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1
Wubs, A. Maaike, Yuntao Ma, Lia Hemerik e Ep Heuvelink. "Fruit Set and Yield Patterns in Six Capsicum Cultivars". HortScience 44, n.º 5 (agosto de 2009): 1296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1296.
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Fruit set and yield patterns were studied in detail in six pepper cultivars. Fruit set differed largely between the cultivars: cultivars with small fruits (fruit fresh weight 20 to 40 g) showed higher fruit set (≈50%) than cultivars with large fruits (fruit fresh weight 120 to 200 g; 11% to 19%). The former showed continuous fruit set (four to five fruits/plant/week), whereas the latter showed fluctuations in fruit set. Fluctuations in weekly fruit set, expressed as the ratio between standard deviation of weekly fruit set and the mean of weekly fruit set (cv), were much lower for the cultivars with small fruits (0.44 to 0.49) than for the cultivars with large fruits (1.1 to 1.6). Fluctuations in weekly fruit yield varied between 0.51 and 0.77 for cultivars with small fruits and between 1.04 and 1.45 for cultivars with large fruits. Fluctuations in fruit yield were significantly positively correlated (Pearson R = 0.87) with fluctuations in fruit set. The correlation between fruit set and fruit yield patterns was highest with a lag time of 8 weeks for the cultivars with small fruits and 9 to 10 weeks for the cultivars with large fruits. This corresponds with the expected lag time based on the average fruit growth duration. The cultivars produced the same amount of biomass, implying that source strength was more or less similar. Hence, differences in fruit set and fruit yield patterns between the cultivars were not the result of differences in source strength and must therefore be related to differences in sink strength.
2
Dennis, Frank G. "Physiology of Fruit Set and Abscission". HortScience 33, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 553a—553. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.553a.
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Thinning, whether mechanical or chemical, prevents the development of some fruits, allowing the remainder to become larger and more marketable. Chemicals used for thinning either prevent fruit set or increase the proportion of fruits that fall in the “June drop”; some, however, are effective even after this drop. The mechanisms involved in blossom thinning are straightforward. Either pollination is prevented, or some of the flowers are injured, causing their abscission. The mechanisms involved in fruit thinning are more complex; physiologists continue to debate the effects of thinning agents on phloem transport, endogenous hormone content/production, seed development, and other physiological processes. The effects of ethephon in thinning have led to the suggestion that the response to applied hormones is mediated by their effects in stimulating ethylene biosynthesis. Hypotheses as the mechanisms of action of thinning agents will be reviewed, emphasizing those most often invoked today.
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Bosch, J., F. Garcia Del Pino, J. Ramoneda e J. Retana. "FRUITING PHENOLOGY AND FRUIT SET OF CAROB, CERATONIA SILIQUA L. (CESALPINACEAE)". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44, n.º 4 (12 de abril de 1996): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1996.10676657.
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The fruiting phenology of two female and two hermaphroditic carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) cultivars was studied in NE Spain. After flower pollination (September–November), fruit growth followed a sigmoidal curve, with an initial period of slow growth (December–March), a period of linear growth (April–June), and a final period of slow growth and maturation (June–Au–gust). Shedding of flowers and young fruits was high in October–December, and slowed down in January–February. Then, fruit drop again increased until May, and from June to August fruit shedding was almost nil. Fruit initiation was 12.6–35.0%, and fruit shedding was high (79.2–90.2% of the fruits initiated dropped before maturity). In the two female cultivars, larger inflorescences had higher rates of fruit initiation, fruit set, and seed set per flower than smaller inflorescences.
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Proctor, Heather C. "Effect of pollen age on fruit set, fruit weight, and seed set in three orchid species". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, n.º 3 (1 de março de 1998): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-010.
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The length of time that pollen remains viable after being removed from the anther may be subject to species-specific selection pressures, e.g., when the average transit time between anther and stigma is long, long-lived pollen may be favoured. Flowering plants that provide no reward to pollinators are predicted to have relatively long-lived pollen, because pollinators are less likely to immediately revisit flowers of a nonrewarding species. I studied the effect of pollen age on fertilization success in three species of orchids that provide little or no reward. Pollen was aged 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 days outside of the anther and then placed on the stigmas of conspecific flowers. I collected and weighed all resultant fruits and used a subsampling technique to determine the number of embryonated seeds per fruit and the percentage of all seeds that had embryos. There was no evidence that pollen age affected fruit set, fruit weight, embryonated-seed number, or percentage of embryonated seeds in two species (Calopogon tuberosus (Linn.) Britton and Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linn.) Ker.). In the third, Cypripedium reginae Walt., 8-day-old pollen produced significantly lighter fruits with fewer embryonated seeds; however, the percentage of embryonated seeds was not affected. Although the pollen of these nonrewarding orchids appears to have an impressive life-span, it is difficult to make comparisons with other species because most previous studies have relied on laboratory tests of viability that appear to have little relation to performance of pollen in the field.Key words: pollen longevity, Orchidaceae, reproductive success.
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McGuire, Christopher M. "Field Performance and Phenotypic Variation of Passiflora incarnata L. in New York State". HortScience 33, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.2.240.
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Passiflora incarnata L., a perennial vine native to southeastern North America, bears fruit containing an edible juice. I observed the growth, flowering, fruit yield, and fruit traits of P. incarnata plants grown in the field for one season in Ithaca, N.Y. Plants flowered throughout the summer and were pollinated by carpenter bees, but fruit set was low without additional hand-pollination. Fruits set before mid-August matured in 52 to 113 days, but fruits set after mid-August usually failed to mature. Following hand-pollination of some flowers, plants matured 0 to 14 fruits, and yield of edible juice was 5 to 10 mL per fruit. Vegetative growth, plant architecture, number of flowers produced, number of fruits matured, days from flower opening to fruit maturity, fruit size, the proportion of fruits filled with juice and seeds, and the size of juice-containing arils all varied greatly among plants. Part of this variation was probably genetic.
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Lee, Sang Gyu, Dong Kum Park, Kyung Sup Park, Yun Chan Heo, Yoon Ah Jang, Kwan Dal Ko e Chiwon W. Lee. "(197) Effect of the Number of Fruit per Plant on Production of Dried Seed and Fruit Yield in Pumpkin". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julho de 2005): 1053D—1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1053d.
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The fruits of pumpkin are good material for soup and a very popular side dish in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate how number of fruit set per plant (2, 3, or 4 fruit) affected production of dried seed and fruit yield. `Golden Delicious' (GD) and hull-less (HL) pumpkins were planted 60 cm apart in 200-cm rows. Production of dried seed per hectare (11,000 plants) were 1985, 2193, and 2074 kg, respectively, at 2-, 3-, and 4-fruit set per plant for GD. The fruit yield per hectare (11,000 plants) was 58,360 kg for 2-fruit set treatment, 74,680 kg for 3-fruit set, and 73,240 kg for 4-fruit set per plant for GD. The production of dried seed per hectare (11,000 plants) was 535, 603, and 545 kg, respectively, for 2-, 3-, and 4-fruit set per plant for HL. The fruit yield per hectare (11,000 plants) was 28,200 kg for 2-fruit set treatment, 44,660 kg for 3-fruit set, and 39,200 kg for 4-fruit set per plant for HL. The highest production of dried seed and fruit yield were for 3-fruit set per plant for GD and HL. Differences in production for dried seed and fruit yield, as influenced by number of fruit set per plant, were also characterized.
