Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Gènes dominants"
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Bellamy, Charlotte. "Functional characterization of a novel mutation in PRKCA, the major driver of Chordoid glioma". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL052.
Texto completo da fonteChordoid glioma (ChG) is a rare low-grade brain tumor, characterised by a novel recurrent point mutation PRKCA p.D463H, a substitution in the kinase domain of Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). This study demonstrates the role of this mutated kinase in the development of ChGs. Here we show the inactivation and dominant negative effect of PKCαD463H via in vitro and In cellulo activity assays. Our results show the mutation affects the tertiary structure, resulting in an open, unstable protein. Phosphoproteomic and Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry data from HEK cells overexpressing PKC⍺D463H show decreased phosphorylation and interaction with proteins involved in cell adhesion. We confirm genetically through single nuclei RNAseq that ChGs derive from specialised tanycytes. By understanding the cell context of tumorigenesis alongside the functional changes of this mutation on the activity and interactome of PKCα, we elaborated a model of the development of ChGs alongside the identification of a therapeutic approach
Jourdain, Jeanlin. "Détection et caractérisation de variants génétiques affectant la fertilité ou la durée de gestation chez les bovins en valorisant des bases de données populationnelles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB028.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract: The ability of animals to reproduce is a key factor in herd management, leading to the induction of lactation and the birth of calves for the market or for replacement. Over the past 80 years, cattle fertility has declined sharply as a result of selection that has long focused on production traits. The aim of my thesis was to exploit the large French databases - consisting of 7 million births per year, traceability, and performance information on these animals, supplemented by 2 million genotypes on SNP arrays and the sequences of complete genome of 5,000 bulls - to identify loci influencing different aspects of male and female fertility and gestation length. By developing a mapping method based on the study of linkage disequilibrium between markers from different chromosomes in large families, 12 interchromosomal rearrangements were identified. They affect the fertility of carrier sires, their daughters and various fitness traits. Some twenty recessive loci have also been revealed by conducting case/control approaches on groups of animals with contrasting phenotypes, strongly impacting male or female fertility. Hundreds of thousands of matings between genotyped animals have made it possible to study the interactions of parental genomes on insemination outcomes, and to initiate studies on compatibility between animals. Finally, works on gestation length in 16 French breeds has added to our knowledge on the heritability and variability of this trait, and described the risks associated with selection for shorter gestations. All these results show that cattle can be used as a model for genetic research, thanks to the data routinely generated on the farm. They should also be used in genetic selection to improve animal fertility, a key factor in the sustainability of cattle farming
Dhaenens, Claire-Marie. ""Etude de l'effet trans-dominant de la mutation du gène de la dystrophie myotonique (type 1) sur l'épissage des gènes MBNL1 et Tau"". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S029.
Texto completo da fonteMalaguti, Giulia. "Analyses théoriques de l'expansion des familles de gènes impliqués dans des maladies dominantes". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066319/document.
Texto completo da fonteGene families implicated in cancer and other genetic diseases have been greatly expanded through two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) that occurred at the onset of jawed vertebrates. However, such gene duplicates are expected to lead to an enhanced susceptibility to genetic diseases, and thus their retention represents an evolutionary puzzle from a natural selection perspective. In this thesis, we have expanded classical population genetics models to reveal the non-adaptive mechanism through which such potentially deleterious ohnologs (WGD-duplicated genes) were retained in the vertebrate genomes. We have solved a deterministic haploid model, we have considered extensions to diploid genotypes, and we have analyzed population size effects and the impact of positive selection through a stochastic approach. The results demonstrate, consistently with available human cancer genome data, that ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations are indirectly selected through purifying selection in post-WGD species, arisen through the ploidy incompatibility between post-WGD individuals and the rest of the pre-WGD population. Extending advanced Bayesian inference methods to quantify direct and indirect causal effects, we have found further supporting evidences for the direct role of the gene susceptibility to deleterious mutations on ohnolog retention. Our findings rationalize the evolutionary mechanism responsible for the expansion of ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations, highlighting the role of WGD-induced speciation. Our extension of Bayesian inference methods paves the way for the identification of direct causal relationships in a huge variety of problems
Le, May Cédric. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire PPAR alpha dans la régulation du métabolisme énergétique hépatique et l'effet transcriptionnel des acides gras". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077111.
