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1

Taylor, Donald Fulton. "Measurement of binary phase equilibria and ternary/quaternary gas antisolvent (GAS) system measurement and analysis". Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07112004-194307/unrestricted/taylor%5Fonald%5Ff%5F200407%5FMS.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. Directed by Charles Eckert.
Charles Eckert, Committee Chair ; Amyn Teja, Committee Member ; Pete Ludovice, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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2

Gazawi, Ayman. "EVALUATING COSMO-RS FOR VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM AND TURBOMOLE FOR IDEAL GAS PROPERTIES". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1196731182.

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3

Packwood, Daniel Miles. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Gas-Liquid Interface". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Chemistry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4618.

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A theoretical model describing the motion of a small, fast rare gas atom as it passes over a liquid surface is developed and discussed in detail. A key feature of the model is its reliance on coarse-grained capillary wave and local mode descriptions of the liquid surface. Mathematically, the model is constructed with several concepts from probability and stochastic analysis. The model makes predictions that are quantitative agreement with neon-liquid surface scattering data collected by other research groups. These predictions include the dominance of single, rather than multiple, neon-liquid surface collision dynamics, an average of 60 % energy transfer from a neon atom upon colliding with a non-metallic surface, and an average of 25 % energy transfer upon colliding with a metallic surface. In addition to this work, two other investigations into the gas-liquid interface are discussed. The results of an experimental investigation into the thermodynamics of a gas flux through an aqueous surface are presented, and it is shown that a nitrous oxide flux is mostly due to the presence of a temperature gradient in the gas-liquid interface. Evidence for a reaction between a carbon dioxide flux and an ammonia monolayer on an aqueous surface to produce ammonium carbamate is also found. The second of these is an investigation into the mechanism of bromine production from deliquesced sodium bromide aerosol in the presence of ozone, and involves a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the computer aerosol kinetics model MAGIC. It is shown that under dark, non-photolytic conditions, bromine production can be accounted for almost exclusively by a reaction between gas-phase ozone and surface-bound bromide ions. Under photolytic conditions, bromine production instead involves a complicated interplay between various gas-phase and aqueous-phase reactions.
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4

Ghasemian, Langeroudi Elahe. "Quantitative aspects of Co2-grafted amine interactions in gas-liquid-solid solubility equilibrium: Applications to Co2 capture". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27879/27879.pdf.

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5

Ghasemian, Langeroudi Elahe. "Quantitative aspects of CO₂-grafted amine interactions in gas-liquid-solid solubility equilibrium : applications to CO₂ capture". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21467.

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Les effets liés à la présence d'eau liquide sur la capacité d'adsorption de CO₂ par une silice mésoporeuse de type SBA-15 fonctionnalisée au moyen des amines suivantes: aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) et N-(2-aminoéthyl) -3 - (aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (AEAPS) ont été examinés pour évaluer le potentiel de ce mode de contact dans des laveurs gaz-liquide-solide. Les résultats ont été comparés à la capacité d'adsorption de CO₂ des amines greffées dans des conditions humides et sèches ainsi qu'à la capacité d'absorption de CO₂ dans les systèmes gaz-liquide avec des solutions aqueuses d'aminés ayant des structures semblables à celles des amines greffées. Dans ces conditions, une estimation de l'adsorption physique de CO₂ a été obtenue par l'étude de la SB A-15 non-modifiée. En outre, afin d'évaluer l'efficacité et la stabilité à long terme de l'association amine/SBA-15, les amines greffées ont été soumises à huit cycles successifs d'immersion dans les milieux aqueux d'une durée de 24 h chacune. Les échantillons récupérés ont été caractérisés au moyen de la diffraction aux rayons, des isothermes de sorption d'azote et d'analyse élémentaire CHN. Jusqu'à 40% de la quantité d'aminés greffées a subi une lixiviation durant les quelques premiers cycles de régénération; par la suite, la teneur en azote de l'AEAPS est demeurée relativement stable, contrairement à l'APS qui a connu une moindre stabilité. Fait intéressant, les structures des deux matériaux greffés, APS et AEAPS, sont demeurées intactes après plusieurs expositions à l'eau. L'efficacité de capture de CO₂ la plus élevée a été obtenue dans le cas des amines aqueuses (voie homogène). Cependant, la capture de CO₂ à l'aide d'aminés greffées dans le cas du système triphasique (gaz-liquide-solide) a donné lieu, pour des conditions opératoires comparables, à des valeurs intermédiaires entre les voies sèche et humide du mode de contact gaz-solide.
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6

Slack, Gregory C. "Coupled solid phase extraction-supercritical fluid extraction on-line gas chromatography of explosives from water". Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042006-164508/.

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7

Kunz, Oliver. "A new equation of state for natural gases and other mixtures for the gas and liquid regions and the phase equilibrium". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=983888655.

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8

Ventura, Sónia Patrícia Marques. "Gas liquid equilibria at high pressures". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4865.

