Bibliografias temáticas / Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control Australia

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 28 de janeiro de 2023

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control Australia"

Boston, William, Diana Leemon e John Paul Cunningham. "Virulence Screen of Beauveria Bassiana Isolates for Australian Carpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Beetle Biocontrol". Agronomy 10, n.º 8 (17 de agosto de 2020): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081207.

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Carpophilus beetles are serious pests of Australian fruit and nut crops, causing significant damage through adult and larval feeding and vectoring plant diseases. Six strains of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ((Balsamo) Vuillemin; Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), isolated from a range of hosts in Australia, together with one commercial strain, were screened for virulence to adult and larval stages of Carpophilus attacking stone fruits (C. davidsoni (Dobson)) and almonds (C. truncatus (Murray)) under laboratory conditions. The two species differed significantly in their susceptibility to the B. bassiana isolates. In the adult beetle assay, C. truncatus had a maximum Abbott’s control corrected mortality of 19% when treated with the most effective isolate, B54, compared to 52% for C.davidsoni. In larval bioassays, mortality rates for the two species were generally higher than adults: four isolates caused greater than 80% mortality in C. davidsoni; while only one isolate was considered effective against C. truncatus (causing 73% mortality), all other isolates caused less than 40% mortality. The results indicate promising potential for B. bassiana to be applied as a biopesticide as part of an integrated pest management strategy, which might take the form of a soil application against larvae or an autodissemination program using adult beetles.

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Rodríguez-García, Miguel Ángel, Francisco García-Sánchez e Rafael Valencia-García. "Knowledge-Based System for Crop Pests and Diseases Recognition". Electronics 10, n.º 8 (10 de abril de 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080905.

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With the rapid increase in the world’s population, there is an ever-growing need for a sustainable food supply. Agriculture is one of the pillars for worldwide food provisioning, with fruits and vegetables being essential for a healthy diet. However, in the last few years the worldwide dispersion of virulent plant pests and diseases has caused significant decreases in the yield and quality of crops, in particular fruit, cereal and vegetables. Climate change and the intensification of global trade flows further accentuate the issue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that aims at maintaining pest insects at tolerable levels, keeping pest populations below an economic injury level. Under these circumstances, the early identification of pests and diseases becomes crucial. In this work, we present the first step towards a fully fledged, semantically enhanced decision support system for IPM. The ultimate goal is to build a complete agricultural knowledge base by gathering data from multiple, heterogeneous sources and to develop a system to assist farmers in decision making concerning the control of pests and diseases. The pest classifier framework has been evaluated in a simulated environment, obtaining an aggregated accuracy of 98.8%.

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Chen, Liming, Heping Zhu, Leona Horst, Matthew Wallhead, Michael Reding e Amy Fulcher. "Management of Pest Insects and Plant Diseases in Fruit and Nursery Production with Laser-guided Variable-rate Sprayers". HortScience 56, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15491-20.

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Laser-guided variable-rate intelligent spray technology is anticipated to reduce pesticide use in production of crops and safeguard the environment. However, the ability of this technology to effectively control insect pests and diseases of crops must be validated before it becomes part of integrated pest management programs. Abilities of three different intelligent sprayers were tested to control pest insects and plant diseases at one fruit farm and two ornamental nurseries in Ohio during three consecutive growing seasons. The same sprayers with disabled intelligent functions were used as conventional constant-rate applications for comparisons. Test crops were apple (Malus pumila), peach (Prunus persica), blueberry (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), crabapple (Malus sp.), maple (Acer sp.), birch (Betula sp.), and dogwood (Cornus florida). There were five insects and six diseases total involved in the investigations in the fruit farm and two nurseries. The field tests showed the intelligent spray applications reduced pesticide and foliar fertilizer use by ≈30% to 65% on average during the 3-year experiments. At the same time, intelligent spray technology was similar or more effective than conventional spray technology when controlling insects and diseases on a variety of crops. These results demonstrated that intelligent spray technology was environmentally friendly and more effective for control of insect and disease pests in fruit farms and ornamental tree nurseries.

