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Zhang, Wen-Song, An Pan, Liu Yang, Yuan-Yuan Cai, Bao-Lin Liu, Ping Li, Lian-Wen Qi, Jing Li e Qun Liu. "American Ginseng and Asian Ginseng Intervention in Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Metabolic Profiles". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47, n.º 04 (janeiro de 2019): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500411.
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American ginseng and Asian ginseng, which occupy prominent positions in the list of best-selling natural products in the West and East, are suitable for different indications in the traditional pharmacological uses. Currently, the effects of American ginseng and Asian ginseng in the protection against metabolic dysfunction and the differences between them are still unknown. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was determined. The serum metabolomics and dynamic feces metabolomics revealed significant metabolic distinction between American ginseng and Asian ginseng in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The results show that American ginseng and Asian ginseng alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorder in DIO mice. A total of 45 differential metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and American ginseng group, and 32 metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and Asian ginseng group. Metabolic pathways analysis shows that these two ginsengs treatment dynamic rectifies metabolic disorder in DIO mice mainly via regulating linoleic acids metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, American ginseng’s specific function in monitoring the carnitines and taurine/hypotaurine metabolism might make it more effective in meliorating lipids metabolism disorder than Asian ginseng.
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Wu, Tao, Osafo Raymond Kwaku, Hai-Zhou Li, Chong-Ren Yang, Long-Jiao Ge e Min Xu. "Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy". Natural Product Communications 14, n.º 6 (junho de 2019): 1934578X1985822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19858223.
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The term ginseng refers to the dried roots of several plants belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family. The 3 major commercial ginsengs are Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Notoginseng), P. ginseng C.A. Meyer (Ginseng), and P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), which have been used as herbal medicines. Over 18,000 papers on ginsengs have been published on the basis of their structural diversity and biological activities. Many reviews have summarized the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical use of ginsengs, but the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides from ginsengs in autophagy is unavailable. Herein, we review the structural diversity of ginsenosides, especially the ones in notoginseng, and the SAR in autophagic activity is discussed in detail.
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Sun, Yizheng, Xiaoyan Liu, Xiaojie Fu, Wei Xu, Qingmei Guo e Youbo Zhang. "Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy". Molecules 28, n.º 7 (24 de março de 2023): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072928.
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Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), the dried root and rhizome of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, is widely used in many fields as dietary supplements and medicine. To characterize the chemical constituents in P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, a UPLC-TOF-MS method was established for qualitative analysis. Four hundred and eight ginsenosides, including 81 new compounds, were characterized in P. ginseng from different regions. Among the detected compounds, 361 ginsenosides were recognized in P. ginseng cultivated in the region of Monsoon Climate of Medium Latitudes, possessing the largest amount of ginsenosides in all samples. Furthermore, 41 ginsenosides in 12 batches of P. ginsengs were quantified with a UPLC-MRM-MS method, and P. ginsengs from different regions were distinguished via chemometric analysis. This study showed that the different environments have a greater influence on P. ginseng, which laid a foundation for further quality control of the herb.
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Yoon, Dahye, Woo Cheol Shin, Young-Seob Lee, Suhkmann Kim, Nam-In Baek e Dae Young Lee. "A Comparative Study on Processed Panax ginseng Products Using HR-MAS NMR-Based Metabolomics". Molecules 25, n.º 6 (18 de março de 2020): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061390.
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Panax ginseng is processed to diversify efficacy. Four processed ginsengs containing white ginseng (WG), tae-geuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG) were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for screening overall primary metabolites. There were significant differences in the sugar content among these four processed ginseng products. WG had a high sucrose content, TG had a high maltose content, and BG had high fructose and glucose content. In the multivariate analyses of NMR spectra, the PCA score plot showed significant discrimination between the four processed ginsengs. For effective clustering, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA) with a 1:1 comparison were conducted and all OPLS models were validated using the permutation test, the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEE), and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). All OPLS-DA score plots showed clear separations of processed ginseng products, and sugars such as sucrose and fructose mainly contributed to these separations.
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Goodwin, Paul H., e Madison A. Best. "Ginsenosides and Biotic Stress Responses of Ginseng". Plants 12, n.º 5 (1 de março de 2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051091.
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Ginsenosides are saponins that possess a sugar moiety attached to a hydrophobic aglycone triterpenoid. They have been widely studied for their various medicinal benefits, such as their neuroprotective and anti-cancer activities, but their role in the biology of ginseng plants has been much less widely documented. In the wild, ginsengs are slow-growing perennials with roots that can survive for approximately 30 years; thus, they need to defend themselves against many potential biotic stresses over many decades. Biotic stresses would be a major natural selection pressure and may at least partially explain why ginseng roots expend considerable resources in order to accumulate relatively large amounts of ginsenosides. Ginsenosides may provide ginseng with antimicrobial activity against pathogens, antifeedant activity against insects and other herbivores, and allelopathic activity against other plants. In addition, the interaction of ginseng with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and their elicitors may trigger increases in different root ginsenosides and associated gene expression, although some pathogens may be able to suppress this behavior. While not covered in this review, ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance. This review shows that there is considerable evidence supporting ginsenosides as important elements of ginseng’s defense against a variety of biotic stresses.
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Cương, Lê Kim, Nguyễn Hồng Hoàng e Dương Tấn Nhựt. "Effect of some factors on the growth and regeneration of cell suspension of Ngoc Linh ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.)". Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2016): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/1/9295.
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Ngoc Linh ginseng also known as Vietnamese ginseng (Panax Vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.) is a perennial medicinal plant. This plant is extremely rare and belongs to the Araliaceae family. Scientists are focusing on studies of Ngoc Linh ginseng nowadays. In this research, the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), Kinetin (KIN), mineral salt formulations and cultural conditions, pH, sucrose concentration, medium volume on cell suspension culture of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. were investigated. In addition, growth curves and the effect of several plant grow regulators including a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) on the regeneration of Ngoc Linh ginseng‘s cell suspension were also presented in this study. After 28 days in culture, the results showed that the best growth of a cell suspension of Ngoc Linh ginseng were obtained on ½MS liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l NAA, 50 g/l sucrose and the most suitable pH was 6.3. The acceptable medium volume for cell suspension growth was 30 ml. The growth curve of Ngoc Linh ginseng’s cell suspension showed that it should be subcultured at the beginning of the stationary phase approximately the 14th-16th day of culture. Ngoc Linh ginseng’s cell suspension exhibited the strongest growth at this time. When Ngoc Linh ginseng’s cell suspension was transferred to fresh medium, somatic embryos were formed in MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l NAA after 30 days culture. The results shown that the potential regeneration of cell suspension of Ngoc Linh ginseng is very high.