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Shrestha, G. K., M. M. Thompson e T. L. Righetti. "Foliar-applied Boron Increases Fruit Set in ‘Barcelona’ Hazelnut". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, n.º 3 (maio de 1987): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.3.412.
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Abstract Boron (B) sprays applied to ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut orchards induced fruit set increases over controls, averaging 23% in 1984 and 17% in 1985. Leaves from B-sprayed trees had higher B contents than controls throughout the season. Amounts of B in young fruits increased two-fold with B sprays, but, unlike leaf values, differences between treated and control fruits disappeared by mid-summer. In the orchards studied, the B content of developing fruits from unsprayed trees was similar even though leaf B content varied widely. Because fruit set increases were obtained in both seasons with B sprays on trees whose leaf values currently are considered excessive, as well as those considered optimal or deficient, guidelines for B recommendation need revision. Boron content in May fruit from unsprayed trees might be universally low for optimum nut development, indicating that annual B sprays may be required. Foliar sprays in April damaged young leaves and shoot tips; thus, delaying sprays until the 2nd week of May is recommended.
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Arnao, M. B., e J. Hernández-Ruiz. "Melatonin in flowering, fruit set and fruit ripening". Plant Reproduction 33, n.º 2 (6 de abril de 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-020-00388-8.
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Nikolic, Dragan, Vera Rakonjac e Milica Fotiric-Aksic. "The effect of pollenizer on the fruit set of plum cultivar Cacanska Najbolja". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 57, n.º 1 (2012): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1201009n.
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In this paper, during a 4-year period (2003-2006) effects of six pollenizers (President, Italian Prune, Stanley, Cacanska Rodna, Agen 707, and California Blue) on the degree of fruit set in the plum cultivar Cacanska Najbolja were examined. Besides the controlled pollination of this cultivar, open pollination was investigated. Functional pollen ability in pollenizer-cultivars was established by in vitro pollen germination. Degree of fruit set was determined comparing the number of fruit set (10 days after pollination, 21 days after pollination and number of harvested fruits) against the number of pollinated flowers. The results indicated that all pollenizer cultivars, studied in this paper, possessed satisfactory in vitro pollen germination (30.1-67.4%). The number of fruit set determined 10 days after pollination was very high and did not differ among pollenizers. Highly significant differences were found between the pollenizers in the number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and significant ones in relation to the number of harvested fruits. Compared to open pollination, higher number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and higher number of harvested fruits were obtained when cultivars Stanley (17.0%; 7.6%) and Italian Prune (14.6%; 6.9%) were used as pollenizers, therefore those cultivars are recommendable as good pollenizers for the cultivar Cacanska Najbolja.
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Jalikop, S. H., e Ravindra Kumar. "Pseudo-xenic Effect of Allied Annona spp. Pollen in Hand Pollination of cv. ‘Arka Sahan’ [(A. cherimola × A. squamosa) × A. squamosa]". HortScience 42, n.º 7 (dezembro de 2007): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1534.
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Annonaceous fruits are characterized by a serious problem of fruit set, and hand pollination is commonly practiced for improving the set. Because we observed that allied Annona spp. are freely crossable and often produce attractive Fo fruits, the possibility of using their pollen in hand pollination was investigated. A total of 1080 flowers of cv. Arka Sahan in 2003 and 3420 in 2004 were pollinated with A. atemoya Hort., A. cherimola Mill., A. reticulata L., A. squamosa L., and self-pollen. Pollen source had significant effects in both or either year on all 14 fruit traits studied except days to ripening. A. squamosa pollen gave the highest fruit set (greater than 91%) and the heaviest fruits (greater than 600 g). Good to moderate fruit set was recorded with A. reticulata and self-pollen (31% to 86%); and with A. atemoya and A. cherimola pollen, the set was poor (4% to 13%), whereas natural set was as low as 2%. ‘Arka Sahan’ fruits resulting from A. squamosa pollen showed quicker fruit maturity (128 days) and least weight loss on ripening (13%). Evaluation of fruit pulp quality revealed that pollen source and year had significant effects on the total soluble solids and acidity but not their ratio. Mean number of seeds per 100 g fruit was found to vary (6 to 11) with pollen source used. A. squamosa and A. reticulata pollen had higher seed count with good to moderate fruit size and symmetrical shape, but those from the rest of the pollen sources neither possessed good size nor shape. Results clearly showed that ‘Arka Sahan’ could be successfully hand pollinated with A. squamosa pollen. The differential ability of pollen sources to fertilize number of ovules and set seeds per fruit rather than the pollen genotype had a significant effect on many fruit traits like size, symmetry, skin thickness, and total soluble solids, which we describe as ”pseudo-xenia.” Useful pseudo-xenic effect is worth exploiting in fruit culture.
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Tombesi, Sergio, Bruce D. Lampinen, Samuel Metcalf e Theodore M. DeJong. "Spur Fruit Set Is Negatively Related with Current-year Spur Leaf Area in Almond". HortScience 50, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2015): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.322.
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Almond spurs are known to be the primary bearing unit in almond tree and are subject to alternate bearing. Fruits are a strong sink in bearing spurs and can influence spur leaf growth. At the same time the percent of flowers that set fruit on a spur (spur relative fruit set) could be influenced by the competition among multiple flowers/fruits borne on the same spur as well as by limited leaf area on the same spur. The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between current-year spur leaf area and spur absolute and relative fruit set. Approximately 2400 spurs were tagged and followed over 6 years and data concerning spur leaf area, number of flowers per spur, and number of fruits per spur were collected. Spur leaf area was reduced in fruiting spurs in comparison with non-fruiting spurs according to the number of fruits borne by each spur. This phenomenon contributes to spur alternate bearing because spur flowering and survival in the next year are a function of the leaf area in the current year. Relative fruit set in almond appears to be negatively associated with current-year spur leaf area. Competition among fruits on the same spur did not appear to influence spur relative fruit set.
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Chu, Yu-Chun, Tzong-Shyan Lin e Jer-Chia Chang. "Pollen Effects on Fruit Set, Seed Weight, and Shriveling of ‘73-S-20’ Litchi- with Special Reference to Artificial Induction of Parthenocarpy". HortScience 50, n.º 3 (março de 2015): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.3.369.
