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Livros sobre o tema "Ghrelin"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 6 de julho de 2024

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1

Ghigo, Ezio, Andrea Benso e Fabio Broglio, eds. Ghrelin. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b111715.

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2

E, Ghigo, Benso Andrea e Broglio Fabio, eds. Ghrelin. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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3

Smith, Roy G. Ghrelin in Health and Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012.

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4

Smith, Roy G., e Michael O. Thorner, eds. Ghrelin in Health and Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-903-7.

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5

Portelli, Jeanelle, e Ilse Smolders, eds. Central Functions of the Ghrelin Receptor. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0823-3.

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6

Yamada, Hiromasa, e Kintaro Takahashi. Ghrelin: Production, action mechanisms and physiological effects. New York: Nova Biomedical, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012.

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7

The belly fat fix: Taming ghrelin, your hunger hormone, for quick, healthy weight loss. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale, 2013.

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8

Giannitsopoulou, Kalliopi. The effect of subcutaneous Ghrelin administration on appetite of malnourished renal patients. Roehampton: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2004.

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9

Muircheartaigh, Aogán Ó. Oíche ghréine. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1987.

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10

Seán, Ó Cadhain, e Wood Tim, eds. An tSean-Ghréig. Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm, 1996.

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11

Trump, D. H. An Ghréig agus an Róimh fadó: 500 R.Ch.-200 R.Ch. [Baile Átha Cliath]: [An Gúm], 1986.

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12

Ghrelin. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-62377-1.

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13

Ghrelin. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0083-6729(06)x7700-2.

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14

Ghigo, Ezio. Ghrelin. Springer, 2013.

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15

Abelson, John N. Ghrelin. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

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16

Ghrelin. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

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17

Ghigo, Ezio. Ghrelin. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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18

Litwack, Gerald. Ghrelin. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2007.

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19

Ghigo, E., F. F. Casanueva, A. Benso e R. Granata. Ghrelin System. Karger AG, S., 2013.

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20

Benso, A., F. F. Casanueva, E. Ghigo e R. Granata, eds. The Ghrelin System. S. Karger AG, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-8055-9909-2.

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21

The Ghrelin System. S. Karger, 2013.

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22

Ghigo, Ezio. Ghrelin (Endocrine Updates). Springer, 2004.

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23

Thorner, Michael O., e Roy G. Smith. Ghrelin in Health and Disease. Humana Press, 2012.

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24

Thorner, Michael O., e Roy G. Smith. Ghrelin in Health and Disease. Humana, 2014.

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25

Ghrelin in Health and Disease. Humana, 2012.

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26

Portelli, Jeanelle, e Ilse Smolders. Central Functions of the Ghrelin Receptor. Springer New York, 2016.

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27

Portelli, Jeanelle, e Ilse Smolders. Central Functions of the Ghrelin Receptor. Springer New York, 2014.

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28

Portelli, Jeanelle, e Ilse Smolders. Central Functions of the Ghrelin Receptor. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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29

Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna. Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_awg_2020.

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Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.

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30

Goebel, Miriam. Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme: Interaktion von Ghrelin, Bombesin und Amylin. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.

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31

Ghrelin, Volume 77 (Vitamins and Hormones) (Vitamins and Hormones). Academic Press, 2007.

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32

Hertz, Dennis. Ghrelin: Function, Mechanism of Action and Role in Health and Disease. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2020.

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33

Ghrelin: Function, Mechanism of Action and Role in Health and Disease. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2019.

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34

Jürimäe, Jaak. Hormones and training. Editado por Neil Armstrong e Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0033.

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Physical exercise regulates energy balance and is important to growth and maturation. These processes are regulated by the endocrine system. Endocrine mechanisms in the response to sport training include growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1), hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes, and peripheral markers of energy homeostasis. Physical performance is associated with anabolic adaptations of the GH-IGF-1 system in child athletes alongside spontaneous growth, while heavy training does not affect basal testosterone levels. In female adolescent athletes, the major factor altering reproductive hormone secretion is energy deficiency, rather than exercise stress or increase in exercise energy expenditure. Ghrelin is another indicator of energy imbalance across the menstrual cycle. Pubertal onset decreases ghrelin, and leptin levels are reduced and may remain unchanged between prepuberty and maturation in athletes. To better understand the influence of high training load on hormonal markers responsible for overall growth and energy homeostasis, growing athletes should be monitored often.

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35

Jürimäe, Toivo, e Jaak Jürimäe. Hormonal responses and adaptations. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0038.

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This chapter focuses on the available information about the effects of acute exercise and chronic training on the secretion of different growth and energy balance related hormones at different stages of linear growth and sexual maturation throughout childhood. In addition, the role of recently discovered hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, that assist in regulating energy balance as well as somatic and pubertal growth in children are discussed.

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36

Naitlho, Y., e Hatem Maher. Beating Obesity -- the Hormones Regulation: Unlocking the Mechanisms of Insulin, Ghrelin, Leptin, and Cortisol for a More Effective KETO Diet. Independently Published, 2019.

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37

Nutt, David J., e Liam J. Nestor. Appetite hormones and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0012.

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Many of the same behavioural and brain disturbances observed in addiction are also seen in obesity and binge-eating disorder. This suggests that there are shared neural substrates between substance addiction and compulsive food consumption. Food intake and appetite are regulated by numerous appetite hormones that exert their effects through brain systems involved in reward sensitivity, stress, impulsivity, and compulsivity. There is now emerging evidence that appetite hormones (e.g. ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, orexin) can modulate addictive behaviours (e.g. craving) and the intake of alcohol and drugs. Therefore, there is an emerging shift into a new field of testing drugs that affect appetite hormones and their receptors in the brain, and their use in regulating the brain mechanisms that lead to relapse in addiction disorders.

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38

Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine receptor subtypes and incentive learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0007.

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Dopamine receptor subtypes and incentive learning explains that dopamine receptors are G protein-coupled and form two families: D1-like receptors, including D1 and D5, stimulate adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); D2-like receptors, including D2, D3, and D4, inhibit cAMP. Antipsychotic medications are dopamine receptor antagonists and their clinical potency is strongly correlated with blockade of D2 receptors, implicating overactivity of D2 receptors in psychosis in schizophrenia. D1- and D2-like receptors appear to be involved in unconditioned locomotor activity and incentive learning. D1-like receptors are implicated more strongly in incentive learning and D2-like receptors more strongly in locomotion. D3 receptors may play a relatively greater role in expression than acquisition of incentive learning. Dopamine receptor subtypes form heteromers with each other and with the receptors of other neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, adenosine, ghrelin) and the signaling properties of these heteromers can differ from those of either receptor in isolation.

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39

Maher, Hatem. Beating Obesity - the Hormones Regulation: Unlocking the Mechanisms of Insulin, Ghrelin, Leptin and Cortisol for a More Effective Weight-Loss Diets. Keto Diet, Atkins Diet and Low Glycemic Diet. Independently Published, 2019.

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