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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Germany, United-Kingdom, France"

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Publicado: 7 de julho de 2024

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1

Barrell, Ray, Catherine Guillemineau e Dawn Holland. "Decomposing Growth in France, Germany and the United Kingdom Using Growth Accounting and Production Function Approaches". National Institute Economic Review 199 (1 de janeiro de 2007): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107077129.

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This paper uses Growth Accounting and Production Function Analysis to decompose the factors behind differences in growth between the UK, France and Germany between 1992 and 2005. Most of the growth differential between the United Kingdom, Germany and France since 1993 can be explained by structural factors. The United Kingdom's higher growth has originated essentially in the finance and business sector, which is ICT-intensive. Germany's weak growth reflects in large part the aftermath of the unification shock and a continued fall in the labour input. At the same time there has been a sharp slowdown in knowledge accumulation, which seems to have restrained labour productivity growth. After EMU, the performance of German manufacturing improved relative to both France and the United Kingdom, while capital deepening became less supportive to growth because of lower investment in infrastructures and dwellings. France's higher growth relative to Germany since 1999 comes essentially from the non-tradable sectors and from a higher labour input. This may be partly related to a more significant decline in the volatility of real interest rates.

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Metz, Robert, Rebecca Riley e Martin Weale. "Economic Performance in France, Germany and the United Kingdom: 1997–2002". National Institute Economic Review 188 (abril de 2004): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501041881007.

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We assess the performance of France, Germany and the United Kingdom over the period 1997-2002. Gross and net output per hour worked are considerably lower in the UK than in France and Germany. GDP in France and the UK have grown at the same rates over the period although real national income in the UK has grown considerably faster than in France. Seen from the supply side, French growth is substantially attributable to growth in total factor productivity while in the UK factor inputs are more important. There is, nevertheless, a concern that, at the margin, UK growth may be depreciation-intensive and therefore of poor quality. Germany's growth has been slow because productive inputs have grown only slowly and its weak performance is probably structural rather than cyclical. There does seem to be room for substantial increases in labour input in both France and Germany to be achieved through reform to labour market conditions such as tax rates on low paid workers.

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Campbell, Nigel C. G., John L. Graham, Alain Jolibert e Hans Gunther Meissner. "Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States". Journal of Marketing 52, n.º 2 (abril de 1988): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200204.

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The determinants of marketing negotiations in four cultures are investigated in a laboratory simulation. One hundred thirty-eight businesspeople from the United States, 48 from France, 44 from West Germany, and 44 from the United Kingdom participated in two-person, buyer-seller negotiation simulations. The American process of negotiation is found to be different from that of the Europeans in several respects.

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Campbell, Nigel C. G., John L. Graham, Alain Jolibert e Hans Gunther Meissner. "Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States". Journal of Marketing 52, n.º 2 (abril de 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251264.

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Karamelikli, Huseyin. "Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics of the Turkish Trade Balance". International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, n.º 2 (24 de janeiro de 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n2p70.

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<p>This study empirically analyses bilateral trade of Turkey with her main trade partners using monthly time series data over the period of 2000 to 2015. J-curve theory and short-run dynamics of bilateral trade is tested by linear ARDL and Non-linear ARDL approaches. The empirical results indicate that there is no J-curve effect during short-run for United States and for France; it symmetrically exists to Germany and asymmetrically to United Kingdom. Also long-run relationship between exchange rate and trade balance has mixed results. Asymmetric long-run relationship between exchange rate and trade balance for United States exists where it is symmetrically most appropriate for Germany. In the other hand this study failed to verify any long-run relationship between exchange rate and trade balance for France and for United Kingdom.</p>

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Misiuna, Jan. "Financing Political Parties in France, Germany and The United Kingdom". Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, n.º 1 (27 de novembro de 2016): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2016.1.4.

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The paper compares the systems of financing political parties in France, Germany and the UK. The analysis concentrates on effectiveness of collecting contributions, dependency on large donors for providing funds for financing election campaigns and daily operation of political parties, and the level of transparency of finances of political parties. The final conclusion is that only introducing limits on expenditures on election campaigns allows to keep the costs of election campaigns and political parties at a low level, while mandatory common accounting standards and public access to financial information is necessary to preserve transparency of finances of political parties.

