Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Geometry, religious aspects"

The degrees of human perfection depend on the extent of his knowledge, and the extent of his knowledge depends on his existence capacity. Man's ascent to the highest levels of existence is the basic plan of Islam for human education, and the role of the religious lifestyle geometry in the realization of this plan is more effective than any other factor. Practice based on trust in divine promises is one of the sides of this geometry. The present study, in a descriptive-analytic way tries to examine the functions of trustworthy action based on trust in divine promises - as one of the important aspects of lifestyle in a meaningful relationship with the category of human cognition and desires - based on Qur’anic verses. The findings are as follow: 1) Achieving evidence is a valid argument for accepting religion and entering the realm of religiosity. 2) Observing the fulfillment of one of the divine promises is one of the examples of evidence. 3) The fulfillment of divine promises as a verse in the path of religious life occurs regularly, completes the religious faith and gradually brings the believer to the levels of certain knowledge. 4) Achieving religious Fiqh is one of the unique functions of trustworthy practice. 5) Continuation of action based on divine promises leads to the overcoming of the deep innate desire for patience in human beings, and the Tafaqquh of some religious truths flows from this context.

Abstract The use of guide ways in apparatus, devices and machines construction is frequent that the aspects concerning their accuracy and durability are elements defining technical performances. The paper proposes a mathematical model for calculating the wear of torques with sliding motion. The proposed model makes it possible to establish a link between wear and tear and the accuracy of the movement of the moving part during operation. The model can be applied in the design phase for a known geometry and operating conditions.

Bell towers are essential elements of religious architecture, which have been part of villagers’ lives for centuries and have marked their identity and orientation from a far distance. This research provides widens our knowledge of geometrical aspects of bell towers through a search for common building patterns. Throughout the history of construction and architecture, there have been specific studies about particular bell towers, but few have taken a more general approach, studying 18th-century architectural treatises and building warnings for ecclesiastical buildings after the Council of Trent. In the Spanish ecclesiastical territorial organisation, the Diocese of Orihuela and its region (Bajo Segura) had great importance, with outstanding social development and territorial expansion due to the colonising action of the clergy and nobility in the 18th century. In 1829, an earthquake had destructive effects on the area’s architectural heritage. This paper studies the bell towers that endured the earthquake by recording data in situ, generating a catalogue, and analysing and comparing the data obtained. The results outline a construction model that meets the established guidelines of the architectural treatises as far as geometrical proportions and building patterns are concerned.

The Domus Aurea, Nero’s last “palace” constructed in the very heart of ancient Rome, is a true masterpiece of Roman architecture. We explore here symbolic aspects of the emperor’s project, analyzing the archaeoastronomy of the best preserved part of the Domus, the Esquiline Wing. In particular, we study the so-called Octagonal Room, the huge vaulted room which is in many respects a predecessor of the Pantheon. The project of the room turns out to be connected with astronomy, as is Hadrian’s Pantheon sixty years later. Indeed, the divinization and “solarization” of the emperor — placed at the equinoxes as a point of balance in the heavens — are shown to be explicitly referred to in the rigorous orientation of the plan and in the peculiar geometry of the design of the dome.

The Jameh Mosque of Varamin is one of the few structures manifesting a transformation from Iranian architecture toward Iranian-Islamic architecture. The study presented here tries to deal with some of the geometric principles implemented by Iranian architects to express the concept of unity. The research decodes the sacred architectural elements and illustrates the ideas used to design the Jameh Mosque of Varamin from different aspects. In the first step, geometric principles such as dynamic rectangles, the golden ratio, and the lute of Pythagoras have been discussed. In the second step, the mentioned geometric principles are adapted to the architectural documents of the building. In addition, the general form of the building and the location of the dome are determined, and the hierarchy beginning from the Mosque's entrance to the dome has been analyzed. The results show that the architects tried to induce unity and monotheism through sacred geometry in a predetermined hierarchy. Also, Findings indicate that the Jameh Mosque of Varamin can be considered the intersection of Iranian architectural ideals adapted and integrated with Islamic principles.

AbstractThe success of reductionism as a method in the natural sciences has heavily influenced modern theology, much of which attempts to reduce theology to other disciplines. However, the past few decades in science have shown the limitations of reductionism and the importance of emergence. The properties of complex systems with many constituents cannot be understood solely in terms of the constituent components and their interactions. I illustrate emergent properties and concepts with specific examples from geometry, condensed matter physics, chemistry and molecular biology. Emergence leads to a stratification of reality which affirms that ontology determines epistemology. To show the significance of emergence for the dialogue between theology and the natural sciences parallels are drawn with the theology of Karl Barth. The approach here is distinctly different from most writing on emergence and theology which embraces ‘strong’ emergence (which most scientists consider speculative), an immanent God and does not engage with orthodox Christian theology. Aspects of Barth's theology which are particularly relevant include his view that theology is an autonomous discipline which is not reducible to anthropology or history, the irreducible character of revelation, and the emphasis that ontology determines epistemology.