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In this study, we documented whether pollen parents are required for fruiting and their effects on fruit set and seed characteristics in field-grown ‘73-S-20’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). The effects of preventing female (F) flower pollination to induce parthenocarpy, selfing, and outcrossing with ‘Haak Yip’ and open-pollinated (OP) fruits derived from F flowers and the second wave of the male (M2) flowers of ‘Haak Yip’ blooming in synchrony were assessed. The correlation between the percentage of fruit set and shriveled seed/seed weight in self-crossed and outcrossed fruits was calculated. At harvest, the absence of pollination induced a high proportion of parthenocarpic fruit without seed, although the fruit weighed only 4.2 g. Fruit set with outcrossing was greater than that with selfing and the percentage of shriveled seed obtained in self-crossed fruits was much greater than that in outcrossed fruits but not different from that in OP fruits, suggesting that outcrossing increased but selfing decreased the cluster yield and seed weight. However, 33.3% and 23.0% of seed contained embryos in selfed and OP fruits, respectively. No positive correlation between the percentage of fruit set and shriveled seed/seed weight was found, indicating that seed abortion during development was not the key factor leading to low yield. We concluded that tiny parthenocarpic fruit could be obtained but that pollination is essential for the good yield of ‘73-S-20’. Outcrossing markedly increased fruit set and seed weight and decreased the percentage of shriveled seed. Factors other than the pollen parents may be involved in the seed development of ‘73-S-20’.
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Lahav, E., A. Korkin e G. Adar. "Thinning Stage Influences Fruit Size and Yield of Kiwifruit". HortScience 24, n.º 3 (junho de 1989): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.438.
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Abstract An experiment in thinning kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch.) vines at the bud swell stage vs. at fruit set stage was conducted in the Western Galilee to a) determine the optimal physiological stage of thinning, b) optimize fruit weight and yield, and c) determine the relationship between fruit number per vine and alternate bearing. A negative relationship was found between the number of fruits per vine and fruit weight or alternate bearing. Vines thinned at the bud swell stage always carried larger fruits than those thinned after fruit setting. As the fruit load on the vine decreased, smaller differences were observed between the two thinning dates. Assuming that individual fruit weight should not be < 70 g, thinning at the bud swell stage allows a yield of 1700 fruits per vine, and that at the fruit-set stage only 1400 fruits per vine. Vines not sprayed with Alzodef (H2CN2, cyanamide) to break dormancy yielded less than half the number of fruits as the sprayed vines.
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Yates, I. E., e Darrell Sparks. "Three-year-old Pecan Pollen Retains Fertility". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, n.º 3 (maio de 1990): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.359.
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Stored pollen from pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] was analyzed for in vitro germination, fertilization efficiency, final fruit set, and characteristics of mature fruits. We demonstrate pecan pollen can be stored for several years and set fruit. Pollen stored for 1, 2, and 3 years at -80C and 1 year at -196C retained the capacity for fertilization. Pollen stored at -196C was more viable than pollen stored at -80C, with no significant correlation between length of storage at -80C, as judged by fruit abortions during the second drop. Final fruit set was not affected by pollen storage conditions, except for pollen collected in a season of drought. Fruit set is a more reliable indicator of pollen viability than in vitro germination. With two minor exceptions, fruits produced with stored pollen were similar to those developing after pollination with fresh pollen.
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Gede Swibawa, I., F. X. Susilo, Indra Murti e Esti Ristiyani. "SERANGAN DACUS CUCURBITAE ( DIPTERA: TRYPETIDAE) PADA BUAH MENTIMUN DAN PARE YANG DIBUNGKUS PADA SAAT PENTIL". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 3, n.º 2 (3 de setembro de 2003): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2343-46.
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Dacus cucurbitae ( Diptera: Trypetidae) attacks on cucumber and peria fruits wrapped at cherelle stage. The fruit flies were important pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) and peria (Memordica charantia L.). The flies attacked fruits by laying egg on the fruit surface and their developing immatures caused serious damages from the inside. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of the fruit wrapping at cherelle stage on fruit fly infestation on cucumber or peria fruits. The experiment was conducted in villages of Terbanggi Besar (Central Lampung) and Jati Agung (South Lampung) during October—November 2001. A set of cherelle stage fruits, i.e. those just shed off their florescence, were wrapped using plastic bags while another set of adjacent fruits were left unwrapped. Fruits (treated or untreated) were taken soon after they fell off or at their normal harvest time, whichever came first, then were weighed and incubated in the laboratory to observe the fruit fly emergence. The results showed that fruit wrapping significantly reduced the fruit fly infestation and suppressed the fruit fly population on cucumber or peria fruits. The wrapped fruits weighed more than unwrapped fruits
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Cano-Medrano, Raouel, e Rebecca L. Darnell. "745 PB 079 SINK SIZE IN GAs-TREATED AND POLLINATED RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY FRUITS". HortScience 29, n.º 5 (maio de 1994): 539g—539. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.539g.
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Exogenous applications of GA, have induced pathenocarpic fruit set in blueberry; however, size of GA,-treated fruit is smaller than pollinated fruit. The small fruit size in GA3-treated fruit may be related to either cell number and/or cell size. Thus, these parameters were examined throughout development in pollinated, non-pollinated and GA3-treated fruits. Fruit growth followed a double sigmoid pattern. During Stage I (0-25 DAA), fruit size in GA,-treated, pollinated, and non-pollinated fruits averaged 0.33, 0.39, and 0.16 g, respectively. There was little change in fruit size in Stage II (25-45 DAA). At ripening, fruit size averaged 1.7 g for GA,-treated and 2.6 g for pollinated fruits. Non-pollinated fruit abscised in Stage II. At anthesis, mesocarp cell number averaged 9910 cells per median cross sectional area and remained constant up to ripening. In Stage I, cell size in G A3-treated and pollinated fruits increased 7X and 9X respectively. Cell size in both fruit types increased 1.5X and 2.8X during Stage II and Stage 111, respectively. Fruit cell number was set at anthesis and differences in fruit size were due to differences in cell ellongation in Stage I.
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Peña, Juan F., e Arturo Carabalí. "Effect of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Density on Pollination and Fruit Set of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Cv. Hass." Journal of Apicultural Science 62, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2018-0001.
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Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the effect of honeybee density on pollination and fruit set of the Hass avocado. The research was carried out in the municipality of Popayán, Colombia. Three avocado orchards were selected, each one with an area of one hectare and trees with an age of six years. The treatments were: 1) four hives/ha, 2) six hives/ha, and 3) control without hives. Treatments of six and four hives/ha presented significant differences with respect to the control, with a honeybee density per tree of 7.72, 6.04 and 2.72, pollination rate of 60, 55 and 50%, pollination efficiency of 7.57, 6.04 and 5.98 grains of pollen per stigma, 6.11, 4.13 and 3.54% fruit set initial, 0.058, 0.048 and 0.028% fruit set final, 231, 212 and 137 of fruits per tree, 46.2, 38.2 and 21.6 kg fruit per tree, respectively. The results obtained show an increase of honey-bee density per tree, pollination rate, pollination efficiency, % fruit set, % fruit set final, number of fruits per tree and total fruit weight per tree when six and four bee hives/ha are introduced in the avocado crop.