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Pfuhlmann, Katrin, Petra Klose, Tanja Neufeld e Jost Langhorst. "Ginseng – die Möglichkeit seiner Anwendung zur Behandlung der Tumor-assoziierten Müdigkeit". Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 43, n.º 02 (abril de 2022): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1811-2811.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVon dem zu den Efeugewächsen gehörigen Ginseng sind vor allem zwei Arten bekannt: Der Asiatische oder Koreanische Ginseng Panax ginseng und der Amerikanische Ginseng Panax quinquefolius. Anwendung finden Verarbeitungen der Ginsengwurzel (Ginseng Radix), welche etliche gesundheitsförderliche Inhaltsstoffe enthält. Die wichtigsten pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen stellen die Ginsenoside dar. Ginseng gilt als traditionelles Mittel gegen Erschöpfungszustände aller Art. Für diesen Zweck ist der Asiatische Ginseng in Europa als Arzneimittel zugelassen. Ergebnisse hochwertiger randomisierter kontrollierter Studien zeigen erste positive Effekte der Anwendung von Ginseng bei Tumor-assoziierter Müdigkeit und liefern Hinweise für eine toxikologische Unbedenklichkeit des Ginsengs. Auf Grundlage dieser Publikationen lautet die Empfehlung in der S3-Leitlinie „Komplementärmedizin in der Behandlung von onkologischen PatientInnen“: „Es liegen Daten aus 4 RCTs zur Wirksamkeit von Ginseng auf die Verbesserung von Fatigue bei onkologischen Patienten vor. Ginseng kann zur Verbesserung von Fatigue bei diesen Patienten erwogen werden.“
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Pfuhlmann, Katrin, Petra Klose, Tanja Neufeld e Jost Langhorst. "Ginseng – die Möglichkeit seiner Anwendung zur Behandlung der Tumor-assoziierten Müdigkeit". Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 43, n.º 02 (abril de 2022): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1811-2811.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVon dem zu den Efeugewächsen gehörigen Ginseng sind vor allem zwei Arten bekannt: Der Asiatische oder Koreanische Ginseng Panax ginseng und der Amerikanische Ginseng Panax quinquefolius. Anwendung finden Verarbeitungen der Ginsengwurzel (Ginseng Radix), welche etliche gesundheitsförderliche Inhaltsstoffe enthält. Die wichtigsten pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen stellen die Ginsenoside dar. Ginseng gilt als traditionelles Mittel gegen Erschöpfungszustände aller Art. Für diesen Zweck ist der Asiatische Ginseng in Europa als Arzneimittel zugelassen. Ergebnisse hochwertiger randomisierter kontrollierter Studien zeigen erste positive Effekte der Anwendung von Ginseng bei Tumor-assoziierter Müdigkeit und liefern Hinweise für eine toxikologische Unbedenklichkeit des Ginsengs. Auf Grundlage dieser Publikationen lautet die Empfehlung in der S3-Leitlinie „Komplementärmedizin in der Behandlung von onkologischen PatientInnen“: „Es liegen Daten aus 4 RCTs zur Wirksamkeit von Ginseng auf die Verbesserung von Fatigue bei onkologischen Patienten vor. Ginseng kann zur Verbesserung von Fatigue bei diesen Patienten erwogen werden.“
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Pfuhlmann, Katrin, Petra Klose, Tanja Neufeld e Jost Langhorst. "Ginseng – die Möglichkeit seiner Anwendung zur Behandlung der Tumor-assoziierten Müdigkeit". Deutsche Zeitschrift für Onkologie 53, n.º 02 (junho de 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1479-8057.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVon dem zu den Efeugewächsen gehörigen Ginseng sind vor allem zwei Arten bekannt: Der Asiatische oder Koreanische Ginseng Panax ginseng und der Amerikanische Ginseng Panax quinquefolius. Anwendung finden Verarbeitungen der Ginsengwurzel (Ginseng Radix), welche etliche gesundheitsförderliche Inhaltsstoffe enthält. Die wichtigsten pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen stellen die Ginsenoside dar. Ginseng gilt als traditionelles Mittel gegen Erschöpfungszustände aller Art. Für diesen Zweck ist der Asiatische Ginseng in Europa als Arzneimittel zugelassen. Ergebnisse hochwertiger randomisierter kontrollierter Studien zeigen erste positive Effekte der Anwendung von Ginseng bei Tumor-assoziierter Müdigkeit und liefern Hinweise für eine toxikologische Unbedenklichkeit des Ginsengs. Auf Grundlage dieser Publikationen wird in der S3-Leitlinie „Komplementärmedizin in der Behandlung von onkologischen PatientInnen“, welche gerade in der Konsultationsfassung vorliegt, über eine evidenzbasierte Empfehlung für die Anwendung von Ginseng bei Tumor-assoziierter Müdigkeit diskutiert. Eine belastbare Aussage hierüber wird in der final veröffentlichten Leitlinie vorliegen.
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Liu, Zhihao, Roderick Moore, Ying Gao, Pei Chen, Liangli Yu, Mengliang Zhang e Jianghao Sun. "Comparison of Phytochemical Profiles of Wild and Cultivated American Ginseng Using Metabolomics by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry". Molecules 28, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010009.
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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been recognized as a valuable herb medicine, and ginsenosides are the most important components responsible for the health-beneficial effects. This study investigated the secondary metabolites responsible for the differentiation of wild and cultivated American ginsengs with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic approach. An in-house ginsenoside library was developed to facilitate data processing and metabolite identification. Data visualization methods, such as heatmaps and volcano plots, were utilized to extract discriminated ion features. The results suggested that the ginsenoside profiles of wild and cultivated ginsengs were significantly different. The octillol (OT)-type ginsenosides were present in greater abundance and diversity in wild American ginsengs; however, a wider distribution of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and oleanolic acid (OA)-type ginsenosides were found in cultivated American ginseng. Based on the tentative identification and semi-quantification, the amounts of five ginsenosides (i.e., notoginsenoside H, glucoginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT2, and ginsenoside Rc) were 2.3–54.5 fold greater in wild ginseng in comparison to those in their cultivated counterparts, and the content of six ginsenosides (chicusetsusaponin IVa, malonylginsenoside Rd, pseudoginsenoside Rc1, malonylfloralginsenoside Rd6, Ginsenoside Rd, and malonylginsenoside Rb1) was 2.6–14.4 fold greater in cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng. The results suggested that the in-house metabolite library can significantly reduce the complexity of the data processing for ginseng samples, and UHPLC-HRMS is effective and robust for identifying characteristic components (marker compounds) for distinguishing wild and cultivated American ginseng.
