Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Genocide – history"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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Babayan, M. E. "The Phenomenon of Cultural Genocide: History and Modernity". EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, n.º 3 (18 de outubro de 2020): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-3-99-111.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the «cultural genocide» concept as one of the forms of the genocide crime in order to establish the content of culture as the object of the genocide crime. For this, the historical legal method and the method of case study were used (in particular the practice of destroying the culture of the peoples of the Ottoman Empire. Sri Lanka and Tibet for comparison with the possibility of designating them as a crime of cultural genocide, acting as an element of the genocide crime, or as a separate crime with a meaning different from physical and biological genocide). It is concluded that cultural genocide is not a new component of the genocide crime, but an integral part of genocidal policy, and may constitute the phases of pregenocide or postgenocide or act as a separate crime requiring early warning and suppression.
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Malkidis, Theofanis S. "The Greek Genocide and Smyrna’s Catastrophe: An Overview". International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 8, n.º 1 (30 de maio de 2023): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0040.
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Genocide is a crime against humanity which should be universally condemned. Regardless of the time that passes or the scope of the crime itself, there should be no reduction of the importance of a crime against humanity or the responsibility of those who commit genocide. The 20th century is, without a doubt, an era where the crime of genocide appeared and reappeared consistently. The Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian Genocide and the Holocaust, constituted important genocides perpetrated by illiberal governments that violated numerous human rights, taking millions of lives and eliminating the history and civilization of cities dating backthousands of years. From World War II onwards, “genocide” was coined as a criminal form of behaviour that constitutes one of the most violent crimes one could be charged with. The Greek Genocide, one of the first genocides of the 20th century, is one of the big crimes against humanity that remains unpunished to this day since a large part of a nation that lived on the territory of the Ottoman Empire was murdered. The Smyrna Catastrophe of 1922 constituted the symbolic end of the Greek Genocide.
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Strauss, Ekkehard. "Reconsidering Genocidal Intent in the Interest of Prevention". Global Responsibility to Protect 5, n.º 2 (2013): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00502002.
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Early establishment of evidence for genocidal intent would allow responses in the context of R2P, targeted specifically at the prevention of genocide and focus scarce resources and limited political will. This article is an attempt to develop an interpretation of genocidal intent that supports the application of the obligation to prevent genocide in future situations. Past examples, including the situations in Rwanda and Darfur, demonstrated that the interpretation of genocidal intent has important implications for the application of the obligation to prevent genocide under the Convention. While some of the challenges can be traced back to the drafting history of the Convention, a review of the Travaux Preparatoire reveals very limited cross-references between the discussions on intent and considerations of the obligation to prevent genocide. Since the drafting of the Convention there have been significant developments in the interpretation and application of genocidal intent by national and international courts, and in the development of methodology and institutions for early-warning and early action to respond to situations at risk of genocide. International and national courts would have to acknowledge their role in assisting national and international entities in implementing the obligation to prevent and punish genocide by opting for a ‘prevention-friendly’ interpretation and ensuring punishment as early as possible during unfolding events of genocide through the application of genocidal intent. The interpretation of intent must be opened to subsume relevant precursors of genocide into the definitions of article II and III of the Convention. The interpretation of intent has to evolve over time to link well-established risk factors with the acts of genocide spelled out in the Convention.
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Bruneteau, Bernard. "Génocide. Origines, enjeux et usages d'un concept". Journal of Modern European History 5, n.º 2 (setembro de 2007): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2007_2_165.
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Genocide. Origins, Challenges, and Applications of the Concept After a long period of intellectual formation, the concept of genocide was introduced by Raphael Lemkin in 1944. It suffers, however, from the vagueness of the official definition established by the UN Convention in 1948. That is why this category of crime has been instrumentalized by widely different groups trying to be acknowledged as historical victims, whether these rights were real or not. Despite increasing controversy about problems of collective memory, the field of «genocide studies» has proven to be especially dynamic since the 1990s. The notion of «genocidal process» has become a focus of attention that allows the combination of anthropological, sociological and historical approaches. The question about the relation between genocide and war, which has become increasingly significant for historians, permits the conclusion that the First World War and the «minority question» led to a new sense of justice regarding «crimes against humanities». Although it may seem that Lemkin was influenced by the tragic fate of the Armenian and Jewish peoples, it is nonetheless necessary to discuss the genocidal character of other events, like colonial massacres, Stalinist policy, or ethnic cleansing.
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SHAW, MARTIN. "Britain and genocide: historical and contemporary parameters of national responsibility". Review of International Studies 37, n.º 5 (29 de novembro de 2011): 2417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510001245.
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AbstractThis article (originally given as the Annual War Studies Lecture at King's College, London, on 25 January 2010) challenges the assumption that Britain's relationship to genocide is constituted by its ‘vigilance’ towards the genocide of others. Through a critical overview of the question of genocide in the historical and contemporary politics of the British state and society, the article suggests their wide-ranging, complex relationships to genocide. Utilising a conception of genocide as multi-method social destruction and applying the interpretative frames of the genocide literature, it argues that the British state and elements of identifiably British populations have been involved directly and indirectly in genocide in a number of different international contexts. These are addressed through five themes: the role of genocide in the origins of the British state; the problem of genocide in the Empire and British settler colonialism; Britain's relationships to twentieth-century European genocide; its role in the genocidal violence of decolonisation; and finally, Britain's role in the genocidal crises of the post-Cold War world. The article examines the questions of national responsibility that this survey raises: while rejecting simple ideas of national responsibility as collective guilt, it nevertheless argues that varying kinds of responsibility for genocide attach to British institutions, leaders and population groups at different points in the history surveyed.
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Marsoobian, Armen T. "Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh". Genocide Studies International 15, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2023): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi-2023-0009.