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Mestrado em Medição de Equilíbrios Gás Líquido a Altas Pressões
Este trabalho tem como objectivo a medição da solubilidade de gases em líquidos a altas pressões. Para a realização experimental foi usada uma célula de altas pressões de volume variável e um método de observação directa para a detecção das transições de fase. As condições usadas neste trabalho experimental foram temperaturas entre 276.00 e 373.15 K e pressões ate 100 MPa. Numa primeira fase foram efectuadas medições de solubilidade de metano em anilina pura e para uma solução aquosa de composição mássica igual a 5% em anilina. A anilina é fundamentalmente usada em processos como a produção de borracha, de poliuretanos, pigmentos e tintas, fármacos, herbicidas e fungicidas. É usualmente produzida através de processos de redução do nitrobenzeno por reacção com o HCl. De facto, esta síntese é um processo químico complexo onde um grande número de processos compete entre si. Alterações nas condições do processo com a possível formação de produtos intermediários podem afectar a eficiência do processo. Para a sua melhoria foi sugerido que o hidrogénio usado fosse simultaneamente produzido e gasto no reactor principal. Neste caso e para a produção do mesmo, era necessário adicionar metano e água ao reactor. Tendo por base a ideia de que as reacções onde o hidrogénio é reagente e produto ocorrem em simultâneo, torna-se clara a importância do estudo da solubilidade do metano em anilina pura e em soluções aquosas desta. Numa segunda fase foi estudada a solubilidade do dióxido de carbono em soluções aquosas de tri-iso-butil(metil)fosfónio tosilato, com composições molares são de 4, 8 e 12% em líquido iónico. Este pertencente à família dos fosfónios. Possui uma viscosidade e densidade elevadas, é térmica e quimicamente estável e ainda possui uma elevada polaridade. Apresenta uma miscibilidade completa em água e nos solventes mais usuais, como o diclorometano e tolueno, não sendo no entanto míscivel em hexano. O tri-isobutil( metil)fosfónium tosilato é usado como solvente nos processos de hidroformilação de olefinas e ainda em processos de captura e conversão de dióxido de carbono. Neste trabalho experimental, a temperatura e a pressão foram inicialmente aumentadas até o sistema atingir o equilíbrio. A pressão é diminuída lentamente até se verificar o aparecimento/desaparecimento da última bolha de gás. A pressão à qual a última bolha de gás desaparece representa a pressão de equilíbrio para aquela temperatura. Este procedimento foi efectuado para vários sistemas e várias temperaturas.
The aim of this work is the measurement of the solubilities of different gases in different liquids systems at high pressures. A variable volume high pressure cell was used to perform the measurements based on the visual synthetic method for the detection of phase transitions. The conditions used in this work were temperatures ranging from 276.00 to 373.15 K and pressures up to 100 MPa. The first step of this work was the measurement of methane’s solubility in pure aniline and for one aqueous solution of 5% (w/w) in aniline. The main applications of aniline are the manufacture of polyurethane, rubber, dyes and pigments, drugs and agrochemicals (herbicides and fungicides). This compound is normally produced by reduction of nitrobenzene by reaction with HCl. In fact, that synthesis is a complex chemical process where a number of competing processes contribute to the final product. Changes in process conditions with the possible formation of intermediates can act as catalyst poisons that change the process’s efficiency. For the improvement of the production process it was suggested that the hydrogen, used for the reduction of the nitrobenzene, could be simultaneously generated and used in the main reactor. In this case for the in situ production of hydrogen it would be necessary the addition of methane and water in the reactor. Having in mind that these reactions occur simultaneously, it becomes clear the importance of studying the solubility of methane in aniline and in its aqueous solutions. In the second step the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of triiso- butyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate with molar compositions of 4, 8 and 12% molar of ionic liquid, was studied. This compound belongs to the phosphonium - based ionic liquids family. It is characterized by a high viscosity and density. It is thermal and chemically stable and has a high polarity. This compound is totally miscible with water as well as with common organic solvents such as dicloromethane and toluene but is not miscible with hexane. The main applications of Tri-iso-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate are like solvents in the hydroformylation of olefins and in processes of capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. In this experimental work, temperature and pressure were slowly increased until the system becomes homogeneous. After that, the pressure is slowly decreased until the appearance/disappearance of the last bubble of gas. The pressure at witch the last bubble disappears represents the equilibrium pressure for that temperature. This procedure was repeated for several systems and several temperatures.
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9

Li, Hailong. "Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 Mixtures and Their Applications in Advanced Power Cycles with CO2 Capture Processes". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9109.

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The thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures are essential for the design and operation of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) systems. A better understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures could provide a scientific basis to define a proper guideline of CO2 purity and impure components for the CCS processes according to technical, safety and environmental requirements. However the available accurate experimental data cannot cover the whole operation conditions of CCS processes. In order to overcome the shortage of experimental data, theoretical estimation and modelling are used as a supplemental approach.   In this thesis, the available experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of CO2 mixtures were first collected, and their applicability and gaps for theoretical model verification and calibration were also determined according to the required thermodynamic properties and operation conditions of CCS. Then in order to provide recommendations concerning calculation methods for engineering design of CCS, totally eight equations of state (EOS) were evaluated for the calculations about vapour liquid equilibrium (VLE) and density of CO2-mixtures, including N2, O2, SO2, Ar, H2S and CH4.   With the identified equations of state, the preliminary assessment of impurity impacts was further conducted regarding the thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures and different processes involved in CCS system. Results show that the increment of the mole fraction of non-condensable gases would make purification, compression and condensation more difficult. Comparatively N2 can be separated more easily from the CO2-mixtures than O2 and Ar. And a lower CO2 recovery rate is expected for the physical separation of CO2/N2 under the same separation conditions. In addition, the evaluations about the acceptable concentration of non-condensable impurities show that the transport conditions in vessels are more sensitive to the non-condensable impurities and it requires very low concentration of non-condensable impurities in order to avoid two-phase problems.   Meanwhile, the performances of evaporative gas turbine integrated with different CO2 capture technologies were investigated from both technical and economical aspects. It is concluded that the evaporative gas turbine (EvGT) cycle with chemical absorption capture has a smaller penalty on electrical efficiency, while a lower CO2 capture ratio than the EvGT cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture. Therefore, although EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher annual cost, it has a lower cost of electricity because of its higher efficiency. However considering its lower CO2 capture ratio, EvGT + chemical absorption has a higher cost to avoid 1 ton CO2. In addition the efficiency of EvGT + chemical absorption can be increased by optimizing Water/Air ratio, increasing the operating pressure of stripper and adding a flue gas condenser condensing out the excessive water.
QC 20100819
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10