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Le, Quang-Ung, Horng-Liang Lay, Ming-Chang Wu, Thi Hong-Hanh Nguyen e Duy-Lam Nguyen. "Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities of Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese Ginseng): A Precious Ginseng and Call for Further Research-A systematic review". Natural Product Communications 13, n.º 10 (outubro de 2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301036.
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Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., a Vietnamese ginseng, is a well-known plant, naturally distributed in the Ngoc Linh and Hoang Lien Son mountain areas in Vietnam. It is used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional folk medicine because it possesses wondrous health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-nociception, psychomotor and sedative-hypnotic effects and anxiolytic activities. Also similar to other ginsengs, Vietnamese ginseng is a rich source of saponins and it has higher content of protopanaxadiol-, protopanaxatrial- and ocotillol-type saponins compared to other ginsengs in the world. Majonoside R2 is a main saponin in Vietnamese ginseng but this compound does not exist in Panax ginseng. Based on this systematic review, we discussed for future prospects and suggest that thorough scientific scrutiny is necessary in future researches.
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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan e David G. Popovich. "Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium L.)". Biomolecules 10, n.º 3 (28 de fevereiro de 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030372.
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Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is also increasingly popular to cultivate. In the North Island of New Zealand, Asian ginseng and American ginseng have been grown in Taupo and Rotorua for more than 15 years. There are no publications comparing the chemical constituents between New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ). In this study, fourteen ginsenoside reference standards and LC–MS2 technology were employed to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts (fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf) from NZPG and NZPQ. Fifty and 43 ginsenosides were identified from various parts of NZPG and NZPQ, respectively, and 29 ginsenosides were found in both ginseng species. Ginsenoside concentrations in different parts of ginsengs were varied. Compared to other tissues, the fine roots contained the most abundant ginsenosides, not only in NZPG (142.49 ± 1.14 mg/g) but also in NZPQ (115.69 ± 3.51 mg/g). For the individual ginsenosides of both NZPG and NZPQ, concentration of Rb1 was highest in the underground parts (fine root, rhizome, and main root), and ginsenoside Re was highest in the aboveground parts (stem and leaf).
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Yoo, Hye Hyun, Takako Yokozawa, Akiko Satoh, Ki Sung Kang e Hyun Young Kim. "Effects of Ginseng on the Proliferation of Human Lung Fibroblasts". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2006): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x06003709.
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In this study, we investigated the effects of methanolic extracts of white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) and two kinds of heat-treated ginseng made by steaming fresh ginseng at 100°C for 3 hours (HTG-100) or 120°C for 3 hours (HTG-120) on the cell growth of human fibroblasts. All of the tested ginseng extracts stimulated cell growth, although the effect of HTG-120 was weaker than that of the other extracts. However, none of the ginseng extracts exhibited any effect on the growth of old cells with a population doubling level (PDL) of 48.7. Flow cytometric analysis showed that ginseng extracts raised the population of cells in G 0/ G 1 phase after treatment for 24 hours, but did not exert any effect after treatment for 48 hours. These results suggest that ginsengs exert their cell growth-promoting action mainly on younger cells at an early stage of the cell cycle, and that this effect is closely associated with an increase in the population of cells in the G 0/ G 1 phase.
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Han, Myung Joo, e Dong-Hyun Kim. "Effects of Red and Fermented Ginseng and Ginsenosides on Allergic Disorders". Biomolecules 10, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10040634.
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Both white ginseng (WG, dried root of Panax sp.) and red ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax sp.) are reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities. These ginsengs contain hydrophilic sugar-conjugated ginsenosides and polysaccharides as the bioactive constituents. When taken orally, their hydrophilic constituents are metabolized into hydrophobic ginsenosides compound K, Rh1, and Rh2 that are absorbable into the blood. These metabolites exhibit the pharmacological effects more strongly than hydrophilic parental constituents. To enforce these metabolites, fermented WG and RG are developed. Moreover, natural products including ginseng are frequently used for the treatment of allergic disorders. Therefore, this review introduces the current knowledge related to the effectiveness of ginseng on allergic disorders including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and pruritus. We discuss how ginseng, its constituents, and its metabolites regulate allergy-related immune responses. We also describe how ginseng controls allergic disorders.
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Inagaki, Tetsuya, Norihisa Katayama, Rae-Kwang Cho, Xijun Chen e Satoru Tsuchikawa. "Near infrared estimation of concentration of ginsenosides in Asian ginseng". Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, n.º 2 (12 de dezembro de 2018): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518814851.
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In this study, the feasibility of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the quality evaluation of the main bioactive compounds, ginsenosides, in Panax ginseng was examined. Second derivative NIR spectra of standard reagents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd were used for analysis. Characteristic bands were observed at around 5250 cm−1 in the spectra of ginsenoside Rg1 group (including Rg1 and Re); however, this was not to be observed on the spectra of ginsenoside Rb1 group (including Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd). PLS regression models were constructed of air-dry ginseng powder samples and ginsenoside content in ginsengs was determined by HPLC methods. The calibration models covered various types of ginseng (white ginseng, red ginseng and bleached ginseng) from various cultivated areas (Japan, China and Korea) and were well established for each kind of ginsenoside. It was shown that NIR spectroscopy can be used for the accurate prediction of ginsenoside.
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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan e David G. Popovich. "Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf". Molecules 25, n.º 12 (18 de junho de 2020): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122809.
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Ginseng is an increasingly popular ingredient in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. Heat-processed ginsengs, such as red ginseng or black ginseng, are regarded as more valuable for medicinal use when compared to white ginseng due to some unique less polar ginsenosides that are produced during heat-treatment. Although ginseng leaf contains abundant ginsenosides, attention has mostly focused on ginseng root; relatively few publications have focused on ginseng leaf. Raw ginseng leaf was steamed nine times to make black ginseng leaf using a process that is similar to that used to produce black ginseng root. Sixteen ginsenosides were analyzed during each steaming while using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of ginsenosides Rd and Re decreased and the less polar ginsenosides (F2, Rg3, Rk2, Rk3, Rh3, Rh4, and protopanaxatriol) enriched during steam treatment. After nine cycles of steaming, the contents of the less polar ginsenosides F2, Rg3, and Rk2 increased by 12.9-fold, 8.6-fold, and 2.6-fold, respectively. Further, we found that the polar protopanaxadiol (PPD) -type ginsenosides are more likely to be converted from ginsenoside Rg3 to ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 via dehydration from Rg3, and from ginsenoside Rh2 to ginsenosides Rk2 and Rh3 through losing an H2O molecule than to be completely degraded to the aglycones PPD during the heat process. This study suggests that ginseng leaves can be used to produce less polar ginsenosides through heat processes, such as steaming.