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The propaganda efforts of the authoritarian Aliyev regime in Baku and the general Western ignorance of the history of the South Caucasus have contributed to the lack of meaningful response to the genocidal aggression that Azerbaijan has inflicted on the indigenous Armenians of Artsakh, known to many as Nagorno-Karabakh. The humanitarian crisis created by the Azeri blockade of the Lachin Corridor is only the most recent step in a process of cleansing the region of its Armenian population, a process that began in the early years of the twentieth century. The Ottoman Turkish genocide of Armenians in 1915–1923 is not a distinct event of the past but a process whose ideology is central to the Azeri-Turkish genocidal violence perpetrated against Armenians in the present. An integral component of the processes of genocide is cultural heritage destruction as noted by Raphael Lemkin. The erasure of most signs of the indigenous Armenian presence on its historic homeland was particularly pronounced in the decades following the Armenian Genocide and continues today. Cultural erasure went hand in hand with Turkish state genocide denial and the rewriting and mythologizing of its national narrative. Azerbaijan has been following a similar playbook since the collapse of the Soviet Union. These genocidal processes of denial, heritage destruction, and the rewriting of history are what I describe as “genocide by other means.”
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Bachmann, Klaus. "How to Avoid the Genocide Trap. Genocide as a concept in historiography and social sciences". Do historians fail in listening to each other? Methodological Challenges for Historical Dialogue 1, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54881/111gtkb.
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This article argues that instead of using inconsistent and often tautological ad hoc definitions from social sciences and the humanities, the legal notion of genocide as it emerges from the Genocide Convention and the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals should also be applied to historical atrocities. This helps to prevent the inflationary use of the term ‘genocide’, whose inevitable consequence is that this term is voided of any meaning. Using instead the legal concept makes it possible to disentangle genocidal from non-genocidal violence and to prevent this notion from becoming obsolete. Three examples from German colonial history in Africa illustrate the need for such an approach.
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Nishat, Nusrat Jahan, e Mohammad Pizuar Hossain. "1971 Killing of the ‘Bengali’ Intellectuals: An Analysis from the Perspective of the 1948 Genocide Convention". Contemporary Challenges: The Global Crime, Justice and Security Journal 3 (28 de setembro de 2022): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ccj.v3.7075.
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The lessons of the history of past genocidal incidents expose that the educated and the leaders, collectively called ‘intellectuals’, have often been a distinct target by the perpetrators. Bengali intellectuals were also targeted and killed by the Pakistani military and its local collaborators during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. As the Bangladesh genocide, committed by the Pakistani military and its local collaborators, is still internationally overlooked, the issue of killing the Bengali intellectuals during such genocide has not obtained much attention. This study identifies the killing of the intellectuals as one of the genocidal policies employed by the Pakistani military and its local collaborators during the war. The massacre of the Bengali intellectuals in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War is examined in this article from the perspective of the 1948 Genocide Convention. The authors have critically analyzed the killing of the Bengali intellectuals in light of the definition of ‘genocide’ and the travaux preparatoires of the Convention to explore whether it forms a genocidal policy.
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Surzyn, Jacek. "Holokaust jako ludobójstwo wyjątkowe". Narracje o Zagładzie, n.º 6 (21 de novembro de 2020): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.05.
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The article is dedicated to an analysis of the Holocaust uniqueness against the backdrop of other genocides. Most of all, the text follows the clues from Berel Lang, who interpretsthe Nazi Crime as a perfect genocide, that is, such a genocide that implemented its ideological assumptions fully for the first time in human history. What transpired then was in fact a comprehensive synthesis of “idea” and “actions.” Therefore, the relation between the Holocaust and other genocides turns out to be one-sided: the Holocaust is a genocide but no other genocide is the Holocaust. The category of genocide was, first of all, introduced into international circulation by a Polish lawyer of Jewish origin Rafał Lemkin during the final decade before the outbreak of World War Two. Genocide has become an almost universally acknowledged term, reinforced by the UN declaration of 1947. Mass crimes occurred in human history since the time immemorial. However, their character fundamentally changed with the advent of modernity, when powerful nation states within the framework of ideological postulates managed to give a new dimension to their politics, the one including actions meted out against entire communities: ethnic groups or nations. The Nazi crime of the Holocaust seems to be a unique exemplification of “modernity” (the term introduced in this sense by Zygmunt Bauman), that is, the combination of technicalisation and mass production with strong bureaucratic structure, which resulted in an unimaginable deed of murdering millions of Jews while utilising technical methods. The killing took a form of “production tasks,” which made the moral problems of responsibility and guilt appear in a different light. In the article an attempt is made to show implications stemming from the acceptance of the Holocaust’s uniqueness as “a perfect genocide,” both in its political and social as well as philosophical and moral dimensions.
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Lang, Berel. "BETWEEN GENOCIDE AND “GENOCIDE”". History and Theory 50, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2011): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2011.00584.x.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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Ahmed, Nahleen. "Pluralism and Genocide: Case Study of the Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971". W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625401.
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Kehoe, Earl. "The teaching of history in post-genocide Rwanda : a case-study of a post-genocide secondary school history curriculum". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33446/.
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The focus of this thesis is an investigation of secondary school history in post-genocide Rwanda. The thesis addresses a knowledge gap by examining the 2008 O-level Rwandan history curriculum as a case of a post-genocide secondary school history curriculum. The issues surrounding the construction of the 2008 O-level history curriculum and the wider opportunities and challenges of teaching and learning history in Rwandan schools are addressed. The research is located in the field of literature that investigates school history in different post-genocide and post-conflict countries and the connections between history education, conflict, peace and reconciliation. Research involved two periods of fieldwork in Rwanda of 11 weeks and 16 weeks respectively. During this time curriculum documents were collected and field-notes taken. Also, interviews were conducted with Rwandan policy-makers (3), secondary history teacher-educators (5) and secondary history student-teachers (10). Informal discussions were held with four additional policy-makers. The empirical research was related to the research question: What opportunities and challenges does teaching history face in post-genocide Rwanda - perceptions of what, why and how history is taught to secondary school pupils? A thematic analysis of the data resulted in three key inter-related findings. Firstly, there are competing policy visions and curriculum processes at the heart of the 2008 O-level secondary school history curriculum. Secondly, the memory of the 1994 genocide is central to the 2008 O-level history curriculum construction (policy), mediation (teacher-educators) and implementation (student-teachers). Finally, and related to finding two above, limited learner-centeredness in student-teachers’ classroom practice demonstrates how the legacy of the Rwandan 1994 genocide impacts on the delivery of the 2008 O-level history curriculum. Based on these findings the thesis makes three original contributions to knowledge. The legacy of the genocide in terms of post-genocide fears of future violence and aspirations for unity and reconciliation needs to be at the centre of our understanding of school history curriculum reform in post-genocide Rwanda. Also, over 20 years after the 1994 genocide the on-going emotional legacy of the genocide in the classroom shapes the classroom practice of a new and university trained generation of history teachers. Yet, student-teacher classroom practice also challenges the uniform depiction of teacher-led history teaching by writers, suggesting a more complex history classroom reality. Finally, this is the first empirical study to use the theoretical framework of ‘unity in homogeneity’, ‘unity in diversity’ and ‘diversity’ approaches to frame and investigate the opportunities and challenges the teaching of history faces in post-genocide Rwanda.
