auspices of the World Bank and the OECD, a significant breakthrough has been made in elucidating indicators for measuring social capital. The Governments of Australia, Great Britain, Canada and New Zealand have been the most active in developing a methodology for assessing social capital.
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Oldroyd, David, e Graham McKenna. "Conditions of Employment and Work Practices in the Early Years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain". Earth Sciences History 24, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2005): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.24.2.ml26302l857325r3.
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This paper provides information about the conditions of employment and concomitant work practices of the early years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. It is chiefly based on a series of pamphlets issued by the successive Survey Directors. These set down the conditions of employment for the organization's staff members, but they also provide insights into the day-to-day workings of the Survey, its gradual enlargement, and its modes of bureaucratic control. They also provide some insight into the ethos of the Survey, and the kind of career and the nature of the work that the organization could offer its staff. Evidence is put forward as to the reason why the series of printed regulations was initiated. The Survey provides a useful early example of the nature and practice of government science, organized according to bureaucratic principles.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900". Rural History 21, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2010): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990136.
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AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
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Ittmann, Karl. "Demography as Policy Science in the British Empire, 1918–1969". Journal of Policy History 15, n.º 4 (outubro de 2003): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2003.0024.
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In 1944, Robert Kuczynski, a demographer working with the Colonial Office, wrote a memo discussing plans for a postwar census of the British Empire. He called for the creation of a Colonial Demographic Service, arguing that Colonial Office programs “offer no guarantee of a decisive improvement unless there is an expert on the spot to make an effective use of these means.” Kuczynski's firm belief in the need for expert knowledge matched the growing willingness of the Colonial Office to call upon experts in a variety of fields to assist in the reshaping of colonial government. This article examines why demography came to be seen as useful for colonial governance in the interwar years and how officials attempted to make use of demographers and demographic information in the final years of the British Empire. At present, this topic falls between several existing literatures. Works by Richard Soloway, Daniel Kelves, and others document the domestic history of demography in Great Britain, particularly its involvement in debates over hereditarian views of population. At the international level, most recent studies deal with the United States and trace the origins of American support for programs of population control after 1945. Still another body of literature chronicles the unique nature of policy formation in Britain and its relationship with social science in the twentieth century. This article seeks to connect these literatures by focusing on the colonial and international role of British demography from the end of World War I to the postcolonial era of the 1960s.
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Maltseva, L. D., O. L. Morozova, N. A. Gorbachev e P. F. Litvitskiy. "Alexandr Bogdanovich Fokht ― The Founder of Clinical-Experimental Approach in Medicine (in Honor of 170th Year Anniversary)". Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 72, n.º 1 (8 de março de 2017): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn811.
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The review is dedicated to the investigation of the role of A.B. Fokht, who was one of the most famous scientist, teacher and doctor during the period of the development of clinical oriented approach pathophysiology. The article examines new vectors in clinical medicine development of the second half of the 19th century. It is pointed out in the article that Russian scientists of that time instead of aiming at history rewriting or repeating the traditions of the West-European science finally formed their own rational ideas and tried to provide unique scientific research. What is more, the article contains biographical information about Fokht’s family, his teachers and colleagues. The article describes the main principles of Fokht’s scientific school, which became the most remarkable in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, and also achievements of his followers, who had been working in the largest laboratories and chairs of Great Britain, the USA, Poland etc. Moreover the article contains information about the influence which the results of Fokht’s research had on recognition of Russian independent medical science worldwide. The article emphasizes the Fokht’s political and civil position against the educational and scientific reforms, which had been conducted by the Russian government in the beginning of the 20th century. Finally, the article describes Fokht’s personality and his activities in other spheres.
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Fedyukin, I. I., e A. D. Novikova. "Letters of Friedrich Christian Weber to John Robeson from Russia, 1718-1719". MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, n.º 2 (10 de maio de 2022): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-85-107.
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The article examines the correspondence of the Hanoverian resident in Russia Friedrich Christian Weber over the period from January 1718 to the spring of 1720. The set of letters includes over two hundred reports written by the diplomate in French and currently deposited in the French Manuscripts collection of the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford. The goal of this article is to present this source to the scholarly audience and to offer its preliminary analysis. Although Weber was formally a Hanoverian resident, he represented the interests of England, because the Elector of Hanover, since 1714, was also the monarch of Great Britain. The addressee of Weber’s letters was John Robethon, George I's diplomatic secretary. The article examines various aspects of Weber's diplomatic activities, including the methods he used to collect information in Russia and send it to England, such as bribing Russian officials, resorting to secret agents, ciphers, sending dispatches “under the cover, and others. The letters also reflect the tasks set before him by his government, first of all, investigating the nature of relations between the Russian court and the Jacobites and monitoring the progress of the Congress of Åland, including the views of the Russian and Swedish courts regarding the prospects of a separate peace treaty between them. The article also considers Weber’s approach to the analysis of the international situation and the political situation in Russia. He concluded that a separate treaty between Russia and Sweden was highly unlikely and sought to convey this to his addressee. In spite of this the British government continued to view the ongoing negotiations at Åland as a threat. Beginning in May 1718, the Court of St. James repeatedly instructed Weber to find ways to disrupt Congress. The set of letters shed light on the history of Russian foreign policy at the final stage of the Great Northern War on the eve of the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad.