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Brown, Gerald, Ricardo Bessin, John Hartman, Dwight Wolfe e John Strang. "COMPARISON OF INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT AND A SCHEDULED PREVENTATIVE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM IN A COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARD". HortScience 27, n.º 11 (novembro de 1992): 1169b—1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1169b.

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Apple growers in Kentucky normally control pests on a preventative schedule involving fifteen or more chemical applications annually. IPM technology designed to provide growers information about the threat of diseases and insects was used in a demonstration plot in a Daviess County orchard and in the U.K. research orchard, Princeton. The IPM systems used in Daviess County resulted in 6 less applications of pesticides than the traditional system, a savings of approximately $130 per acre. When compared to the traditional preventative spray schedule, the IPM treated apples showed no differences in fruit quality and in orchard diseases and insect infestations. The decreased pesticide use has the potential to reduce applicator exposure, residues on fruit, and the environmental impact of these chemicals. The results of this demonstration were shared with and received an enthusiastic response from growers, Extension personnel, students, consumers, and the news media. The project demonstrated the feasibility of using apple IPM by a Kentucky grower, and it provided students an insight into applied biology.

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González-Núñez, Manuel, Pilar Sandín-España, Miguelina Mateos-Miranda, Guillermo Cobos, Antonieta De Cal, Ismael Sánchez-Ramos, Jose-Luis Alonso-Prados e Inmaculada Larena. "Development of a Disease and Pest Management Program to Reduce the Use of Pesticides in Sweet-Cherry Orchards". Agronomy 12, n.º 9 (23 de agosto de 2022): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12091986.

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A protocol for managing the main diseases and pests of sweet cherry in Spain (New IPM) has been implemented in order to reduce the use of pesticides. This New IPM includes nonchemical strategies, such as biological products against diseases and mass trapping of pests, and adjusts the timing and number of pesticide applications according to damage thresholds and a predictive model of diseases based on climatic factors. The New IPM was compared—in commercial orchards from the main cherry-producing areas in Spain (Aragon and Extremadura)—to the integrated management usually carried out in these areas (Standard IPM). Furthermore, a multiresidue method for the determination of the residues in cherries was developed. The number of applications, active ingredients used, and residue levels in fruit were reduced very significantly with this New IPM without affecting the effectiveness in the control of the main cherry diseases (brown rot, shot-hole, and leaf-spot) and pests (European cherry fly, spotted wing drosophila, and black cherry aphid). Neither significant differences in the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in flowers and fruit nor soil and canopy dwelling arthropods were observed between the two protocols, although some positive effects of this New IPM were seen on some groups of natural enemies.

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Wicks, TJ, e AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, n.º 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.

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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl applied at the recommended rate of 2.7 kg and 25% of the recommended rate reduced codling moth infestation to commercially acceptable levels of <2 % on Red Delicious only in 1987. Considerable cost savings are possible by using low rates of pesticides. Our results suggest that the use of low rates is more applicable to low valued cultivars such as Jonathans and orchards with low levels of pest and disease.

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James, David G. "The development of suppression tactics for Biprorulus bibax (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as Part of an integrated pest management programme in citrus in inland South-eastern Australia". Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, n.º 1 (março de 1994): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032193.

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AbstractSuppression tactics for the citrus stink bug pest, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, were developed and implemented during 1987–1992 in four lemon orchards in southern New South Wales, Australia. Tactics were based on introduction and conservation of natural enemies (principally egg parasitoids), physical or chemical treatment of overwintering populations and strategic low rate applications of a selective insecticide. Estimated adult populations of 10–35,000/1.5 ha and 70–90% fruit damage in untreated crops were reduced to <500/1.5 ha and <5%, respectively, following full implementation of the management programme. Integrated management of B. bibax removes the need for broad-spectrum insecticides to control this pest and lessens the risk of disruption to biological control of other citrus pests.

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Miyinzi Mwungu, Chris, Beatrice Muriithi, Vincent Ngeno, Hippolyte Affognon, Caroline Githiomi, Gracious Diiro e Sunday Ekesi. "Health and environmental effects of adopting an integrated fruit fly management strategy among mango farmers in Kenya". African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 15, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2020.15(1).02.