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BAHIA, RENATO SABBAGH. "GENOCIDE AND ITS POLITICAL USE: A CONCEPTUAL HISTORY". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30952@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O presente trabalho propõe uma investigação de algumas das condições de possibilidade quanto ao conceito de Genocídio. Buscando entender alguns dos limites políticos e sociais na utilização do termo Genocídio – no Internacional ou não -, estabelece-se uma análise que tenta conciliar as bases que tornam possível a invenção do conceito em 1944 pelo jurista polonês Raphael Lemkin, bem como sua recepção, abordagem, e disputas quanto ao que o conceito deve(ria) significar entre 1944 e dezembro de 1948, quando a Convenção para a Prevenção e a Repressão do Crime de Genocídio foi aprovada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas. Mais do que apenas determinar a politização (Politisierung) do Conceito, argumenta-se que um entendimento sobre o que Genocídio é ou deveria ser, seja no recorte temporal proposto, seja nos debates que se seguem no Campo de Estudos sobre Genocídio, requer uma abordagem que reflita as múltiplas temporalidades que cada reinvindicação de significado do Conceito traz em si.
This work seeks to investigate a few of the conditions of possibility for a concept of Genocide. By establishing an analysis that tries to reconcile the basis under which the creation of the concept in 1944, as well as its reception, take and dispute of what the concept must (have) mean(t) between 1944 and December 1948, when the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, this work aims for an understanding of a few of the political and social limits on the employment of the term Genocide. More than just considering the politicisation (Politisierung), it is argued that a certain understanding of what Genocide is or ought to be, be it through the proposed temporal frame or through the debates that follow in the Field of Genocide Studies, requires an approach that reflects on the multiple temporalities that each claim for a certain meaning that is brought within the Concept.
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Grimshaw, Daniel. "Britain’s Response to the Herero and Nama Genocide, 1904-07 : A Realist Perspective on Britain’s Assistance to Germany During the Genocide in German South-West Africa". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Hugo Valentin-centrum, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396604.
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Ubald, Rafiki. "The Role of the Bourgmestres during the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Hugo Valentin-centrum, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353268.
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In this thesis I use qualitative comparative methods to analyze The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) court transcripts related to bourgmestres who were in office at the time of the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994. I argue that a few bourgmestres resisted the genocide, others engaged in the genocide after a short-lived resistance, while a larger number totally engaged in the genocide. I propose that moral disengagement and dehumanization, altruistic dispositions, or deep-seated ethno-nationalist convictions help account for the different actions and attitudes of the bourgmestres in the genocide. Finally, I found that the Rwandan government implemented genocide regardless of the opposition, the direct and/or indirect involvement of the concerned bourgmestres. Key words: genocide, bourgmestre, Rwanda, ICTR, commune, actions, attitudes.
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Gelber, Emily O. S. "Fear of Forgetting: How Societies Deal with Genocide". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/382.
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This thesis discusses how certain societies (Germany, Israel, and Argentina) that have been involved in two documented cases of genocide in the 20th Century -- one that was the source for and falls within the United Nations Treaty definition of genocide (the Holocaust), and one that does not (the Dirty War in Argentina) --have dealt with these events in their recent past. In dealing with these issues, the thesis employs the analysis of genocide developed by the Argentine scholar, Daniel Feierstein, who has proposed that all genocides progress through a series of steps that first create what he calls a "negative otherness" to the victims of the genocide, that then isolates and debilitates the victim group, and that ultimately leads, as a penultimate (not final) step, to the physical annihilation of the victims of the genocide. Feierstein's most novel and provocative contribution to the study of genocide, however, is his concept that there is an additional and final step -- which he calls the threat of “symbolic realization” -- that will actually take place in society after the killing or physical annihilation has been completed and the historical order of things has been restored. In Feierstein’s view, the purpose of genocide is to use the technologies of power of the state against the victim group in order to permanently change social relations within the state by excluding and then annihilating the victims of the genocide. For this reason, Feierstein argues that, unless the post-genocide society continues to confront the causes and reality of the genocide as a present and ongoing political and social dynamic in the society, so that the memory and cultural and social presence of the victim group is preserved in an immediate way, the genocide will be realized on a symbolic level in the sense that the change of social relations that the perpetrators of the genocide intended will in fact occur. In the analysis that follows of the issues of assigning culpability, providing reparations, and constructing memorials in post-genocide societies, the thesis argues that, whether consciously articulated or not, what drives the bitter controversy and debates over these matters in post-genocide societies is an underlying fear on the part of victims and victim groups that the significance of what they have suffered and why they have suffered will be lost and forgotten (symbolically realized, in Feierstein’s terminology) in the state's efforts at reconciliation precisely through the process of assigning guilt, awarding reparations, and constructing memorials. Going a step beyond where Feierstein leaves off, the thesis suggests, however, that this sort of symbolic realization is, in fact, an inevitable and unavoidable consequence of the process of writing the history of the genocide (or any event) and the detachment, analysis, contextualization, reductiveness, and simplification that history requires.
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Basuayi, Clement Bula. "Fertility in Rwanda: Impact of genocide, an ananlysis of fertility before, during and after 1994 genocide". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3790_1248421768.