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wood, luke b. "governing migrant populations in france, germany and the united kingdom". European Political Science 17, n.º 4 (19 de novembro de 2018): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eps.2016.12.

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Portelli, Claudio, Fernand Alby, Richard Crowther e Uwe Wirt. "Space Debris Mitigation in France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom". Advances in Space Research 45, n.º 8 (abril de 2010): 1035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2009.12.009.

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Sezgin, Funda Hatice, Yilmaz Bayar, Laura Herta e Marius Dan Gavriletea. "Do Environmental Stringency Policies and Human Development Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from G7 and BRICS Economies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 13 (22 de junho de 2021): 6727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136727.

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This study explores the impact of environmental policies and human development on the CO2 emissions for the period of 1995–2015 in the Group of Seven and BRICS economies in the long run through panel cointegration and causality tests. The causality analysis revealed a bilateral causality between environmental stringency policies and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and a unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to the environmental stringency policies for Canada, China, and France. On the other hand, the analysis showed a bilateral causality between human development and CO2 emissions for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and unilateral causality from CO2 emissions to human development in Brazil, Canada, China, and France. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis indicated that both environmental stringency policies and human development had a decreasing impact on the CO2 emissions.

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10

Zielke, Rainer. "Transfer Pricing of Mayor EC Member Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy Compared". EC Tax Review 23, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2014): 332–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2014032.

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In the February 2014 issue of the EC Tax Review, the author compared the anti-avoidance legislation in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy and suggested some international tax planning strategies - without regard to transfer pricing (part 1). The author now considers transfer pricing involving these mayors EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy and suggests further transfer pricing strategies also with regard to the up-to-date CIT rates in OECD countries (part 2). As stated, despite continuous instability in the European Community (EC) its mayor countries Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. According to the International Monetary Fund these European countries have - in this order - the highest gross domestic product in the European Community in 2012. In this article transfer pricing rules of - according to the gross domestic product - the four most important EC Member Countries will be reviewed with reference to the OECD's perspective of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) and to the up-to-date tax differential to the thirty-four OECD Member Countries. The pivotal question is, to what extent can internal tax planning with mayor EC Member Countries be optimized by inclusion of transfer pricing. This article outlines the primary corporate objective and key concepts of international tax planning with regard to transfer pricing and discusses the corporate income tax burden in the thirty-four OECD Member Countries analysing the tax differential as incentive in relation to transfer pricing, the reduction in ETR as the primary corporate objective and key concepts and the he importance of current and reliable information. After that transfer pricing in the mayor EC Member Countries Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy is presented and transfer pricing strategies with relation to mayor EC Member Countries are developed. Afterwards this is evaluated from the OECD's perspective of BEPS. Finally the concluding remarks are presented.

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Mazzucelli, Colette. "Changing Partners at Fifty? French Security Policy after Libya in Light of the Élysée Treaty". German Politics and Society 31, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2013): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310107.

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The 2011 Libya campaign highlighted the divergence of interests between France and Germany within the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in matters of Middle East and global security. This divergence calls for a reassessment of the meaning of their bilateral cooperation, as defined in the Treaty of Friendship between France and Germany, otherwise known as the Élysée Treaty, signed on 22 January 1963 by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and President Charles de Gaulle. This article focuses on France, which engaged militarily in Libya cooperating with the United Kingdom as its principal European partner. Germany, for reasons explained by its history, political culture, and the nature of its federal system, chose to abstain in the United Nations vote to authorize the campaign. These differences between France and Germany suggest a contrast in their respective security and, particularly defense, policy objectives on the fiftieth anniversary of the Élysée Treaty.

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Vampa, Davide. "COVID-19 and Territorial Policy Dynamics in Western Europe: Comparing France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom". Publius: The Journal of Federalism 51, n.º 4 (28 de junho de 2021): 601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjab017.

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Abstract This article seeks to assess and explain territorial policy dynamics in five European countries—Italy, Spain, Germany, France and the United Kingdom—from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic up to early 2021. The crisis has clearly highlighted well-known differences between centralized and decentralized systems. Yet focusing on this dichotomy is not sufficient. It is suggested that, while the distribution of authority between central and regional governments matters, policy dynamics—that is, how different territorial levels interact in policy-making processes—are even more important in driving multi-level responses to the emergency. Whether these dynamics are hierarchical (France), competitive (Italy and Spain), cooperative (Germany) or mixed (the United Kingdom) depends on how pre-crisis institutional, sectoral and political “causal forces” moderate the impact of an exogenous shock.

