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Pincus, Jonathan. "International Trade and Political Conflict: Commerce, Coalitions, and Mobility. By Michael J Hiscox. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp xiv, 209. $49.50, cloth; $18.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, n.º 1 (março de 2003): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703621807.
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This short book has a novel thesis, which is that the degree of factor mobility at the national level influenced the politics of foreign-trade policies. When factor mobility was high, tariff legislation was class legislation. When mobility was low, tariffs were decided by interest-group competition. Michael Hiscox brings data on mobility to bear on the history of foreign trade policies of the six countries—the United States, Britain, France, Sweden, Canada, and Australia—over the last one or two hundred years or so, devoting a chapter to each. He then tests his ideas quantitatively on U.S. congressional voting between 1924 and 1994, finding that, when the indicators of factor mobility were low, an “interest group theory” better explains U.S. tariff politics than does a “class legislation theory” (and the reverse when mobility was high).
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Cohen, Albert, Gilles Dupin e Charles Levi. "Tarification de l'Incendie des Risques Industriels Français par la Méthode de la Crédibilité". ASTIN Bulletin 16, n.º 2 (novembro de 1986): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.16.2.2015005.
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AbstractThe industrial risks insurance market has shown a deficit for a few years, in France as well as in other European countries. In order to change that situation, insurers, with the help of their professional organizations, have begun to re-build their tariffs. Further, the progressive opening of the services European market has led these countries towards a standardization of their actuarial methods to estimate premiums. Among these methods, the credibility approach has already been adopted by Germany, Switzerland and partly by Belgium.We have applied this method to statistical data from the French market. The estimation of the pure premium is based on the Bühlmann-Straub model with a measure of volume for every category (sums insured in our case). Loadings for fluctuation have been evaluated by the N.P. approximation of the distribution function of the loss ratio.Beyond the simple use of the mathematical formulas, we have tried to measure the reaction of the model under different scenarii: risks typology with one, two or three levels, rough disturbance of the loss ratio of a category of risk, stability of the tariff over a long period of time, comparison of this tariff with the tariff built with the help of the existing French method based on a correction for large claims.
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Romashchenko, M. I., R. V. Saidak, V. P. Panteleev e S. R. Goss. "ANALYSIS OF METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF WATER TARIFFS FOR IRRIGATION AND COMPENSATION OF COSTS FOR RECLAMATION INFRASTRUCTURE: THE EXPERIENCE OF EU COUNTRIES". Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", n.º 1 (11 de julho de 2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202301-361.
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The practice of EU countries on the establishment of water tariffs for irrigation of agricultural crops and the procedures for recouping funds spent on water supply for irrigation is considered. As the main sources of information for the manuscript were noted publications and regulatory documents of Ukraine, reports of EU bodies, and the World Bank, in which a critical analysis of pricing practices in irrigated agriculture in EU countries for 2005-2023 was carried out. The grouping of information on the area of irrigated land, the level of return of funds spent on water supply, and attention is paid to a methodical approach to the development of tariffs for water transportation. The interpretation of the reasons for the natural character, which were guided by state management bodies when applying economic tools for irrigation management in their territories, are presented. For certain countries with big areas of irrigated land (Italy, France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Romania), significant achievements of tariff formation and reimbursement of funds have been determined. Aspects of water tariff formation, water accounting, development of water user associations, and taxation of water fees are disclosed. countries were classified according to water pricing, taking into account the state of water resources and melioration systems, types of tariffs, pricing mechanisms, the state of return of funds spent on water supply due to tariffs, measurement of water volumes, as well as solving additional problems of applying economic tools in irrigated agriculture – institutional (administrative, legal) measures, the impact of water charges on the country’s agricultural economy, etc. Since the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) are the dominant approach in the implementation of tariff formation in irrigation in EU countries, the level of achievement of indicators of the quality of WFD implementation by countries was considered. It has been established that the vast majority of global practices for forming tariffs for water supply services for irrigation, capital investments in reclamation infrastructure, and its maintenance, show that they are based both on national interests and on the interest of water users and organizations that provide logistical support.
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Rostoker, Guy. "Cost of Home Dialysis in France". Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile 5, n.º 3 (6 de setembro de 2022): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v5i3.67593.
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Summary
Medico-economic evaluation is defined as economic evaluation applied to the health field. It is a comparative analysis of different diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies, based on their costs and health outcomes. We have only one medico-economic study on the costs of dialysis in France, carried out by the Haute Autorité de Santé, which covered the year 2012 and consisted of cross-referencing 3 databases: the Registre Réseau Épidémiologique et Information en Néphrologie and the Système National d’Informations Inter-régimes de l’Assurance Maladie et de l’Hospitalisation. Analyses focused on prevalent patients, incident patients and key patient characteristics: age, presence of diabetes and care trajectories. The average monthly cost varied considerably according to the management modality, from 3774 euros/month in autonomous continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to 7253 euros/month in center-based hemodialysis. The monthly cost of therapies according to the patient profile appears to be strongly affected by the diabetic status of the patients. This analysis shows the high cost of transport for patients on in-center hemodialysis (20% of total expenditures), and even higher for nursing care in assisted CAPD (37% of total expenditures). The total tariff decreases from 2014 to 2020 were -17.6% for center-based hemodialysis and -9.8% for the low medicalized dialysis unit (LMDU), while the total 2014–2021 tariff increases were +9.3% for CAPD and +9.1% for automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). Paradoxically, these price changes have increased the cost of assisted peritoneal dialysis, which is now almost at the same level of overall cost as in-center hemodialysis for the French health insurance system. The ongoing study of the Physidia Laboratory’s retrospective cohort on daily home hemodialysis (DHH) should allow us to know the current cost of each hemodialysis technique currently practiced in France, including DHH.
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Cantin, Frédéric P., e Andreas F. Lowenfeld. "Rules of Origin, the Canada-U.S. FTA, and the Honda Case". American Journal of International Law 87, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203644.