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Ghosh, Arkendu, Koyel Dey, Fatik K. Bauri e A. N. Dey. "Physico-chemical changes during fruit growth and developmental stages in yellow type passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener) accessions". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2017): 2026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1483.
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Physiological and biochemical changes during fruit growth, development and maturity of six yellow type passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener) accessions were studied at weekly interval after fruit set from 21 days to 91 days after fruit set and after dropping from vine also. Fruit growth of passion fruit followed a single sigmoid growth curve. Fruit length (cm), diameter (cm) and weight (g) increased continuously (25.24%, 33.13% and 75.08% respectively) (from the initial stage till maturity up to 84 days), which slightly declined at ripening stage. Fruits developed acceptable physico-chemical qualities with good colour, when harvested at 84 to 91 days after fruit set (DAF). The study further revealed that the days taken from fruit set to maturity and ripening, colour change, total soluble solids and acidity may be considered as the most reliable maturity indices for taking harvest decision in pas-sion fruit.
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Racskó, József. "N-Phenyl-Phthalamic Acid and Fertilization Effects on Flowering, Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 24 (11 de outubro de 2006): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/24/3220.
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On seven apple cultivars (Gala Must, Gloster, Granny Smith, Idared, Jonagold, Jonathan Csány 1, Mutsu), the authors studied the influence of N-phenyl-phthalamic (PPA) acid and fertilization on flowering, fruit set and fruit quality in the years 2003-2004. The research results showed that PPA application extended the flowering time of the most cultivars. Fruit set of apple cultivars increased in many cases when regulator was applied. The additional nutrient supply could increase the fruit set too. The increase of fruit set increased the number of fruit per tree. Quality parameters determined by fertilization and fruit number per tree. For example, when N-phenyl-phthalamic acid was applied without fertilization the fruit number per tree increased considerably however, it caused a considerable frittering away. The reason for this is that fruit set was high and fruit received not enough nutrition for growing up. The skin colour of fruits was decreased in several cases by the treatments. In one respect the enlarged fruit number was shaded the others and the fertilization increased the vegetative shading leaf area.
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Santos, Lucas S., Roberto A. Melo, Paulo R. Santos, José LS Carvalho Filho e Dimas Menezes. "Tolerance to high temperature in F5 inbred lines of tomato". Horticultura Brasileira 32, n.º 2 (junho de 2014): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362014000200005.
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High temperatures in the growing tomato have caused a reduction in fruit set and consequently productivity. This work aimed to evaluate F5 lines of tomato to fruit set and high temperature tolerance in two culture environments. Two experiments were carried out, one in cultivation in greenhouse and the other in the field conditions, from February to June 2012. We evaluated 20 lines F5 of tomato, originating from the segregation of hybrid SE 1055 F1, developed for the hot and humid conditions, with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 2, the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), the Verticilium dahliae and geminivirus (TYLCV) and the control cultivar Yoshimatsu and own hybrid SE 1055 F1. The experiment was performed in a randomized blocks design with 22 treatments, four replications and plots with two plants. We evaluated the total number of fruits per plant (NTF/PL), mass of unmarketable fruits per plant (MFNC/PL), fruit set (PEG), mass of marketable fruits per plant (MFC/PL) and yield of marketable fruits (REND). In the greenhouse were recorded higher temperatures and lower luminosity than in field cultivation. Lines 08, 12 and 13 showed higher fruit set in a greenhouse, being more suitable for cultivation at high temperatures. In the field, the lines 06 and 08 showed that marketable fruit production did not differ from 'Yoshimatsu'. Comparing the field experiment average with the average of greenhouse, a higher fruit set and a higher mass of marketable fruits per plant was achieved in field.
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Njoku, T. C., e H. A. Okorie. "Effect of growth regulators on African pear (Dacryodes Edulis (G. don) H.J. Lam) flowering, fruiting and fruit set". Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 19, n.º 1 (19 de julho de 2021): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v19i1.2.
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Many tropical fruit trees flower profusely. Majority produce many fruits at the onset. Most of these fruits if not all, may be aborted. African pear is a typical example. In this research, four fruit abortion-prevention treatments were evaluated namely: Distilled water, Urea, Giberellin and Coconut water. Floral and pomological parameters were compared and averaged over a period of three consecutive years. At fruit maturity, number of fruits/inflorescence/branches was counted and compared to test the effects of the various treatments on fruit retention and enhancing its pomological characteristics. The design was Randomized complete block design. Regression and correlation in Statgraphic 16.0 software package were used to compare the effects of the various treatments on flowering, fruiting and fruit retention. Application of growth regulators significantly enhanced flowering, fruiting and fruit set. The best fruit retention of 76.56 % was obtained by Coconut water which was however, not significantly (P=0.05) different from 72.75% fruit set obtained by Giberellin. Distilled water gave the lowest fruit-set of 21.41 % which was however significantly (P=0.05) different from 66.48% obtained by Urea. There was no significant difference (P=0.05) in some of the pomological attributes measured. Application of Giberellin and Coconut water significantly (P=0.05) enhanced flowering, fruiting and fruitset in African pear.
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Lakso, Alan N., e Michael D. White. "528 Modeling of Fruit Set in Apple—Approaches, Model Structure, and Initial Results". HortScience 35, n.º 3 (junho de 2000): 486B—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.486b.
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Several models of apple tree carbon balance have been developed, including a simplified model by our lab. Tree photosynthesis and total dry matter production is the best characterized except for root growth and root respiration. Once dry matter is produced and partitioned to the different organs (another key problem for modeling), the effects of carbon availability to the fruits on their growth and abscission needs to be modeled. Our approach is based on an observed relationship between increased abscission with decreased fruit growth rate of populations of fruit. From several empirical studies of fruit growth and abscission during chemical thinning or imposed stress early in the season, a relationship was found between % abscission and classes of fruit growth rates. It appears to be best if the fruit growth rate is expressed as a percent of the growth rate of the fastest growing group of fruits in each study. Thus in the model the fruit growth allowed by the available carbon each day is compared to a pre-determined maximum growth rate for the cultivar. The percent-of-maximum growth rate then determines how much abscission will occur. Then the growth rate of the remaining fruit is calculated. Additional parameters of the model allowed for a multiple-day buffer of carbon availability, an imposed fruit number reduction (i.e. equivalent to hand thinning), and temperature effects. Although there are more improvements planned, the initial tests have been promising with the simulations showing realistic patterns of fruit abscission and fruit growth.
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Ulinnuha, Zulfa, Muhammad Achmad Chozin e Edi Santosa. "The Growth, Fruit Set and Fruit Cracking Incidents of Tomato Under Shade". Journal of Tropical Crop Science 7, n.º 02 (5 de julho de 2020): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.7.02.86-95.