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13

Bartels, Charlotte. "Top Incomes in Germany, 1871–2014". Journal of Economic History 79, n.º 3 (31 de julho de 2019): 669–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000378.

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This study provides new evidence on top income shares in Germany from industrialization to the present. Income concentration was high in the nineteenth century, dropped sharply after WWI and during the hyperinflation years of the 1920s, then increased rapidly throughout the Nazi period beginning in the 1930s. Following the end of WWII, German top income shares returned to 1920s levels. The German pattern stands in contrast to developments in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where WWII brought a sizeable and lasting reduction in top income shares. Since the turn of the millennium, income concentration in Germany has been on the rise and is today among the highest in Europe. The capital share is consistently positively associated with income concentration, whereas growth, technological change, trade, unions, and top tax rates are positively associated in some periods and negative in others.

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14

Zamora, Bernarda, Martina Garau, François Maignen, Phill O'Neill e Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz. "OP138 Access To Orphan Drugs In The United Kingdom And Other European Countries". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001969.

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INTRODUCTION:Under the Orphan Regulation, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) intended to incentivize the research and development of new treatments for rare and life-threatening conditions. Marketing authorisation of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) by the EMA is only the first step, as medicines are made available to patients when reimbursement or Health Technology Assessment (HTA) decisions are implemented by national health systems. We analyzed the availability and access to OMPs in the United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, Italy and Spain. We compared the availability, which is the possibility to prescribe a given OMP, to the access, which refers to the full or partial reimbursement by the public health service.METHODS:We collected data on launches, HTA decisions, any centralized commissioning and/or reimbursement decision for all the OMPs authorised since 2000 in the UK countries (England, Scotland and Wales), France, Germany, Italy and Spain.RESULTS:Since the Orphan Regulation inception, the EMA granted marketing authorization to 143 OMPs. These OMPs are most widely accessible in Germany and France. Reimbursement in Germany is immediate after authorization. France and Italy present a delay of 19 months from authorization to reimbursement, which is shorter than in other countries. In England, less than 50 percent of centrally authorised OMPs are routinely funded by the National Health Service (NHS), including one-third of these recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and those reimbursed via commissioning policies and the Cancer Drugs Fund.CONCLUSIONS:The assessment of degree of access to OMPs across Europe is limited by differences in the national HTA and reimbursement systems and the heterogeneous information made publicly available on their decisions. Nonetheless, our study suggests that the primary purpose to grant equal availability to OMPs to the patients in the Eropean Union via the implementation of the orphan regulation was partially achieved with important variations of access observed across the countries included in our study.

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15

Hannum, Hurst. "The Strasbourg Declaration on the Right to Leave and Return". American Journal of International Law 81, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202420.

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A small 3-day meeting of international lawyers and other experts was convened by the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, in November 1986 to consider the current status of the right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country. The approximately 30 participants were from Costa Rica, Egypt, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Morocco, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Zambia.

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16

Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, n.º 34 (janeiro de 2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.

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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from the continent? And what about Europe?

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17

Maier, Bernd P. "Up Close: Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, An International Neutron Research Center". MRS Bulletin 13, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066537.

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The Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL) at Grenoble, France was formally founded in January 1967, with the signature of an intergovernmental convention between France and the Federal Republic of Germany. The aim was to provide the scientific community of the affiliated countries with a unique neutron beam facility applicable in fields such as the physics of condensed matter, chemistry, biology, nuclear physics, and materials science. The construction of the Institut and its high flux reactor was undertaken as a joint French-German project, with a total capital investment of 335 million French francs.The reactor first went critical in August 1971 and reached its full power of 57 MW for the first time in December 1971. The year 1972 saw the startup of the cold and hot sources, the first instruments, and the beginning of the experimental program.On January 1, 1973, the United Kingdom joined the Institut as a third equal partner, contributing its share to the total capital investment. In December 1986, an agreement on “Scientific Membership” for Spain was signed for a period of five years starting January 1, 1987. The ILL is a nontrading company under French civil law. The three countries are represented by the following associates: Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (W. Germany), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (France), and Science and Engineering Research Council (United Kingdom). These associates are represented on a Steering Committee which establishes the general rules of the management of the ILL.