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In a regime of universal most-favored-nation treatment for the entry of goods, where a product originates makes very little difference, except for consumer preferences. Buyers may prefer perfumes made in France, watches from Switzerland, cheese from Holland, but cheese from France, perfumes from Switzerland, and watches from Holland will come into the United States, or Canada, or any other country that grants MFN treatment at the same rate of duty, and there is no incentive (for tariff purposes) for anyone to wrap a product made in Patria in the mantle of Xandia.
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Goeteyn, Geert. "EC Aviation Scene (Major 2006 Developments)". Air and Space Law 32, Issue 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2007): 40–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2007005.
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This article gives an overview of important developments on the EC aviation scene in 2006 (up to 31 October 2006). It then examines in more detail two specific developments, namely (a) the review by the European Commission (Commission) of the block exemption exempting IATA passenger tariff conferences and slot and scheduling conferences; and (b) the judgement of the European Court of First Instance, rejecting easyJet’s appeal against the Commission’s clearance (subject to conditions) of the Air France/KLM merger.
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Cui, Wei. "The Digital Services Tax on the Verge of Implementation". Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, n.º 4 (27 de dezembro de 2019): 1135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.sym.cui.
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France enacted the digital services tax (DST) in 2019, and similar legislation is pending in the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and other countries. The DST can be viewed as a tax on location-specific rent (LSR), and it arguably solves genuinely new problems in international taxation. The author briefly reviews this justification of the DST and further examines the DST design in light of three criticisms. The first criticism is that certain features of the DST render it similar to distortionary import tariffs. The second is that the DST would not be borne by digital platforms but would only be shifted to platform users. The third is that governments promoting the DST seem not to characterize it as a tax on LSR but, instead, have advocated reforming the income tax. The author suggests ways of rationalizing the DST's tariff-like features, refutes casual arguments about the DST's incidence, and offers a framework for understanding why small economies might advocate simultaneously for the DST and for the reformation of international income taxation.
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Milanés-Montero, Patricia, Alberto Arroyo-Farrona e Esteban Pérez-Calderón. "Assessment of the Influence of Feed-In Tariffs on the Profitability of European Photovoltaic Companies". Sustainability 10, n.º 10 (26 de setembro de 2018): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103427.
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Feed-in tariff policies have been the most common and effective tool contributing towards the important growth in photovoltaic solar energy in Europe. The purpose of this study is to analyze their influence on the economic profitability of photovoltaic companies operating in the most characteristic regions, Germany, Italy, France and Spain in the period 2008–2012. Variables characterizing these companies are also included. Regarding the method, a static linear panel data model is used. The results show how feed-in tariffs (FITs henceforth) have in fact had a significant positive influence on the economic profitability of these companies. In addition, the findings suggest that the expansion of these companies in terms of assets implies increased competition in the sector, positively influencing their profitability given the economies of scale generated. Moreover, contrary to expectations, photovoltaic companies with the highest leverage ratios are those with the largest return on investment in the analyzed period, what could be a consequence of their higher possibilities of investing the obtained external funds on PV technology.
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Ouédraogo, Sarah, Ghjuvan Antone Faggianelli, Guillaume Pigelet, Jean Laurent Duchaud e Gilles Notton. "Application of Optimal Energy Management Strategies for a Building Powered by PV/Battery System in Corsica Island". Energies 13, n.º 17 (1 de setembro de 2020): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174510.
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The use of renewable energy sources, and in particular photovoltaics, can effectively reduce the supply of household energy from the main grid, contributing to a more sustainable community. In this paper, several energy management strategies were applied to an existing microgrid with photovoltaic (PV) production and battery storage in view to supply in electricity a building and an electric vehicle located in Ajaccio, France. The purpose was to determine how the choice of a management strategy can impact the cost and the energy share in the microgrid, using the actual electricity tariff in France as well as an over-cost due to the island situation. For some strategies, a forecasting tool was introduced and its influence on the performances of the microgrid was discussed. It appears that the performance of the strategy increased with its complexity and the use of PV forecasting.
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Hulych, Olha I. "European practice of ensuring an efficient environmental safety in water management". Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, n.º 6(146) (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-6-10.
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For Ukraine as the country undergoing the transfer to the integrated management of water resources based on the basin principle, the European experience of such management is quite valuable. The best practices and achieved results in securing efficient environmental safety in the EU water management can be considered and used by national policymakers and experts in forming the policy and legal framework for environmentally sound water management in Ukraine. The paper aims to generalize the European experience of achieving efficient environmental safety in water management and revealing the best European mechanisms and tools of water management policy that can be used in Ukraine. An analysis of the European experience in implementing the policy of environmental friendliness in water management with the consistent implementation of the principles of "user pays", "polluter pays", and "water pays for water" is conducted. On the example of national water policies of Spain, France, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, the paper highlights the peculiarities of application of methods and tools of environmental safety regulation in water management: introduction of a differentiated approach to setting the rent and tariff policy in general and special water management based on determining the water supply priorities and setting limits and tariffs for water supply; accumulation of fees for the use and pollution of water resources at the regional level, in particular, directly on the accounts of basin administrations. Particular attention is paid to economic and fiscal mechanisms to ensure the environmental friendliness of water management: setting the tariff policy and water fees, payment for water management. The European practice of counteracting floods and inundations is considered separately. Denmark's experience in implementing the tools and mechanisms in flood and inundation prevention can be a good example to use. Ways to improve the economic regulation of environmental safety in the water management in Ukraine based on European experience are substantiated.
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Nye, John Vincent. "The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century". Journal of Economic History 51, n.º 1 (março de 1991): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700038341.
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This examination of official commercial statistics suggests that the conventional wisdom regarding early free-trade efforts of Britain and France is wrong. French average tariff levels were, surprisingly, consistently below those of Britain throughout most of the nineteenth century, even after the abolition of the Corn Laws and before passage of the 1860 Treaty of Commerce. Previous scholarship has focused on French commercial policies covering a narrow range of items and has largely ignored the overall trade policies of both nations. This study moves us further away from stories of development and trade confined to a few “leading”sectors.