Povoleri, Fernanda Barbosa. "Modelagem e simulação da formação de hidratos de metano: um estudo do equilíbrio termodinâmico sólido-líquido-vapor". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=708.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar um estudo sobre o equilíbrio de fases sólido-líquido-vapor para hidratos de metano. A análise do equilíbrio trifásico sólido-líquido-vapor tem encontrado diversas aplicações para sistemas hidrocarboneto-água, uma vez que permite, por exemplo, a determinação da região de estabilidade de hidratos de metano e hidratos de gás natural. Inicialmente foi feita uma pesquisa sobre o estado da arte no que diz respeito ao comportamento termodinâmico e equilíbrio de fases de hidratos. Foram implementados os modelos apresentados por Ballard (2002) e Zhang et al. (2005). A proposta de Zhang et al. (2005) é aplicável para equilíbrios de fases a temperaturas abaixo de 300 K. Sua abordagem combinou a teoria de van der Waals e Platteeuw para a fase hidrato com a equação do estado de Peng-Robinson (1976) modificada por Stryjek e Vera (1986) para ambas as fases fluidas (fase vapor e fase aquosa). A abordagem de Ballard (2000) considerou a distorção do hidrato do seu estado padrão, o que fornece uma exata composição do hidrato e melhora a previsão da formação dos hidratos a altas pressões. Ao esclarecer a mudança de volume no hidrato, o raio da gaiola do hidrato é uma função do seu volume. Com isso, Ballard propôs uma nova abordagem considerando tal variação de volume e gerou um equilíbrio de fases em uma rotina de flash multifásico através da minimização da energia livre de Gibbs. Assim, o presente trabalho apresenta as abordagens de Zhang et al. (2005) e Ballard (2002) para o comportamento termodinâmico de hidratos e faz uma análise e comparação entre eles. Para resolver o problema do flash computacionalmente, foi utilizada a ferramenta lsqnonlin (built-in do software MATLAB). O lsqnonlin é um algoritmo baseado no método de Levenberg-Marquadt.
The objective of the present work is to present a study of solid-vapor-liquid three-phase equilibrium for methane hydrates. The analysis of three-phase equilibrium has several applications for water-hydrocarbon systems, since it permits, for example, determination of stability region for methane hydrates and natural gas hydrates. We have started seeking in literature about the state-of-art for thermodynamic behaviour and phase equilibrium for hydrates. And then the models proposed by Ballard (2002) and Zhang et al. (2005) were implemented. Zhang et al. (2005) have proposed a phase equilibrium for single-guest gas hydrates at temperatures below 300 K. Their approach has combined the van der WaalsPlatteeuw theory for the hydrate phase and the PengRobinson equation of state for both fluid phases (vapor and aqueous phase) (1976) modified by Stryjek and Vera (1986). Ballards (2000) approach has allowed the hydrate distortion from its standard state and has gave a more accurate composition of the hydrate and has improved hydrate formation predictions at high pressures. As a direct result of accounting for a changing hydrate volume, the cage radii were functions of the hydrate volume. Thus, Ballard have proposed the hydrate phase equilibrium by Gibbs energy minimization in a multi-phase flash routine. Thus, this work presents the Zhang et al. (2005) and Ballards (2002) approaches for hydrate thermodynamic behavior and makes an analysis and comparison of them. To compute the flash problem, we use the tool lsqnonlin (built-in of MATLAB software). The algorithm lsqnonlin is based on the Levenberg-Marquadt method.
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Ciriaco, Villegas Gabriela. "Etude des cinétiques d'absοrptiοn gaz liquide dans le cas de suppοrts innοvants". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMIR19.

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Cette thèse examine la cinétique d'absorption gaz-liquide en utilisant des supports innovants, en se concentrant sur les solvants eutectiques profonds (DES) à base de chlorure de choline (ChCl). L'objectif principal est d'améliorer l'efficacité de la capture du dioxyde de carbone (CO₂). Les solvants traditionnels à base d'amines sont comparés aux DES, mettant en évidence les avantages des DES tels que le faible coût, la faible volatilité et la haute biodégradabilité. La recherche implique la synthèse et la caractérisation de divers solvants à base de ChCl, y compris les mélanges ChCl-glycérol et ChCl-glycinate de potassium. Les études expérimentales sur les propriétés thermophysiques—densité, viscosité, indice de réfraction et solubilité des gaz—révèlent que l'augmentation de la teneur en eau des DES réduit la viscosité, améliorant ainsi la solubilité du CO₂. L'étude explore également la concentration optimale de ChCl pour équilibrer la cinétique de réaction et la diffusivité afin de maximiser l'absorption de CO₂. Les résultats indiquent que, bien qu'une forte force ionique dans les DES améliore les taux de réaction, elle augmente également la viscosité, ce qui peut entraver la diffusion du CO₂. Cette recherche offre des informations précieuses pour le développement de technologies efficaces de capture du CO₂, en soulignant l'importance d'optimiser les paramètres thermiques et compositionnels
This thesis explores the kinetics of gas-liquid absorption using innovative supports, focusing on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride (ChCl). The primary objective is to enhance the efficiency of carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture. Traditional amine-based solvents are compared with DESs, highlighting DESs' advantages such as low cost, low volatility, and high biodegradability. The research involves synthesizing and characterizing various ChCl-based solvents, including ChCl-glycerol and ChCl-potassium glycinate mixtures. Experimental studies on thermophysical properties—density, viscosity, refractive index, and gas solubility—reveal that increasing the water content in DESs reduces viscosity, thereby enhancing CO₂ solubility. The study also investigates the optimal ChCl concentration to balance reaction kinetics and diffusivity for maximum CO₂ absorption. Results indicate that while high ionic strength in DESs improves reaction rates, it also increases viscosity, potentially impeding CO₂diffusion. This research offers valuable insights for developing efficient CO₂ capture technologies, emphasizing the importance of optimizing thermal and compositional parameters
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Костюченко, Євген Володимирович, Евгений Владимирович Костюченко e Yevhen Volodymyrovych Kostiuchenko. "Концентрування водних розчинів малолетких рідин в плівковому апараті з протоком нейтрального газу". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86295.