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18

Puaca, Brian M. "Navigating the Waves of Change: Political Education and Democratic School Reform in Postwar West Berlin". History of Education Quarterly 48, n.º 2 (maio de 2008): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2008.00142.x.

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In the aftermath of the Second World War, Germany found itself defeated, destroyed, occupied, and ultimately divided. The eastern portion of Germany fell under Soviet administration, while the western part came under joint occupation by the three victorious western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France). Recognizing at an early date that rebuilding Germany would promote political stability, economic growth, and peace in central Europe, the western Allies set out to reconstruct the defeated nation. The schools were an important part of this project. Many observers argued that without substantial reform to the educational system, German nationalism, militarism, and xenophobia might once again lead to conflict. In the western zones, particularly in the American zone, democratizing the schools took on great importance by 1947. This effort, however, was short-lived. The occupation of Germany ended in 1949, leaving many Americans with the sense that school reform was incomplete.

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Porter, Barbara A. "One Hundred Years of Foreign Research Institutes in Jordan—1921 to 2021". Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 16, n.º 3 (31 de outubro de 2022): 305–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.664.

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This paper examines the history and contributions of the four current foreign research centers in Amman whose countries are Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Their origin stories and changes over time in Jordan are considered as well as some of the respective major contributions to the study of Jordan’s past and present.

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Yan, Xiaoqing, e Yufang Jia. "Comparison and Analysis on Energy Governance Models of Global Major Powers". Advances in Engineering Technology Research 5, n.º 1 (4 de maio de 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.5.1.249.2023.

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Currently, the world is facing major changes that have not occurred in a century, and global energy governance has undergone significant new changes. The energy development trends of global major powers were clarified in the Paper by studying and judging the changes in the global energy consumption structure. The performance evaluation index system for major powers on their participation in global energy governance was constructed, so that the comprehensive comparison and analysis was conducted for the participation of eight countries, including China, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, and India, in global energy governance from four dimensions of economic, technological, social, and political. Generally, the United States has the highest overall performance score in participating in global energy governance, followed by China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan, with Russia and India in the third and fourth echelons respectively. The cooperation with major economies on green governance can be strengthened by China under the framework of the United Nations, the G20 and “the Belt and Road Initiative”, and a global climate governance pattern of joint consultation, construction and sharing will form, so as to maximize the effect of global climate governance.

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Chapman, Paul G., e Thelma Liesner. "Economic Statistics 1900-1983: United Kingdom, United States of America, France, Germany, Italy, Japan." Applied Statistics 35, n.º 2 (1986): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2347275.

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Tahir, Tayyaba Batool, Rafida Nawaz e Muqarrab Akbar. "The Islamic Headscarf: A threat to Secularity, Modernity, and Integration". Global Regional Review VI, n.º II (30 de junho de 2021): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(vi-ii).30.

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No other piece of cloth has ever caused this much debate as the headscarf. This paper examines the headscarf debate in three European countries i.e., France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Firstly, the headscarf affair depicts different state policies developed and implemented by three countries, to integrate the Muslim immigrants. Secondly, an analysis of different approaches used by these countries regarding the headscarf issue highlights the place of Muslims and Islam in the European countries. Lastly, this paper contends that the headscarf controversy in France, Germany and the United Kingdom revolves around the issues of secularity vs. Islamic fundamentalism, gender equality vs. religious rights, modernity vs. backwardness and integration vs. assimilation. In this paper, we argue that contrary to the common perception that Muslims are intolerant, backward, and theocratic; the act of banning the headscarf by some of the European countries, in fact, proved these countries to be intolerant and authoritarian towards Muslims.

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION". Historical and social-educational ideas 10, n.º 6/2 (1 de fevereiro de 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.

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Brakker, Nadezhda V., e Leonid A. Kujbyshev. "The Experience of the National Libraries Abroad of the Collection and Longterm Preservation of Internet Resources". Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2013): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2013-0-2-88-96.