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Wang, Chong-Zhi, e Chun-Su Yuan. "Potential Role of Ginseng in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 36, n.º 06 (janeiro de 2008): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x08006545.
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Colorectal cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancer and a leading cause of cancer related death in the US. Many currently used chemotherapeutic agents are derived from botanicals. Identifying herbal sources, including those from ginseng family, to develop better anti-cancer therapies remains an essential step in advancing the treatment of the cancer. In this article, potential roles of ginseng herbs, especially American ginseng and notoginseng, in colorectal cancer therapeutics are presented. The major pharmacologically active constituents of ginsengs are ginsenosides, which can be mainly classified as protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol groups. Structure-activity relationship between their chemical structures and pharmacological activities are discussed. In addition, various steaming temperature and time treatment of the ginseng herbs can change ginsenoside profiles, and enhance their anti-cancer activities. This heat treatment process may increase the role of ginseng in treating colorectal cancer.
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Nguyen, Ngoc, Trieu Nguyen, Phu Le Hong, Thi Kieu Hanh Ta, Bach Thang Phan, Hanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Hang Phung Thi Bich et al. "Application of Coating Chitosan Derivatives (N,O–Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Chitosan Oligomer Saccharide) in Combination with Polyvinyl Alcohol Solutions to Preserve Fresh Ngoc Linh Ginseng Quality". Foods 12, n.º 21 (2 de novembro de 2023): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12214012.
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The postharvest preservation of Ngoc Linh ginseng (NL ginseng) is essential to retain its quality and sensory values for prolonged storage. In this study, the efficacy of NL ginseng preservation by coating chitosan derivatives in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions was investigated under refrigeration conditions (~3 °C; ~40% RH) for 56 days. The effect of the chitosan–based solutions, including N,O–carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC), chitosan oligomer saccharide (COS), or chitosan (CS), and the blend solutions (NOCC–PVA or COS–PVA) on the coated NL ginsengs was observed during storage. The pH values, viscosity, and film-forming capability of the coating solutions were determined, while the visual appearance, morphology, and mechanical properties of the films formed on glass substrates as a ginseng model for coating were also observed. The appearance, skin lightness, weight loss, sensory evaluation, total saponin content (TSC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the coated NL ginsengs were evaluated. The findings showed that the observed values of the coated NL ginsengs were better than those of the non-coated samples, with the exception of the COS–coated samples, which had completely negative results. Furthermore, the NOCC–PVA solution exhibited a better preservation effect compared with the COS–PVA one based on the observed indices, except for TPC and TAC, which were not impacted by the coating. Notably, the optimal preservation time was determined to be 35 days. This study presents promising preservation technology using the coating solution of NOCC–PVA, harnessing the synergistic effect of pH 7.4 and the form–firming capacity, to maintain the shelf life, medicinal content, and sensory attributes of NL ginseng.
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Kandpal, Lalit Mohan, Jayoung Lee, Hyungjin Bae, Moon S. Kim, Insuck Baek e Byoung-Kwan Cho. "Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectral Imaging for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Disorder in Korean Ginseng". Sensors 20, n.º 1 (3 de janeiro de 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010273.
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The grading of ginseng (Panax ginseng) including the evaluation of internal quality attributes is essential in the ginseng industry for quality control. Assessment for inner whitening, a major internal disorder, must be conducted when identifying high quality ginseng. Conventional methods for detecting inner whitening in ginseng root samples use manual inspection, which is time-consuming and inaccurate. This study develops an internal quality measurement technique using near-infrared transmittance spectral imaging to evaluate inner whitening in ginseng samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used on ginseng hypercube data to evaluate the developed technique. The transmittance spectra and spectral images of ginseng samples exhibiting inner whitening showed weak intensity characteristics compared to normal ginseng in the region of 900–1050 nm and 1150–1400 nm respectively, owing to the presence of whitish internal tissues that have higher optical density. On the basis of the multivariate analysis method, even a simple waveband ratio image has the great potential to quickly detect inner whitening in ginseng samples, since these ratio images show a significant difference between whitened and non-whitened regions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an efficient and rapid spectral imaging system for the real-time detection of inner whitening in ginseng using minimal spectral wavebands. This novel strategy for the rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive detection of ginseng’s inner quality can be a key component for the automation of ginseng grading.
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Zhang, Chi, Zhe Liu, Shaoming Lu, Liujun Xiao, Qianqian Xue, Hongli Jin, Jiapan Gan, Xiaonong Li, Yanfang Liu e Xinmiao Liang. "Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM". Molecules 27, n.º 13 (30 de junho de 2022): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134225.
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Ginseng, which contains abundant ginsenosides, grows mainly in the Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang in China. It has been reported that the quality and traits of ginsengs from different origins were greatly different. To date, the accurate prediction of the origins of ginseng samples is still a challenge. Here, we integrated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) with a support vector machine (SVM) for rapid discrimination and prediction of ginseng from the three main regions where it is cultivated in China. Firstly, we develop a stable and reliable UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method to obtain robust information for 31 batches of ginseng samples after reasonable optimization. Subsequently, a rapid pre-processing method was established for the rapid screening and identification of 69 characteristic ginsenosides in 31 batches ginseng samples from three different origins. The SVM model successfully distinguished ginseng origin, and the accuracy of SVM model was improved from 83% to 100% by optimizing the normalization method. Six crucial quality markers for different origins of ginseng were screened using a permutation importance algorithm in the SVM model. In addition, in order to validate the method, eight batches of test samples were used to predict the regions of cultivation of ginseng using the SVM model based on the six selected quality markers. As a result, the proposed strategy was suitable for the discrimination and prediction of the origin of ginseng samples.
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Lin, Jia-Wei, Yih-Giun Cherng, Li-Jen Chen, Ho-Shan Niu, Chen Kuei Chang e Chiang-Shan Niu. "Ginseng Is Useful to Enhance Cardiac Contractility in Animals". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/723084.