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Дисертаційна робота присвячена дослідженню закономірностей процесу концентрування водних розчинів малолетких рідин у стікаючій плівці випаровуванням в перехресний потік нейтрального газу і використанню результатів цих досліджень для створення нової конструкції концентратора та методики його розрахунку. Такий концентратор дозволяє проводити безвакуумне концентрування розчинів при температурі нижче температури їх кипіння, що, зважаючи на високі температури кипіння мололетких рідин, дає можливість знизити енерговитрати й відмовитися від дефіцитних видів палива, що використовується для нагрівання розчину. Відповідно до мети та поставлених задач, дослідження мали характер комплексних, оскільки були використані як теоретичні так експериментальні методи, які знайшли своє застосування у концентруванні водних розчинів. Теоретичні дослідження проводили використовуючи метод математичного моделювання, який полягав у формулюванні спрощених фізичних уявлень про процеси, що вивчаються, і опис їх системою диференційних та інтегральних рівнянь. Розрахунки, пов'язані з моделюванням і обробкою експериментальних даних проводили за допомогою програмного забезпечення Microsoft Excel, Mathcad. У дисертації наведені результати моделювання гідродинаміки і тепломасоперенесення стікаючої плівки індивідуальної (однокомпонентної) рідини, що випаровується в перехресний потік нейтрального газу з використанням розробленої математичної моделі. Ці результати показали закономірності зміни товщини, швидкості стікання і температури плівки за її довжиною, а також температури газу над плівкою. Встановлено, що інтенсивність випаровування рідини з плівки при її перехресному напрямку руху щодо газового потоку більше, ніж при прямоточному напрямку і може перевищувати інтенсивність випаровування при протиточному напрямку. Температура плівки рідини, що випаровується в перехресний потік нейтрального газу, при віддаленні від її початкового перерізу досягає усталеного значення, а при подальшому збільшенні відстані від цього перерізу рідина повністю випаровується. Розроблено алгоритм розрахунку відстаней, на яких відбуваються ці явища. Температура газу над плівкою за довжиною плівки змінюється несуттєво, але за своїм характером ця зміна відповідає зміні температурі плівки, і також досягає усталеного значення. В ході експериментальних досліджень використовували методи фізичного моделювання із застосуванням теорії подібності, статистичної обробки експериментальних даних. Вхідні та вихідні параметри досліджуваних процесів на експериментальній установці визначали манометричним, термометричним і об'ємним методами вимірювання. А концентрацію водних розчинів гліцерину, який використовувався в якості модельної рідини, вимірювали ареометричним і рефрактометричним методами. На підставі експериментального дослідження тепломасоперенесення в стікаючій плівці води, що випаровується в перехресний потік повітря, встановлені значення коефіцієнта тепловіддачі від поверхні до стікаючої з неї плівки, а також коефіцієнтів тепло – і масовіддачі від плівки до повітряного потоку. Показано, що залежності коефіцієнтів тепло – і масовіддачі від початкового потоку рідини проходять через мінімум, відповідний 𝑅𝑒ж≈500, що свідчить про перехід від ламінарного режиму течії плівки до турбулентного в умовах, що розглядаються. Встановлено залежність цих коефіцієнтів від параметрів процесу тепломасоперенесення для обох режимів. На підставі математичної обробки експериментальних даних були отримані емпіричні рівняння для їх розрахунку. Отримані результати математичного моделювання та експериментального дослідження випаровування індивідуальної рідини зі стікаючої її плівки стали основою для розробки математичної моделі і дослідження процесу концентрування водних розчинів малолетких рідин в стікаючій плівці випаровуванням в перехресний потік нейтрального газу. За допомогою цієї моделі встановлено закономірності зміни складу розчину за довжиною плівки та інтенсивності процесу концентрування. Показано, що концентрація розчину на початку плівки змінюється лінійно, потім відбувається її різкий підйом, що триває до повного випаровування води. Такий характер зміни концентрації розчину за довжиною плівки пов'язаний з розподілом температури плівки. Різкий підйом концентрації відповідає усталеному значенню температури. Встановлено, що інтенсивність процесів концентрування зростає зі зменшенням початкового потоку розчину і його початкової концентрації, а також зі збільшенням початкової температури розчину, температури поверхні стінки, на якій стікає плівка й початкової температури повітря, що надходить в простір над плівкою. Зі збільшенням швидкості повітря інтенсивність концентрування падає. Проведено експериментальне дослідження процесу концентрування водних розчинів гліцерину в їх стікаючій плівці в умовах випаровування в потік повітря, в результаті якого визначені коефіцієнти тепло – і масовіддачі, що являються параметрами розробленої математичної моделі. Встановлено, що в дослідженому діапазоні зміни параметрів процесу для низько концентрованих розчинів гліцерину, як і для води, характерний перехід від ламінарного режиму стікання плівки до турбулентного, для розчинів з підвищеною концентрацією гліцерину такий перехід відсутній і плівка стікає тільки в ламінарному режимі. У дисертації на основі експериментальних досліджень показано прояв капілярних ефектів за умов стіканні плівки рідини, що випаровується в перехресний газовий потік, який виражається зменшенням ширини плівки. Також встановлені закономірності цього зменшення для плівок води й водних розчинів гліцерину залежно від параметрів процесу стікання. Для води і водних розчинів гліцерину така зміна ширини плівки може досягати 50-80%. Найбільший вплив на зменшення ширини плівки за таких умов дають початковий потік рідини та температура поверхні стікання. Для коригування поверхні випаровування плівки, визначеної на основі технологічного розрахунку, була введена величина ширини середньої поверхні випаровування плівки. Результатами експериментального дослідження впливу параметрів процесу стікання плівки води й водних розчинів гліцерину на ширину середньої поверхні випаровування стали узагальнені емпіричні закономірності, що пов'язують коригувальний коефіцієнт з основними параметрами процесу стікання. На основі проведених в дисертаційній роботі теоретичних і експериментальних досліджень закономірностей стікання і тепломасоперенесення в плівці рідини, а також моделювання процесу концентрування водних розчинів малолетких рідин в стікаючій плівці розроблена нова конструкція і методика розрахунку плівкового концентратора таких розчинів. Конструкція заснована на використанні плоско–паралельної (пластинчастої) насадки, що дозволяє забезпечити перехресну взаємодію стікаючої плівки рідини з газовим потоком. Елементи насадки (пластини) мають внутрішні порожнини, де проходить теплоносій, що нагріває плівку розчину, яка стікає з її зовнішньої поверхні. Методика розрахунку випробувана на конкретному прикладі розрахунку концентратора водного розчину гліцерину. Її апробація показала, що для підвищення концентрації цього розчину від 6 до 30% (мас.) з продуктивністю в 2,0 т/год необхідна робоча висота плоско – паралельної насадки рівна 1,62 м. Розроблену методику розрахунку такого апарату та ескізний проект на концентратор прийнятий Державним науково – дослідним інститутом хімічних продуктів у розробку директивного технологічного процесу та проектування фази регенерації відпрацьованої кислотної суміші виробництва нітратів целюлози. Результати дисертаційних досліджень впроваджені в учбовий процес при викладанні дисциплін "Процеси і апарати хімічних виробництв" та "Технологія виробництва спеціальних високомолекулярних сполук" на кафедрі хімічної технології високомолекулярних сполук Шосткинського інституту СумДУ.
The thesis is devoted to the study of the regularities of the process of concentration of aqueous solutions of some low–volatile liquids in a flowing diaper by evaporation into a cross flow of neutral gas and the use of the results to create a new kind of the concentrator. Such kind of a concentrator makes possible vacuum–free concentration of solutions at temperatures below their boiling point, which, due to the high boiling points of volatile liquids, helps to reduce energy consumption and to avoid the scarce types of fuel used while heating the solution. The thesis presents the results of modeling the hydrodynamics and heat and mass transferring of a flowing film of an individual (of one component) liquid evaporating into a cross flow of a neutral gas using the created mathematical model. The results demonstrate the regularities of changes in the thickness, flow rate and temperature of the film along its length, as well as the temperature of the gas above the film. It was found that the intensity of evaporation of liquid from the film during its cross–interaction with the gas flow is higher than during direct–flow interaction and can exceed the rate of evaporation during counter current interaction. The temperature of a liquid film evaporating into a cross flow of a neutral gas, with distance from its initial cross section, reaches an equilibrium value, and with a further increasing the distance from this section, the liquid evaporates completely. There has been developed an algorithm for calculating the distances at which these phenomena appear. The temperature of the gas above the film along the length of the film changes insignificantly, but by its natural characteristics this change is associated with the temperature of the film and reaches an equilibrium value, in addition. On the basis of an experimental study of heat and mass transfer in a flowing film of water evaporating into a cross flow of air, the values of the heat transfer coefficient from the surface to the film flowing along it, as well as the coefficients of heat and mass transfer from the film to the air flow, have been established. The dependence of these coefficients on the parameters of the heat and mass transfer process showed the presence of a transition from the laminar mode of film flow to the turbulent one at the value of the number 𝑅𝑒ж≈500. Mathematical processing of the experimental data made it possible to obtain empirical equations for calculating the heat and mass transfer coefficients. The obtained results of mathematical modeling and experimental study of the evaporation of an individual liquid from its flowing down film became the basis for the development of a mathematical model and study of the process of concentration of aqueous solutions of some low–volatile liquids in a flowing film by evaporation into a cross flow of neutral gas. Using this model, the regularities of changes in the composition of the solution along the length of the film and the intensity of the concentration process were established. It is shown that the concentration of the solution at the beginning of the film changes linearly, then there is a abrupt rise, continuing until the complete evaporation of water. This kind of a change in the concentration of the solution along the length of the film is associated with the temperature distribution of the film. The abrupt rise of concentration corresponds to the state temperature value. An experimental study of the process of concentration of aqueous solutions of glycerin in their flowing film in the conditions of evaporation into an air stream was carried out, as a result of which the heat and mass transfer coefficients were determined, which are the parameters of the developed mathematical model. It was found that, in the investigated range of variation of the process parameters, for low–concentration solutions of glycerol, as well as for water, it is common to observe the transition from a laminar mode of film flow to a turbulent one, for solutions with an increased concentration of glycerol, such a transition is absent and the film flows down only in a laminar mode. The thesis presents experimental data on a decrease in the width of a liquid film flowing down a heated flat surface, associated with capillary effects. For water and aqueous solutions of glycerin, such a change in the width of the film can reach 50-80%. The natural characteristic of the change in the width of the film along its length and the obtained empirical dependences for its assessment are established. On the basis of the results obtained in the thesis, the study of the process of concentrating aqueous solutions of some low–volatile liquids, a new design and method for calculating a film concentrator have been developed. The design is based on the use of a plane–parallel (lamellar) packing, which makes possible a cross–flow interaction. The elements (plates) of the packing have internal cavities through which the coolant passes, heating the solution film flowing down their outer surface. The calculation technique was tested on specific parameters of the concentration process.
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13