Texto completo da fonteLarvor, Lydie. "Etude de formes familiales autosomiques dominantes de la maladie de Parkinson". Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S033.
Texto completo da fonteBillant, Olivier. "Utilisation de la levure S. cerevisiae pour déchiffrer les mécanismes de l'effet dominant-négatif affectant la famille de gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs p53, p63 et p73". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0055/document.
Texto completo da fonteP53 is a ubiquitous tumor suppressor gene that prevents damaged cells from proliferating. Following DNA damage or cellular stress, p53 induces a cell cycle arrest and initiates an attempt to repair the lesions. If the repair fails, p53 triggers the apoptosis of the cell. p53 shares a high homology with two other tumor suppressor genes: p63 and p73. Together they form a family of transcription factors, which are actively protecting the organism from tumor development. This defense network is enriched by multiple N-terminal and C-terminal isoforms of p53, p63 and p73. The loss of p53, p63 and p73 tumor suppression function is a key step of cancer progression. Mutants of p53 and isoforms of p53, p63 and p73 often exhibit a dominant-negative behavior resulting in the loss of p53 tumor suppression activity. However, the extent of the dominant-negative effect within p53 family remains unclear. The mechanisms behind the dominant-negative effect are also debated due to the recent emergence of a prion-like hypothesis. Finally, the dominant-negative effect of p53 family members could be involved in other pathologies such as p63-related developmental syndromes During this PhD, I studied the functional consequences of hotspot mutations of p53 and of the main isoforms of the p53 family on the transcriptional activity of p53, p63 and p73. Using the naïve eukaryotic model S. cerevisiae we have demonstrated that the dominant-negative effect of mutants and isoforms of the p53 family relies on the formation of hetero-tetramers between functional and non-functional members of the family but not on a prion-like mechanism. In addition, certain p53 mutants are able to interfere with p63 and p73 isoforms though a mechanism that is only partially based on tetramerization. Of note, we obtained preliminary results suggesting that mutants of p63, which are involved in EEC, ADULT and NSCL1 developmental syndromes, behave like dominant-negative hotspot mutants of p53. The identification of the mechanisms of the dominant-negative effect occurring within p53 family could lead to new therapeutic targets both in cancer and in rare developmental syndromes.1 EEC : ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome, ADULT : acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome, NSCL : non-syndromic cleft lip
Arnould, David. "Reconditionnement musculaire dans un modèle murin de myopathie centronucléaire autosomique dominante par inactivation du gène myostatine". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES008/document.
Texto completo da fonteAutosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy (AD-CNM) is a rare congenital muscle disease caused by mutations predominantly found in the dynamin 2 gene (DNM2). The clinical features generally reported are progressive muscle atrophy and weakness. To date, no treatment is available. The mouse model for AD-CNM harboring a mutation of the dynamin-2 gene (KI-Dnm2R465W/+) reproduces some of the human clinical features, notably muscle atrophy and weakness. Mstn, is a master negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We hypothesized that inactivation of mstn could limit muscle atrophy and weakness reported in the AD-CNM mouse model (KI-dnm2R465W/+). To test this hypothesis, we intercrossed KI-Dnm2R465W/+ mice with mice inactivated for mstn (KO-mstn) to generate a double mutated lineage (KIKO). The present study demonstrates that mstn gene inactivation allows for an improvement of muscle weight and volume, prevents muscle weakness and motor skill alterations. Our data also reveal that inactivation of mstn essentially downregulates some actors implicated in the catabolic ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, we show that inactivation of mstn decreases the frequency of of histological abnormalities characteristical in KI mice. We hypothesize that these abnormalities could be due to an alteration of mitochondrial function and network. The perspective to this work is to verify this hypothesis in the mouse model, which will contribute to a better understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms and can open new insight in the therapeutical approach to AD-CNM
Delettre-Cribaillet, Cécile. "Génétique des dystrophies héréditaires de la rétine : identification du gène responsable de l'atrophie optique dominante OPA1". Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T002.