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A review of National Libraries experience of WEB harvesting, archiving technologies and legal issues. The paper suggests an overlook of experience and experiments of National Libraries of Austria, Germany, China, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zeeland, Northway, Portugal, United Kingdom, USA, Finland, France, Czech Republic and Sweden.

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Heider, Dirk, Sebastian Bernert, Hans-Helmut König, Herbert Matschinger, Theresa Hogh, Traolach S. Brugha, Paul E. Bebbington, Michel Azorin, Matthias C. Angermeyer e Mondher Toumi. "Direct medical mental health care costs of schizophrenia in France, Germany and the United Kingdom – Findings from the European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC)". European Psychiatry 24, n.º 4 (maio de 2009): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.013.

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AbstractObjectivesTo quantify and compare the resource consumption and direct costs of medical mental health care of patients suffering from schizophrenia in France, Germany and the United Kingdom.MethodsIn the European Cohort Study of Schizophrenia, a naturalistic two-year follow-up study, patients were recruited in France (N = 288), Germany (N = 618), and the United Kingdom (N = 302). Data about the use of services and medication were collected. Unit cost data were obtained and transformed into United States Dollar Purchasing Power Parities (USD-PPP). Mean service use and costs were estimated using between-effects regression models.ResultsIn the French/German/UK sample estimated means for a six-month period were respectively 5.7, 7.5 and 6.4 inpatient days, and 11.0, 1.3, and 0.7 day-clinic days. After controlling for age, sex, number of former hospitalizations and psychopathology (CGI score), mean costs were 3700/2815/3352 USD-PPP.ConclusionsService use and estimated costs varied considerably between countries. The greatest differences were related to day-clinic use. The use of services was not consistently higher in one country than in the others. Estimated costs did not necessarily reflect the quantity of service use, since unit costs for individual types of service varied considerably between countries.

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Hyung Baek Lim. "The Experiences and Conflicts of Multinational Nation in United Kingdom, France, Germany". Multiculture & Peace 7, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2013): 30–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22446/mnpisk.2013.7.2.002.

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Scheller, Henrik. "Framing Citizen Participation: Participatory Budgeting in France, Germany and the United Kingdom". German Politics 24, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2015): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2015.1032511.

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Hogwood, Patricia. "The Politics of Social Cohesion in Germany, France and the United Kingdom". German Politics 25, n.º 1 (9 de julho de 2015): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2015.1064270.

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Castanho Silva, Bruno. "The Politics of Social Cohesion in Germany, France and the United Kingdom". European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 2, n.º 3-4 (2 de outubro de 2015): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2015.1108855.

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Alkan, Serkan, Saffet Akdağ e Andrew Adewale Alola. "Evaluating the Hierarchical Contagion of Economic Policy Uncertainty among the Leading Developed and Developing Economies". Economies 11, n.º 8 (26 de julho de 2023): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11080201.

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An array of global events, including the global financial crisis, natural disasters, and the recent coronavirus pandemic, have consistently shown the vulnerability of global systems and humans to externally undesirable contagions. In order to further provide alternative approaches to information valuation, this study utilized the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of 21 leading developed and developing economies (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) over the period January 1997 to May 2021. The information theory reveals the hierarchy of degrees of randomness in the EPU indices; it shows the information flow among the EPU indices through the mutual information metric and the graphical illustration of the information flows using network theory. Importantly, the Entropy measures indicate higher predictability of the Netherlands and Ireland’s EPU indices, suggesting that they have less randomness than other indices. Contrarily, Greece and the United Kingdom share the lowest predictability of the EPU indices. Moreover, the complex networks analysis shows that the EPU indices is generally shaped by geographic location. In order of significance, the United States of America’s EPU index exhibits the strongest correlation with other countries’ EPU indices and followed by the EPU indices of France, the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany. In general, the result of the investigation communicates relevant policy measures that potentially ameliorate shocks from external contagions.

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DELFS, JAN, e HERBERT OERTEL JR. "Dynamics of localized disturbances in engineering flows: a report on Euromech Colloquium 353". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 347 (25 de setembro de 1997): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097006642.

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Euromech Colloquium 353, held at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, 1–3 April 1996 brought together scientists working in the field of localized disturbances of flows in order to discuss new developments and the potential for application. The colloquium attracted a total of 56 participants from nine European countries, i.e. France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and United Kingdom as well as from the US and Israel.