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Integrated pest management (IPM) has been promoted globally as an alternative approach to the widespread broad-spectrum chemical insecticidal application for the control of pests and diseases in agricultural production to minimise the harmful effects of the chemicals on humans and the environment. This study examines the impact of an IPM strategy developed to control mango fruit flies on humans and the environment. Using a random sample of 371 mango farmers from Meru County in Kenya, health and environmental outcomes were measured using the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) field use and causal impacts, which were estimated using the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model. The results indicate that the adoption of the IPM strategy reduced pesticide use and pesticide toxicity. Policy efforts therefore should focus on promoting and disseminating fruit fly IPM to improve the livelihoods of rural mango farmers, but also reduce human health and environmental threats as a result of pesticide use.

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Emery, David Lyall. "Approaches to Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an Emphasis on Immunity". Pathogens 10, n.º 9 (7 de setembro de 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091153.

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Integrated parasite management (IPM) for pests, pathogens and parasites involves reducing or breaking transmission to reduce the impact of infection or infestation. For Theileria orientalis, the critical impact of infection is the first wave of parasitaemia from the virulent genotypes, Ikeda and Chitose, associated with the sequelae from the development of anaemia. Therefore, current control measures for T. orientalis advocate excluding the movement of naïve stock from non-endemic regions into infected areas and controlling the tick Haemaphysalislongicornis, the final host. In Australia, treatment of established infection is limited to supportive therapy. To update and expand these options, this review examines progress towards prevention and therapy for T. orientalis, which are key elements for inclusion in IPM measures to control this parasite.

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Palou, Lluís, Silvia Valencia-Chamorro e María Pérez-Gago. "Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review". Coatings 5, n.º 4 (4 de dezembro de 2015): 962–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings5040962.

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According to their origin, major postharvest losses of citrus fruit are caused by weight loss, fungal diseases, physiological disorders, and quarantine pests. Cold storage and postharvest treatments with conventional chemical fungicides, synthetic waxes, or combinations of them are commonly used to minimize postharvest losses. However, the repeated application of these treatments has led to important problems such as health and environmental issues associated with fungicide residues or waxes containing ammoniacal compounds, or the proliferation of resistant pathogenic fungal strains. There is, therefore, an increasing need to find non-polluting alternatives to be used as part of integrated disease management (IDM) programs for preservation of fresh citrus fruit. Among them, the development of novel natural edible films and coatings with antimicrobial properties is a technological challenge for the industry and a very active research field worldwide. Chitosan and other edible coatings formulated by adding antifungal agents to composite emulsions based on polysaccharides or proteins and lipids are reviewed in this article. The most important antifungal ingredients are selected for their ability to control major citrus postharvest diseases like green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, and include low-toxicity or natural chemicals such as food additives, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds, plant extracts, or essential oils, and biological control agents such as some antagonistic strains of yeasts or bacteria.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control Australia"

Ferguson, Kaye. "The biology, ecology and management of the Quandong moth, Paraepermenia santaliella (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae)". Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf3523.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230). Details the biology and life history of the Quandong moth and investigates management strategies that would enable growers to manage the pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable program.

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Mudavanhu, Pride. "An investigation into the integrated pest management of the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2620.