Texto completo da fonteGuillet, Virginie. "Métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial dans les neuropathies héréditaires associées aux mutations des gènes OPA1 et MFN2". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459846.
Texto completo da fonteMata, Xavier. "Analyse structurale et fonctionnelle de gènes voisins du "locus" de l'α-lactalbumine caprine : application à la recherche d'éléments "cis"-régulateurs à effet dominant". Limoges, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIMO0033.
Texto completo da fonteThe recent use of large genomic fragment (BACs or YACs) has allowed to avoid this "position effect". This has been observed with a vector that was developed in our laboratory that consists of a 160 kb goat BAC insert (BAC 41) encompassing the a-lactalbumin gene, suggesting the occurrence of dominant cis-regulatory elements. The aim of this thesis was to further analyse this insert. Transgenic experiments using a derived shorter BAC of 60 kb allowed us to localise these regulatory elements in a 5' distal region of the a-lactalbumin locus. In this region two loci were identified: the cyclin T1 and FLJ20436. Characterisation of these genes revealed that they were functional within the BAC 41 and ubiquitously expressed. Surprisingly, the use of the cyclin T1 promoter in transgenics resulted in an ubiquitous expression unexpectedly high only in male germ cells. FLJ20436 pre-mRNA has a very complex splicing pattern that is conserved during evolution. These observations led us to suspect the occurrence of two chromatin domains separating these ubiquitously expressed genes from the a-lactalbumin one. Structural analysis of these genes has allowed to define a precise restriction map of the BAC 41 and to precise the location of the potential border region within the two chromatin domains. Search for cis-regulatory elements within this region was initiated. There identification and association with the a-lactalbumin promoter should contribute to the creation of efficient mammary specific expression vectors
Laporte, Fabien. "Développement de méthodes statistiques pour l'identification de gènes d'intérêt en présence d'apparentement et de dominance, application à la génétique du maïs". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS066.
Texto completo da fonteThe detection of genes is a first step to understand the impact of the genetic information of individuals on their phenotypes. During my PhD, I studied statistical methods to perform genome-wide association studies, with maize hybrids as an application case. Firstly, I studied the inference of relatedness coefficients between individuals from biallelic marker data. This estimation is based on a parametric mixture model. I studied the identifiability of this model in the generic case but also in the specific case of mating design where observed individuals are obtained by crossing lines, a representative case of classical mating design in plant genetics. Then I studied inference of variance component mixed model parameters and particularly the performance of algorithms to test effects of numerous markers. I compared existing programs and I optimized a Min-Max algorithm. Relevance of developed methods had been illustrated for the detection of QTLs through a genome-wide association analysis in a maize hybrids panel
Rashid, Dali. "Characterization of a new dominant Andromonoecy-causing locus in Cucumis Melo". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB032.
Texto completo da fonteIn plants, sex determination leads to the development of unisexual flowers from an originally bisexual floral meristem. This favorable evolutionary mechanism has resulted in enhancement of outcrossing and genetic variability promotion. In melon, different sexual forms are controlled by identity of the alleles at 3 major loci Androecious (A) gynoecious (G) and andromonoecious (M). Previously it was demonstrated that M gene encodes an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme, CmACS-7, that represses stamen development in female flowers. CmACS-7 loss of function leads to stamen growth and consequently to andromonoecious phenotype. However, worldwide germplasm screening identified natural andromonoecious accessions that were wild type for the M locus. This finding implies the involvement of a new sex determination locus, that we named M2. Here we aim to isolate and characterize the M2 gene. Using combination of genetic, genomic and cellular biology approaches, we showed that M2 gene suppresses stamen development. Consistent with this, M2 TILLING mutants lead to the development of hermaphrodite flowers. We also showed that M2 is specifically expressed in stamen primordia and that the lack of M2 expression accounts for the function variation between monoecious and andromonoecious accessions. Using whole genome transcriptomic analysis, we were able to propose genetic and hormonal networks that could explain the mechanism by which M2 inhibits stamen development. Finally, using genetic crosses, we demonstrate that M2 acts downstream of CmACS-7
Clatot, Jérôme. "Analyses fonctionnelles de mutations du gène SCN5A impliquées dans le syndrome de Brugada". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828454.