Neyt, Jean-Claude. "Calcul de la tension interfaciale de mélanges gaz / eau, gaz / huile et huile / eau par simulation moléculaire". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00962483.

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La prédiction de valeurs de tension interfaciale des fluides est capitale dans de nombreuses applications industrielles. Les techniques de simulation moléculaire et l'évolution rapide des moyens de calcul intensif permettent depuis quelques années de prédire des valeurs de tension interfaciale pour des systèmes complexes. Des travaux concernant des équilibres liquide / vapeur des corps purs SO2, O2, N2 et Ar montrent que les modèles choisi pour chaque molécule peuvent influencer la qualité des prédictions de tension interfaciale. Des simulations d'équilibres gaz acide / alcane de type CO2 / n-butane, CO2 / n-décane et H2S / n-pentane ont ensuite été réalisées. Elles ont mis en évidence l'efficacité des méthodes de simulation de type Monte Carlo pour la prédiction des tensions interfaciales pour de tels systèmes. L'étude de systèmes ternaires H2O / N2+CH4 et H2O / CO2+H2S a par ailleurs montré que le recourt à la dynamique moléculaire pouvait faciliter l'équilibration des systèmes simulés, rendant plus efficace la prédiction des tensions interfaciales. L'étude d'équilibres liquide / vapeur de saumures de chlorure de sodium a permis de mettre en évidence l'efficacité de certains potentiels non-polarisables pour la prédiction de l'évolution de la tension interfaciale avec la molarité de sel. Les modèles polarisables de type core-shell choisis ne permettent de prédire ni les masses volumiques, ni les tensions interfaciales. Enfin, l'étude d'équilibres eau / alcane en présence de sel ou de méthanol a montré que les méthodes de dynamique moléculaire permettaient de prédire quantitativement des valeurs de tension interfaciale pour ce type d'interface. L'effet de l'alcool abaissant la tension interfaciale a bien été observé, tout comme son placement préférentiel à l'interface.
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14

Dixit, Onkar. "Upgrading Biogas to Biomethane Using Absorption". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-189059.

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Questions that were answered in the dissertation: Which process is suitable to desulphurize biogas knowing that chemical absorption will be used to separate CO2? Which absorption solvent is suitable to separate CO2 from concentrated gases such as biogas at atmospheric pressure? What properties of the selected solvent, namely aqueous diglycolamine (DGA), are already known? How to determine solvent properties such as equilibrium CO2 solubility under absorption and desorption conditions using simple, but robust apparatuses? What values do solvent properties such as density, viscosity and surface tension take at various DGA contents and CO2 loadings? How do primary alkanolamine content and CO2 loading influence solvent properties? What is the optimal DGA content in the solvent? What is the optimal desorption temperature at atmospheric pressure? How can equilibrium CO2 solubility in aqueous DGA solvents be simulated? What is the uncertainty in the results? How to debottleneck an absorber and increase its gas-treating capacity? How to determine the optimal lean loading of the absorption solvent? What are the characteristics of the absorption process that uses aqueous DGA as the solvent to separate CO2 from biogas and is more energy efficient and safer than the state-of-the-art processes? How to quantitatively compare the hazards of absorption solvents? What is the disposition of the German population towards hazards from biogas plants? What are the favourable and adverse environmental impacts of biomethane?
Fragen, die in der Dissertation beantwortet wurden: Welches Verfahren ist zur Entschwefelung von Biogas geeignet, wenn die chemische Absorption zur CO2-Abtrennung genutzt wird? Welches Absorptionsmittel ist geeignet, um CO2 aus konzentrierten Gasen, wie Biogas, bei atmosphärischem Druck abzutrennen? Welche Eigenschaften des ausgewählten Absorptionsmittels, wässriges Diglykolamin (DGA), sind bereits bekannt? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung unter Absorptions- und Desorptionsbedingungen mit einfachen und robusten Laborapparaten bestimmt? Welche Werte nehmen die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften wie Dichte, Viskosität und Oberflächenspannung bei verschiedenen DGA-Gehalten und CO2-Beladungen? Wie werden die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften durch den Primäramin-Gehalt und die CO2-Beladung beeinflusst? Was ist der optimale DGA-Gehalt im Absorptionsmittel? Was ist die optimale Desorptionstemperatur bei atmosphärischem Druck? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung im wässrigen DGA simuliert? Welche Ungenauigkeit ist zu erwarten? Wie wird eine Absorptionskolonne umgerüstet, um die Kapazität zu erweitern? Wie wird die optimale CO2-Beladung des Absorptionsmittels am Absorbereintritt (im unbeladenen Absorptionsmittel) bestimmt? Was sind die Prozesseigenschaften eines Absorptionsverfahrens, das wässriges DGA als Absorptionsmittel nutzt sowie energieeffizienter und sicherer als Verfahren auf dem Stand der Technik ist? Wie kann das Gefahrenpotenzial von Absorptionsmittel quantitativ verglichen werden? Wie werden Gefahren aus einer Biogasanlage durch die deutsche Bevölkerung wahrgenommen? Welche positive und negative Umweltauswirkung hat Biomethan?
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15