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The 20th century has witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example. These wars and genocides have impacted on the socio-economic and demographic transition with resounding crisis. The present study focused on the Rwandan genocide which affected households and families by reducing the fertility rate. Hence the fertility transition in Rwanda was analyzed for the period before, during and after genocide.
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Bryant, Michael Scott. "Words That Kill : Reflections on the Rhetoric of Genocide". The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391602111.
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Hudson, Rica. "Love Thy Neighbor: Genocide in Africa". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/764.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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Stone, Daniel. "The construction of the Holocaust : genocide and the philosophy of history". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361889.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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Maeda, Akira. Jenosaidoron: =Genocide and genocidal rape. Tōkyō: Aoki Shoten, 2002.
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Rubinstein, W. D. Genocide. Harlow: Longman, 2004.
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Moses, A. Dirk. Genocide. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
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Moses, A. Dirk. Genocide. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
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Dirk, Moses A., ed. Genocide. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.
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Abramovich, Galkin Aleksandr, ed. Genocide. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985.
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1963-, Jones Adam, ed. Genocide. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008.
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Armenian genocide: Armenocide - the most genocidal genocide, in ten languages of the world. Erevan: "Zangak-97" Pub. House, 2009.
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Grant, R. G. Genocide. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999.
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Haerens, Margaret. Genocide. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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Gaita, Raimond. "Genocide". In The History of Evil in the Early Twentieth Century, 202–23. 1 [edition]. | New York : Routledge-Taylor & Francis, 2016.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351138369-13.
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Stauffer, Jill. "Law and Oral History". In Logics of Genocide, 208–25. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in contemporary philosophy: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003056614-15.
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Payaslian, Simon. "The Armenian Genocide". In The History of Armenia, 125–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230608580_6.
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Cooper, John. "The History of Genocide". In Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention, 230–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582736_16.
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Jones, Adam. "Genocide and Global/World History". In Sites of Genocide, 25–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003172963-3.
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Travis, Hannibal. "The Assyrian genocide across history". In The Assyrian Genocide, 1–91. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge studies in modern history ; 29: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315269832-1.
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Akçam, Taner. "Facing History: Denial and the Turkish National Security Concept". In Confronting Genocide, 151–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9840-5_10.
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Gunter, Michael M. "What Is Genocide?" In Armenian History and the Question of Genocide, 27–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118874_2.
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Gallois, William. "An Algerian Genocide?" In A History of Violence in the Early Algerian Colony, 145–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137313706_7.
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Bachmann, Klaus. "The Genocide and Its Consequences". In A History of Rwanda, 171–228. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003291923-7.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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خزعل جبر, لؤي. "Social Psychological Dynamics of the Saddamist and ISIS genocides in Iraq". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/11.
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Genocide is an attempt to wipe out an entire group of human beings, either directly by killing them, or indirectly by creating conditions favorable to their death, for disciplinary purposes aimed at punishing, blaming and retaliating against the victim, routine institutionalization in the context of war, utilitarianism aimed at achieving a specific gain, A monopoly aimed at identifying the dominant in power, and an ideology aimed at creating an optimal society and erasing all that is impure. The scientific study of genocide in a calm cognitive way is a humanitarian and historical necessity, because the horrific and tragic outcomes of this phenomenon threaten the depth of human existence and human values. It is a complex phenomenon that can be approached from multiple sides, philosophical, political, sociological, economic, historical and psychological, each of these approaches has a great value in understanding the phenomenon, but the psychological and social dimensions are at the core of these approaches. In a previous study by the researcher on the Iraqi historical memory (Ghabr, 2014), the strength of the presence of the genocides - Saddamism and terrorism - was found among the most important events in contemporary Iraqi history in the Iraqi historical memory, and it fell within the first factor (suffering) in the content of that memory, the factor that Intertwined with a complex web of relationships with political cultures and social movements. Therefore, the current study will work on clarifying the psychosocial dynamics of genocide through a comprehensive review of the specialized literature, and employing those insights in understanding the genocide in the Iraqi context, as the Iraqi context witnessed multiple and horrific genocide campaigns, in the time of totalitarianism and Daaeshism, and such an approach constitutes an existential necessity in Iraq.
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Abdalhusein Almtlak, Asmar. "The genocide crimes of ISIS gangs in Iraq 2014-2017". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/41.
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During the period confined between 2014-2017, the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took control of a number of important cities in Iraq, and the organization led a wide campaign of violence and systematic violations of human rights and international law, which amounts to war crimes and crimes against humanity. 0 The Iraqi people were subjected to the largest brutal crime in the history of humanity when these terrorist elements targeted women, children, civilians and minorities, as well as religion and belief, and committed many crimes of genocide against them.
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KARIM SHARIF, BAQI. "Genocide And strategies to confront it from an Islamic perspective". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/46.
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"Genocide And strategies to confront it from an Islamic perspective Genocide is the nightmare and black point in human history, which unfortunately is committed by human beings as individuals or groups, or even governments and countries against the brotherhood of human being. The mass extermination was the extermination of a family and a group, or a nationality and a sect, in a place because of the justification for their national, sectarian and religious affiliations. Or was their extermination because of their race and color, or because of the location of the geography rich in economic materials, or because of their opposition to the type of government that governs them. Whatever the justifications and causes of genocide, it is a heinous act of every human being with a common sense and a balanced mind; Because committing it is not worthy of a human being as a human being, and is in no way consistent with his position as the smartest living being in the universe, and as the master of it, and as it is a condemned, criminal and forbidden act, then a warrior in international laws and heavenly religions. The researcher in this research puts his hand on legislative, economic and social strategies, with the aim of essentially eliminating this ugly and malicious cancerous behavior, and the work that everyone with a healthy nature disgusts with does not strip away the qualities and characteristics that are unique to humans and distinguish them from other living creatures. Beginning with the definition of genocide, then a brief presentation of its genesis and its most important causes, and then focus on strategies to confront, combat, and eliminate it. "
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Ramdhan Mhammed, Hamdan. ""Requirements for promoting a culture of peaceful coexistence and inclusion In the city of Mosul An analytical study from a social perspective "". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/3.