Texto completo da fonteDumanchin-Njock, Cécile. "Les Formes autosomiques dominantes de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des démences frontotemporales associées à un syndrome parkinsonien : analyse moléculaire et fonctionnelle des gènes PS1 et tau". Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES063.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Zein Loubna. "Étude des voies de conduction cardiaque : identification des gènes spécifiquement exprimés et impliqués dans des troubles de conduction". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521428.
Texto completo da fonteDe, Dreuzy Edouard. "Ciblage chromosomique des vecteurs lentiviraux, risque génotoxique, dominance clonale et expansion des cellules souches hématopoïétiques". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC009.
Texto completo da fonteGene therapy based on the transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells is an experimental medical approach for patients with genetic blood diseases when compatible allogeneic donors are not available. The first clinical successes were based on the use of y¬retroviral vectors, but vector insertions close to oncogenes have led to the development of neoplasms at a high frequency. Lentiviral vectors have been tested in human clinical trials for nearly ten years. In addition to better transduction efficiency in hematopoietic stem cells, their integration, guided by the cellular LEDGF protein, is less genotoxic than that of y-retroviral vectors. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the existence of residual genotoxic potential. In the first lentiviral clinical trial for P-thalassemia, one patient had anintegration site within the HMGA2 gene, leading to overexpression of a truncated form of the protein and to clonai dominance restricted to the myeloid compartment. In order to clarify the cellular mechanisms affected by HMGA2, we have undertaken in vivo mouse studies. Our results indicate that HMGA2 induces a benign expansion of hematopoietic stem cells as well as of self-renewing central memory T cells. In order to reduce the risk associated with lentiviral vector integration, we have developed chimeric proteins, targeted to safe genomic harbors, which were able to substitute for the cellular LEDGF tethering protein. We also developed a gene transfer protocol allowing the translation of these results to hematopoietic stem cells
Dupuy, Aurélien. "Génération de nouveaux mutants dominants négatifs de la GTPases Rap1 application à la mise en évidence du rôle de Rap1 dans la dynamique cellulaire". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077095.
Texto completo da fonteTo decipher the biological fonctions of the Rapl GTPase, we developed an original method to generale novel dominant negative mutants of Rap1. Our results suggest that some of those mutants could be selective for activation pathways. For instance, Rap1[G15D] inhibits the activation of Rap1 induced by physiological stimulation of the Rap1 activator CSG but not Epac, whereas Rap1[S17A] inhibits the activation of Rap1 via both pathways. Moreover, Rap1[S17A] is a powerfull dominant negative mutant since its expression was sufficient to reproduce in Drosophila the pupal death observed in Rapl null mutants. In the second part of this work, we investigated the function of Rap1 in the cellular dynamics that occurs during mitosis. Indeed, the expression of dominant negative mutant Rap1[S17A] inhibits post-mitotic cell spreading, and conversely, the constitutively active Rap1[Q63E] mutant inhibits the cell retraction that occurs at the beginning of mitosis. In depth characterisation of the associated phenotypes indicates that Rapl modulates the dynamics of adhesion complexes during mitosis
Guillemain, Ghislaine. "Étude des premières étapes d'une nouvelle voie de signalisation du glucose". Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077252.