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Turonok, S. G. "Oikophobia and the crisis of modern Western civilization". Полис. Политические исследования, n.º 3 (29 de maio de 2024): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.03.04.
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The subject of this article is the phenomenon of oikophobia, which in recent decades has attracted the attention of philosophers, political scientists, sociologists and psychologists who tend to interpret it as the origin of many crisis phenomena affecting the modern Western civilization. The term has been used in political contexts to refer critically to political ideologies that are perceived as responsible for repudiating one's own culture, history, traditions and laud others. The simplest way of defining oikophobia is as the opposite extreme of xenophobia. As xenophobia means the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, reversely oikophobia means the fear or hatred of home or one's own society or civilization, oikos being the ancient Greek word for home, house, household. The article reveals the essence and content, characteristic manifestations of oikophobia in its narrow and broad meanings, the historical, cultural and intellectual background and sources of its origin and development. The author identifies signs of oikophobia in a number of key political, philosophical and ideological paradigms and concepts. Based on our findings, we suggest that various manifestations of oikophobia, especially those that may provide the ideological basis for mass protest movements, pose a serious challenge to public policy and government institutions not only in Western countries, but also in Russia. Government bodies and non-governmental organizations involved in the process of policy formulation in the spheres of security, information and education should pay attention to the threats and challenges that government institutions in the USA, Great Britain and a number of other Western countries have already dealt with. In our opinion, one of the most relevant areas of interaction between the Russian government and civil society in the field of countering the manifestations of oikophobia should be formulating general criteria for identifying Russophobia, which could be applied not only in the field of scientific research and educational practices, but also in the field of lawmaking and law enforcement.
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Bokayev, B. N., A. A. Balmanova e K. K. Sadykova. "Communicative competencies of civil servants: foreign experience". Bulletin of "Turan" University, n.º 2 (5 de julho de 2023): 310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2023-1-2-310-321.
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To date, the Law on the Civil Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan for civil servants has approved ethical rules, tasks, requirements that must be observed when interacting with society, however, explanations of communicative competencies, communication skills that must be observed when interacting with society are not given. The concept of development of local self-government in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025 outlines the need to clarify the status, functions, and powers of civil servants taken together of the current model of local self-government. The research paper uses the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021, which indicate the main characteristics of the state body: accessibility of the state body, starting with the availability of contacts and addresses in the public domain; openness in providing information about activities and budget; availability of existing feedback channels with the population. This result once again confirms the need to improve the communicative competencies of civil servants of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the course of writing the article, the analysis of the content and history of the development of the process of reforming the civil service of the countries of Great Britain, France, USA, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, South Korea, standards of conduct of civil servants was carried out. Based on foreign experience, on the full coordination of the functions of the Civil Servants Service, on the experience of introducing the benchmarking process into the public administration system, the principles of the Civil Service Commission, the School of Public Service, Charity and Care in the country, recommendations are given on the formation of a model of professional communicative competencies of Kazakhstan civil servants.
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Clary, Renee, e James Wandersee. "The journey from elite society to government geologist: Henry de la Beche's (1796-1855) powerful impact on the importance of observation within an emerging professional science". Earth Sciences History 33, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 2014): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.2.b0764512965g836u.
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Henry De la Beche (1796-1855) entered the scientific realm within an elite group of gentleman geologists. As a firm advocate of observation, De la Beche's philosophy of science involved the collection of fects, from which satisfactory theories or solutions to geological problems could only arise after accumulated observations were compiled. He authored many texts, but insisted that he recorded only fects and did not support particular theories, which often relied on scant observation. When De la Beche's finances floundered, his persistence at procuring government support for his mapping projects resulted in his eventual appointment (1835) as director of what would become the British Geological Survey. As a government scientist, De la Beche maintained a staunch advocacy of observation. He used his position to promote field work, and ensured quality in the deliberate recording of accurate information. He provided clear instructions to local survey directors, and advocated a "general mode of observing and recording fects" for "systematic investigations and uniformity of results" (1845). His methods guaranteed that facts, and not selective interpretations, would be available for those who needed them. He insisted that utilitarian geological products, such as survey maps and mining records, were consistent and of high quality. He also promoted the importance of these products—and the field work that produced them—within the elite societies of which he remained a member. Through his government position, De la Beche successfully advocated for public displays of facts and collections, and largely through his efforts the Museum of Practical Geology, the School of Mines, and the Mining Record Office were established. Therefore, De la Beche's emphasis of observation over theory had far-reaching impact in the emerging Victorian professionalization of science. Although he lost personal funding and could not sustain only an elite participation in the emerging geological discipline, his government position provided a powerful platform from which he was able to teach, systematize, and institutionalize field-based geological observation. De la Beche's success is measured through the establishment of feet repositories in Great Britain, and also through the impact that surveyors who studied his field methods brought to other countries.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Government information – Great Britain – History"
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Fitzgerald, Patrick 1944. "Lost horizons : the British government and civil aviation between the wars, 1919-1939". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22586.