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" The current research aims to identify the nature and reality of peaceful coexistence in the city of Mosul, by determining its levels and assessing its social dimensions among its various components in the city, for the purpose of reaching the possibility of developing the feelings of its members and activating their role in achieving harmony and harmony, accepting the other, living in luxury, etc. Positive in providing stability and social and political security and identifying the resulting problems. As the importance of this research is revealed in revealing the basic dimensions of peaceful coexistence between the various social components in the city of Mosul and identifying the manifestations of these dimensions and their factors depending on measuring the extent of the cohesion of individuals and accepting or rejecting coexistence among them. This is because identifying this reality and the dimensions, manifestations and factors that support and affect it and are related to it would facilitate the consolidation of its activities and social relations between these social components in the social reality of the city. Not to mention that, the contemporary Iraqi street, specifically the city of Mosul after the American occupation of Iraq, witnessed problems and disturbances that humanity has not witnessed throughout the history of its civilized development, which affected social construction, and these problems crystallized and were born due to several reasons and accumulated reasons and silence their shape and content in the Iraqi scene, so the individuals in the city. They are more influential because they are more interacting with each other in social reality, and it is from these bases that the importance of the subject we are studying comes from. "
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AbdalKhabir Ali, Ali, e Hajar Salah Auda. "The effect of marsh draining on biodiversity". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/64.
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"The marsh represents a rare natural environment of its kind for a number of reasons. First, the marshes were the cradle of the Sumerian civilization and an environment that embraces a unique biodiversity. Its geography and vast area, which is equivalent to the size of a country like Lebanon, made it a resting place and provided food and reproduction for migratory birds. It is worthy of being included in the World Heritage List as one of the treasures of the world that must be preserved, but unfortunately, the Iraqi marshes have not been subjected throughout history to extensive and systematic drying operations, which reached 95% of their total area, as they were exposed to during the era of the previous dictatorial regime in the nineties of last century, which led to the emergence of a number of environmental problems that collectively led to the disruption of natural ecological balance through the loss of the ability to achieve the environmental balance and causing biological diversity damage . This is as a result of the lack of incoming water resources and the high percentage of salinity and pollution, which caused the death of huge numbers of wildlife and aquatic life, as well as the extinction of large numbers of them, causing a mass migration of the population of those areas to other areas that provide them with a minimum standard of decent living after they lost their main sources of livelihood represented by fishing and raising animals. The paper aims to present a study on the impact of the widespread and systematic drying stages that began after the Iran-Iraq war in the eighties of last century and culminated in the nineties, bringing the percentage of the remaining water from the marshes to 5% in 2002, and the extent of its impact on the destruction of the environment and biodiversity, which includes humans and animals, as well as migratory birds from Siberia to the Indian subcontinent, which lost their habitats and places for laying eggs and breeding. It will also present a number of solutions that will help reduce the environmental degradation that the marshes have been exposed to."
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أحمد براهیم, شمال. "The social foundations of peaceful coexistence in the Iraqi constitutions - a comparative study between texts and reality". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/7.
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" The process of building peaceful coexistence within societies is the basis upon which the entity of society and the state is based and its survival, and this process must be reflected in legal texts starting from the constitution and ending with laws, instructions and practices that include principles that contribute to: The stability of society and the state. But the lesson is not only in the texts, but these texts must be reflected in steps on the ground, so that they are integrated with each other, for the purpose of building a homogeneous and integrated society. If we look at modern Iraqi history, we will find that there are three stages of the life of the Iraqi state that witnessed three constitutions that included the elements of peaceful coexistence, and reality witnessed obstacles to these ingredients and these three stages are: the stage of establishing the Iraqi state, which is represented in the Iraqi Basic Law of 1925, and The stage of changing the state’s pattern from a monarchy to a republic, the impact of a military coup, represented in the temporary Iraqi Constitution of 1958, and finally the stage of building the Iraqi state after 2003, represented in the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005, and these stages and the events and developments they witnessed have raised several questions and Of which: - What are the principles of peaceful coexistence in theory? - What are the legal texts in the three Iraqi constitutions on the social foundations of peaceful coexistence, and were these texts reflected on the ground? - Is the reality of peaceful coexistence in Iraq consistent with the principles stated in the Iraqi constitutions, especially the 2005 constitution? The importance of this study comes from what it discussed in the foundations of peaceful coexistence within societies that witnessed internal conflicts, and the Iraqi society is not far from them, also through its research on the foundations of peaceful coexistence, especially social ones in the three comparative Iraqi constitutions and the extent of their manifestation in governmental or semi-governmental institutions government to consolidate the foundations of coexistence among the various components of Iraqi society. The main hypothesis of this research is (The texts of the constitution are not the only guarantor for building peaceful coexistence within society, unless these texts are reflected in the way state institutions deal with social components). For the purpose of answering the previous questions and verifying the mentioned hypothesis, we divided the research into the following two sections: The first topic dealt with the concept of peaceful coexistence and its principles and social foundations, while the second topic we searched for the principles of peaceful coexistence in the Iraqi constitutions compared with their social foundations, as we concluded the research In conclusion, it contains conclusions and recommendations, as well as a list of sources. "
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Sharkey, Nolan, e Tetiana Muzyka. "Foundation Atrocities and Public History: The Role of Lawyers in Finding Truth". In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.16.
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History provides the basis for nations’ existence. Yet, history is capable of telling different stories in relation to the same events. It is also open to manipulation and distortion. More so than ever, this is the case with the easy availability and cross border reach of many forms of media. In addition, the concept of public history recognises that representations of history are not made solely by professional historians. The conclusion that must be reached from this is that history is open to contesting and it is not necessarily a fair contest favouring accuracy. This paper argues that law and legal scholars can play a role in settling significant historical disputes by applying the rigour of legal dispute settlement institutions. Consideration of evidence and narrowing arguments to relevant issues are of significant worth. These possibilities are illustrated through the debates surrounding two significant atrocities of history, the Great Irish Famine and the Ukrainian Holodomor. Both events have a critical place in the nation-building of the Irish and the Ukrainians, yet the debate rages on as to whether they may or may not be genocide. We review the historical issues and the genocide issue and suggest that legal scholars rather than historians may assist in settling rather than perpetuating the disputes.