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Nurhayati, Ely, Sri Hartoyo e Sri Mulatsih. "PENGEMBANGAN PASAR EKSPOR LADA INDONESIA". Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 12, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2018): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v12i2.335.
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AbstrakSalah satu komoditas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja ekspor Indonesia sebagai negara agraris adalah lada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pasar potensial untuk ekspor lada yang bisa dikembangkan, serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor komoditas lada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode RCA, EPD, X-Model, dan Gravity Model. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan model RCA, EPD, dan X-model menunjukkan bahwa ‘pasar optimis’ untuk dikembangkan adalah Belanda. Sedangkan ‘pasar potensial’ untuk dikembangkan adalah Malaysia, Vietnam, Korea Selatan, Rusia, Prancis, Belgia, Jerman, dan Amerika Serikat. Sementara itu hasil analisis dengan menggunakan model Gravity menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor adalah domestik bruto per kapita, populasi, harga ekspor, jarak ekonomi dan tarif. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah perlu mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor lada untuk mengembangkan pasar ekspor. Faktor tersebut diantaranya menjaga stabilitas harga ekspor, memilih pasar dengan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) per kapita yang tinggi, populasi yang besar dan cenderung meningkat, serta memiliki jarak ekonomi dan tarif yang kecil dan cenderung menurun. AbstractPepper is one of agricultural commodities that has significant export value for Indonesia. The study aims to analyze the potential market for pepper exports that can be developed, and the factors that influence pepper commodity exports. This research used RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity Model methods. Using the RCA, EPD, and X-model the study indicated that ‘the optimistic market’ to be developed was the Netherlands. While ‘the potential markets’ to be developed were Malaysia, Vietnam, South Korea, Russia, France, Belgium, Germany and the United States. Using the Gravity model, it was confirmed factors affected export were gross domestic product per capita, population, export prices, economic distance and tariffs. This study recommends that the Government needs to consider the following factors including the stability of export prices, a market with high Dross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and a large population which tends to increase, and a small economic distance and tariff that tends to decline.
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Maiorino, Angelo, Adrián Mota-Babiloni, Manuel Gesù Del Duca e Ciro Aprea. "Scheduling Optimization of a Cabinet Refrigerator Incorporating a Phase Change Material to Reduce Its Indirect Environmental Impact". Energies 14, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2021): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082154.
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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) incorporated in refrigerators can be used to shift their energy consumption from peak periods, when the electric network energy demand is the highest, to off-peak periods. While PCMs can flatten the energy demand curve, they can achieve economic savings if Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity tariffs are applied. However, the hourly carbon emission factor is not commonly linked to the hourly tariff, and the final CO2 emitted due to the operations of the refrigerator would not be fully optimized. In this work, a method based on the Simulated Annealing optimization technique was proposed to identify the optimal working schedule of a cabinet refrigerator incorporating a PCM to reduce its indirect carbon emissions. Data from countries with different representative carbon intensity profiles were used. The normalized standard deviation and normalized range are the best statistical indexes to predict carbon emission reduction in the proposed solution. These parameters proved that countries with a higher hourly carbon intensity variation (Uruguay, France, Denmark, and Germany) benefit from the application of the algorithm. Cost and carbon emission reduction cannot be maximized simultaneously, and a trade-off is required.
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Roman, Monika. "Polski handel zagraniczny środkami mechanizacji rolnictwa w latach 2004-2015". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), n.º 1 (30 de março de 2017): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.1.15.
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The aim of the article was to determine the changes in foreign trade of farm machinery in Poland in 2004-2015. The article presents the value of exports and imports of farm machinery in total, according to geographical area, as well as for selected types of agricultural machinery. The article uses secondary data from the Ministry of Finance, gathered as part of the Integrated Customs Tariff Information System. In the analyzed period, Poland was characterized by a negative balance of foreign trade. The value of imports of farm machinery increased more than threefold, while the value of exports nearly quadrupled. In 2015, Poland exported most of its farm machinery to the EU-28 (65% of export value), especially to Germany, France and Belgium. Within the EU-28, Poland is also the most imported (87% of import value), and its main trade partners were Germany, Italy and France.
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Conybeare, John. "Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts". World Politics 38, n.º 1 (outubro de 1985): 147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010354.
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Three trade wars are examined using variable-sum game theory. The Anglo-Hanse trade wars (1300–1700) are explained as an iterated Prisoners' Dilemma that failed to evolve into cooperation due to transaction costs, rent seeking, and economic recession. The late-igthcentury tariff war between France and Italy is a case of an asymmetric trade war that illustrates the danger to a weak country of provoking a trade war with a strong country, with the result that the former is forced to make major concessions. The Hawley-Smoot conflicts of the 1930s are cited as an example of the cooperation-inhibiting effect of publicness in trade negotiations.
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Nurhayati, Ely, Sri Hartoyo e Sri Mulatsih. "Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Pala, Lawang, dan Kapulaga Indonesia". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 19, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v19i2.847.
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Export is an important component in the economy. The higher export performance, the greater positive impact. From 2012 to 2016, Indonesia’s exports continued to decline, so Indonesia needs to boost its exports. One of the potential commodities to be developed is nutmeg, mace, and cardamoms. This study analyzed the competitiveness of nutmeg, mace, and cardamoms, as well as the factors aecting its exports. The methods used are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity. The competitiveness analysis showed that the optimistic export markets were Pakistan, Germany, Italy, and USA. The potential export markets were Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, France, and Netherlands. Factors that affecting exports were GDP per capita, price, economic distance, and tariff. -------------------------------- Ekspor merupakan komponen penting dalam perekonomian. Semakin tinggi kinerja ekspor, semakin besar pula dampak positifnya. Sejak 2012 hingga 2016, ekspor Indonesia terus menurun sehingga Indonesia perlu meningkatkan kembali ekspornya. Salah satu komoditas yang potensial dikembangkan adalah pala, lawang, dan kapulaga. Penelitian ini menganalisis daya saing pala, lawang, dan kapulaga, serta faktor yang memengaruhi ekspornya. Metode yang digunakan adalah RCA, EPD, X-Model, dan Gravity. Hasil analisis daya saing menunjukkan bahwa pasar ekspor yang optimis adalah Pakistan, Jerman, Italia, dan Amerika Serikat. Pasar ekspor yang potensial adalah Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Prancis, dan Belanda. Faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor adalah PDB per kapita, harga, jarak ekonomi, dan tarif.