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In the inter-war period Great Britain lost its pre-eminence in aviation. The new industries centered on civil aviation were not appropriately nurtured. The roots of this decline were in policies struck for military considerations in the pre 1914 period. The emergent institution of the war, the Air Ministry, continued the military priority. Civil Aviation was controlled by an essentially military institution. In the immediate post-war period airline development was inadequately subsidized. The government's chosen instrument, Imperial Airways, failed to nurture civil aviation development. Emergent national aspirations within the Empire and hostile and indifferent governments without frustrated airline route growth. Equally hampered by poor government stewardship was the manufacturing aspect of aviation.
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Greig, Lorne Cameron George. "Court politics and government in England 1509-1515". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1733/.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the period 1509-1515 in England, this being the first six years of the reign of Henry VIII. Within this timespan it is possible to witness the rise of Thomas Wolsey and also to examine the political situation before his ascendancy. Reaction to the new king will be examined on a number of fronts. His succession and the expectations placed on him will be looked at, expectations not only from his own people but also from those abroad. The highly visual natural of Henry VIII's court heightened this sense of expectancy and set the boundaries of the succeeding years. That group of men which attached itself to the king at work and play provides the starting point for this thesis. These were the middling courtiers, the men who sought favours and provided services. The desire for promotion at court provided a common bond for this diverse group. Young courtiers on the up, seasoned campaigners seeking rejuvenation and men of service, all sought promotion, through patronage, pedigree, personal ability or the grace of the king. Many men continued in positions of responsibility as held under Henry VII, creating a certain amount of continuity in administration. Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson felt the wrath of a monarch anxious to clear the air at the start of the reign and stamp his own brand of kingship on the court. Their associate Thomas Lovell continued and prospered under a king with no intention of embarking on a purge. William Compton rose from humble beginnings to become one of the king's closest confidants, recognised by many as the man to befriend. Opportunities were available for the ambitious courtier.
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Thomas, Geraint Llyr. "Conservatives and the culture of 'National' government between the wars". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609335.
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Horne, Fiona. "Explaining British Refugee Policy, March 1938 - July 1940". Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1043.
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The twentieth century has aptly been referred to the century of the refugee.1 In the twentieth century, refugees became an important international problem which seriously affected relations between states and refugee issues continue to play an important part in international relations in the twenty-first century. The refugee crisis created by the Nazis in the 1930s was without precedent and the British government was unsure how to respond. British refugee policy was still in a formative stage and was therefore susceptible to outside influences. This dissertation aims to explain the key factors that drove British refugee policy in the period March 1938 to July 1940, and to evaluate their relative significance over time. I divided the period of study into three phases (March-September 1938, October 1938 to August 1939, September 1939 to July 1940), in order to explore how a range of factors varied in importance in a political and international environment that was rapidly changing. In considering how to respond to the refugee crisis, the British government was hugely influenced by concerns over its relations with other countries, especially Germany. There is little doubt that, during the entire period of this study, the primary influence on the formation and implementation of British refugee policy was the international situation. However, foreign policy did not by itself dictate the precise form taken by British refugee policy. The response of the British government was modulated by economic concerns, domestic political factors, humanitarianism, and by the habits, traditions and assumptions of British political culture. Some factors, like anti-Semitism became less important during the period of this study, while others like humanitarianism increased in importance.
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Thompson, Stephen John. "Census-taking, political economy and state formation in Britain, c. 1790-1840". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265510.
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Since 1801 the British government has counted the population once every ten years. Only the Second World War has interrupted this practice, making the census one of the most enduring administrative institutions of the modern British state. This dissertation is about why legislators and political economists first sought to quantify demographic change in the early nineteenth century. The first chapter explains the administrative organisation of census-taking under John Rickman, who directed the first four censuses. The second chapter examines the legislative origins of census-taking in eighteenth-century Britain. It compares the efforts of two backbenchers, Thomas Potter and Charles Abbot, to establish a national census in 1753 and 1800. The third chapter analyses the pre-census empirical basis of fiscal policy during the 1790s, paying patticular attention to William Pitt the Younger's use of political arithmetic to estimate the yield of Britain's first income tax. The fou1th chapter examines the function and limitations of the population data used by four national accountants - Benjamin Bell, Henry Beeke, J. J. Grellier and Patrick Colquhoun - in their responses to Pitt's new tax. The fifth chapter re-assesses the economic and social thought of Robet1 Southey, whose opposition to T. R. Malthus's Essay on the pr;ndple of populahon, and especially its commitment to poor law abolition, arose from a fundamental disagreement about the state's role in welfare provision. The sixth and seventh chapters consider the relationship between information gathering and state formation. Chapter six quantifies the number and range of printed accounts and papers produced by the House of Commons in the early nineteenth century. It challenges previous analyses which have used public expenditure and statute-making as measures of state formation. The final chapter explores how census data was used to determine the redistribution of parliamentary representation that took place as a result of the 1832 Reform Act. Employing a diverse range of methodologies and sources, this study contributes to histories of economic thought and state formation by revealing the extent to which political arithmetic converged with Smithian political economy during the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. This convergence proved sho1t-lived, however, and early nineteenthcentury political arithmetic was consigned to historical oblivion by the world 's first professional economist, John Ramsay McCulloch. Nonetheless, reasoning by 'number, weight, or measure', paiticularly in respect of population, challenged and transformed the conduct of parliamentary business in this period, leading to the legislative dissolution of the existing electoral system in 1832.