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M. Ali Jabara, Kawthar. "The forced displacement of Jews in Iraq and the manifestations of return In the movie "Venice of the East"". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/1.
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The character of the Jew was absent from Iraqi cinematic works, while it was present in many Arab cinematic works produced in other Arab countries, and the manner of presenting these characters and the goals behind choosing that method differed. While this character was absent from the Iraqi cinematic narration, it was present in the Iraqi novelist narration, especially after the year 2003. Its presence in the Iraqi narration was diverse, due to the specificity of the Iraqi Jewish character and its attachment to the idea of being an Iraqi citizen, and the exclusion and forced displacement that Jews were subjected to in the modern history of Iraq. This absence in the cinematic texts is a continuation of this enforced absence. The Jewish character was never present in the Iraqi cinematic narration, as far as we know, except in one short fictional movie, which is the subject of this research. The research dealt with the movie “Venice of the East 2018” by screenwriter Mustafa Sattar Al-Rikabi and director Bahaa Al-Kazemi. We chose this movie for several reasons, some technical and some non-technical. One of the non-technical reasons is that feature cinematic texts rarely dealt with Jewish characters. The movie is the only Iraqi feature movie, according to our knowledge, produced after 2003, dealt with these characters, and assumed that one of them would return to Iraq. Therefore, our choice was while we were thinking of a research sample dealing with the personality of the Iraqi Jew and what is related to him and how it was expressed graphically. As for the technical reasons, it is due to the quality of the cinematic language level that the director employed to express what he wants in this movie, whose only hero is the character of the unnamed Jewish man played by the Iraqi actor (Sami Kaftan). As well as, many of the signs contained in the visual text that provide indications that may be conscious or unconscious of the situation of this segment of Iraqis, and this will become clear in the course of the research. 4 The research is divided into a number of subjects, including historical theory and applied cinema. The historical subjects included a set of points, namely (the Jews who they are and where they live) and (their presence in Iraq). The research then passed on the existence of (the Jewish character in the Iraqi narrative narrative), and how the Iraqi novelist dealt with the Jew in his novels after 2003, and does the Iraqi narration distinguish between the Jew and the Israeli or the Zionist. The applied part of the research followed, and included a (critical view of the movie) and then passed on the cinematic narration of events in the last subject (the narration of the cinematography). We studied the cinematic narration from three perspectives (cinematic shots, camera movement, camera angle and point of view), the research concluded with a set of results from criticism and analysis. It is worth mentioning that this research is an integral part of a previous unpublished study entitled (Ethnographic movie as artistic memory), which is an ethnographic study of the personality of the Jew in the Iraqi short movie.
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أبو الحسن اسماعيل, علاء. "Assessing the Political Ideology in the Excerpts Cited from the Speeches and Resolutions of the Former Regime After the Acts of Genocide". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/2.
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If killing a single person is considered as a major crime that forbidden by Sharia and law at the international level and at the level of all religions and divine legislation, so what about the concept of genocide!! Here, not just an individual with a weak influence on society is killed, but thousands of individuals, that means an entire nation, a future, energy and human and intellectual capabilities that can tip the scales, and on the other hand, broken and half-dead hearts are left behind from the horrific scenes of killing they witnessed before their eyes, moreover, the massacres of genocide continues to excrete its remnants and consequences for long years and for successive generations, and it may generate grudges of revenge among generations that did not receive the adequate awareness and psychological support which are necessary to rehabilitate these generations to benefit from the tragedies and bitter experiences of life to turn them into lessons and incentives to achieve progress and advancement. Genocide is a deadly poison whose toxic effect extends from generations to others unless it is wisely controlled. Here the role of the international community and its legal, legislative and humanitarian stance from these crimes is so important and supportive. Genocide can be occurred on two levels: external and internal. As for genocide on the external level: this is what happened at the hands of foreign powers against a certain people for colonial and expansionist goals in favor of the occupier or usurper. There are many examples throughout history, such as the Ottoman and British occupations...etc Whereas genocide at the internal level, can be defined as the repressive actions that governments practice against their own people for goals that could be extremist, racist or dictatorial, such as t ""Al-Anfal"" massacre in 1988 carried out by the previous regime against the Kurds in the Kurdistan region. The number of victims amounted at one hundred thousand martyrs, most of them were innocent and unarmed people from children, women and the elderly, and also the genocide which was practiced against of the organizers of Al-Shaibania Revolution in 1991 was another example of genocide in the internal level. It is possible to deduce a third level between the external and internal levels, which is the genocide that is done at the hands of internal elements from the people of the country, but in implementation of external agendas, for example, the scenes of organized and systematic sectarian killing that we witnessed daily during (2007) and (2008), followed by dozens of bloody explosions in various regions throughout the capital, which unfortunately was practiced by the people of the country who were misguided elements in order to destabilize the security of the country and we did not know until this moment in favor of which external party!! In the three aforementioned cases, nothing can justify the act of killing or genocide, but in my personal opinion, I see that genocide at the hands of foreign forces is less drastic effects than the genocides that done at the hands of internal forces that kill their own people to impose their control and to defense their survival, from the perspective of ""the survival for the strongest, the most criminal and the most dictatorial. The matter which actually dragged the country into the abyss and the ages of darkness and ignorance. As for the foreign occupier, he remains an occupier, and it is so natural for him to be resentful and spiteful and to keep moving with the bragging theory of that (the end justifies the means) and usurping lands illegally, but perhaps recently the occupier has begun to exploit loopholes in international laws and try to gain the support of the international community and international organizations to prove the legitimacy of what has no legitimacy, in the end to achieve goals which pour into the interest of the occupiers' country and from the principle of building the happiness and well-being of the occupiers' people at the expense of the misery and injustice of other peoples!! This remains absolutely dehumanizing societal crime, but at least it has a positive side, which is maximizing economic resources and thus achieving the welfare of a people at the expense of seizing the wealth of the occupied country. This