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Pöhlmann, J., K. Norrbacka, K. S. Boye, W. J. Valentine e H. Sapin. "Costs and where to find them: identifying unit costs for health economic evaluations of diabetes in France, Germany and Italy". European Journal of Health Economics 21, n.º 8 (6 de outubro de 2020): 1179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01229-1.
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Abstract Background Health economic evaluations require cost data as key inputs. Many countries do not have standardized reference costs so costs used often vary between studies, thereby reducing transparency and transferability. The present review provided a comprehensive overview of cost sources and suggested unit costs for France, Germany and Italy, to support health economic evaluations in these countries, particularly in the field of diabetes. Methods A literature review was conducted across multiple databases to identify published unit costs and cost data sources for resource items commonly used in health economic evaluations of antidiabetic therapies. The quality of unit cost reporting was assessed with regard to comprehensiveness of cost reporting and referencing as well as accessibility of cost sources from published cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) of antidiabetic medications. Results An overview of cost sources, including tariff and fee schedules as well as published estimates, was developed for France, Germany and Italy, covering primary and specialist outpatient care, emergency care, hospital treatment, pharmacy costs and lost productivity. Based on these sources, unit cost datasets were suggested for each country. The assessment of unit cost reporting showed that only 60% and 40% of CEAs reported unit costs and referenced them for all pharmacy items, respectively. Less than 20% of CEAs obtained all pharmacy costs from publicly available sources. Conclusions This review provides a comprehensive account of available costs and cost sources in France, Germany and Italy to support health economists and increase transparency in health economic evaluations in diabetes.
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Kim, Joy A., e Barbara Fliess. "Non–tariff Barriers Facing Trade in Selected Environmental Goods and Associated Services". Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 3 (1 de junho de 2008): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008023.
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Surveying 136 exporting firms from ten Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non–OECD countries, this article documents the incidence, and impact of, non–tariff measures that are perceived to act as barriers to trade in seven sectors of environmental goods and associated services. Although the DDA has a mandate to address, inter alia, such trade barriers, information shedding light on the specific problems that firms encounter in their export activities has been scarce. Accounts by exporting firms in Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea and the United States suggest that environmental goods indeed face a variety of obstacles when traded abroad. Firms participating in the survey mentioned relatively often problems associated with product testing and certification requirements, customs procedures, regulations on payment, problems with intellectual property protection, government procurement procedures and technical regulations and standards. Certain types of reported barriers appear to be more prevalent in certain markets. For example, customs procedures reportedly pose a problem predominantly in developing and transition economies and problems with intellectual property rights are associated especially with China. The non–tariff barriers reported by the firms appear to be generic and not specific to the environmental sector. The article shows that in many countries the environmental industry consists mostly of SMEs, for whom cost–raising barriers pose disproportionately greater problems due to their limited resources. The survey helps to better understand the effects that NTBs have at the firm level, and what firms do when they encounter barriers of various types. It appears that the firms participating in this study mostly seek to devise ways of coping with the difficulties that they encounter, rather than seeking help from governments. Since these measures are ad hoc and do not address problems at their source, they cannot substitute for governments taking action. The study points out that many of the concerns voiced by firms in the environment sector can be addressed at the WTO but that more can be done also at the bilateral and regional levels.
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Nurhayati, Ely, Sri Hartoyo e Sri Mulatsih. "Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Cengkeh Indonesia". JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 7, n.º 1 (21 de agosto de 2018): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.7.1.2018.21-42.
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Exports are an important component of the economy. The higher export performance, the greater positive impact on the economy. From 2012 to 2016, Indonesia's exports continue to decline, so Indonesia needs to boost its exports again. One of the potential commodities developed is cloves. This study analyzes the development of Indonesian clove exports by finding out the competitiveness of cloves, as well as factors affecting its exports. The methods used are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity. The results of the analysis found that an optimistic market developed is Pakistan, Germany, Italy and United State of America. Potential markets to be developed are Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, France and Netherlands markets. Factors affecting Indonesian clove exports are GDP per capita, export price, economic distance and tariff. Keywords: Clove, EPD, Export, Gravity Model, RCA JEL Classification: C23, F10, F13
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Nurhayati, Ely, Sri Hartoyo e Sri Mulatsih. "Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Cengkeh Indonesia". JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 7, n.º 1 (21 de agosto de 2018): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.7.1.21-42.
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Exports are an important component of the economy. The higher export performance, the greater positive impact on the economy. From 2012 to 2016, Indonesia's exports continue to decline, so Indonesia needs to boost its exports again. One of the potential commodities developed is cloves. This study analyzes the development of Indonesian clove exports by finding out the competitiveness of cloves, as well as factors affecting its exports. The methods used are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity. The results of the analysis found that an optimistic market developed is Pakistan, Germany, Italy and United State of America. Potential markets to be developed are Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, France and Netherlands markets. Factors affecting Indonesian clove exports are GDP per capita, export price, economic distance and tariff. Keywords: Clove, EPD, Export, Gravity Model, RCA JEL Classification: C23, F10, F13
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Albinsson, Staffan. "Avoiding silent opera: the ‘grand’ performing right at work in nineteenth century Paris". European Journal of Law and Economics 51, n.º 1 (22 de janeiro de 2021): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-020-09677-z.