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Tang, Kung. "The Search for Order and Liberty : The British Police, the Suffragettes, and the Unions, 1906-1912". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279136/.
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From 1906 to 1912 the British police contended with the struggles of militant suffragettes and active unionists. In facing the disturbances associated with the suffragette movement and union mobilization, the police confronted the dual problems of maintaining the public order essential to the survival and welfare of the kingdom while at the same time assuring to individuals the liberty necessary for Britain's further progress. This dissertation studies those police activities in detail.
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Von, Maltzahn Nicholas. "Milton's History of Britain in its historical context". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af28c7ae-01bf-4edf-a560-547fd19e1bf7.
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The prologue studies the Tory publication of Milton's Character of the Long Parliament (1681). It argues that the provenance of this tract is best explained if Milton did in fact attempt to include the Digression in his History of Britain. Further ambiguities in Milton's early reputation are discussed in a review of the History's reception. Chapter I surveys Milton's response to the long standing demand for a national history and briefly reconsiders his ideas on history and historiography. Chapter II proposes that his political sympathies led Milton to look to the British legends for his historical subject. The strong Protestant and Tudor associations of such native myth have been largely overlooked, and yet they bear strongly on Milton's proposals for a British historical poem. His reappraisal of the myths in the History indicates his disillusionment with his original historical project: and reflects his changing opinion of the national character. Chapter III charts Milton's response to the legends surrounding Lucius, Constantine and the early British church, and traces conflicts between his need to deny church history and his desire to rewrite it. It then turns to his curiously muted views on the Saxon church. Chapter IV compares the use of Gildas's De Excidio in the History with Milton's relative silence on Arthur. Milton's regard for this ancient British jeremiad recalls that of the Reformers and suggests the instability of his commitment to purely classical styles of historiography in his time. Chapter V surveys the conflicting ideological and religious pressures on the history of the Saxons and the Conquest and compares Milton's shifting response to these in his political tracts with his views in the History. The Epilogue returns to Milton's view of the national character, with special reference to the Digression. Presenting his references to climate theory in a wider context, it argues that in moving from a loosely predestinarian position to a belief in free will, Milton first sought some determining natural force to explain England's conduct through the ages.
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Vaughan, Jacqueline D. "Secretaries, statesmen and spies : the clerks of the Tudor Privy Council, c. 1540-c.1603 /". Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/440.
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Fetherstonhaugh, Claire Christine. "Earls and the crown in England, 1360-1385". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648902.
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Drummond, Charles Robert. "Military power and political thinking in later Stuart Britain, 1660-1701". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709194.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Government information – Great Britain – History"
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Great Britain. Public Record Office., ed. Records of the Information Departments (INF), 1915-1982. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 1989.
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Working Group on the Government Information Service. Report of the Working Group on the Government Information Service. [London]: [Cabinet Office], 1997.
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Bennett, Peter. Making the Commons work: Information analysis and accountability. London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 1991.
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John, Angel, ed. Information rights: Law and practice. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014.
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Anna, Bicarregui, ed. Information rights: Law and practice. 3a ed. Oxford: Portland, Or., 2010.
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Great Britain. Treasury. Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency., ed. A survey of geographic information systems in government. London: HMSO, 1994.
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R, England J., ed. Information systems for policy planning in local government. Harlow: Longman in association with BURISA, 1985.
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Office, Great Britain Cabinet, ed. Successful IT: Modernising government in action : review of major government IT projects. Norwich: Stationery Office, 2000.
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Unit, Local Government Information. 'A choice for England': Response of the Local Government Information Unit to the Labour Party's consultation paper on plans for English regional government. London: LGIU, 1995.
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Great Britain. Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport. Digital Britain: The interim report. Norwich: TSO, 2009.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Government information – Great Britain – History"
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Masser, Ian, e Heather Campbell. "The Impact of GIS on Local Government in Great Britain". In Geographic Information Systems to Spatial Data Infrastructure, 121–42. Boca Raton : CRC Press | Taylor & Francis Group , 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429505904-7.
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Pickford, Susan. "Information, reference and government publishing". In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 499–516. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9780511862489.020.
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Finer, S. E. "Overview". In The History of Government From the Earliest Times, 1473–84. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198206668.003.00010.