remains the goal of the occupier since the beginning of creation to this day, but today the occupation associated with the horrific and systematic killing has begun to take a new template by framing the ugliness of the crime with humanitarian goals and the worst, to exploit religion to cover their criminal acts. A good example of this is the genocide that took place at the hands of the terrorist organization ISIS, that contradictory organization who adopted the religion which forbids killing and considers it as one of the greatest sins as a means to practice the most heinous types of killing that contemporary history has witnessed!! The ""Spiker"" and ""Sinjar"" massacres in 2014 are the best evidence of this duality in the ideology of this terrorist organization. We may note that the more we advance in time, the more justification for the crimes of murder and genocide increases. For example, we all know the first crimes of genocide represented by the fall of Baghdad at the hands of the Mongol leader ""Hulagu"" in 1258. At that time, the crimes of genocide did not need justification, as they were practiced openly and insolently for subversive, barbaric and criminal goals!! The question here imposes itself: why were the crimes of genocide in the past practiced openly and publicly without need to justify the ugliness of the act? And over time, the crimes of genocide began to be framed by pretexts to legitimize what is prohibited, and to permit what is forbidden!! Or to clothe brutality and barbarism in the patchwork quilt of humanity?? And with this question, crossed my mind the following ""Aya"" from the Glorious Quran (and do not kill the soul that God has forbidden except in the right) , this an explicit ""Aya"" that prohibits killing and permits it only in the right, through the use of the exception tool (except) that permits what coming after it . But the"" right"" that God describes in the glorious Quran has been translated by the human tongues into many forms and faces of falsehood!! Anyway, expect the answer of this controversial question within the results of this study. This study will discuss the axis of (ideologies of various types and genocide), as we will analyze excerpts from the speeches of the former regime that were announced on the local media after each act of genocide or purification, as the former regime described at that time, but the difference in this study is that the analysis will be according to a scientific and thoughtful approach which is far from the personal ideology of the researcher. The analysis will be based on a model proposed by the contemporary Dutch scientist ""Teun A. Van Dijk"". Born in 1943, ""Van Dijk"" is a distinguished scholar and teaching in major international universities. He has authored many approved books as curricula for teaching in the field of linguistics and political discourse analysis. In this study, Van Dijk's Model will be adopted to analyze political discourse ideologies according to forty-one criteria. The analysis process will be conducted in full transparency and credibility in accordance with these criteria without imposing the researcher's personal views. This study aims to shed light on the way of thinking that the dictatorial regimes adopt to impose their existence by force against the will of the people, which can be used to develop peoples' awareness to understand and analyze political statements in a scientific way away from the inherited ideologies imposed by customs, clan traditions, religion, doctrine and nationalism. With accurate scientific diagnosis, we put our hand on the wounds. So we can cure them and also remove the scars of these wounds. This is what we seek in this study, diagnosis and therefore suggesting the suitable treatment "
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Sinyaeva, Natella. "Genocide against the inhabitants of the ussr during the great patriotic war during the siege of leningrad". In Development of legal systems of Russia and foreign countries : problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02110-1-148-155.
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The article discusses the problems and legal approaches to the adoption of regulatory decisions regarding the recognition of the genocide of the inhabitants of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War by Nazi Germany and its allies. As an example, the problematic situation regarding the recognition of the genocide of the Soviet people during the siege of Leningrad in 1941–1944 is given. It is noted that according to the results of the Nuremberg trials in 1945, due to insufficient evidence, the actions of the fascists were recognized as a war crime, but not a crime against humanity, which is genocide according to international regulations. The situation changed only in 2022, when, after a request from the prosecutor’s office to the court and the provision of additional evidence of the crimes of fascists during the Great Patriotic War in the Leningrad region, a verdict was passed on the recognition of the genocide of Soviet citizens during the siege of Leningrad. This looks important from the perspective of the right assessment of the actions of the invaders and their commission of crimes that do not have a statute of limitations, which may have a further international effect. It is concluded that in the conditions of the falsification of historical facts by a number of Western states, the recognition of the crimes of fascism against the Soviet people as the most serious, directed against humanity, has not only important international significance, but also a deep inner meaning in the situation of the need to develop patriotism, pride and respect for their national history.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Genocide – history"
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Stelmakh, Marta. RUSSIA’S GENOCIDAL WAR AGAINST UKRAINE: THE QUESTION OF QUALIFICATION (BASED ON TIMOTHY SNYDER’S WORKS). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, março de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12157.
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The article analyses the topic of the genocidal policy and actions of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine in the works of Timothy Snyder. The subject of the research is the genocidal component of the Russian-Ukrainian war, as well as the reasons and evidence of the genocidal intentions of the Russian authorities in Timothy Snyder’s reasoning. The objective of the study is to establish the specifics of the elucidation of the reasons and evidence of the genocidal component in Russia’s policy against Ukraine in the scientist’s writings. The following methods were used in the process of scientific research: systematic, comparative, content analysis, historical, and their combination. The research highlights the main theses and ideas of the author regarding the facts of Russia’s expansionist position against Ukraine. Moreover, the study specifies the main theses of the author, which he uses to explain the reluctance of the world community to recognise the war in Ukraine as genocidal. In addition to this, the research states and describes nine features presented by Timothy Snyder to prove the intentions of the Russian Federation to exterminate Ukrainians as a nation. He also notes that the authorities of the terrorist country are doing everything to deprive the concepts of “Nazi” and “genocide” of any meaning, as well as make sure that the history of the Holocaust or the Second World War does not bring any lessons to future generations. The findings of our research are important for journalists and scholars who cover and examine the Russian-Ukrainian War and its historical context. In addition, they will aid our country in confronting the propaganda and lies spread by the Russian Federation, because Timothy Snyder explores the topic of Ukraine, as well as the longevity of Russian-Ukrainian relations in his works. Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war; genocide; propaganda; Timothy Snyder.