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AbstractThe music industry has been made possible through performing rights based on a law introduced by the post-revolutionary French national assembly in 1791. However, it took until the mid-nineteenth century until a system of royalty collection was established in France (and another half a century or more in other countries). In France, this new system for non-dramatic performing rights was preceded by royalty regulations in theatres. This study describes how nineteenth century composers were compensated for their work in the Paris Opera through this performing right for drama, known as the ‘grand right’. The tariff-based compensation method had been put in place by a royalréglementin 1713. It created a classic winner-take-all phenomenon in which composers such as Auber, Meyerbeer, and Halévy thrived in the nineteenth century. A contributing fact was the opera house programming which, contrary to the programming of today, favoured new pieces. ‘Grand opéras’ were à la mode and they contributed to the financial success of their composers. However, these operas eventually lost their attraction. In 1884, the Paris Opera adopted a compensation system based on a percentage of box office revenues. The study is based on primary data for 1810–1866.
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Prasetyo, Agung, Sri Marwanti e Darsono . "The Influence of Exchange Rate on CPO Exports of Indonesia". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 18, n.º 2 (20 de dezembro de 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v18i2.4233.
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This study analyzes the effect of the exchange rate (IDR to US Dollar) on Indonesian CPO exports using Error Correction Model (ECM). The result of ECM analysis showed that exchange rate has a weak effect on Indonesian CPO export. These were due to several things; first, it takes a time to produce CPO. Second, importers are unaware of price changes. Third, policy factors, such as refusal of Indonesian CPO in USA and imposition of high import duty tariff in France. Fourth, price factor of CPO substitution goods and negative issues in the palm oil industry. Fifth, Indonesian exporters were less creative in marketing CPO products than Malaysia. ECM analysis also resulted that CPO production and CPO prices have no effect on Indonesian CPO exports, while the price of soybean oil and CPO production in the previous month has a strong influence on Indonesian CPO exports. Indonesian CPO export is inelastic.
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Noor, Faizan, Aiman Noor Bhutta e Irfan Farooq. "The Determinants of Leather Exports of Pakistan: A Gravity Panel Approach". Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 7, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2023): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.713.
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The study determined the factors that significantly influence the leather sector exports using extended gravity model containing real gross domestic product (RGDP) of Pakistan & trading partner, geographical distance, real exchange rate (RER) and tariff (TOIL) as explanatory variables with the selected top ten Pakistani leather exports destinations Germany, USA, Italy, Spain, U.K, Netherlands, France, Hong Kong, China, and Canada for the period 1991 to 2020. Feasible Generalized Least Square method is utilized to estimate the coefficients of the model. The empirical findings of the study indicate that RGDP of Pakistan and trade partner and RER put out significant positive effect on the leather exports of Pakistan. While, geographical distance and TOIL exercise a significant negative impact on the leather exports. It is recommended that policy makers should try to engage in more trade activities with large economies and must also essay to actively participate in regional trade
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Pimenova, Ludmila. "Philosophers and Men of Letters: Intellectuals’ Place in Society in 18th Century France". Odysseus. Man in History 28, n.º 1 (28 de outubro de 2022): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2022-28-1-96-116.
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In the Age of Enlightenment, there was an idea that a person who possesses knowledge and is able to distribute it among the reading public has a social mission to do so. The transformation of the public sphere entailed an increase in the role of cultural capital and its holders. In France, Turgot set them the task of educating citizens and the nation. Contemporaries used the concepts writer and philosopher to refer to intellectuals active in the public sphere. These terms were often used as synonyms, which was reflected in dictionaries and encyclopedias of the eighteenth century. Writers themselves declared they were people of a respected profession and spokesmen for the public opinion. But they did not receive official recognition as a professional group without forming a special corporation within the society of ranks. In the social hierarchy as described by the Capitation Tariff, they did not get a separate place, and it included only those who were on the king’s service. Writers depended on the state or on patrons for their salaries and, as a rule, could not live on literary work, since, according to the law, all rights to the opus belonged to the publisher. In the second half of the eighteenth century, authors, especially playwrights, began to fight for ownership of their works. Their demands turned into laws adopted during the French Revolution.
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Solov'eva, Ekaterina, Marina Popova e Denis Pogodin. "Waste recycling: share in the structure of the tariff for the treatment of solid municipal waste in the Vologda region". E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701024.
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In the modern world, the issues of solid municipal waste disposal, as part of the problem of environmental protection, are quite acute These problems are relevant for Russia and for many other world powers. The Russian Federation is one of the most polluted countries in the world, which negatively affects the quality of life and the health of the population of its regions. The annual increase in the volume of municipal solid waste is part of the man-made impact of man on the natural environment. To make strategic decisions on this issue, it is necessary to understand the policy of MSW management, so the authors in the article consider the values of tariffs for MSW management in one of the major regions of Russia - the Vologda Region. The data of tariffs of the Vologda region approved for 2021 are given. The structure of the average tariffs of the Russian Federation and the Vologda Region is analyzed. On the basis of regional regulations, a sample of data on the costs of disposal and transportation of MSW for some districts of the Vologda region is given: Velikoustugski, Totemski, Mezhdurechensky, Babushkinsky area, Belozersky districts. The average values of tariffs for the treatment of MSW for Russia and other countries are given: the USA, Canada, Germany, France and Finland. In addition to tariffs, the authors conducted a study on the distribution of MSW by type of disposal: disposal, incineration and recycling The article discusses the values of tariffs for the treatment of solid municipal waste and their disposal. In conclusion, the authors express concern about insufficient funds for innovations in the field of MSW processing/ recycling.
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Bonnet, Céline, e Jan Philip Schain. "AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MERGERS: EFFICIENCY GAINS AND IMPACT ON CONSUMER PRICES". Journal of Competition Law & Economics 16, n.º 1 (março de 2020): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhaa001.
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Abstract In this article, we extend the literature on merger simulation models by incorporating its potential synergy gains into structural econometric analysis. We present an integrated approach. We estimate a structural demand and supply model dealing with two-part tariff contracts between manufacturers and retailers as in Bonnet and Dubois (2010). This model allows us to recover the marginal cost of each differentiated product. Then we estimate potential efficiency gains using the data envelopment analysis approach of Bogetoft and Wang (2005), and some assumptions about exogenous cost shifters. In the last step, we simulate the new price equilibrium post-merger by taking into account synergy gains, and derive price and welfare effects. We use a home scan data set of dairy dessert purchases in France, and show that synergy gains could offset the upward pressure on prices post. Moreover, in this market, the increase in industry profit due to the merger is more driven by its induced synergy gains than by the market power increase.