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Ginseng has been shown to be effective on cardiac dysfunction. Recent evidence has highlighted the mediation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in cardiac function. Thus, we are interested to investigate the role of PPARδin ginseng-induced modification of cardiac contractility. The isolated hearts in Langendorff apparatus and hemodynamic analysis in catheterized rats were applied to measure the actions of ginsengex vivoandin vivo. In normal rats, ginseng enhanced cardiac contractility and hemodynamicdP/dtmaxsignificantly. Both actions were diminished by GSK0660 at a dose enough to block PPARδ. However, ginseng failed to modify heart rate at the same dose, although it did produce a mild increase in blood pressure. Data of intracellular calcium level and Western blotting analysis showed that both the PPARδexpression and troponin I phosphorylation were raised by ginseng in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte. Thus, we suggest that ginseng could enhance cardiac contractility through increased PPARδexpression in cardiac cells.
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Luo, John Zeqi, e Luguang Luo. "Ginseng on Hyperglycemia: Effects and Mechanisms". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, n.º 4 (2009): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem178.
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It has been reported that American ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia and may present itself as a supplement to diabetes therapy. However, the lack of standardization in the usage of ginseng root leads to inconclusive results when applied to diabetes treatment. The mechanisms of American ginseng root in the treatment of diabetes remains a mystery. This greatly limits the effective utilization of American ginseng in facilitating diabetic therapy. Initiating studies have shown that American ginseng increases insulin production and reduces cell death in pancreatic β-cells. Also, studies have revealed American ginseng's ability to decrease blood glucose in type II diabetes patients as well as in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals (STZ-diabetic mice). These data suggest that effects of ginseng in improving hyperglycemia may alter mitochondrial function as well as apoptosis cascades to ensure cell viability in pancreatic islet cells. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge of ginseng components and clinical studies related to diabetes. Further research will be needed to explore and identify the component(s) of ginseng, which may be responsible for the beneficial effects observed in animal studies which could then be extrapolated to human islets.
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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan e David G. Popovich. "Review of Ginseng Anti-Diabetic Studies". Molecules 24, n.º 24 (9 de dezembro de 2019): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244501.
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Ginseng is one of the most valuable and commonly used Chinese medicines not only in ancient China but also worldwide. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins or triterpenoids, are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of ginseng. In this review, we summarize recent publications on anti-diabetic studies of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides in cells, animals, and humans. It seems that the anti-diabetic effect of ginseng is positive for type 2 diabetic patients but has no significant impact on prediabetes or healthy adults. Regulation of insulin secretion, glucose uptake, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory pathways may be the mechanisms involved with ginseng’s anti-diabetic effects. Taken together, this summary provides evidence for the anti-diabetes effects of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides as well as the underlying mechanisms of their impact on diabetes.
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Yip, T. T., C. N. B. Lau, P. P. H. But e Y. C. Kong. "Quantitative Analysis of Ginsenosides in Fresh Panax Ginseng". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 13, n.º 01n04 (janeiro de 1985): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x85000125.
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TLC, DCC and HPLC were used to study the ginsenoside composition of the main root, lateral root, rhizomem leaves and seeds of Panax ginseng cultivated in Jilin, China. Each of these methods has advantages of its own and the ensemble reveal the special features of Jilin ginseng. Total saponin content of various plant parts in Jilin ginseng showed a mid-range value as compared to those in ginsengs reported in literature. Fresh as well as sun-dried specimens from the same batch possessed a high percentage of Rg1 in the main root and this might account for the traditional preference of this plant part despite its lowest percentage of saponin in the whole plant. Large amounts of polar saponins were also observed in roots and rhizome of fresh Jilin ginseng, the nature and significance of which remained to be investigated.
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Dasgupta, Amitava, Edward Kang, Margaret Olsen, Jeffrey K. Actor e Pradip Datta. "Interference of Asian, American, and Indian (Ashwagandha) Ginsengs in Serum Digoxin Measurements by a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Can Be Minimized by Using a New Enzyme-Linked Chemiluminescent Immunosorbent or Turbidimetric Assay". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2007): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-619-ioaaai.
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Abstract Context.—Ginsengs are widely used by the general population. These herbs interfere with serum digoxin measurement using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Objective.—To assess potential interference of different ginsengs (Asian, American, and Indian, also known as Ashwagandha) in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model by using a new enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and an existing turbidimetric assay. Comparisons were made with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Design.—Aliquots of drug-free serum pools were supplemented with ginseng and apparent digoxin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay, turbidimetric assay, and fluorescence polarization immunoassay digoxin assays. Mice were fed with different ginseng preparations and apparent digoxin concentrations were measured 1 and 3 hours later. In a separate experiment, aliquots of serum digoxin pools were further supplemented with ginsengs and the serum digoxin concentrations were measured again. Results.—A significant apparent digoxin concentration was observed both in vitro and in vivo using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay, but no apparent digoxin concentration was observed using enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and turbidimetric assay. No interference was observed with enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay and turbidimetric assay when digoxin serum pools were further supplemented with various ginsengs. Conclusions.—It was concluded that both enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent and turbidimetric digoxin assays are free from ginseng interferences.
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Wang, Yabo, e Xinxin Liu. "The Effective Components, Core Targets, and Key Pathways of Ginseng against Alzheimer’s Disease". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2023 (23 de janeiro de 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9935942.
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Background. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (ginseng) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for the treatment of nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the pharmacological mechanisms of ginseng involved in AD have not been systematically investigated. Here, a network pharmacology approach was adopted to explore the effective components, core targets, and key pathways of ginseng against AD. Methods. TCMSP database was used to screen the active ingredients of ginseng. Prediction of the targets of ginseng and AD-related genes was performed using online public databases. “Compound-Target,” “Compound-Target-Disease,” “Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI),” “Compound-Target-Pathway,” and “Compound-Target-GO–Pathway” networks were constructed with Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were performed by using the DAVID database. Results. A total of 22 bioactive compounds were identified from ginseng, and 481 targets of ginseng and 763 AD-related targets were obtained from public databases. The PPI network screened out 19 hub genes of ginseng against AD. According to GO function enrichment, ginseng influenced cell proliferation, death, the nitric oxide biosynthetic process, hypoxia response, and synaptic transmission. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling, cAMP signaling, FoxO signaling, Ras signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling were among the most key regulatory pathways. The compound-target-GO-route network found EGFR, MAPK1, MAPK14, AKT1, CASP3, and PRKACA as key genes, with PI3K-AKT signaling being the most important pathway for ginseng’s anti-AD activity. Conclusion. Ginseng exerts neuroprotective effects in AD patients through multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway modes, providing novel insight into the pharmacological and experimental research on ginseng against AD.