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Six tomato genotypes were grown in the field under full sun at 50% reduced light intensity using shading net to evaluate growth, fruit set, and fruit cracking incident. The experiment was conducted during the rainy season in December 2016 to March 2017 in Cikarawang Experimental Station, Bogor, Indonesia. The genotypes tested were sensitive (“Tora” and F7005001-4-1-12-5), tolerant (F7003008-1-12-10-3 and F7003008-1-12-16-2), and shade-loving (SSH-3 and “Apel Belgia”). The results showed 50% shading delayed flowering and harvesting time in all genotypes. Genotype and shading treatments had an independent effect on fruit set. Shaded plants had lower flower abortion and resulted in a higher number of fruits per harvest, except in “Apel Belgia” and “Tora” genotypes. Fruit cracking incidents were low under shading implying the use of shading can increase tomato quality. However, it needs further investigation through using natural shading, e.g., intercropping system before this finding is applied in farmers’ field.
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Talaie*, Alireza, Ahmad Ershadi e Ali Vezvaei. "The Study of Pollination and Fruit Set and Determination Suitable Pollinizers for Two Iranian Commercial Apple Cultivars Golab Kohanz and Shafiabadi". HortScience 39, n.º 4 (julho de 2004): 797D—797. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.797d.
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In order to study pollination and fruit set and determine the best pollinizers for two Iranian apple cultivars, Golab Kohanz and Shafiabadi, experiments were conducted during two years. Different pollen sources including pollen of cultivars Golab Isfahan, Golab Kohanz, Mashhad Nouri, Shafiabadi and also open pollination were used. Pollen sources had significant effects on fruit set, fruit weight, diameter, shape, dry weight, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar and seed contents in cv. Golab Kohanz. Trees pollinated by pollen of Shafiabadi had highest fruit set, fruit weight, diameter, shape, dry weight, TSS., sugar, and seed content. Pollen sources significantly affected fruit set, fruit weight, diameter, shape, and seed content in cv. Shafiabadi. The highest fruit set, fruit weight, diameter, and seed content was resulted from flowers pollinated by Golab Kohanz. Golab Kohanz and Shafiabadi had 3.3% and 0.5% fruit set from self pollination, respectively, and seemed to be completely incompatible. Fruit resulted from self pollination were generally small and of low quality. Regardless to fruits obtained from pollination, different pollen sources had small effects on fruit quality. The results indicated that cvs. Shafiabadi and Mashad Nouri are the best pollinizers for Golab Kohanz and Golab Kohanz was superior pollinizers for Shafiabadi.
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Schumacher, R., e W. Stadler. "FRUIT SET REGULATION AND QUALITY". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 326 (fevereiro de 1993): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.326.4.
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Pandolfini, Tiziana. "Seedless Fruit Production by Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Set". Nutrients 1, n.º 2 (23 de novembro de 2009): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu1020168.
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Marcelis, L. F. M., e E. Heuvelink. "MODELLING FRUIT SET, FRUIT GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 499 (outubro de 1999): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.499.3.
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Chen, Youzhi, John M. Smagula, Walter Litten e Scott Dunham. "Variation in Lowbush Blueberry Fruit Set and Fruit Characteristics". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 682d—682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.682d.
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Twenty stems with four fruit buds were tagged in each of ten lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) clones in a commercial field to assess fruit set and fruit size and weight characteristics. The terminal bud produced the fewest blossoms and fruit but fruit set was equal among all buds (65%–70%). Fruit at bud 4 were slightly smaller in diameter and weighed less than those produced at other buds. Clones with buds producing more blossoms per bud tended to produce more fruit per bud (pearson corr. coeff., r = 0.49), but a stronger correlation was found between fruit set and fruit number (r = 0.81).
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Watanabe, Manabu, Hideyuki Segawa, Masanobu Murakami, Satoru Sagawa e Sadao Komori. "Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit Set and Fruit Shape of Parthenocarpic Apple Fruits". Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 77, n.º 4 (2008): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs1.77.350.
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Fröborg, Heléne. "Pollination and seed production in five boreal species of Vaccnium and Andromeda (Ericaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany 74, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1996): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-165.
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Using experimental manipulations, I examined if pollen quality affected fruit and seed production in five ericaceous understory shrubs in a coniferous forest in central Sweden. Flowers of Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium uliginosum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Vaccinium oxycoccos Gil., and Andromeda polifolia L. were (treatment 1) open-pollinated, (treatment 2) bagged without further treatment, (treatment 3) bagged and self-pollinated, (treatment 4) cross-pollinated with pollen from neighbouring plants, or (treatment 5) supplied with pollen from distant plants. Finally, flowers were (treatment 6) open-pollinated with a supply of extra pollen of distant origin. To investigate pollen or resource limitations to fruit and seed production, V. vitis-idaea was subjected to partial flower removal followed by open- and hand-pollination. Fruit and seed set were estimated for each treatment. The main conclusion is that natural levels of outcrossing are sufficiently high for full seed production and that the availability of pollen is not limiting in natural habitats. There were significant reductions in fruit and seed set after self-pollination in V. myrtillus. Fruit set was reduced in V. vitis-idaea, and V. uliginosum failed to set fruit after self-pollination. Self-pollination caused a decreased seed set in A. polifolia. There was no significant variation across treatments in V. oxycoccos. Since fruits tend to develop regardless of seed number, resources are likely to limit seed production in species with costly fruits. Keywords: self-fertility, pollination, Vaccinium, fruit set, seed set.
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Braun, Marcus, Daniel Piechowski, Marian Kazda e Gerhard Gottsberger. "Fragment size and local flower density influence seed set of the understorey tree Paypayrola blanchetiana (Violaceae) in Brazilian Atlantic rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, n.º 4 (1 de junho de 2012): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000314.
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Abstract:Reproductive success of many plant species declines in fragmented habitat, but this effect is little studied in trees of tropical rain forest understorey. Paypayrola blanchetiana (Violaceae) is a continuous-flowering treelet endemic to the Atlantic rain forest of north-east Brazil. Plants are distributed in localized patches. Flower, fruit and seed production of a total of 86 trees was quantified in six forest fragments, each belonging to one of two categories of size (> 300 ha vs. < 50 ha) and fragmentation history (isolated for c. 25–30 y vs. at least c. 50 y). Relative fruit set (fruits/flower) and seed set (seeds/ovule) were calculated for a spatial (total fruit set of tree individuals) and a temporal analysis (combined month-by-month fruit set in patches in response to different flowering intensities). Fruit set (1%) and seed set (0.6%) were very low, but variable among trees. Plants in large fragments had significantly higher fruit set and seed set than plants in small fragments. Trees in older fragments, however, displayed similar fruit and seed set to those in recently created ones. We found no interaction effect on seed set of fragment size and isolation time. Seed set was a negative function of patch flower density. Possible drivers of the observed patterns are discussed.
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Islam, MN, MM Molla, TAA Nasrin, ASM M. Uddin e K. Kobra. "Determination of maturity indices of BER (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) Var. BARI Kul-2". Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40, n.º 1 (19 de junho de 2015): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i1.23769.