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Trofymenko, Olena, Serhii Voitko, Tetiana Pavlenco e Yurii Tashcheiev. "ECONOMIC STIMULATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE". Economic Analysis, n.º 31(4) (2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.04.089.
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The article is devoted to the study of areas of economic incentives for entrepreneurship development in the field of renewable energy in the world and Ukraine. Indicators of energy security, economic measurement, and cost of electricity for business are systematized. A graphical interpretation of the cost of electricity in terms of the ratio of the index of economic dimension and energy security in selected countries – some neighbouring countries, partners of Ukraine, and countries with leading economies, which allowed to implement a methodological approach to identify key areas for effective energy development. The expediency of using the experience and adaptation of measures in the energy policy for the development of renewable energy in countries such as Canada, Germany, France, and Turkey are substantiated. It is determined that in these countries the directions of economic stimulation of entrepreneurship in the field of renewable energy are developed, which is reflected in the basic strategies of their energy development. The main mechanisms of financial incentives for renewable and alternative energy in EU member states are presented, in particular, mechanisms with the use of benefits with pricing tools, regulatory mechanisms with quotas, green certificates, tariff auctions. The current mechanisms for stimulating renewable energy in Ukraine are analysed and the dynamics of the levelized cost of electricity and the "green" tariff for electricity from solar and wind power plants from 2009 to 2019 are presented. The main problems in the field of renewable energy regulation in Ukraine are identified. Recommendations for improving the renewable energy market in Ukraine and accelerating the achievement of the Goal 7 of sustainable development in Ukraine are provided.
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Balibrea-Iniesta, José. "Economic Analysis of Renewable Energy Regulation in France: A Case Study for Photovoltaic Plants Based on Real Options". Energies 13, n.º 11 (1 de junho de 2020): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112760.
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In this work, a novel methodology based on the real options theory has been developed for the evaluation of photovoltaic energy projects with a capacity greater than 100 KW in France. French legislation that regulates these types of projects presents two real options: on the one hand, the producer has a put option that consists of choosing between a Feed-in Tariff system and electricity market sale prices every year, and this put option coincides with public subsidies granted by the French Administration. On the other hand, the French Administration has a call option that provides a benefit to the public sector. This option supposes a limit on the subsidized production of electricity and reduces the value of the project to the promoter. The value of the put option is 4.28 € per MWh generated. The Extended Net Present Value has a value of −5.26 million Euros. The breakeven point of the project is achieved with an increase of 59% in the regulated rate. This means that the French Administration must increase the value of public subsidies if it wants to develop large-scale projects.
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Botteman, M. F., e S. Kaura. "Cost-effectiveness of zoledronic acid in the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma: Comparison between France, Germany, and the United Kingdom". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2009): 5106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5106.
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5106 Background: Zoledronic acid (ZOL) significantly reduces the risk of new skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients (pts) with bone metastases from RCC. This study assessed and compared the cost-effectiveness of ZOL in pts with RCC from French, German, and United Kingdom (UK) societal perspectives. Methods: This analysis was based on a retrospective analysis of RCC pts with bone metastases who were enrolled in a 9-mo trial of ZOL or placebo (PBO) plus concomitant antineoplastic therapy. A model was developed to simulate costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) experienced by study pts. The model included data and assumptions regarding SRE incidence, mortality, drug and administration costs, SRE costs, reduced quality of life (QOL) because of SREs and bone pain, and therapy duration. SRE costs were estimated using diagnosis-related group tariff information and published literature. Consistent with similar economic analyses, it was assumed that QOL decreased 20% to 80% (depending on SRE type) for 1 mo after each SRE experienced. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effects of alternate assumptions, with < 30,000/QALY considered cost-effective. Results: Compared with PBO-treated pts (n = 19), ZOL-treated pts (n = 27) experienced 1.07 fewer SREs/pt and gained discounted QALYs of approximately 0.1563 in France and Germany and 0.1575 in the UK. Discounted SRE-related costs were substantially lower among pts treated with ZOL vs PBO (-4,196 in France, -3,880 in Germany, and -3,355 in the UK). After including drug therapy costs, ZOL saved 1,358, 1,223, and 719 per pt in France, Germany, and the UK, respectively. In multivariate sensitivity analyses, ZOL saved costs in 67% to 77% of cases, depending on the country. ZOL resulted in a cost per QALY gained < 30,000 in approximately 93% of cases. Conclusions: Treatment with ZOL reduces SREs, improves QOL, and lowers health-related costs compared with PBO in French, German, and UK pts with bone metastases from RCC. Use of ZOL in these populations therefore provides health-related cost savings and is a cost-effective use of healthcare resources. [Table: see text]
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Batakovic, Dusan. "On parliamentary democracy in Serbia 1903-1914 political parties, elections, political freedoms". Balcanica, n.º 48 (2017): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1748123b.
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Parliamentary democracy in Serbia in the period between the May Coup of 1903 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914 was, as compellingly shown by the regular and very detailed reports of the diplomatic representatives of two exemplary democracies, Great Britain and France, functional and fully accommodated to the requirements of democratic governance. Some shortcomings, which were reflected in the influence of extra-constitutional (?irresponsible?) factors, such as the group of conspirators from 1903 or their younger wing from 1911 (the organisation Unification or Death), occasionally made Serbian democracy fragile but it nonetheless remained functional at all levels of government. A comparison with crises such as those taking place in, for example, France clearly shows that Serbia, although perceived as ?a rural democracy? and ?the poor man?s paradise?, was a constitutional and democratic state, and that it was precisely its political freedoms and liberation aspirations that made it a focal point for the rallying of South-Slavic peoples on the eve of the Great War. Had there been no firm constitutional boundaries of the parliamentary monarchy and the democratic system, Serbia would have hardly been able to cope with a series of political and economic challenges which followed one another after 1903: the Tariff War 1906-11; the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1908/9; the Balkan Wars 1912-13; the crisis in the summer of 1914 caused by the so-called Order of Precedence Decree, i.e. by the underlying conflict between civilian and military authorities. The Periclean age of Serbia, aired with full political freedoms and sustained cultural and scientific progress is one of the most important periods in the history of modern Serbian democracy.