In 1921, on the 600th anniversary of Dante Alighieri, the Silver Age philosopher and priest Pavel Florensky finished writing his book “Imaginaries in Geometry”, in which he demonstrated how the medieval picture of cosmos unfolded in “Divine Comedy” was confirmed in the light of modern science. The book was published in 1922 and has since been commented from various points of view. This article raises a question that has hardly been touched upon in the Florenskian scholarship: i.e. in what aspects does Florensky’s view of Dante fit into the “Danteana” (“Dante’s text”) of the Silver Age? In this respect, other approaches to Dante’s work in the context in which Florensky’s position was developed are considered, with a special focus on the views of Russian religious thinkers. One of the main hypotheses of this article is that such a way of posing this question is useful to explain the phenomenon of “Russian Dante”, whose originality is mentioned in a number of relevant studies. This article also reveals the way in which the perception of Dante by Russian thought is connected with the assessment of the historical and cultural position that his work occupies. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the re-evaluation of the consolidated vision of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance undertaken by Russian thought. In conclusion, the reason for the increased interest in the phenomenon of Dante within the Silver Age religious and philosophical thought is the recognition of proximity to their own ideological attitudes of the symbolic worldview as is presented in the “Divine Comedy”. In Pavel Florensky’s thought this type of worldview receives not only a philosophical, but also a scientific justification, and is defined by the concept of “concrete metaphysics”.

The paper treats the topic of hermeticism — an esoteric tradition of teachings — with the view to its origins and varying interpretations. In setting research objectives, the text aims at identifying the common structural foundations of myths and ideas of the hermetic genesis and to establish the main vectors of the formation and transformation of esoteric teachings presented in the spiritual domain and reflected in the material culture of Western Europe from the 4th century BC to the present. For the needs of such a comparative study that embraces philosophical, religious and historical phenomena of culture, the following methods are used. As it is mostly the texts that are analyzed, the methodological framework consists of the interpretation of texts and artifacts – all along the line of presentation of historical sequences, of their recursion, of structural and functional aspects. The sources included not only texts, mathematical operations and chemical formulas of previously known alchemic artifacts are also introduced into the comprehensive analysis. The examination of cultural phenomena leads to the systematization of religious origins, historical and philosophical traditions and scientific achievements that underlie the formation of hermeticism. This structuralisation is possible due to the tools for the analysis of the hermetic body developed in this text. The mapping of the historical development of hermeticism is proposed in a three-level paradigm model based on the image of the Thrice-Great Hermes. It is concluded that the basis of the image of Hermes is the invariant of the historical three-level model of cognition of esoteric teachings, for descriptions of which the terms of ABC — paradigm are introduced. Each of the Hermea has own disciplinary paradigm. The first level of Hermes I, the author of cosmogonic visions, A — paradigm, is represented by inner visions (revelations of the cosmic mind or daimonic visions), thus forming the cultural level of mythology, theology. The level of Hermes II, the founder of writing and counting, lies in the realm of concepts of visions ‒ e.g. the Platonic philosophy, geometry, mathematics (B — paradigm). The third level (C — paradigm) is represented by texts and alchemical artifacts (Alexandrian crystal) of Hermes III, the founder of the art of healing and chemistry, that further embodied in empirical sciences, chemistry and astronomy, as well as ancient technological knowledge of the production of metals, glass and dyes. In general, all hermetic disciplines and practices emerge on the basis of this three-level paradigm.