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Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (obscure mealybug), is a common and serious pest of apples and pears in South Africa. Consumer and regulatory pressure to produce commodities under sustainable and ecologically compatible conditions has rendered chemical control options increasingly limited. Information on the seasonal occurrence of pests is but one of the vital components of an effective and sustainable integrated pest management system needed for planning the initiation of monitoring and determining when damage can be expected. It is also important to identify which orchards are at risk of developing mealybug infestations while development of effective and early monitoring tools for mealybug populations will help growers in making decisions with regards to pest management and crop suitability for various markets. It is also essential to determine the presence and efficacy of naturally occurring biological control agents in orchards so as to ascertain the potential of biological control as a viable alternative in orchards. However, under the current integrated pest management protocol, it has been difficult to determine this, due to the sporadic and relatively low incidence of mealybug infestations in some orchards, or by simply relying on naturally occurring field populations of biocontrol agents. Knowledge of the environmental conditions under which P. viburni population levels may become destructive is also essential for timing the release of insectary reared natural enemies as well as understanding the population ecology of this pest and its natural enemies. Information was gathered regarding the seasonal phenology of P. viburni and its natural enemies in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 growing seasons. Seasonal population studies showed that P. viburni has multiple overlapping generations with all life stages present throughout the year. The highest orchard infestations occurred during the summer period until early winter (January to early June). This was followed by a decrease in population from late June to November, before another increase in December. Presence-absence sampling of mealybugs on the host plant revealed that woody parts of the tree, such as the trunk and old stems were the most preferred sites for mealybug habitation, due to the availability of protected refuge sites. Migration of mealybug populations to newer growth and the upper sections of the tree crown, such as the new stems, leaves and eventually the fruit, was observed from December throughout the summer period until the early winter in June. Fruit colonization in both apples and pears commenced in January, when the fruit had developed a size sufficient for P. viburni to penetrate and occupy spaces such as the fruit core, calyx and stem end. There was no evidence of P. viburni occurring beneath the soil surface or on the roots of host trees. Two natural enemies of mealybugs, namely Pseudaphycus maculipennis (Mercet) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault), were found to be active in apple and pear orchards in the Western Cape. However, the status of C. perminutus as a parasite of P. viburni still needs to be verified despite evidence of emergence from P. viburni mummies, which was not sufficient enough to suggest that it is a useful biological control agent. Seasonal abundance trends of the two natural enemies revealed that their lifecycle is synchronized with that of the host. However, there was no evidence of P. maculipennis activity in Ceres. No predators were found during the course of this study. The rate of P. viburni parasitism at harvest was 46.52%, with P. maculipennis and C. perminutus constituting 98.966% and 1.034% of the parasitoids recovered from mealybug mummies, respectively. Studies on the use of pheromone traps as early monitoring tools for P. viburni showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the fruit infestation and number of P. viburni adult males caught in pheromone-baited traps (r2 = 0.454). The action threshold level was estimated to be 2.5 male P. viburni caught per trap per fortnight at an economic threshold of 2% fruit infestation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (ligrooswitluis), is ‘n algemene en ernstige plaag van appels en pere in Suid-Afrika. Druk deur verbruikers en regulasies om kommoditeite onder volhoubare en ekologies verenigbare toestande te produseer het chemiese beheeropsies toenemend beperk. Inligting oor die seisoenale voorkoms van plae is een van die essensiële komponente van ‘n effektiewe en volhoubare geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprogram. Dit is in die aanvanklike beplanning van monitering en om te bepaal wanneer skade verwag kan word. Dit is ook belangrik om boorde vroegtydig te identifiseer wat die risiko het om witluisbesmettings te ontwikkel. Die ontwikkeling van effektiewe en vroeë moniteringstegnieke vir witluisbevolkings sal produsente help met besluitneming rakende plaagbestuur en die geskiktheid van gewasse vir verskeie markte. Dit is ook noodsaaklik om die teenwoordigheid en effektiwiteit van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik in boorde voorkom te bepaal ten einde die potensiaal van biologiese beheer as ‘n lewensvatbare alternatief vas te stel. Onder die huidige geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprotokol was dit egter moeilik om laasgenoemde te bepaal weens die sporadiese en relatiewe lae voorkoms van witluisbesmettings in sommige boorde of deur bloot staat te maak op die veldpopulasies van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik voorkom. Kennis van die omgewingstoestande waaronder P. viburni bevolkingsvlakke skadelik raak is ook noodsaaklik vir die beplanning van vrylating van biologiese beheer agente, asook om die bevolkingsekologie van hierdie plaag en sy natuurlike vyande te verstaan. Inligting oor die seisoenale fenologie van P. viburni en sy natuurlike vyande in sagtevrugte boorde in die Westelike Kaapprovinsie is gedurende die 2007/08 en 2008/09 groeiseisoene versamel. Seisoenale bevolkingstudies het getoon dat P. viburni verskeie oorvleuelende generasies het met alle stadia teenwoordig regdeur die jaar.