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Abstract In 1776, which is where we start, the great Asian civilizations were vegetating, even decaying. They had reached the condition with which ey were quite consciously satisfied and from which they did not wish to move. Indeed, their governments strenuously resisted any influences which they thought might upset their priceless equilibrium. The Chinese still regarded their country as the hub of the world, the ‘central kingdom’, and rebuffed the efforts of outside powers like Britain to intrude upon them. Tokugawa Japan had sealed itself off from overseas. The Ottoman Empire slumbered, as did, in fact, all the states of Islam. The Mughal Empire was no more and the Indian subcontinent was in turmoil and decay. The only advances, such as they were, lay in military technology-the use of firearms-and even this was borrowed from the West.
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Wight, Martin, e DAVID S. YOST. "Spain and Portugal in The World in March 1939". In History and International Relations, 295–307. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192867476.003.0013.
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Abstract The Nationalists led by Franco won the 1936–1939 civil war in Spain. “With the victory of the Nationalist Government, Spain’s will to empire, her imperial and Catholic mission, became the constant theme of propaganda.” However, Wight pointed out, “the foreign ambitions of the Nationalist Government, when its authority was at last established throughout the territory of Spain, were limited by physical exhaustion and political instability.” Franco estimated in 1939 that “at least five years’ peace were necessary” before Spain could be ready to enter a war supporting the Axis. In contrast with Franco’s alignment with the Axis, Portuguese policy had been based on alliance with Britain since the fourteenth century. “Even after Spain had ceased to be a Great Power, Britain considered it necessary for her control of the Atlantic that Portuguese independence should be maintained under British protection.… Salazar’s policy towards the Spanish Civil War and the Non-Intervention Agreement, approximating to that of Germany and Italy, was in some degree a declaration of independence from Britain. Nevertheless Portugal had no common interest with the Axis. If as a Catholic and authoritarian Power she supported Franco, equally as a Catholic and a weak colonial Power she must fear the rise of Nazi Germany.… Therefore, while signing the treaty of friendship with the victorious Franco, Portugal was concerned to emphasize discreetly her former ties” with England.
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"The Pendulum". In A History of Argentina, 181–227. Duke University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027522-005.
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This chapter analyzes the events that took place following Perón’s overthrow and during his long exile, the resistance of the Peronist rank and file, the alternation between increasingly repressive military regimes and illegitimate civilian governments, the puebladas (popular uprisings), and the growth of a revolutionary leftist movement. The social unrest that this caused resulted in Peronism being once again allowed to compete in the elections, and Perón was able to return to the country in 1973. The brief government Perón headed before his death in 1974 then led to a growing political and economic crisis and a new military coup, which launched a plan of mass extermination of Peronist and leftist political dissidents and dragged the country into a war with Great Britain over the Malvinas Islands.
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Torrance, David. "The ‘Strange Death’ of Liberal Scotland: 1922–1946". In A History of the Scottish Liberals and Liberal Democrats, 71–84. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399506380.003.0005.
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Although the Liberals in Scotland (as in the rest of Great Britain) remained a sizeable political force until the late 1920s, by the following decade the party was riven by splits and moribund organisationally. With Labour now one of two parties of government, Scottish Liberalism struggled to articulate its arguments in a vastly altered political landscape. This chapter looks at the Scottish Liberal Federation’s attempts to regain relevance, often as part of the various coalitions which characterised British politics during this period.
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Burdenko, Elena Viktorovna, e Elena Vyacheslavovna Bykasova. "E-Government Models and Application of Digital Technologies for Tax Administration". In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 71–96. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6966-8.ch004.
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Integrated research on the introduction of e-government in different countries of the world is performed in this chapter. The aim of the research is the generalization of the positive experience in bringing use the of information technologies for providing government services. Four e-government models were identified in the process of analysis: English-American, European, Asian, and Russian. A retrospective analysis was performed of the introduction of information-communication technologies for providing government services in different countries within the framework of each model. Within the English-American model, the experience of the USA, Canada, and Great Britain was considered. Within the European Model, general information on the European Union was provided. In the Asian Model, the experience of South Korea, Singapore, China, and Japan was considered. Russian Federal Tax Agency was used for performing the research of the use of the information technologies aimed at the improvement of the quality of tax administration.
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Ninan Thomas, Pradip. "Empire Infrastructure". In Information Infrastructures in India, 21–36. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857736.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an introduction to the history of the infrastructures of modernity in India that begins during the era of the Indian Mutiny, the end of rule by the East India Company and that coincides with direct rule from Great Britain. It deals with the varied interpretation of colonial information infrastructures in India, highlights in particular the advent of railways and the telegraph, and the ways in which infrastructure as spectacle reinforced the conceits to do with imperial prowess, ingenuity, and superiority. It also highlights the fact that even in colonial times, infrastructures were contested—with the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 as a potent example of deliberate attempts made by “natives” to subvert and curb the uses of railways and the telegraph as a means to control native populations.
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Bogdanor, Vernon. "The Civil Service". In The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century. British Academy, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263198.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the history of the civil service in Great Britain. It suggests that the revolution in Whitehall during the last two decades of the twentieth century transformed the civil service, and that many of the public utilities nationalised by the post-war Attlee government were privatised. Other major changes include the reduction in the size of the civil service and the application of market disciplines to it.
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Shirley, Ian, Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian Pool e St John. "Families and Social Services". In Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, 270–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290254.003.0018.