Blanchon, Le Bouhelec-Tribouillois Émilie. "Contribution à la thermodynamique de l'absorption des gaz acides H2S et CO2 dans les solvants eau-alcanolamine-méthanol : mesures expérimentales et modélisation". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL046N/document.

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Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du développement de nouveaux procédés de désacidification de gaz naturel à travers l'étude thermodynamique des équilibres entre les gaz acides (CO2 et H2S) et un solvant mixte. Ce solvant résulte de la combinaison d'un solvant chimique (solution aqueuse de diéthanolamine) et d'un solvant physique (méthanol). Couplant équilibres chimique et physique, la modélisation de ces systèmes nécessite l'élaboration de modèles complexes et une large gamme de données d'équilibre liquide-vapeur. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'acquisition de données expérimentales de solubilité des gaz acides dans le solvant mixte. En étendant le champ d'application d'un appareillage fonctionnant en méthode synthétique, nous avons acquis des données originales de solubilité des mélanges CO2 + H2S dans des solvants eau-diéthanolamine-méthanol. Dans la seconde partie, la modélisation simultanée des équilibres chimiques et physiques est réalisée. L'approche hétérogène développée combine le modèle NRTL-Electrolyte pour représenter la phase liquide avec l'équation d'état de Peng-Robinson pour décrire le comportement de la phase vapeur. La procédure d'ajustement des paramètres est graduelle si bien que le système complet eau-diéthanolamine-méthanol-CO2-H2S est décrit de manière prédictive, les paramètres du modèle NRTL-Electrolyte ayant été déterminés sur des systèmes inférieurs. L'effet de solvatation du méthanol est aussi mis en valeur. Nous nous sommes également intéressés au calcul des chaleurs d'absorption et à l'extension de notre modèle à d'autres alcanolamines
This work is related to the development of new processes about gas sweetening with hybrid solvents coupling a chemical one (aqueous solution of diethanolamine) with a physical one (methanol). In the liquid phase, CO2 and H2S react with diethanolamine so that the VLE description of these systems is quite complex and requires experimental data. The first part of this work is dedicated to the experimental determination of acid gases + hybrid solvent solubility data. The experimental apparatus was improved to study H2S solubility and CO2 + H2S mixtures solubility in water-diethanolamine-methanol solvents. In the second part, the simultaneous representation of chemical and phase equilibria was realised. The heterogeneous approach developed here combines the Peng-Robinson equation of state for the vapour phase with the Electrolyte-NRTL model for the liquid phase. Parameters are fitted gradually so that the entire system water-diethanolamine-methanol-CO2-H2S system is extrapolated using Electrolyte-NRTL parameters determined by fitting experimental acid gas partial pressures of lower systems. Methanol effect is also described. An original calculation of heat of absorption was also developed. We extended the use of our approach to study others alkanolamines
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16

Chen, Chong-Yi, e 陳崇毅. "Prediction of solid-liquid-gas equilibrium for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide + organic compounds". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01634403517165550867.

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碩士
國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程學系
105
The knowledge of the solid–liquid–gas equilibrium (SLGE) for binary mixtures of organic compounds in CO2 is one of the key information determine the best operation condition for many supercritical fluid processes. In this work, the SLGE of 21 organic compounds in carbon dioxide is calculated from six approaches based on Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) and the COSMO-SAC models. These methods include two versions of PR+COSMOSAC EOS and combining PR EOS with MHV1 or Wong-Sandler (WS) mixing rules and two versions of COSMO-SAC models. The PR+COSMOSAC(2015) and PR+MHV1+COSMOSAC(2010) provide the lowest overall absolute average deviation in temperature (AAD-T), which are 6.23 K and 6.37 K, respectively, and the overall absolute average deviation in SLGE liquid phase composition prediction from the PR+COSMOSAC EOS(2015) and PR EOS+MHV1+COSMO-SAC(2010), which are 0.07 and 0.10 respectively. Although the overall deviations are similar, their prediction results can be very different for substances in different families of chemicals, and it can be found clearly each method is good at specific families of chemicals. In the last part, the effect of experimental solid volumes of organic compounds in SLGE prediction accuracy is investigated.
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17

Hsiao, Hung-Yi, e 蕭鴻義. "Study of Semi-Flow High Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium and Gas-Saturation Vapor Pressure". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18863804460300539990.

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碩士
靜宜大學
應用化學系
88
Knowledge of vapor-liquid equilibria at high pressure is very important for numerous industrial applications, especially for separation process design with the use of the supercritical CO2. Vapor pressure is one of the important physical properties. Also, an excellent fit of vapor pressures is necessary in the phase equilibrium data reduction. The objective of this research is to construct a high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) apparatus by a semi-flow type and a vapor pressure measurement apparatus via the gas-saturation method. These two apparatus will be served as the basic tools in the development of the technologies of high-pressure separation and low vapor pressure (under 1000 Hg) measurement for our laboratory. Therefore, in this research we described the details in the construction of these apparatus including the instruments necessary and the procedure to conduct the experiments. Presently these two apparatus were already ready for the investigation. The apparatus about high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria and vapor pressure, the models for calculating high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria, and the correlation equations and predicting methods for vapor pressures were also reviewed.
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18

Siame, John. "Study on selective precipitation of platinum and base metals in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chloride systems : focus on conceptual process design". Thesis, 2012. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000297.