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A study was conducted at Fruit Research Farm and Postharvest Technology Laboratory of Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute during the period from October 2009 to February 2010 to determine the maturity indices of ber. The ber variety BARI Kul-2 was selected for conducting the study. Ber fruits were tagged at fruit setting stage and harvested at 90, 100, 110, 120 days after fruit set (treatments). The physicochemical characters like fruit weight and size, specific gravity, TSS (%), sugar (%), acidity (%), pulpstone ratio, TSS-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio as well as subjective sensory attributes like fruit colour and texture, and storage traits like storage life, physiological weight loss (%), ripening status and decay, browning and shriveling (%) of harvested fruits were evaluated for determining the proper stage of commercial maturity. The fruit weight, TSS (%), pulp-stone ratio, TSS/acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio and specific gravity of BARI Kul-2 were found 24.33g, 15.60, 15.66, 39.72, 16.14 and 0.98, respectively, at 110 days after fruit set. Considering all the physical and chemical characters matching with subjective parameters, fruits of BARI Kul-2 was found commercially mature after 110 days of fruit set when the fruits turned into light greenish yellow to greenish yellow colour and specific gravity less than 1.00.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(1): 163-176, March 2015
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Rallo, L., e R. Fernández-Escobar. "Influence of Cultivar and Flower Thinning within the Inflorescence on Competition among Olive Fruit". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, n.º 2 (março de 1985): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.2.303.
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Abstract Experiments with heavily-flowering olive trees showed only one period of abscission of flowers and fruit in the 5-6 weeks following full bloom. This abscission of flowers and fruit is responsible for the small percentage of fruit retained to maturity. Most of the fruit drop was concomitant with initial fruit growth for all cultivars. There were no differences in the number of fruit per inflorescence among cultivars, but the percentage of inflorescences with fruit at harvest was related negatively to final fruit size for each cultivar. Thinning of perfect flowers within the inflorescence did not affect fruit set at the inflorescence level; thus, the inflorescence behaved as a unit of fruitfulness. Competition among fruits played a significant role in fruit set. Initial setting induced by pollination and fertilization is counteracted early by fruit abscission originated by competition among fruit. In light of this early abscission, the use of fruit set to indicate response to pollination in previous experiments is questioned.
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ANBARASI, D. "Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advances in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)". Annals of Plant and Soil Research 23, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2021): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10056.
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Two experiments were carried out consecutively during 2019 and 2020 to assess the variability among the 112 genotypes of brinjal at Venanallur located in Ariyalur district (TN). These genotypes were evaluated for ten growth and nine yield attributing parameters. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for all the traits. Higher values for PCV and GCV were observed for pseudo and true short styled flowers, fruit set, fruit yield per plant, seeds per fruit, medium styled flowers, and fruit girth. High heritability percentage was observed for fruit girth, seeds per fruit, fruit length, leaf area index, fruits per plant, fruit set, average fruit weight and pseudo and true short styled flowers. High genetic advance along with high heritability percentage was observed for pseudo and true short styled flowers, fruit set percentage, and fruit yield per plant indicating the predominant of additive gene action suggesting a better scope for selection of superior parents for further breeding programme.
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Ng, Timothy J. "Fabric Plant Covers as an Aid in Muskmelon Breeding". HortScience 23, n.º 5 (outubro de 1988): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.5.913.
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Abstract Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) plants primarily are pollinated by honey bees (5) and naturally pollinated fruits contain highly varying percentages of self-pollinated seed (3, 8). Muskmelon breeders often rely on controlled hand pollinations for making out-crosses and self-pollinations in the field; natural pollinators must be excluded from perfect or pistillate flowers until fruit set has occurred. If fruits are set from natural pollination, they often are removed since the presence of fruits on a plant may suppress subsequent fruit set (4).
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Nvomora, Agnes M. S., e Patrick H. Brown. "431 PB 174 EFFECTS OF FALL APPLIED BORON ON ALMOND FRUIT SET". HortScience 29, n.º 5 (maio de 1994): 493a—493. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.493a.
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Fruit set is a major determinant of nut productivity. Boron has been shown to have a significant influence on flowering and fruit set in a number of crops but less is reported on almond. This paper presents results of foliar application of a B commercial product, Solubor(20.5% B) at a rate of 1,2,3lb/100 gallons to `Butte' and `Mono' almond cultivars Boron at 1 and 2lb increased fruit set in both open and hand pollinated trees by over 100% while 3lb was less effective. The resultant B concentration in flower buds was correlated to B concentration in flowers (R2=0.58) and immature fruits (R2=0.6) but not to summer and fall leaf, pistil, and pollen B concentration or fruit set.
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McCraw, B. Dean, e J. K. Greig. "Effect of Transplant Age and Pruning Procedure on Yield and Fruit-set of Bell Pepper". HortScience 21, n.º 3 (junho de 1986): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.430.
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Abstract In 1976, pruning and transplanting at 11 weeks increased the number of early marketable fruit from all cultivars compared to 11-week, nonpruned plants and plants transplanted at 8 weeks, whether pruned or not. Eight-week, nonpruned plants produced larger fruits than 11-week plants in early season regardless of cultivar. Effect of transplant treatments on fruit-set varied with cultivar. The greatest fruit-set was on 8-week, nonpruned ‘Bell Boy’ transplants and the least on 8-week, nonpruned ‘Emerald Giant’ transplants. Eleven-week-old transplants generally set more fruit than 8-week transplants, regardless of cultivar.
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Lescourret, Françoise, O. Inizan e M. Génard. "Analyse de l'étalement temporel de la floraison et influence sur la variabilité intra-arbre de la chute et de la croissance précoce des pêches". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2000): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-028.
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This study attempted to explain peach abscission and early growth variabilities. We assumed that flower anthesis variability was indicative of early competition for carbohydrates, presumedly determinant for fruit set and early growth. From this viewpoint, the fruits resulting from early flowers should be advantaged. In a first step, we described and analysed the pattern of flowering dates within peach trees. In a second step, we studied the relationship between this pattern and the variability of fruit abscission and growth. At the tree level, the flowers started opening from the base towards the top, but at the shoot level the flowers opened from the apex down to the base. Single flowers opened 1 d earlier than associated flowers, which opened independently. However, the relationships between either fruit set or growth and date of flowering did not fit our hypothesis. For example, fruits from the late flowers had the best set. Thus, the initial hypothesis should be rejected while the influence of other factors should be considered. Our observations suggest that post-bloom temperatures could affect fruit set and early growth. Key words: Peach, Prunus persica, flowering, fruit abscission, fruit growth, early stage of development
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Yadav, Dinesh K., Yogendra K. Meena, Parvati Deewan e Deepak Gupta. "Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Yield and Quality of Pomegranate". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, n.º 9 (30 de setembro de 2022): 914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.2733.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response to the foliar application of micro nutrient viz. iron, zinc and boron in single or in different combination on pomegranate in randomized block design with nine treatments and four replications during the mrig bhahar season kharif (June–July flowering time, 2016, 2017 and 2018) at Agriculture Research sub–Station Gonera Kotputli, Jaipur. Rajasthan, India. A perusal pooled data indicated that the different treatments of micronutrients application in pomegranate had significant effect on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate. The micronutrients spraying resulted in higher yield due to increased growth, better flowering and higher fruit set. The early initiation of flowering (44.8 Days), highest fruit set (52.66%), highest number of fruits plant-1 (87.37 fruit plant-1), yield of fruit (20.37 kg plant-1), B:C ratio (2.99), less fruit cracking (3.82%), high TSS (14.83%), low acidity (0.91 %), high TSS/ acid ratio (16.39) and low fruit drop (0.56 %) were observed under spray of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5%+zinc sulphate @ 0.5%+borax @ 0.4% (T8). Whereas control condition T1 late initiation of flowering (49 days), lowest fruit set (42.61%), lowest number of fruits plant-1 (69.75 fruit plant-1), yield of fruit (14.33 kg plant-1), B:C ratio (2.13), high fruit cracking (15.36 %), low TSS (13.45 %), higher acidity (1.48 %), low TSS/ acid ratio (9.09) and higher fruit drop (2.04 %) was recorded.