Texto completo da fonteMessika-Zeitoun, Liza. "Le syndrome de persistance des canaux de Müller : identification de mutations, effets moléculaires de mutations du récepteur de type II de l'AMH". Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T051.
Texto completo da fonteThe anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor β(TGFβ) family. In male fetuses, AMH is responsible for the early regression of Müllerian ducts, the anlagen of uterus and Fallopian tubes. A deficiency in the signaling pathway of AMH is responsible for a rare form of male pseudohermaphrodism characterized by a persistence of Müllerian ducts (PMDS) in males otherwise normally virilized. At the beginnig of my work, AMHR-II was the only known component ofthe AMH signalling pathway. Two forms of PMDS are distinguished by the level of circulating AMH, assessed by ELISA. « Negative AMH » patients with serum AMH low or undetectable generaly have a mutation in the AMH gene while « positive AMH » patients which present normal values of serum AMH have probably a mutation of AMHR-II. By systematic research of mutations causing PMDS, we have correlated_AMH serum concentration with mutations of the AMH or receptor gene. We have also find a 27bp deletion in the kinase domain wich accounts for 25% of PMDS cases and which easy detection is now the first step for the « positive AMH » patient's study. We have also realized one of the first functionnal study of natural mutations of receptors of the TGFβ family and more precisely the study of mutations similar to dominant-negative mutations of receptors of the TGF β family. One causing receptor truncation after the transmembrane domain and the other is a missense mutation in a key residu of the kinase domain. Overexpression of these mutant receptors exert a dominant-negative activity in vitro upon two AMH target genes. This dose-response study let us to explain this discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro results
Perrichot, Régine. "Analyse moléculaire du gène PKD1 impliqué dans la transmission de la polykystose rénale autosomique dominante (doctorat : sciences de la vie et de la santé)". Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES3101.
Texto completo da fonteBarbet, Fabienne. "Démembrement génétique des neuropathies optiques : localisation primaire du premier gène responsable d'une atrophie optique isolée récessive autosomique : AOR1 et identification d'un troisième locus d'atrophie optique isolée dominante autosomique : OPA5". Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P642.
Texto completo da fonteHereditary optic neuropathies are characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells and progressive visual loss. Isolated autosomal dominant optic atrophies (DOA), are accounted for by mutations in the OPA1 gene in 90% of cases. A genome-wide search for linkage in AOD families allowed us to map a new locus, OPA5 on 22q12. 1-q13. 1, accounting for two families excluding linkage to OPA1and to show that OPA1 and OPA5 were clinically homogeneous conditions. Contrasting with AOD, which represent the major form of inherited optic neuropathies, the isolated autosomal recessive forms (ROA) are rare conditions which existence was controversial. We not only confirmed the reality of this transmission by reporting the mapping of a first ROA locus on 8q21-q21 (ROA1) in a large consanguineous family but also showed that this condition is genetically heterogeneous as ten other AOR families excluded linkage to ROA1. To date, the disease-causing genes at the OPA5 and ROA1 loci remain to be identified
Fayad, Tania May. "Identification de gènes exprimés dans les cellules de la granulosa de follicules dominants chez l'espèce bovine". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15590.
Texto completo da fonteBourassa, Cynthia. "Découverte d'un gène causant une ataxie spastique héréditaire dominante dans la population de Terre-Neuve". Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7061.
Texto completo da fonteHereditary spastic ataxias comprise a family of heterogeneous disorders resembling both hereditary ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegias. The similar symptoms are ataxia, which is a problem with limb coordination due to cerebellar damage, and lower-limb spasticity due to corticospinal tract degeneration. Only one spastic ataxia inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion has been reported in the literature: SPAX1. The locus was identified in 2002 using three families from Newfoundland with the specific phenotype. This thesis reports the discovery of the causative mutation in the VAMP1 gene, which encodes VAMP1/synaptobrevin 1, a synaptic protein involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis. Experiments characterizing the effect of the mutation on RNA were conducted, leading to a possible molecular explanation of the symptoms.