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D. Tech. Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
This study provides experimental data and new perspectives on selective precipitation of platinum group metals (PGMs) in the presence of base metals while at the same time reviewing the mass transfer characteristics and models associated with metal sulphides precipitation in liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems. In this study, the objective was to investigate and validate the concept of selective precipitation of platinum from chloride media using sulphur-bearing liquids or gases.
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19

Kunz, Oliver [Verfasser]. "A new equation of state for natural gases and other mixtures for the gas and liquid regions and the phase equilibrium / von Oliver Kunz". 2006. http://d-nb.info/983888655/34.

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20

Basha, Omar 1988. "Modeling of LNG Pool Spreading and Vaporization". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148176.

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In this work, a source term model for estimating the rate of spreading and vaporization of LNG on land and sea is introduced. The model takes into account the composition changes of the boiling mixture, the varying thermodynamic properties due to preferential boiling within the mixture and the effect of boiling on conductive heat transfer. The heat, mass and momentum balance equations are derived for continuous and instantaneous spills and mixture thermodynamic effects are incorporated. A parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of boiling heat transfer regimes, friction, thermal contact/roughness correction parameter and VLE/mixture thermodynamics on the pool spreading behavior. The aim was to provide a better understanding of these governing phenomena and their relative importance throughout the pool lifetime. The spread model was validated against available experimental data for pool spreading on concrete and sea. The model is solved using Matlab for two continuous and instantaneous spill scenarios and is validated against experimental data on cryogenic pool spreading found in literature.
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21

Wang, Chih-Wei. "Flow-directed solution self-assembly of block copolymers in microfluidic devices". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3984.

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The self-assembly of polystyrene-stabilized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (PS-CdS) with amphiphilic stabilizing chains of polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) into colloidal quantum dot compound micelles (QDCMs) is studied on two-phase gas-liquid segmented microfluidic reactors. The resulting particle sizes are found to arise from the interplay of shear-induced coalescence and particle breakup, depending on a combination of chemical and flow conditions. Variation of water content, gas-to-liquid ratio, and total flow rate, enable control of QDCM sizes in the range of 140 – 40 nm. The flow-variable shear effect on similar microfluidic reactors is then applied to direct the solution self-assembly of a PS-b-PAA block copolymer into various micelle morphologies. The difference between off-chip and on-chip morphologies under identical chemical conditions is explained by a mechanism of shear-induced coalescence enabled by strong and localized on-chip shear fields, followed by intraparticle chain rearrangements to minimize local free energies. Time-dependent studies of these nanostructures reveal that on-chip kinetic structures will relax to global equilibrium given sufficient time off-chip. Further investigations into the effect of chemical variables on on-chip shear-induced morphologies reveal a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic effects, opening avenues for morphology control via combined chemical (bottom-up) and shear (top-down) forces. An equilibrium phase diagram of off-chip micelle morphologies is constructed and used in conjunction with kinetic considerations to rationalize on-chip mechanisms and morphologies, including cylinders and vesicles, under different chemical conditions. Finally, we extend our strategy of two-phase microfluidic self-assembly of PS-b-PAA to the loading of fluorescent hydrophobic probes (pyrene and naphthalene) with different affinities for the PS core. The on-chip loading approach provides a fast alternate to the slow off-chip method, with implications for the potential development for point-of-care devices for drug loading. On-chip loading results indicate that loading efficiencies are dependent on water content and, to a lesser extent, on flow rate; the results also suggest that the on-chip morphologies of the PS-b-PAA micelles are an important factor in the loading efficiencies.
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22

Klima, Tobias. "Quantitative insights into the transcritical mixture formation at diesel relevant conditions". 2019. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38667.