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Reshetnikov, V. N., H. G. Shutava, S. N. Shysh e T. V. Gil. "Influence of various factors on the antiradical activity of Panax ginseng С. A. Meyer extracts". Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (9 de setembro de 2018): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1036.
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Aim. The aim of the work was to evaluate the anti-radical activity of extracts of ginseng's underground and overground organs Panax ginseng C.A. Mey, depending on various factors – age of plants, collection time and cultivation conditions. Methods. Extracts obtained from various plant organs were evaluated in the model system with cation-radicals ABTS. At the same time, the amount of extractive substances and phenolic compounds was determined. Results. Samples of leaves and roots of ginseng of 1, 2, 3, 5, 9 years of vegetation from the collection of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus were analyzed. It is established that extracts of ginseng leaves of P. ginseng can be considered as sufficiently effective anti-radical agents. Anti-radical activity of extracts of roots and leaves of ginseng differed significantly depending on the weather conditions of the growing season. Conclusions. It is shown that extracts of ginseng leaves differ by the maximum antiradical activity. Extracts of ginseng roots showed a much lower anti-radical activity in comparison with leaf extracts, which may be due to both a smaller amount of extractives extracted from water-ethanol extraction and their composition.
Keywords: ginseng, antiradical activity, phenolic compounds, extractives.
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Alsayari, Abdulrhman, Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah, Dalia Almaghaslah, Sivakumar Annadurai e Shadma Wahab. "Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections". Molecules 26, n.º 13 (5 de julho de 2021): 4095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134095.
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Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Zhang, Meng, Huazhou Niu, Qingqing Li, Lili Jiao, Hui Li e Wei Wu. "Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer’s Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics". Pharmaceuticals 17, n.º 1 (26 de dezembro de 2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17010038.
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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people’s health and life by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng’s chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Li, Shaokun, Li Li, Yang Jiang, Jun Wu, Honghua Sun, Mingzhu Zhao, Yue Jiang et al. "SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SPL) Gene Family: TRANSCRIPTOME-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic Relationship, Expression Patterns and Network Interaction Analysis in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer". Plants 9, n.º 3 (11 de março de 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030354.
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SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like) gene family is specific transcription factor in the plant that have an important function for plant growth and development. Although the SPL gene family has been widely studied and reported in many various plant species from gymnosperm to angiosperm, there are no systematic studies and reports about the SPL gene family in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. In this study, we conducted transcriptome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis, structure analysis, and expression characteristics analysis of SPL gene family in Panax ginseng by bioinformatics. We annotated the PgSPL gene family and found that they might involve in multiple functions including encoding structural proteins, but the main function were still focused on the binding function. The result showed that 106 PgSPL transcripts were classified into two clades - A and B, both of which respectively consisted of three groups. Besides, we profiled PgSPL transcripts’ genotypic, temporal, and spatial expression characteristics. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation of PgSPL transcripts in the 14 tissues of a 4 years old ginseng and 42 farmers’ cultivars farmers’ cultivars of 4 years old ginsengs’ roots with both results showing that SPL transcripts formed a single network, which indicated that PgSPLs inter-coordinated when performing their functions. What’s more, we found that most PgSPL transcripts tended to express in older ginseng instead of younger ginseng, which was not only reflected in the expression of more types of SPL transcripts in older ginseng, but also in the higher expression of SPL transcripts in older ginseng. Additionally, we found that four PgSPL transcripts were only massively expressed in roots. According to PgSPL transcripts’ expression characteristics, we found that PgSPL23-35 and PgSPL24-09 were most proper two transcripts to further study as ginseng age’s molecular marker. These results provide the basis for further elucidation of the PgSPL transcripts’ biological function in ginseng and ginseng genetics improvement and gene breeding in the future.
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Aielli, Lisa, Chman Shahzadi e Erica Costantini. "Exploring ginseng's potential role as an adjuvant therapy in COVID-19". AIMS Allergy and Immunology 7, n.º 4 (2023): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2023017.
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<abstract> <p>Ginseng is a plant from the Panax genus used since ancient times as a prominent component of traditional Chinese medicine, and is prized for its energizing, antiaging and antioxidant properties. Over time, the scientific community has taken a keen interest in ginseng's potential as a supplement in various health sectors. While there is a substantial body of data demonstrating the effectiveness of ginseng and other natural products as adjuncts in the treatment of respiratory diseases, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the attention on ginseng and its extracts as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. This review aims to summarize the potential benefits of ginseng in the prevention of COVID-19, the alleviation of symptoms and the enhancement of clinical outcomes for patients. It suggests incorporating ginseng and other natural compounds into complementary therapeutic regimens to augment the effectiveness of vaccines and pharmacological treatments. However, it's important to note that further experiments and clinical studies are necessary to solidify the efficacy of ginseng against COVID-19 and to establish its use as a viable option.</p> </abstract>
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Dong, Tai Thi Ngoc, Chih-Hsiung Lin e Ming-Tsai Liang. "The Application of Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography for the Separation of Ginsenosides in Sanchi Ginseng and American Ginseng". Natural Product Communications 15, n.º 10 (outubro de 2020): 1934578X2096467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20964671.
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In this study, the separation of ginsenosides from the crude extract of Sanchi ginseng and American ginseng, obtained by aqueous ethanol extraction, was conducted in a simulated moving bed (SMB) with cleaning in place (CIP) design. Concentrated products with 86.2%, w/w, and 91.5%, w/w, of ginsenosides were obtained by the utilization of CIP-SMB for Sanchi and American ginseng, respectively. This study reveals that CIP-SMB could enrich ginsenosides by removing the retained impurities, which were initially extracted by aqueous ethanol and not removed by either the antisolvent precipitation for Sanchi ginseng or the ethyl acetate extraction for American ginseng. Although the ginsenosides in both ginsengs are similar, the difficulty in applying chromatography to the crude extract differs. A natural crude extract normally contains compounds with significant difference in retention. A traditional SMB with 4 sections will be, consequently, unable to continuously separate the natural products. This study develops methods for pretreating the crude extract and demonstrates the feasibility of continuously separating ginsenosides by using SMB. SMB is an effective technology for large-scale chromatography and can generally resolve solvent and energy consumption problems. This is expected to promote the industrial use of SMB for the production of concentrated ginsenosides as active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Kimura, Yoshiyuki, Maho Sumiyoshi e Masahiro Sakanaka. "Effects of GinsenosideRb1on Skin Changes". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/946242.