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Ghiotto, Thaís Carneiro. "Dinâmica populacional de Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera Torymidae) em Schinus terebinthifolius na região de Sorocaba, Brasil". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8938.

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Megastigmus transvaalensis is an exotic wasp that attacks Brazilian pepper tree drupes Schinus terebinthifolius in native forests and areas of restoration and ecological restoration in Brazil. The parasitism begins with the oviposition M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius where the larvae hatch and remain internally feeding of nutrients and tissue, affecting germination. The aim of this work was to study the effect of temperature, rainfall and humidity in the population dynamics of M. transvaalensis and determine the parasitism rate and sex ratio of this wasp in drupes S. terebinthifolius. The study was performed with yellow sticky traps and collection of S. terebinthifolius drupes in seasonal semideciduous forest during August 2014 to September 2015, in the region of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The capture of insects through the sticky traps proved satisfactory, and thus can be applied to the monitoring of small Hymenopteros. Populations of M. transvaalensis were negatively correlated with the maximum temperature and population peak in the fall of 2015, meaning that when the maximum temperature has reduced, there is a higher incidence of insect field. The parasitism rate of S. terebinthifolius drupes ranged from zero to 36.34% during this period, making this value an aggravating factor for the emergence of new individuals, since this phytophagous wasp has the potential to be spread throughout Brazil and It poses a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius. The sex ratio of M. transvaalensis was 0.42 and 0.08 in the laboratory field. The bio-ecology and the damage caused by M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius warrant further studies to integrated management
Megastigmus transvaalensis é uma vespa exótica que ataca drupas de aroeira-pimenteira Schinus terebinthifolius em florestas nativas e em áreas de recomposição e restauração ecológica no Brasil. O parasitismo inicia com a oviposição de M. transvaalensis nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius, onde as larvas internamente eclodem e permanecem alimentando-se dos nutrientes e tecidos, prejudicando a germinação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura, precipitação e umidade na flutuação populacional de M. transvaalensis e determinar o índice de parasitismo e razão sexual dessa vespa nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius. O estudo foi realizado com armadilhas adesivas amarelas e coleta de drupas de S. terebinthifolius em fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual, durante agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2015, na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A captura dos insetos através das armadilhas adesivas se mostrou satisfatória, podendo assim ser aplicada para o monitoramento de pequenos Hymenopteros. As populações de M. transvaalensis apresentaram correlação negativa com a temperatura máxima e pico populacional no outono de 2015, significando que, quando a temperatura máxima apresenta redução, há maior incidência do inseto em campo. O índice de parasitismo das drupas de S. terebinthifolius variou de zero a 36,34% no período avaliado, tornando este valor um agravante para o surgimento de novos indivíduos, uma vez que, essa vespa fitófaga tem potencial de ser disseminado por todo Brasil e representa ameaça para a regeneração natural de S. terebinthifolius. A razão sexual de M. transvaalensis foi de 0,42 no laboratório e 0,08 em campo. A bioecologia e os danos causados por M. transvaalensis em drupas de S. terebinthifolius justificam mais estudos visando o manejo integrado dessa vespa fitófaga.

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Ferguson, Kaye. "The biology, ecology and management of the Quandong moth, Paraepermenia santaliella (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae) / by Kaye Louisa Ferguson". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21957.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230).
230 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Details the biology and life history of the Quandong moth and investigates management strategies that would enable growers to manage the pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable program.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2001

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Marte, Susan Plantier, University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science e Centre for Plant and Food Science. "Fruit-tree borer (Maroga melanostigma) : investigations on its biological control in prune trees". 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31976.