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Al-Khafaji, Makki A., e M. M. Musalat. "EFFECT OF PHYLL SET (GA3 + NAA) ON FRUIT SET, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF CITRUS." HortScience 25, n.º 9 (setembro de 1990): 1114f—1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1114f.
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Application of Phyll set (G A3 + NAA) on whole trees of local cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and lemon (C. Limon Burmann) at full bloom stage was made during 1988 and 1989 seasons. All concentrations of Phyll set (12, 24 and 48 mg/l) increased fruit set and yield of sweet orange. Lemon yields were increased only at 12 mg/l Phyll set. The use of Phyll set as a new growth regulator for improved fruit quality will be discussed.
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Spinardi, A., e D. Bassi. "Olive Fertility as Affected by Cross-Pollination and Boron". Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/375631.
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Self-compatibility of local olive (Olea europaeaL.) accessions and of the cultivars “Frantoio” and “Leccino” was investigated in Garda Lake area, northern Italy. Intercompatibility was determined for “Casaliva,” “Frantoio,” and “Leccino,” as well as the effects of foliar Boron applications (0, 262, 525, or 1050 mg·L−1) applied about one week before anthesis on fruit set, shotberry set, and onin vitropollen germination. Following self-pollination, fruit set was significantly lower and the occurrence of shot berries significantly higher than those obtained by open pollination. No significant effect of controlled cross-pollination over self-pollination on fruit set and shotberry set was detectable. B treatments increased significantly fruit set in “Frantoio” and “Casaliva” but not in “Leccino.” B sprays had no effect on shotberry set, suggesting that these parthenocarpic fruits did not strongly compete for resources allocation and did not take advantage of increased B tissue levels. Foliar B application enhancedin vitropollen germination, and the optimal level was higher for pollen germination than for fruit set. Our results highlight the importance of olive cross pollination for obtaining satisfactory fruit set and the beneficial effect of B treatments immediately prior to anthesis, possibly by affecting positively the fertilisation process and subsequent plant source-sink relations linked to fruitlet retention.
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Nicodemo, Daniel, Regina Helena Nogueira Couto, Euclides Braga Malheiros e David De Jong. "Honey bee as an effective pollinating agent of pumpkin". Scientia Agricola 66, n.º 4 (agosto de 2009): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000400007.
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The production of fruits and seeds of many crops is increased when bees visit their flowers pollinating them. The aim of this research was to study the pollination of pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima Duch. var. Exposição), to determine the diversity of insects visiting its flowers, the time and type of provision obtained and the effect of the visits on fruit set, fruit size and weight, and number of seeds. Apis mellifera L. accounted for 73.4% of the visits made by bees, collecting pollen during 34.5 s per flower and nectar in 43.9 s and 29.3 s from female and male flowers, respectively. Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) collected only nectar, during a mean time of 60.5 s per flower, and represented 26.6% of the visits by bees. Diabrotica speciosa (Germ.) only fed on the petals of the flower. When no insect visits occurred, there was no production of fruits. In the flowers with free visitation by insects, fruit set was 40%. The higher the number of visits, up to 16, by A. mellifera to female flowers, the greater was the fruit set, fruit size and weight, and number of seeds. In flowers visited by insects from the onset of anthesis until 9 a.m., fruit set was 35%. After 9 a.m., there was no fruit set, demonstrating the important role of A. mellifera as a pollinating agent of pumpkin, since it was the only insect visiting up to 9 a.m.
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Hayata, Y., Y. Niimi, K. Inoue e S. Kondo. "CPPU and BA, with and without Pollination, Affect Set, Growth, and Quality of Muskmelon Fruit". HortScience 35, n.º 5 (agosto de 2000): 868–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.868.
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Solutions of CPPU and BA were applied to ovaries of melon (Cucumis melo) flowers with or without pollination, and the effects on fruit set, growth, and sugar content were investigated. Treatment with CPPU increased fruit set in both seeded and seedless melons. Even at low concentrations, CPPU had a strong effect on fruit set in the seeded melons. In seedless melons, CPPU induced 100% parthenocarpic fruit set when applied with 10 mg·L–1; lower concentrations were much less effective. Treatment with BA increased fruit set in seeded melons, but was not particularly effective in the absence of pollination. During the first 10 days after anthesis, CPPU promoted fruit growth, but between 8 and 13 days after anthesis, the growth rate was lower than in the controls. Treatment with CPPU had little effect upon soluble solids (SS) levels in seeded fruit. SS content was significantly lower in seedless than in seeded fruit; this difference was larger in the placenta than in the mesocarp. Sucrose levels of both seeded and seedless fruits were consistently higher than glucose and fructose levels. High concentrations of CPPU reduced sucrose levels in the placenta of seedless fruit. These results indicate that seeds play an important role in sugar accumulation and melon fruit growth during later stages of development. Chemical names used: [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea] (CPPU); 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
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Alcaraz, María L., e José I. Hormaza. "Fruit Set in Avocado: Pollen Limitation, Pollen Load Size, and Selective Fruit Abortion". Agronomy 11, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2021): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081603.
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Avocado is a woody perennial fruit crop originating in Central America and Mexico domesticated and cultivated in the Americas since pre-Columbian times, currently cultivated in subtropical, tropical, and Mediterranean climates worldwide, with increasing importance in international trade. Avocado shows an exuberant flower production that, however, results in a very low fruit set reflected in a massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets. Several factors are involved in this behavior, and, in this work, we have focused on pollination limitation. The results obtained show that pollen deposition takes place at the female and male stages during the avocado flowering season and that the percentage of flowers with pollen on the stigma varies along the flowering season, probably due to changes in temperature that affect not only the floral behavior but also pollinator activity. However, no embryo or endosperm development took place when pollination occurred during the male flowering phase. Thus, the low number of pollen grains landing on the stigmas of female stage flowers observed under natural pollination conditions might not be enough to ensure a good yield. The production of an excess of flowers and subsequent flower drop of most of the flowers provides the opportunity of a selective fruitlet drop depending on the genotype of the embryo since fruits derived from outcrossing showed higher chances of reaching maturity. Moreover, an important competition for resources occurs among developing fruits and new vegetative growth, conferring importance to the time of flower fertilization for effective fruit set.