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Buchanan, Riley, Daniel Elias, Darren Holden, Daniel Baldino, Martin Drum e Richard P. Hamilton. The archive hunter: The life and work of Leslie R. Marchant. The University of Notre Dame Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/reports/2021.2.
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Professor Leslie R. Marchant was a Western Australian historian of international renown. Richly educated as a child in political philosophy and critical reason, Marchant’s understandings of western political philosophies were deepened in World War Two when serving with an international crew of the merchant navy. After the war’s end, Marchant was appointed as a Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia’s Depart of Native Affairs. His passionate belief in Enlightenment ideals, including the equality of all people, was challenged by his experiences as a Protector. Leaving that role, he commenced his studies at The University of Western Australia where, in 1952, his Honours thesis made an early case that genocide had been committed in the administration of Aboriginal people in Western Australia. In the years that followed, Marchant became an early researcher of modern China and its relationship with the West, and won respect for his archival research of French maritime history in the Asia-Pacific. This work, including the publication of France Australe in 1982, was later recognised with the award of a French knighthood, the Chevalier d’Ordre National du Mèrite, and his election as a fellow to the Royal Geographical Society. In this festschrift, scholars from The University of Notre Dame Australia appraise Marchant’s work in such areas as Aboriginal history and policy, Westminster traditions, political philosophy, Australia and China and French maritime history.
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Shammo, Turkiya, Diana Amin Saleh e Nassima Khalaf. Displaced Yazidi Women in Iraq: Persecution and Discrimination Based on Gender, Religion, Ethnic Identity and Displacement. Institute of Development Studies, dezembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.010.
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This CREID Policy Briefing provides recommendations to address the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion faced by displaced Yazidi women in Iraq. Throughout the history of their presence in Iraq, the Yazidis have experienced harassment, persecution, killing and displacement. Most recently, they have been exposed to genocide from the Islamic State (ISIS) group after they took control of Sinjar district and the cities of Bahzani and Bashiqa in the Nineveh Plain in 2014, destroying Yazidi homes, schools, businesses and places of worship. Yazidi people were killed or forced to convert to Islam. Over 6,000 were kidnapped, including over 3,500 women and girls, many of whom were forced into sexual slavery. Men and boys were murdered or forced to become soldiers. Any remaining citizens were displaced. Seven years later, more than 2,000 Yazidi women and children were still missing or in captivity, more than 100,000 Yazidis had migrated abroad, and over 200,000 Yazidi people were still displaced, living in camps.
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Lylo, Taras. Російсько-українська війна в інтерпретаціях іранського видання «The Tehran Times»: основні ідеологеми та маніпулятивні прийоми. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11730.
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The article analyzes the main ideologemes in the Iranian English-language newspaper The Tehran Times about the Russian-Ukrainian war. Particular attention is paid to such ideologemes as “NATO-created Ukraine war”, “Western racism”, “an average European is a victim of the US policy”. The author claims that the newspaper is a repeater of anti-Ukrainian ideologemes by the Russian propaganda, including such as “coup d’état in Ukraine”, “denazification”, “special military operation”, “conflict in Ukraine”, “genocide in Donbas”, but retranslates them in a specific way: the journalists of The Tehran Times do not often use such ideologemes, but mainly ensure their functioning in the newspaper due to the biased selection of external authors (mainly from the USA), who are carriers of the cognitive curvature. The object of the research is also the manipulative techniques of the newspaper (the appeal to “common sense”, simplification of a complex problem, etc.). Methods of modeling the image of the enemy are also studied (first of all, such an enemy for the Tehran Times is the USA), among which categoricalness occupies a special place (all features of the opponent are interpreted not only at its own discretion, but indisputably; such and only such perception of the opponent is “the ultimate truth”), stereotypes (stereotypes replace the true knowledge), demonization (the opponent is portrayed as the embodiment of absolute, metaphysical evil) and asynchrony (an astronomer’s view, who sees a star as if it was the same all eternity to this point. The dynamics of history is ignored by propagandist). Keywords: ideologeme, manipulative techniques, Russia, racism, propaganda.
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl. STUDENTS EVALUATE THE TEACHING OF THE ACADEMIC SUBJECT. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, março de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12159.
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The article reveals and characterizes the methodological features of teaching the discipline «Intellectual and Psychological Foundations of Mass Media Functioning» on the third year of the Faculty of Journalism at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. The focus is on the principles, functions, and standards of journalistic creativity during the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. As the Russian genocidal, terrorist, and ecocidal war has posed acute challenges to the education and upbringing of student youth. A young person is called not only to acquire knowledge but to receive them simultaneously with comprehensive national, civic, and moral-spiritual upbringing. Teaching and educating students, the future journalists, on Ukrainian-centric, nation-building principles ensure a sense of unity between current socio-political processes and historical past, and open an intellectual window to Ukraine’s future. The teaching of the course ‘Intellectual-Psychological Foundations of Mass Media Functioning’ (lectures and practical classes, creative written assignments) is grounded in the philosophy of national education and upbringing, aimed at shaping a citizen-patriot and a knight, as only such a citizen is capable of selfless service to their own people, heroic struggle for freedom, and the united Ukrainian national state. The article presents student creative works, the aim of which is to develop historical national memory in students, promote the ideals of spiritual unity and integrity of Ukrainian identity, nurture the life-sustaining values of the Ukrainian language and culture, perpetuate the symbols of statehood, and strengthen the moral dignity and greatness of Ukrainian heroism. A methodology for assessing students’ pedagogical-professional competence and the fairness of teachers who deliver lectures and conduct practical classes has been summarized. The survey questions allow students to express their attitudes towards the content, methods, and forms of the educational process, which involves the application of experience from European and American countries, but the main emphasis is on the application of Ukrainian ethnopedagogy. Its defining ideas are democracy, populism, and patriotism, enriched with a distinct nation-building potential, which instills among students a unique culture of genuine Ukrainian history, the Ukrainian language and literature, national culture, and high journalistic professionalism. Key words: educator, student, journalism, education, patriotism, competence, national consciousness, Russian-Ukrainian war, professionalism.