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Abstract The main provisions of the ‘family wage’ in New Zealand’s post-war economy centred on the activities of the industrial court and the participation of wage-earners in the labour market (see Chapter 5). The wage itself was not limited to income, but included social components, such as predominantly free access to health and education, the widespread availability of housing and housing finance, and a comprehensive range of welfare services. The history of these services has been dominated by the changing responsibilities of central government, voluntary organizations, and to a lesser extent, private-sector agencies.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Government information – Great Britain – History"
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Sahnov, A., A. Klyuev e L. Litvinova. "HISTORICAL LONDON". In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_276-280.
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The article is devoted to the capital of the United Kingdom. The description is based on a comparison of information about London in the past and modern London. It helps you to see the history of the capital of the United Kingdom in dynamics, assess the scale of changes and understand the reason for these changes. Modern London plays a significant role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Geographically the city, which is now a metropolis, is located on the River Thames in the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain. All the famous parts of the city – the City, the West End, the East End, Westminster are quite old and historically significant and interesting. The authors trace the history of the city since its foundation, separately considering the informative names of London streets, its historical parts – the Town, many boroughs, the Tower and Hamlet.
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McCready-Shea, S., F. E. Taylor e J. Batt. "Experiences of Dealing With Environmental Statements for Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning Projects Under the EIA Directive". In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4713.
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European Council Directive 85/337/EEC, as amended by Council Directive 97/11/EC, sets out a framework for the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. It is known as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive. The Directive is implemented in Great Britain (GB) for the dismantling or decommissioning of nuclear power stations and other nuclear reactor by the Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) Regulations 1999 (EIADR99). The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the competent authority for EIADR99 in GB, and has carried out public consultations on environmental statements that accompanied applications for consent to carry out decommissioning projects at two nuclear power stations in GB. HSE understands that these applications for consent are some of the first under the revised EIA Directive. HSE has developed a strategy for managing applications for consents under EIADR99. This strategy covers two main areas. The first area is public involvement, including identifying a large number of organisations in addition to the consultation bodies identified in the Regulations, providing information through the internet, and making responses to the consultation process publicly available. The second area is interfaces with legislation and Government policy, including town and country planning legislation, related health, safety and environment legislation, and decommissioning timetables. Experiences of implementing the strategy to deal with the environmental statements are described.
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Cuciureanu, Ana-Maria. "Traditional nutrition. Case study — Th e Romanian community in Greece". In Simpozion internațional de etnologie: Tradiții și procese etnice, Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975841733.08.
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The act of “eating” is part of the ritual and ceremonial acts that have a great capacity for social transformation with a well-marked symbolic eff ectiveness. Th e history of nutrition cannot be seen as detached from the history of humanity, as they are identifi ed in the stages of their evolution. Factors that play an important role in this regard, infl uencing and sizing specifi c meanings and connotations, are the natural environment, climatic conditions, the socio-economic structure of communities, spiritual beliefs. Migration has been an acute phenomenon of the Romanian society in the last 30 years. If in the second half of the last century, during the communist period, the phenomenon of migration focused on moving the population from rural to urban areas, the liberalization of borders, entering EU structures, NATO, etc., facilitated and even encouraged, in a way or another, the migration of Romanians. Th e Romanian communities have grown signifi cantly, reaching a signifi cant place in the population of migrating countries, and even a representative minority in certain European states (Italy, Spain, Great Britain, etc.). Statistically speaking, Greece does not have a concrete record of the Romanian community, the last census dating from 2007 and the one from the end of 2021 not being centralized yet. In Greece, based on the information provided by the Romanian associations, there are a number of approximately 80,000 — 100,000 Romanians from several areas of Romania, mainly from Moldova, Bucovina and Maramureș, most of them living in Athens and a smaller part on the islands. Th is paper presents a case study, conducted within the Romanian community in Greece, having as main element traditional food. Starting from the idea that this community is part of the mobility diaspora, not being clearly defi ned for a period of time, we will notice, however, that the traditional food is an extremely important element in preserving the national identity. Th e Romanian communities, be they historical or mobility, follow an authentic Romanian social pattern, with few foreign influences, determined by several factors.
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Nicoleta, Danescu. "VOCATIONAL DISTANCE LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN THE EU AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH THE UK, GERMANY, AUSTRALIA AND THE U.S.A." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-170.