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Ginseng roots (Panax ginsengCA Meyer) have been used traditionally for the treatment, especially prevention, of various diseases in China, Korea, and Japan. Both experimental and clinical studies suggest ginseng roots to have pharmacological effects in patients with life-style-related diseases such as non-insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The topical use of ginseng roots to treat skin complaints including atopic suppurative dermatitis, wounds, and inflammation is also described in ancient Chinese texts; however, there have been relatively few studies in this area. In the present paper, we describe introduce the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb1isolated from Red ginseng roots on skin damage caused by burn-wounds using male Balb/c mice (in vivo) and by ultraviolet B irradiation using male C57BL/6J and albino hairless (HR-1) mice (in vivo). Furthermore, to clarify the mechanisms behind these pharmacological actions, human primary keratinocytes and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were used in experimentsin vitro.
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Belanger, Danyka, Michele D. Calder, Alessandra Gianetto-Berruti, Edmund M. Lui, Andrew J. Watson e Valter Feyles. "Effects of American Ginseng on Preimplantation Development and Pregnancy in Mice". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, n.º 05 (janeiro de 2016): 981–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500543.
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In North America, a high proportion of pregnant women use herbal medications including North American ginseng. This medicinal plant contains high amounts of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides), which are the main bioactive compounds. It is important to assess ginseng’s impact on all reproductive functions to ensure the safety of pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we defined the concentration-responsive effects of North American alcoholic and aqueous ginseng extracts on preimplantation development in vitro and on pregnancy and post-partum development in the mouse. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured with 5 different concentrations of whole ginseng root extracts, or ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1 and Re alone, a combinatorial ginsenoside solution and a crude polysaccharide fraction solution. Embryonic development and recovery from each treatment was assessed. To investigate the in vivo effects of ginseng extracts, female mice were gavaged with 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day, 500[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day or 2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day of either extract (treatment) or water (sham) for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Gestation period, litter size, pup growth and pup sex ratio were evaluated. Oral ginseng consumption did not significantly affect fertility or pregnancy in the mouse. High doses of ginseng (2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day) decreased maternal weight gain. Direct treatment of preimplantation embryos in vitro demonstrated that ALC and AQ extract treatment reduced development in a concentration responsive manner, while only ALC extract effects were largely reversible. Treatments with individual or combinatorial ginsenosides, or the polysaccharide fraction solution alone did not impair preimplantation development, in vitro. In conclusion, maternal oral consumption of ginseng has little negative impact on pregnancy in the mouse, however, direct exposure to ginseng extract during mouse preimplantation development in vitro is detrimental.
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Piao, Xiang Min, Yue Huo, Jong Pyo Kang, Ramya Mathiyalagan, Hao Zhang, Dong Uk Yang, Mia Kim, Deok Chun Yang, Se Chan Kang e Ying Ping Wang. "Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies". Molecules 25, n.º 19 (24 de setembro de 2020): 4390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194390.
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Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C–3, C–6, or C–20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.
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Qiu, Fubin, Ying Huang, Lei Sun, Xiaoxia Zhang, Zhiheng Liu e Wei Song. "Leifsonia ginsengi sp. nov., isolated from ginseng root". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2007): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64487-0.
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A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain wged11T, was isolated from the root of ginseng, and its taxonomic position was established using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this organism formed a robust clade with recognized species of the genus Leifsonia. Strain wged11T was characterized by a high content of ω-cyclohexylundecanoic and anteiso- and iso-branched saturated fatty acids, MK-11 as the major menaquinone and dl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid in its cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content of strain wged11T was 66.4 mol%. Levels of similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain wged11T and those of the type strains of other members of the genus Leifsonia ranged from 94.7 to 97.6 %. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain wged11T and Leifsonia poae DSM 15202T, its nearest phylogenetic neighbour, was 35.3 %. Based on these findings, strain wged11T (=CGMCC 4.3491T=JCM 13908T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Leifsonia, Leifsonia ginsengi sp. nov.
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Grigoryev, Roman O., Nadezhda K, Chirikova e Daniil N. Olennikov. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the rhizome of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv". Butlerov Communications 58, n.º 5 (31 de maio de 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-5-39.
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Since ancient times, it is known that all types of ginseng were widely used in Eastern folk medicine as a cure for many diseases. All species of the genus Panax, including Panax vietnamensis, contain saponins, but the phenolic composition has not been studied to date. Vietnamese ginseng is characterized by a unique composition of triterpene glycosides, among which the glycosylated derivatives of the rare triterpene aglycone, okothylol, are predominant. It is the only evergreen among ginsengs. As you know, a single plant can have different types of biological activity due to the content of different groups of biologically active compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties and causing different pharmacological effects. Obviously, phenolic compounds along with other secondary metabolites in Panax vietnamensis have a phytotherapeutic effect on the human body. The purpose of this work is to expand the knowledge of the scientific community about the synthesized compounds, in particular about phenolic compounds that accumulate in the rhizomes of Panax vietnamensis. In this paper, the results of a study on the qualitative (method HPLC-DMD-MS) and quantitative content of phenolic compounds (Folin-Cicalteu method) of the roots of Panax vietnamensis were presented for the first time. These results can be very interesting for scientists involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, growing callus and suspension cell cultures in vitro ginseng and other ginseng species, as well as for pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies producing various consumer products for the population based on Vietnamese ginseng. This work will expand the scientific community’s knowledge of secondary metabolites synthesized by the rhizome Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.
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Ying, Ang, Qing-Tao Yu, Li Guo, Wen-Song Zhang, Jin-Feng Liu, Yun Li, Hong Song et al. "Structural–Activity Relationship of Ginsenosides from Steamed Ginseng in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2018): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500088.