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Fruit-tree borer, Maroga melanostigma (Wallengren), is a native Australian pest in many species of trees. It is of particular economic importance in prune (Prunus domestica) trees because the presence of this wood boring insect can reduce productivity by an average of 5% per tree. Large areas of orchards can be affected. There are currently no chemicals registered for control of this pest. Young, New South Wales is the second largest prune-growing district in Australia and the area most seriously affected by M. melanostigma. Prune growers in the district utilise integrated pest management and were supportive of a project to investigate biological control options for this economically damaging pest. The two main objectives of the project were 1) to understand the life cycle of M. melanostigma, so biological controls could be timed appropriately; and 2) to investigate biological control options for this pest. Life cycle studies were commenced in the first season (2003/04) using field cages and light trapping. These investigations continued throughout the project. In Young, moths were found to emerge from wood over a two month period (December and January). Oviposition was assumed to be during this period however, even after extensive searches of trees, no eggs were observed. Historical data were collated to determine locations and timings of moth emergence elsewhere in Australia. The data showed that M. melanostigma has been found in every state and territory Australia, with moths observed from October through to March. The biological control options reviewed were egg parasitoids (Trichogramma species only), entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi. Trichogramma were favoured because of previous research undertaken against the same pest in pecans in Moree, NSW. Entomopathogenic nematodes were also investigated due to research indicating their effectiveness in cryptic situations, such as borer tunnels in trees. Fungi were considered but dismissed due to lack of literature supporting their effectiveness in reducing lepidopteran pest damage in trees. A major field trial was designed with the assistance of a biometrician and the trial blocks laid out based on this advice. There were three trial sites, each containing four blocks of approximately 200 trees (~800 trees/site). Two blocks were designated as release blocks and two as non-release blocks to correspond with the trial’s two treatments. In the first season (2003/04) an initial visual assessment of borer damage was undertaken after leaf fall on each of the trees in the trial. This information was used as baseline data, to compare against damage levels following biological control releases in the second and third years of the project. Natural parasitism in the field was assessed using cultured eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) before and between Trichogramma carverae (Oatman and Pinto) releases. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each of the trial sites, for the duration of the trial, using commercially available data loggers. In the second season (2004/05), Trichogramma releases were made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through and all parasitoids were identified as T. carverae. Damage assessments were again carried out after leaf fall to compare release versus non-release blocks, as well as to determine if there was any change in borer activity. Early instar larvae were collected from non-trial blocks and exposed to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a laboratory investigation. Results from this limited bioassay were inconclusive. In the third season (2005/06), Trichogramma releases were again made during the period of moth activity and H. armigera eggs were used to monitor parasitism in the trial orchards. Parasitised eggs were reared through to emergence. The emerged parasites were identified as T. carverae, T. pretiosum and T. nr brassicae. Damage assessments were again made of all the trees in the trial. Results were statistically analysed to detect any differences between treatments. There was no statistically significant evidence that the releases of T. carverae reduced damage from M. melanostigma over the duration of the trial. Although damage increased across both release and non-release treatments in most blocks during the trial investigations, the increase was slightly lower in trees in which Trichogramma had been released. It should be noted that the experiments were affected by serious drought conditions which prevailed during the three seasons of the trial.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control Australia"

Martin, Aluja, Leskey Tracy C e Vincent Charles 1953-, eds. Biorational tree fruit pest management. Cambridge, MA: CABI North American Office, 2009.

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Ciancio, A. Integrated Management of Fruit Crops Nematodes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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Symposium on Fruit Production in the Mekong Delta Focussing on Integrated Pest Management (1st 1998 Cantho, Vietnam). Proceedings of the First Symposium on Fruit Production in the Mekong Delta Focussing on Integrated Pest Management: Cantho, Vietnam, 25th February 1998. Editado por Mele Paul van, Nguyen Van Huynh, Trường đại học Cà̂n Thơ. Dept. of Plant Protection., Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (1970- ) Laboratory of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. e Vietnamese-Belgian IPM in Fruit Production Project. [Cantho, Vietnam]: Vietnamese-Belgian IPM in Fruit Production Project, 1998.

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Galli, Peter. Integrierter Pflanzenschutz im Apfelanbau von Baden-Württemberg: Ausbildung, Beratung und Versuche im Rahmen eines Modellvorhabens zur Einführung des integrierten Verfahrens in den Erwerbsobstbau. Münster-Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag, 1985.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge. Pest management in U.S. agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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