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Lately we have been witnessing a very intense form of promoting education, learning and training called distance learning. This phenomenon requires clarifications at both conceptual and practical levels, especially since the methods seem to be approved by a large number of participants in the educational process, therefore we’ll try to approach things from a global perspective. This paper reviews the evolution and impact of all types of distance learning. Distance learning is not a new phenomenon, there was at least 100 years ago, representing a form of teaching and learning through printed educational material was distributed by mail. Due to increased interest in training electronic or "e-learning", in recent years, rapid progress of electronic learning programs, developing Internet and e-mail. This report analyzes the media of information. Except for a few leading companies, the adoption of e-learning in Europe occurred in a much slower rate than in the U.S., one of the main reasons being the different types of training systems in Europe. Also, each European country has a different educational system on access to education, the financing of it, and participating students (as individuals, supported by employers or public systems). Such systems have been developed following discussions between employers, government agencies, educational institutions, accreditation authorities and trade unions. For example, in Germany, these systems are very well organized. Students can participate in distance learning, developing his skills, but not required to work in a field requiring professional mobility. Distance learning courses are also designed a number of contextual issues. Many employees are satisfied with their professional performance and we need much persuasion for them to understand that such courses can improve the existing system. This summary’s meaning is to be a review of the professional development of distance education, particularly in the agricultural and biological sciences in Great Britain and Germany, seeking as well the recommendations for future actions in Romania, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
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Hoffman, Danie, Tebogo Hellen Ngele e Benita Zulch. "Contrasting the profiles of Female vs Male quantity surveyors in South Africa". In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003906.
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Quantity surveying in South Africa is a well-established professional discipline providing consulting services to the construction industry. The continued prosperity of a professional discipline such as quantity surveying is closely linked to sound management and efficient strategic leadership. The leaders and managers of the profession require accurate and up-to-date information on the profile of their members to integrate that information into future strategies and planning.Young democracies and developing countries such as South Africa often have demographics and financial industries, including the construction industry, that are much more dynamic than first-world countries such as the United States or Great Britain. Local government upliftment policies such as black economic empowerment changed the economic landscape. The membership profile of the quantity surveying profession is also seeing rapid change, presenting additional management challenges. A profession with a stable profile is easy to manage using past knowledge of membership makeup and preferences. However, a changing membership may cause strategies based on the knowledge of 5 to 10 years ago to be found wanting today.The recent COVID-19 pandemic disrupted economies and industries and did not spare the construction industry or the quantity surveying profession. During this time, the South African Association of Quantity Surveyors (ASAQS), assisted by the University of Pretoria, analysed the profile of its members employing a questionnaire forwarded to all ASAQS members on the database. This data confirmed significant changes to the age and racial makeup of the profession. However, the changed gender profile was amongst the study’s most significant findings. In the past, the typical South African quantity surveyor was a middle age to older male of European descent. This study will contrast the older members of the profession against the more recent entrants by comparing the profile of female members to that of male members. The analysis will include age, race, locational spread, academic qualifications, nationality, registration status with the Council of South African Quantity Surveyors, and length of the current employment term to provide a reasonably detailed comparison of the gender profile of quantity surveyors in South Africa.The above information will be valuable to the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors and to the management of quantity surveying firms and institutions such as universities that offer accredited academic programmes to train quantity surveyors. The findings can also be shared with quantity surveying professionals across international borders to compare against the profiles of their millennial cohorts of quantity surveyors.
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Слабинский, В. Ю., e Н. М. Воищева. "MODERN PSYCHOTHERAPY AS AN ELEMENT OF PROACTIVE SOFT POWER". In Антология российской психотерапии и психологии. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54775/ppl.2023.66.19.001.
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Начало специальной военной операции на Украине по демилитаризации и денацификации привело к яркому проявлению целого ряда трендов в самых разных областях жизни. Одним из таких трендов стала культура отмены русскости во всех ее проявлениях (культурном, научном, историческом и др.), что свидетельствует о трансформации военной доктрины и формировании новых театров военных действий, среди которых особое значение приобретает сфера информационно-психологического противоборства. Еще в 1960 году Е. Э. Месснер (1891-1974) предсказал, что в ХХI веке главным театром военных действий станет ментальная сфера. Принято различать жесткую силу (hard power) и мягкую силу (soft power). Жесткая сила связана с использованием метода кнута и пряника для получения желаемого результата. Мягкая сила (soft power) дает возможность привлекать людей на свою сторону без применения насилия. В США, Германии, Великобритании и некоторых других западных странах методы психотерапии рассматриваются как элементы мягкой силы, направленной на формирование прозападного мировоззрения и системы ценностей. Продвижение определенных психотерапевтических методов на территории Восточной Европы, Постсоветского пространства и Китая финансируется западными фондами, аффилированными с государственными структурами. Так можно вспомнить, что на Украине западная психотерапия начала массово укореняться при поддержке различных западных фондов и институтов, начиная примерно с 2005, а в Белоруссии – с 2012 года. В апреле 2022 года в ВКонтакте нами был проведен опрос российских психотерапевтов «Уважаемые коллеги, способны ли Вы отличить Добро от Зла?», в котором принял участие 86 специалистов. Выборка носила случайный характер. Почти 40% респондентов признали, что не в состоянии отличить Добро от Зла. В ситуации, когда основным актуальным запросом клиентов является выработка собственной позиции по отношению к СВО на Украине, данный показатель свидетельствует о растерянности самих специалистов, работающих в западных