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Pahre, Robert. "Most-Favored-Nation Clauses and Clustered Negotiations". International Organization 55, n.º 4 (2001): 859–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081801317193628.
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Though substantively important, centralized negotiations have received less theoretical attention than problems of centralized monitoring and enforcement. I address this gap by examining variation in a particular form of centralized negotiations that I call “clustering.” Clustering occurs when a state negotiates with several other states at the same time. Clustering enables states to avoid having to make concessions on the same issue to one state after another, and therefore has important distributional advantages. Clustering also centralizes bargaining within a regime, especially when several states cluster simultaneously in a “macro-cluster.”I propose several hypotheses about clustering. First, most-favored-nation (MFN) clauses are a necessary condition for clustering. They link the distributional conflicts among many pairs of countries and make centralized bargaining more likely. Second, increasing membership in the trade regime makes clustering more likely. This relationship between membership and centralization echoes Rational Design conjecture C3, centralization increases with number, though the causal mechanism differs significantly. Third, clustering provides distributional advantages to those who cluster. A state that clusters, such as France under the Méline tariff or Germany under Chancellors Leo von Caprivi and Bernard von Bülow, will make fewer concessions than one that does not.
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Calcoen, Piet, e Wynand P. M. M. van de Ven. "Supplementary physicians’ fees: a sustainable system?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, n.º 1 (25 de janeiro de 2018): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133117000548.
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AbstractIn Belgium and France, physicians can charge a supplementary fee on top of the tariff set by the mandatory basic health insurance scheme. In both countries, the supplementary fee system is under pressure because of financial sustainability concerns and a lack of added value for the patient. Expenditure on supplementary fees is increasing much faster than total health expenditure. So far, measures taken to curb this trend have not been successful. For certain categories of physicians, supplementary fees represent one-third of total income. For patients, however, the added value of supplementary fees is not that clear. Supplementary fees can buy comfort and access to physicians who refuse to treat patients who are not willing to pay supplementary fees. Perceived quality of care plays an important role in patients’ willingness to pay supplementary fees. Today, there is no evidence that physicians who charge supplementary fees provide better quality of care than physicians who do not. However, linking supplementary fees to objectively proven quality of care and limiting access to top quality care to patients able and willing to pay supplementary fees might not be socially acceptable in many countries. Our conclusion is that supplementary physicians’ fees are not sustainable.
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Shirokova, L. N., V. A. Skovpen’ e V. P. Starokozheva. "REFLECTION OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN GENERAL AND INDUSTRY AGREEMENTS". Social & labor researches 41, n.º 4 (2020): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2020-41-4-94-110.
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Sectoral agreements are an important link in the system of social partnership, since the stipulated obligations of the parties increase the responsibility of employers for the employee health, decent wages and their timely indexing, as well as assistance to working women with children, support for workers to purchase housing, employment of youth, etc. others. The aim of the article is to analyze the content of the General and sectoral agreements in force as of 2020, in connection with the included national goals defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2020 No. 474 and characterizing their achievement of target indicators. The authors studied the practice of setting the minimum wage in industry agreements. They revealed that guarantees for minimum wage are applied in 43 sectoral agreements out of 61. The majority of sectoral agreements do not consider the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation about excluding individual compensation payments in the minimum wage. Also, less than half of the sectoral agreements include the guarantee for the tariff part of wages: it was only in 24 out of 61 sectoral agreements, while in 17 of them it was at the level of 60-70%. Due to the fact that in Article 134 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the subject to indexation is not specified - the wage fund, wages or the tariff part of it - industry agreements present different options for indexing wages at rates higher than inflation. The authors analyzed sectoral agreements on the application of compensation and incentive payments, measures to improve the housing conditions of workers (payment of compensation, provision of loans / loans on favorable terms), as well as assistance to young workers (up to 35 years old) to purchase housing and set up a household. The paper considers solving these issues in the sectoral agreements of Germany and France. The conclusion is that the sectoral agreements provide for a significant list of guarantees that contribute to the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030".
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Montero Carrero, Marina, Irene Rodríguez Sánchez, Ward De Paepe, Alessandro Parente e Francesco Contino. "Is There a Future for Small-Scale Cogeneration in Europe? Economic and Policy Analysis of the Internal Combustion Engine, Micro Gas Turbine and Micro Humid Air Turbine Cycles". Energies 12, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030413.
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If more widely deployed, small-scale cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in Europe. Of the two main commercially available technologies—the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the micro Gas Turbine (mGT)—the ICE dominates the market due to its higher electrical efficiency. However, by transforming the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT), the electrical efficiency of this cycle can increase, thus enhancing its operational flexibility. This paper presents an in-depth policy and economic assessment of the the ICE, mGT and mHAT technologies for dwellings based in Spain, France and Belgium. The hourly demands of average households, the market conditions and the subsidies applicable in each region are considered. The aim is twofold: to evaluate the profitability of the technologies and to assess the cogeneration policies in place. The results show that only the ICE in Brussels is economically viable, despite all units providing positive energy savings in all locations (except mHAT in Spain). Of the three different green certificate schemes offered in Belgium, Brussels is the one leading to the best outcome. Spain awards both capital and operational helps, although auto-consumption is not valued. The same applies to the complex French feed-in tariff. Conclusively, with the current policies, investing in small-scale cogeneration is in general not attractive and its potential efficiency gains remain unveiled.