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Ginseng has been reported to have diverse pharmacological effects. One of the therapeutic claims for ginseng is to enhance sexual function. Ginsenosides are considered as the major active constituents. A steaming process can alter the ginsenoside profile of ginseng products. The structure–function relationship of ginsenosides in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) has not been investigated yet. In this work, 15 different processed ginsengs are produced by steaming, and 13 major ginsensosides are quantified by liquid chromatography with UV detection, including Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rf, Rk3, Rh4, 20S-Rg3, 20R-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5. Their anti-ED activities are screened using hydrocortisone-induced mice model (Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome in Chinese Medicine) and primary corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs). A processed ginseng with steaming treatment at 120[Formula: see text]C for 4[Formula: see text]h and five times possesses abundant ginsenosides Rk1, Rk3, Rh4 and Rg5 transformed via deglycosylation and dehydroxylation, and produces optimal activity against ED. The number of sugar molecules, structure of hydroxyl groups and stereoselectivity in ginsenosides affect their anti-ED activity. Among the 13 ginsenosides, Rk1, Rk3, Rh4 and Rg5 are the most efficient in decreasing intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) to reduce the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in CCSMCs. Rg5 also restrain hypoxia inducible factor-1[Formula: see text] (HIF-1[Formula: see text] expression in hypoxia state, and increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in isolated rat cavernous tissue. These observations suggest a role for steamed ginseng containing two pairs of geometric isomers (i.e., Rk1/Rg5 and Rk3/Rh4) in the treatment of ED.
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Zhang, Qingxuan, Jialiang Liu, Yahui Liu e Jie Du. "Meta-analysis of the Regulatory Effects of Ginseng and Ginseng-like Drugs on the Quality of Life and Immune Function of Cancer Patients". International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 6, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2024): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/y3jesv36.
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Objective To evaluate the regulatory effects of ginseng and ginseng-like drugs in improving the quality of life and immune function of cancer patients by meta-analysis. Methods Using "Ginseng", "Ginseng Decoction", "Ginsenosides", "Ginseng Polysaccharides", "Korean Ginseng", "Shanshen", "Shenqi Fuzheng Injection", "Kangai Injection", "Aidi Injection", "Ginseng Yangrong Soup" and "Buzhong Yiqi Soup" as Chinese keywords, "Ginseng", "Ginseng Soup", "Ginsenosides", "Ginseng Polysaccharides" as English keywords, the Chinese knowledge was retrieved.
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Jin, Yinping, Ling Li, Reshmi Akter, Esrat Jahan Rupa, Deok-Chun Yang, Se Chan Kang e Hao Zhang. "Hydroponic Cultured Ginseng Leaves Zinc Oxides Nanocomposite Stabilized with CMC Polymer for Degradation of Hazardous Dyes in Wastewater Treatment". Materials 14, n.º 21 (1 de novembro de 2021): 6557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216557.
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This study demonstrated the synthesis of o-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-stabilized zinc oxide nanocomposites (ZnO NCs) combined with aqueous leaves extracts of hydroponically cultured ginseng and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of hazardous dyes, including malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RB), and congo red (CR) under ultraviolet illumination. Hydroponic ginseng leaves contain bioactive components, namely ginsenoside and natural polyphenol, which prompt ginseng’s biological effect. Besides, the CMC polymer is naturally biodegradable, stabilizes the nanoformation and enhances the solubility of ginsenoside. The hydroponic ginseng leaves zinc oxide CMC nanocomposites (GL–CMC–ZnO NCs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and characterized using different analytical methods. The FTIR analysis identified significant phytochemicals in the leaves extracts and cotton-shape morphology observed using FE-TEM analysis. The XRD analysis also determined that the crystallite size was 28 nm. The photocatalyst degraded CR, RB, and MG dyes by approximately 87%, 94%, and 96% within contact times of 10, 20, 25, and 30 min, respectively, when the dye concentration was 15 mg/L. As far as our knowledge, this is the first report on hydroponic ginseng NCs incorporated with the CMC polymer for the degradation of hazardous dyes on wastewater treatment. This study can add significant value to large-scale wastewater treatment.
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Ge, Shengyu, Jinlong Liu, Yang Liu, Jiaqi Song, Hongfeng Wu, Lele Li, Heyun Zhu e Bo Feng. "Chemical Profiling, Quantitation, and Bioactivities of Ginseng Residue". Molecules 28, n.º 23 (29 de novembro de 2023): 7854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237854.
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Ginseng residue is a by-product stemming from the commercial extraction of ginsenosides. To assess the disparities between ginseng residue and ginseng tablet, we employed the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique for sample analysis. The analyses revealed the presence of 39 compounds in both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Subsequently, the contents of total ginsenosides and total ginseng polysaccharides in the ginseng residue and ginseng tablet were determined. The results indicate that while only a small fraction of ginsenosides remained in the ginseng residue, a significant amount of polysaccharides was retained. Furthermore, our evaluation encompassed the antioxidant activities of both ginseng residue and ginseng tablets. Notably, ginseng residue exhibited robust antioxidant effects, thereby showcasing its potential for recycling as a functional food raw material.
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Zhang, H., S. Q. Xu, S:Y Xiao e Y. P. Wang. "Determination of seed moisture content in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey)". Seed Science and Technology 42, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2014): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.3.10.
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Koh, Seung-Tae. "A Study on the Causes of the Decline of Ginseng Cultivation in Japan". Korea Association of World History and Culture 62 (31 de março de 2022): 151–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.03.62.151.
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In Japan, where ginseng did not grow naturally, ginseng seeds obtained from Joseon were sown in Nikkozan fields according to Bakufu's plan, which resulted in success of ginseng cultivation. Bakufu supplied for the domestic demand by establishing both governmental and private cultivation system for the expanded cultivation of Otane ginseng(Joseon ginseng). In addition, large quantities of white and red ginseng were exported to the Qing Dynasty, that at one time, ginseng cultivation was so prosperous that it ranked 13th among Japanese exports. However, entering the Showa era after the Meiji Restoration, ginseng cultivation began to decline, and ginseng lost its value in the Japanese agricultural industry. In this study, the causes of the decline of the Japanese ginseng industry including the influence of Joseon ginseng on the Japanese ginseng industry were investigated. The main reasons for the decline of ginseng cultivation in Japan were its modernization policy, and failure to increase the value of Japanese ginseng. At the time, price competition in Japan’s ginseng industry was intensified due to the absence of a function to control supply and demand for production. Accordingly, as ginseng was processed mainly for low-end products, it was not possible to gain an edge in price competitiveness. In addition, after the Meiji Restoration, as the market for traditional herbal medicines decreased due to the modernization policy of introducing western medicines, Japanese ginseng cultivation finally entered the path of decline.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 1194-1195 (março de 2008): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200811940-00064.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 553 (junho de 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505530-00022.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 602 (maio de 1996): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199606020-00018.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 429 (novembro de 1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204290-00039.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 833 (janeiro de 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200108330-00019.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 400 (maio de 1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204000-00034.
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&NA;. "Ginseng". Reactions Weekly &NA;, n.º 1205 (junho de 2008): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812050-00034.
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