психотерапевтических подходах. Для решения проблемы необходимо снятие негласного общественного запрета на разработку российских методик мировоззренческой психотерапии (для западных специалистов таких ограничений нет) и развитие проактивности у психотерапевтов и психологов-консультантов. The start of a special military operation in Ukraine on demilitarization and denazification led to a bright manifestation of a number of trends in a variety of areas of life. One of these trends was the culture of the abolition of Russianism in all its manifestations (cultural, scientific, historical, etc.), which shows the transformation of military doctrine and the formation of new theaters of war, among which the sphere of information and psychological confrontation is of particular importance. Back in 1960, E. E. Messner (1891-1974) predicted that in the 21st century the mental sphere would become the main theater of military operations. It is customary to distinguish between hard power and soft power. Hard power is associated with using the carrot and sticks method to produce the desired result. Soft power makes it possible to attract people to your side without the use of violence. In the USA, Germany, Great Britain and some other Western countries, psychotherapy methods are seen as elements of soft power aimed at forming a pro-Western worldview and value system. The promotion of certain psychotherapeutic methods in Eastern Europe, post- Soviet countries and China is financed by Western funds affiliated with government agencies. Therefore, we can recall that western psychotherapy in Ukraine began to take root in the population with the support of various western foundations and institutions, starting around 2005, and in Belarus since 2012 In April 2022, on VKontakte, we conducted a survey of Russian psychotherapists "Dear colleagues, are you able to distinguish Good from Evil?" 86 specialists participated in the survey. The sample group was random. Almost 40% of respondents admitted that they were unable to distinguish Good from Evil. In a situation where the main urgent request of clients is to develop their own position in relation to a special military operation in Ukraine, this indicator shows the confusion of the specialists themselves working in western psychotherapeutic approaches. In order to solve the problem, it is necessary to remove the unspoken public ban on the development of Russian methods of worldview psychotherapy (there are no such restrictions for western specialists) and the development of proactive psychotherapists and psychologists-consultants.
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Sjölinder, Marie, Olov Ståhl, Elisabeth Rydwik e Simon Torikka. "Design of an mHealth application for optimizing preoperative physical function". In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004083.
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Limited physical reserve capacity in older people might be a risk factor for further functional decline and complications after surgery (Griffiths et al., 2014). A shift in cancer care in Sweden toward standardized and enhanced care processes, has led to that time between diagnosis and surgery has been shortened. Therefore, it has become important to focus on the effects of a short exercise program with high intensity and frequency. Recent qualitative studies have shown that patients with cancer need personalized support to perform preoperative exercises and that they prefer to do it at home or close to home (Beck et al., 2020). It is also important with a design that is tailored to the patient's needs, and goal setting, performance feedback, self-monitoring and reminders are all known facilitators for motivation and adherence to physical activity interventions (Michie et al., 2011).Development of the application: In a previous study, physiotherapists visited patients in their homes and supported them in conduction physical exercises during their preoperative phase. In the next step we developed a digital application consisting of, among other things, exercises, support and motivational features.The detailed features of the application were defined together with users during a co-creation process in workshops. Two workshops were conducted together with five patients. During the first workshop the participants discussed experiences from the previous intervention, factors they deemed relevant for adhering to the protocol and motivational aspects. During the second workshop the participants gave input on features and functionalities. One workshop was held together with five physiotherapists. In these workshops, experiences with the previous intervention, support needed for the patients and functionalities and interface for remote support were discussed. Further meetings and workshops were also conducted iteratively during the development phase.Content and interaction with the application: The specific aim of the application is to support the creation and tailoring of exercise programs with high intensity and frequency. The application consists of two parts, one used by the physiotherapists and one used by the patients. Physiotherapists are able to create individual exercise programs by selecting exercises from an exercise library, and then choosing settings for the exercises (e.g., numbers of sets and repetitions) based on a patient's needs and abilities. New types of exercises can be created by the physiotherapist and added to the library. The application allows the physiotherapist to monitor the patient's progress (based on data reported by the patient) and the exercise program can be adjusted if needed. The application also provides support for conveying a sense of presence and encouragement to the patient by allowing physiotherapist to write comments and to give the patient ”likes” on reported exercises, which will then be visible in the patient's part.The patient part of the application allows patients to see which exercises they are supposed to do each day, and to report to which extent the exercises have been completed. During reporting, the application will ask the patient to input data about how and when the exercise was performed (e.g., number of sets and reps, time of day, etc), and how the patient experienced the effort. All reported data are automatically gathered in a training diary section of the application, giving the patient access to the whole training history for later inspection. Any comments or likes sent by the physiotherapist also appears in the diary. The application includes different features for supporting and increasing the motivation to conduct the exercises. For example, rewards in the form of medals are given based on how well the patient follows the exercise program. Also, information about why this kind of training is important for improving the recovery after the surgery is provided in a theory section, to further strengthen the motivation to follow the exercise program. In the workshops patients had expressed the importance of this kind of information since it will be a reminder of how they can contribute to the best outcome as possible.ReferencesGriffiths R et al. Peri-operative care of the elderly 2014 Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia 2014;69:81-98. Beck A et al. Investigating the experiences, thoughts, and feelings underlying and influencing prehabilitation among cancer patients: a qualitative perspective on the what, when, where, who, and why. Disabil Rehabil. 2020 May 13:1-8.Michie S et al. A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychol Health 2011;26:1479-98.