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Guo, Shesen, e Ganzhou Zhang. "Using Machine Learning for Analyzing Sentiment Orientations Toward Eight Countries". SAGE Open 10, n.º 3 (julho de 2020): 215824402095126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020951268.

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By using machine learning technique, this article presents sentiment and concept analyses on 48,043 articles published in The Economist from 1991 through 2016. The Economist is one of the world’s most influential political and economic magazines. The article analyzes and compares the magazine’s sentiment orientations toward the Group of Seven’s ingroup member countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and its outgroup member country China. The sentiment analyses are performed on and compared between different periods of Clinton’s, Bush’s, and Obama’s administrations in the United States; Major’s, Blair’s, Brown’s, and Cameron’s cabinets in the United Kingdom; and Kohl’s, Schröder’s, and Merkel’s in Germany. The relationship between China hosting the Olympic Games or its growing economic power and the magazine’s sentiment orientations toward the country is examined. The concept analysis on the articles with extreme positivity or negativity shows that there is no difference between the ingroup and outgroup members in the topics covered in The Economist.

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Veshi, Denard, e Gerald Neitzke. "Advance Directives in Some Western European Countries: A Legal and Ethical Comparison between Spain, France, England, and Germany". European Journal of Health Law 22, n.º 4 (31 de julho de 2015): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341368.

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We have studied national laws on advance directives in various Western European countries: Romance-speaking countries (Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain), English-speaking countries (Ireland and the United Kingdom), and German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland). We distinguish two potentially complementary types of advance medical declaration: the ‘living will’ and the nomination of a legal proxy. After examining the similarities and differences between countries, we analyse in detail the legislation of four countries (Spain, France, England, and Germany), since the other countries in this survey have similar legal principles and/or a similar political approach. In conclusion, we note that in all the countries examined, advance directives have been seen as an instrument to enable the patient’s right to self-determination. Notwithstanding, in Romance-speaking countries, the involvement of physicians in the end-of-life process and risks arising from the execution of advance directives were also considered.

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Wood, Luke B. "German Hegemony? The Federal Republic of Germany in Post Cold War European Affairs". German Politics and Society 37, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370408.

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Germany’s increased power capabilities in foreign affairs since reunification have prompted scholars to argue that the country should be viewed as a regional hegemonic power, exercising significant influence not only over smaller countries in Eastern and Southern Europe, but also over the institutions of the European Union. After providing a critical assessment of the literature on hegemony in Europe, this article outlines three main trends in the scholarship on German power in European affairs. First, scholars tend to exaggerate Berlin’s power capabilities relative to other major European states such as France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Research shows that Europe is best understood as a multipolar regional order, not a hegemonic system dominated by one powerful state. Second, German leadership in Europe is contested and often delegitimized. Since 1949, German political elites have not been able to exercise influence in Europe without the support of other European states. This remains true even after the collapse of the Franco-German “tandem” in the wake of the European debt crisis. Third, scholars fail to adequately address how American power in the North Atlantic impacts regional polarity. Since reunification, the role of the United States in Europe has only increased and American influence over Eastern Europe, in particular, surpasses that of other European powers, including Germany.

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35

Minami, Fusaka, Joseph Zohar, Takefumi Suzuki, Teruki Koizumi, Masaru Mimura, Gohei Yagi e Hiroyuki Uchida. "Discrepancies Between Nomenclature and Indications of Psychotropics". Pharmacopsychiatry 52, n.º 04 (23 de maio de 2018): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0626-7135.

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Abstract Introduction While the current nomenclature of psychotropic drugs is disease-based, their approved indications do not always match their classifications. Methods Information on approved indications of “second-generation antipsychotics” and “newer antidepressants” that are available in the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, and Japan were extracted from their packet inserts. Results A significant proportion of “atypical antipsychotics” were approved for psychiatric conditions other than psychotic disorders (i. e., bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autistic disorder) as follows: 76.9% in the US, 66.7% in the UK, 66.7% in France, 60.0% in Germany, and 44.4% in Japan. Likewise, more than half of “newer antidepressants” had approved indications for psychiatric conditions other than depression (e. g., panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, general anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder): 56.3% in the US, 69.2% in the UK, 69.2% in France, 50.0% in Germany, and 62.5% in Japan. Conclusions Our results raise concerns regarding generic terminologies of “antipsychotics” and “antidepressants” since the conventional indication-based nomenclature does not fit well with the official indication.