O artigo tem por objetivo apresentar aspectos que podem ser destacados em uma Aritmética do 4º ano primário, editada pela Irmã Franciscana Valesca Volkmer, para o público feminino. Possui uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio de análise documental, sendo um livro de Aritmética do século XX, editado por uma religiosa da Congregação das Irmãs Franciscanas da Penitência e Caridade Cristã de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, a principal fonte primária desta pesquisa histórica, analisada com base em referenciais sobre história cultural. Trata-se de uma obra voltada para o estudo das quatro operações fundamentais com números naturais, múltiplos e divisores, frações ordinárias e decimais, sistema métrico decimal e elementos de geometria plana e espacial. Verificou-se que a autora apresenta definições, procedimentos de cálculo, exemplos, exercícios repetitivos e problemas associados a contextos reais, buscando uma sólida formação em conhecimentos matemáticos práticos e úteis ao público feminino. Com base no exposto, pondera-se que essa obra revela uma proposta de ensino que educava as gerações de alunas das instituições franciscanas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades com o cálculo oral e o cálculo escrito, a partir de um material didático próprio para as aulas de Matemática. Dessa forma, desejava-se que as egressas propagassem a tradição da Ordem das Irmãs Franciscanas, especialmente através de sua ação no magistério de escolas primárias em diferentes comunidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Palavras-chave: História da Educação Matemática. Irmãs Franciscanas. Livro de Aritmética. Cálculo Oral e Escrito. Protagonismo Feminino. AbstractThe paper aims to present aspects that can be highlighted in an Arithmetic of the 4th year primary, edited by Sister Franciscana Valesca Volkmer, for the female audience. It has a qualitative approach, through documentary analysis, being a book of Arithmetic of the 20th century, edited by a religious from the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of Penance and Christian Charity of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, the main primary source of this historical research, analyzed based on references on cultural history. It is a work focused on the study of the four fundamental operations with natural numbers, multiples and divisors, ordinary and decimal fractions, decimal metric system and elements of plane and spatial geometry. It was found that the author presents definitions, calculation procedures, examples, repetitive exercises and problems associated with real contexts, seeking a solid formation in practical and useful mathematical knowledge for the female audience. Based on the foregoing, it is considered that this book reveals a teaching proposal that educated generations of students from Franciscan institutions to develop skills with oral and written calculus, based on own didactic material for classes of Mathematics. In this way, it was hoped that the graduates would propagate the tradition of the Order of Franciscan Sisters, especially through their action in teaching primary schools in different communities in Rio Grande do Sul. Keywords: History of Mathematics Education. Franciscan Sisters. Arithmetic Book. Oral and Written Calculus. Female Protagonism.

A questão norteadora deste estudo é quais conhecimentos algébricos estão presentes nos problemas recreativos da seção Para Pequenos Mathemáticos da revista O Echo, publicada na primeira metade do século XX. O artigo tem por objetivo investigar os conhecimentos algébricos envolvidos nos problemas recreativos da seção Para Pequenos Mathemáticos da revista O Echo. Como o tema se insere na História da Educação Matemática no Rio Grande do Sul, este estudo qualitativo e documental se ampara na história cultural para análise das edições da revista, editada pelo Colégio Anchieta de Porto Alegre, no período de abril de 1914 a dezembro de 1931. O público-alvo do Echo era a comunidade escolar e a mocidade católica brasileira, por meio de textos, histórias, informações e curiosidades, enfatizando os aspectos morais, religiosos e a formação em geral. A seção Para Pequenos Mathemáticos fez parte da revista nos anos de 1919, 1920, 1921 e 1924, destacando-se 63 problemas recreativos propostos nessa seção. Esses estão relacionados, principalmente, com conhecimentos de aritmética, álgebra e geometria. Nos problemas recreativos envolvendo conhecimentos algébricos se observaram aplicações de equações do 1º grau, equações irracionais, equações lineares, sistemas com equações lineares, funções do 1º grau, progressões aritméticas e demonstrações de teoremas algébricos. Também envolvem educação financeira, operações comerciais, carreira profissional e comportamento humano. Diante do exposto, observa-se que os editores da revista O Echo buscavam despertar o interesse e a curiosidade da mocidade estudiosa, contribuindo para a formação da juventude católica nos colégios onde essa revista circulava. Palavras-chave: História da Educação Matemática. Educação Jesuítica. Problemas Recreativos. Álgebra. AbstractThe guiding question of this study is what algebraic knowledge are present in the recreational problems of the section For Small Mathematicians of The Echo magazine, published in the first half of the 20th century. The article aims to investigate the algebraic knowledge involved in the recreational problems of the section For Small Mathematicians of The Echo magazine. As the theme if inserted of the History of Mathematical Education in Rio Grande do Sul, this qualitative and documentary study is based on cultural history for the analysis of the editions of the magazine, published by the Anchieta College of Porto Alegre, from April 1914 to December 1931. The audience of The Echo was the school community and the Brazilian Catholic youth, through texts, stories, information and curiosities, emphasizing the moral, religious aspects and the formation in general. The section For Small Mathematicians section was part of the magazine in the years 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1924, highlighting 63 recreational problems proposed in this section. These are mainly related to knowledge of arithmetic, algebra and geometry. In the recreational problems involving algebraic knowledge, applications of 1st degree equations, irrational equations, linear equations, systems with linear equations, 1st degree functions, arithmetic progressions and demonstrations of algebraic theorems were observed. They also involve financial education, business operations, professional careers and human behavior. Given the above, it is observed that the editors of The Echo magazine sought to arouse the interest and curiosity of the studious youth, contributing to the formation of Catholic youth in the colleges where this magazine circulated. Keywords: History of Mathematics Education. Jesuit Education. Recreational Problems. Algebra.