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McCollum, T. G., D. J. Cantliffe e H. S. Paris. "Flowering, Fruit Set, and Fruit Development in Birdsnest-type Muskmelons". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1987): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.1.161.
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Abstract The birdsnest plant type in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) is characterized by short internodes, weak apical dominance, and concentrated yield. Flowering, fruit set, and fruit development in a birdsnest-type were examined and compared with those characters in a vine-type muskmelon to understand how the concentration of yield is achieved. A muskmelon breeding line with the birdsnest habit, D26, was compared with ‘Noy Yizre'el (NY), a vine-type cultivar. Results of a greenhouse and field study indicated that the two genotypes had similar patterns of perfect flowering; however, D26 set a greater number of fruit than NY. The pattern of fruit set and fruit maturity (yield) was more concentrated in D26 than in NY. First-set fruit had an inhibitory effect on the development of later-set fruit in NY, but this effect was not apparent with D26. NY fruit were larger in size and had higher soluble solids than D26 fruit. The concentrated fruit set and yield of birdsnest-type plants suggests a more equal partitioning of assimilates to young, developing fruit than in vine-type plants.
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Leskovar, D. I., J. C. Ward e A. Meiri. "Deficit Irrigation during Fruit Set Influences Fruit Number of Watermelons". HortScience 32, n.º 3 (junho de 1997): 525F—526. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.525f.
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Reductions in the supply of high-quality irrigation water from underground aquifers is affecting production and irrigation management in the Winter Garden of southwestern Texas. This study was conducted to determine how growth, yield, and quality of watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown with subsurface drip are affected by synchronizing irrigation with specific growth stages. In 1995 irrigation rates were: 1.0 evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the entire growth period (T1); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until final harvest (T2); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until first fruit maturity followed by 0.4ET until final harvest (T3); 1.0ET until fruit set followed by 0.6ET until first fruit maturity followed by 0.2ET until final harvest (T4). In 1996, two irrigation rates were constant 1.0ET (T1) and 0.5ET (T4), and two with varying ET rates throughout the entire growth period. Varying irrigation rates with specific growth stages had more influence on fruit set and early yield than on leaf and vine growth. Total marketable fruit yield ranged from 94.4 to 71.8 Mg·ha–1 when 569 mm (T1) and 371 mm (T4) of irrigation water, respectively, were applied in Spring 1995, and from 90.3 to 80.9 Mg·ha–1 when 881 mm (T1) and 577 mm (T4) of irrigation water, respectively, were applied in Spring 1996. However, plants irrigated with constant 0.5ET demonstrated greater water use efficiency than those with 1.0ET. Information on water use will assist farmers in designing management strategies that minimize risks due to uncertainties in weather and water supplies.
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Whiting, M., K. Taylor e P. Das. "Supplemental artificial pollination can improve fruit set in tree fruit". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 1346 (setembro de 2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1346.16.
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Mitchell, Matthew GE, Joseph A. Antos e Geraldine A. Allen. "Modules of reproduction in females of the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2004): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-018.
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Plants are composed of modules that may be integrated to varying degrees. To examine the extent of integration for photosynthate in female Oemleria cerasiformis (H. & A.) Landon at different times during reproduction, we defoliated terminal branch systems at two scales (0.25 and 1.0 m) just after flowering. Fruit set and mass in the current year were unaffected by defoliation, indicating that developing fruits were strong sinks that could effectively draw on photosynthate from leaves at least 1 m away. In the subsequent year, however, defoliated branches grew very little and produced few flowers and almost no fruits, indicating that storage, growth, and the initiation of flowers and fruit did not utilize carbon resources from leaves only 0.25 m away. Thus, there is no single module size for photosynthate in O. cerasiformis. Because fruits are a strong sink that can draw carbon resources from a considerable distance, high fruit set followed by adverse conditions can lead to generalized resource depletion within a plant, which may result in mortality and contribute to the male-biased sex ratios often observed in O. cerasiformis.Key words: costs of reproduction, defoliation, fruit set, fruit mass, integrated physiological units.
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QUIÑONES, ANA, BELÉN MARTÍNEZ-ALCÁNTARA, SARA SAN-FRANCISCO, JOSÉ MARÍA GARCÍA-MINA e FRANCISCO LEGAZ. "METHYL XANTHINE AS A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE TO GIBBERELLIC ACID IN ENHANCING FRUIT SET AND QUALITY IN CLEMENTINE CITRUS TREES IN SPAIN". Experimental Agriculture 47, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2011): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000906.
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SUMMARYCitrus clementine cv. ‘Nules’ is a seedless mandarin with excellent quality for consumption as fresh fruit; however, its poor fruit set leads to an excess of small-sized fruits. Currently, the only available practice to increase fruit set is the use of the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3) as a foliar spray. A trial was conducted to compare an environmentally friendly new bioregulator (MX), containing methyl-xanthine, to GA3 in terms of increasing fruit set and yield of clementine cv. Nules mandarin trees. Fruit yield was significantly increased in treated trees from 17.4 to 25.7% for GA3 and MX treatments, respectively, compared to untreated control trees, without any significant differences between the growth regulators. At the tested doses, MX performed similarly to GA3 in terms of fruit quality and nutrient content, while colour index was not affected significantly by this new bioregulator. A single foliar application of MX was enough to increase fruit set. Spray application of MX on clementine mandarins at the end of the flowering period, when all petals have fallen showed a similar response to GA3 treatments.
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Robinson, Richard W., e Stephen Reiners. "Parthenocarpic Fruit Set in Summer Squash". HortScience 30, n.º 4 (julho de 1995): 883D—883. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.883d.
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Low temperatures typical of early season production promote female sex expression and reduce male flower formation in summer squash. In addition, some summer squash cultivars do not produce sufficient male flowers for good fruit set early in the season in New York. Parthenocarpic fruit set could increase early season yield as well as at times when bee activity is restricted by wet weather or by row covers. More than 30 Cucurbita pepo cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for their ability to produce parthenocarpic fruit over the past 3 years. Pistillate flowers were closed before anthesis to prevent pollination. In 1992, 66% of all the entries set parthenocarpic fruit where as 40% displayed the same pattern in 1993 and 81% in 1994. Varieties with the best parthenocarpic fruit set included Black Beauty, Black Magic, Black Jack, and Chefini Hybrid, all zucchini types. Most yellow-fruited cultivars had poor fruit set but the precocious yellow cultivar Gold Rush had good parthenocarpic fruit set in 1992 and 1993. In 1994, floating row covers placed over the plants 1 week after planting confirmed the results of the previous two seasons. This indicates that certain varieties of summer squash consistently set parthenocarpic fruit. These varieties may be most useful for early season production or for production under plastic tunnels or row covers where pollinator activity is restricted. In addition, our results indicate that it is possible to breed parthenocarpic squash of different fruit colors and types.