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Lee, Hongjik, Sunah Park, Wonhee Lee e Jungeun Lee. "A Comparative Analysis of Policies against Low: Fertility in Foreign Countries". Research Institute for Life and Culture Sogang University 65 (31 de agosto de 2022): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17924/solc.2022.65.97.

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This study reviewed policies against low fertility in foreign countries such as Israel, France, Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, Hungary, United States of America, and Japan. More specifically, it classified diverse polices into two categories: 1) economic support program (e.g. family allowance, tax benefit, housing support programs) and 2) work-family balance program (e.g. family leave, child care and education). As a result, it offered suggestions for better policies against low-fertility in Korea.

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37

Guesmi, Khaled, Frederic Teulon e Zied Ftiti. "Sudden Changes In Volatility In European Stock Markets". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, n.º 6 (21 de outubro de 2014): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8872.

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This paper studiesthe volatility in ten Europeanstock markets (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherland, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and United Kingdom) during the periods of financial crisis (East Asian currency crisis, Subprime crisis) from 1990 to 2012. We apply Markov Regime Switching SW-GARCHmodel. Our results show that mostof the European stock markets are closely interlinked to the U.S.

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38

Alola, Andrew Adewale, Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo e Ifedolapo Olabisi Olanipekun. "Examining the Energy Efficiency and Economic Growth Potential in the World Energy Trilemma Countries". Energies 16, n.º 4 (18 de fevereiro de 2023): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042036.

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The World Energy Council has consistently formulated useful policies and ranked countries in term of their performances in environmental sustainability, energy equity, and energy security. In a novel approach, and possibly in one of the most unique studies in the World Energy Trilemma literature, the current study examines the interaction of energy efficiency and economic growth of several top-performing economies (Austria, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) in respect to environmental sustainability, energy equity, and energy security. Importantly, while affirming the inappropriateness of the linear econometric approach, the study utilized the newly developed quantile-on-quantile approach to examine the dataset for the period 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. As such, the result largely indicates a significant and positive effect of economic growth toward the energy efficiency across the quantiles for the examined countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). On the other hand, energy efficiency also impacts economic growth in most parts of the quantiles in the examined countries. However, the results show weak and negative interaction in the lower quantiles (average of 0.1–0.3) only for Denmark, Germany, and New Zealand, while the results further reveal weak and negative interaction in the middle quantile (average 0.4–0.6) for France, Finland, and Sweden. Importantly, this study presents useful economic-related policy inferences from the aspects of energy efficiency, energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability.

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Poloni-Staudinger, Lori. "Why Cooperate? Cooperation Among Environmental Groups in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 14, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2009): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.14.3.56415g86g5h07044.

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This study asks under what domestic conditions environmental groups in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany will overcome the collective action, resource, and ideological impediments to cooperative activity. A political opportunity structure (POS) approach is employed which looks at the relationship between elite alliances and domestic cleavages and the choice to engage in domestic as well as transnational cooperation. Using data gathered through content analysis over a nearly twenty-five year period, I find that changes in domestic opportunities influence the choice of environmental groups to engage in cooperative activities. An open POS is found to depress both domestic and transnational cooperation, while a closed POS increases cooperative activities.

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40

"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 9 (setembro de 2023): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13041.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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41

"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 8 (agosto de 2023): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13036.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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42

"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 11 (novembro de 2023): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13053.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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43

"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 49, n.º 3-4 (março de 2024): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.10_13081.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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44

"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2023): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13058.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 10 (outubro de 2023): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13047.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 49, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2024): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.12_13070.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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"Economic Indicators". Oil and Energy Trends 49, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2024): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.13_13064.

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Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

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48

"International Trade". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 9 (setembro de 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.10_13041.

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Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

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49

"International Trade". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 8 (agosto de 2023): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.10_13036.

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Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

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"International Trade". Oil and Energy Trends 48, n.º 11 (novembro de 2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oet.10_13053.

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Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

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