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Wie vermischen sich Kraftstoff und Luft, wenn ein flüssiger Kraftstoff in einer Umgebung eingespritzt und zerstäubt wird, deren Parameter Druck und Temperatur den kritischen Druck und die kritische Temperatur des Kraftstoffs überschreiten? In dieser Arbeit wurden Experimente basierend auf Raman-spektoskopischen Methoden zur Gemischbildung unter eben solchen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Ziel der Arbeit war der experimentelle Nachweis der Möglichkeit einphasiger Gemischbildung, d.h. des Übergangs von eingespritztem Kraftstoff in das überkritische Regime, und von da Mischung mit der umgebenden initial überkritischen Stickstoffphase ohne Auftreten von Phasengrenzen. Dazu war es nötig, das Zweiphasengebiet der eingesetzten Stoffe exakt zu charakterisieren (die Gas-Flüssig-Gleichgewichte zu messen), und die Temperatur der Flüssigphase zuverlässig während der Gemischbildung zu messen. Mittels eines Mikrokapillar-Aufbaus wurden Daten zu Gas-Flüssig-Gleichgewichten (engl. Vapor-liquid-equilibria, VLE) bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen erhoben. Dazu wurden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen phasenspezifische Raman-Spektren der Gas- und der Flüssigphase gemessen, aus denen sich in-situ die Gemischzusammensetzung der Phasen ermitteln ließ. Desweiteren wurden Methoden zur Bestimmung der Temperatur der Flüssigphase erarbeitet, sowie eine Methode zur Unterscheidung von Gas- und Flüssiganteil anhand der Raman-Spektren. Die letzten Methoden basieren auf einer Auswertung des Signals der Hydroxyl-Gruppe von Ethanol, welches in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Kraftstoff-Surrogat verwendet wurde. Danach wurden diese Methoden in einer Hochdruck-Hochtemperatur-Einspritzkammer eingesetzt. Hier wurde Kraftstoff unter realistischen Motorbedingungen eingespritzt, und Raman-Spektroskopie zeitlich und örtlich aufgelöst im entstehenden Spray angewandt. Dies erlaubte die Untersuchung der Gemischbildung ohne Beeinträchtigung des Systems, wie etwa durch Zugabe von Marker-Stoffen oder den Einsatz invasiver Messtechniken. Die gewonnenen VLE-Daten stellen eine erhebliche Verbesserung der Datengrundlage in diesem Druck- und Temperaturbereich dar, da Literaturdaten hier rar sind. Der realisierte Mikrokapillar-Aufbau benötigt nur minimale Volumina an Flüssigkeit und Gas, und lässt vielfältige weitere Einsatzmöglichkeiten wie etwa die Messung von VLE-Daten anderer Stoffe oder auch ternärer Gemische, oder die Untersuchung chemischer Reaktionen zu. Gleichgewichte stellen sich aufgrund des hohen Oberflächen-Volumen-Verhältnisses und der insgesamt kurzen Weglängen schnell ein. Die Zuverlässigkeit der gewonnenen Daten konnte durch Vergleich mit den wenigen vorhandenen Literaturdaten gezeigt werden. Bei Vorliegen von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen konnte die Zuverlässigkeit und Überlegenheit der Raman-Thermometrie basierend auf der „integrated absolute difference spectroscopy“ gezeigt werden, außerdem erlaubt das charakteristische Raman-Signal der Hydroxyl-Gruppe in Wasserstoff-brückenbindung eine Unterscheidung von Gas- und Flüssigphase in überlagerten Spektren. Zum Nachweis der Durchführbarkeit einer solchen Unterscheidung wurde eine Methode entwickelt, um mittels unterschiedlicher Trigger-Signale phasenspezifische Messungen ohne Überlagerung durch eine alternierende Phase durchzuführen. Die gemessenen, örtlich und zeitlich aufgelösten Daten zur Gemischbildung im Spray erlauben die thermodynamische Charakterisierung der Gemischbildung anhand der ermittelten Parameter „globale Gemischzusammensetzung“, „Flüssigphasenanteil“ und „Flüssigphasentemperatur“. Die Ergebnisse zeigten für hohe Umgebungsdrücke und Temperaturen, dass die Flüssigphase Temperaturen jenseits ihrer kritischen Temperatur erreichen kann. Dies lieferte den Nachweis des Auftretens einphasiger Gemischbildung.:I Abbreviations and symbols II Figures III Tables 1. Introduction 2. State of the art 2.1.1. Objective of this thesis 3. Application-oriented fundamentals 3.1. Thermodynamic states 3.1.1. Single-component systems 3.1.2. Multi-compound systems 3.2. Micro-fluidic systems 3.3. Spray break-up 3.4. Raman spectroscopy 3.4.1. Fundamentals 3.4.2. Quantifiability of Raman signals 3.4.3. Liquid fraction determination 3.4.4. Raman thermometry 4. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibra – Experimental setup 4.1. Overview and auxiliary equipment 4.2. Heating system 4.3. Raman probe 4.4. Light guard technique 4.5. Materials and Experiments 5. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibria – Results and discussion 5.1. Data evaluation 5.2. Calibration 5.3. Liquid film correction 5.4. Results ethanol/nitrogen 5.5. Results decane/nitrogen 5.6. Raman thermometry 6. Sprays – Experimental Setup 6.1. Overview and auxiliary equipment 6.2. Calibration setup 6.3. Spray excitation and detection 6.4. Investigated conditions 7. Sprays – Results and discussion 7.1. Data evaluation 7.1.1. Fuel fraction determination 7.1.2. Liquid fraction determination 7.1.3. Liquid temperature determination 7.2. Calibration results 7.3. Spray results 8. Conclusion 9. References
How do fuel and air mix, when liquid fuel is injected and atomized in an environment with parameters pressure and temperature exceeding the respective critical ones of the fuel? In this work, experiments on mixture formation at such conditions based on methods of Raman spectroscopy were performed. Objective of the work was the experimental proof of single-phase mixing, i.e. the transition of injected fuel into the supercritical regime, and therein mixture with the surrounding initially supercritical nitrogen atmosphere without the formation of phase boundaries. To this end, the characterization of the two-phase regime was necessary (i.e. the measurement of the vapor-liquid-equlibria), and the reliable determination of the temperature of the liquid phase during mixture formation. Data on vapor-liquid-equilibria (VLE) were measured in a micro-capillary setup at high temperatures and pressures. To this end, phase-specific Raman spectra of the liquid and the vapor phase were measured at well-controlled conditions, from which the mixture composition of the respective phases was derived in-situ. Furthermore, Methods for the determination of the liquid phase temperature were developed, as well as an approach for the differentiation of the liquid phase signal from the vapor phase signal. The two latter methods exploit the specific signal of the hydroxyl-group of ethanol, which served as a fuel surrogate in this work. In the next step, these methods were applied in a high pressure, high temperature injection chamber. Here, fuel was injected at realistic engine-like conditions, and Raman spectroscopy was applied temporally and spatially resolved across the created spray cone. This approach allowed the Investigation of the mixture formation without affecting the system, compared to e.g. the addition of markers or the use of invasive measurement techniques. The gathered data are a significant addition to the scarce data base available in this pressure and temperature range. The realized micro-capillary setup needs only minimal volume of fluids, and allows various other operational Scenarios like the measurement of VLE data of other components, binary or ternary, or the Investigation of chemical reactions. Equilibria form very fast due to the high surface-to-volume ratio and the short path lenghts. The reliability of the gathered data were shown by comparison with literature. With the presence of hydrogen bonds, the reliability and superiority of the Raman thermometry based on the 'integrated absolute difference spectroscopy' was shown. Furthermore, the characteristic Raman signal of the hydroxyl-group allows for the differentiation of the vapor- and liquid-phase contributions in superimposed spectra from vapor- and liquid-phase. For the proof of feasibility of such a differentiation, a sophisticated method for the phase-specific measurements was developed by exploiting distinctive trigger Signals from the phases, allowing measurements in one phase without cross-talk from the alternating phase. The temporally and spatially resolved data measured during mixture formation in the spray lead to the thermodynamic characterization of the mixture formation with respect to the Parameters 'global mixture composition', 'liquid phase fraction', and 'liquid phase temperature'. The results for high pressures and temperatures inside the chamber show that the liquid or liquid-like phase can reach temperatures exceeding the critical temperature of the fuel. This provides the proof a the existance of single-phase mixing.:I Abbreviations and symbols II Figures III Tables 1. Introduction 2. State of the art 2.1.1. Objective of this thesis 3. Application-oriented fundamentals 3.1. Thermodynamic states 3.1.1. Single-component systems 3.1.2. Multi-compound systems 3.2. Micro-fluidic systems 3.3. Spray break-up 3.4. Raman spectroscopy 3.4.1. Fundamentals 3.4.2. Quantifiability of Raman signals 3.4.3. Liquid fraction determination 3.4.4. Raman thermometry 4. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibra – Experimental setup 4.1. Overview and auxiliary equipment 4.2. Heating system 4.3. Raman probe 4.4. Light guard technique 4.5. Materials and Experiments 5. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibria – Results and discussion 5.1. Data evaluation 5.2. Calibration 5.3. Liquid film correction 5.4. Results ethanol/nitrogen 5.5. Results decane/nitrogen 5.6. Raman thermometry 6. Sprays – Experimental Setup 6.1. Overview and auxiliary equipment 6.2. Calibration setup 6.3. Spray excitation and detection 6.4. Investigated conditions 7. Sprays – Results and discussion 7.1. Data evaluation 7.1.1. Fuel fraction determination 7.1.2. Liquid fraction determination 7.1.3. Liquid temperature determination 7.2. Calibration results 7.3. Spray results 8. Conclusion 9. References
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