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Svitlana, GALKO, e OSIIEVSKA Valentyna. "EXPORT-IMPORT POTENTIAL OF THE MOTOR BOAT MARKET OF UKRAINE". INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL JOURNAL "COMMODITIES AND MARKETS" 36, n.º 4 (10 de dezembro de 2020): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/tr.knute.2020(36)03.
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Background. The economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed most popular products in the global market among consumers, in particular those for spending leisure time alone. Among them, surprisingly, motor boats were found. In Ukraine, increasing the production of certain types of watercraft may be a chance to save the entire shipbuilding industry. The aim of the article is to analyse the state and the structure of the world and domestic markets of motor boats in order to establish possible directions for the development of the export potential of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The methods of logical analysis and generalization of scientific literature, statistical data on the export and import of goods were used; the tools of market analysis of the International Trade Centre (ITC) were applied. Results. The state of the motor boats world market is analysed according to import data. The main consumers of these motor boats and trends of theirs changes in 2005–2019 were studied. The data on the motor boats import to Ukraine is provided. The countries-exporters of motor boats are considered and their future potential is determined. The data on the motor boats export from Ukraine is given. The level of tariff protection by different countries of the world in relation to motor boats from Ukraine is assessed. Conclusion. When planning a strategy for the development of motor boats export, Ukrainian enterprises should take into account that most of the importing countries of motor boats do not impose tariff protection in relation to Ukraine, and where it is present at a sufficiently high level, there is no significant consumption of motor boats. For the development of a trade partnership in the direction of exporting motor boats, Ukraine should choose the Cayman Islands, the Netherlands, Malta, the United States of America, the British Virgin Islands, France, Gibraltar, Spain, Canada and the Seychelles –the largest consumers of motor boats. Ukraine needs to pay special attention to the Netherlands, Italy and Germany – countries that will hold the leading exporters position of motor boats for a long time. Cooperation with manufacturers of these countries in the global supply chain of motor boats to the world market could be very useful not only for motor boat manufacturers, but also for manufacturers of individual parts and accessoriesfor motor boats.
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Gupta, Pradeep. "Transfer Pricing: Impact of Taxes and Tariffs in India". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 37, n.º 4 (outubro de 2012): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120403.
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Transfer pricing in an economy is very significant to corporate policy makers, economic policy makers, tax authorities, and regulatory authorities. Transfer pricing manipulation (fixing transfer prices on non-market basis as against arm's length standard) reduces the total quantum of organization's tax liability by shifting accounting profits from high tax to low tax jurisdictions. It changes the relative tax burden of the multinational firms in different countries of their operations and reduces worldwide tax payments of the firm. This paper explores the influence of corporate taxes and product tariffs on reported transfer pricing of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in India by using the Swenson (2000) model. This study of custom values of import originating from China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK, and USA into India reveals that transfer pricing incentives generated by corporate taxes and tariffs provide opportunity for MNCs to manipulate transfer price to maximize profits across world-wide locations of operations and reduce tax liability. The main findings of this paper are: The estimates computed by grouping together products of all industries being imported into India from sample countries reveal that TPI coefficients are positive and significant. Overall, positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country of the MNC would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices in the range of 0.248 per cent to 0.389 per cent. The Generalized Least Square estimates for individual industries display that out of nine industries in the sample, three industries (38, 73, and 84) have a positive and significant co-movement with transfer pricing incentives. In four industries (56, 83, 85, and 90), coefficient of Transfer Pricing Incentive (TPI) is negative but significant. In case of two industries (39 and 82), TPI coefficient is negative but not significant. Positive and significant coefficients of TPI predict that one per cent reduction in corporate tax rates in the home country would cause multinational corporations with affiliated transactions to increase reported transfer prices by 1.20 per cent in ‘Miscellaneous Chemical Products’ Industry (Industry 38), 0.175 per cent in the ‘Articles of Iron or Steel’ Industry (Industry 73) and 0.908 per cent in �Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances; Parts thereof' Industry (Industry 84). In industries where coefficient of TPI is negative and significant, MNCs would like to shift the taxable income of their affilates to the host country by decreasing their reported transfer price. The government's approach should be to reduce corporate tax and tariff rates to bring them at a level comparable with countries across the world which will reduce incentives for the MNCs for shifting of income out of India and increase the tax base for tax authorities. This will also result in an increase in the tax revenue of the country.
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Charpentier, J., H. Godart, G. Martin e Y. Mogno. "Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Regulation as a Way to Optimize Aeration and C, N and P Removal: Experimental Basis and Various Full-Scale Examples". Water Science and Technology 21, n.º 10-11 (1 de outubro de 1989): 1209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0320.
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The control of aeration by measuring the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of activated sludge, conducted at the YFFINIAC (West of France) sewage plant in 1983, showed this type of regulation to be attractive in that it can optimize energy costs and perfect the removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants (CHARPENTIER et al, 1987). From a practical point of view, this new, inexpensive means of regulation has moreover proved easier to implement than the method based on measuring Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.). Before implementingthis process, we undertoook a pilot study that enabled us to make more accurate the ORP values for activated sludge that must be observed in order to achieve the satisfactory removal of carbonaceous and nitrogen pollutants. Furthermore, the ORP readings revealed points of inflection that can be used for regulation purposes. These have been related to the disappearance either of the ammonia or the nitrates with release of phosphates. The experience gained with 7 ORP regulating systems, most of them in operation now for several years, and installed in works with vastly different characteristics, shows that the range of ORP values used corresponds to the pilot-scale experiments. It also shows the attractive features of the ORP signal, compared with that of D.O., when used for the regulation and interpretation of the phenomena involved in the biological treatment. This type of regulation leads to improvements in the annual electricity balance, expressed in terms of kWh v. kg of treated BOD5, and has proved to be compatible with a programmed shutdown of the aerators during the winter peak hours when the tariff per kWh is particularly expensive. In conclusion, the diversity of experiments on site has largely contributed towards the definition of those practical methods upon which depends the success of the system.
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Sihem, Ezdini. "The Impact of Culture on the Demand for Non-life Insurance Penetration in Developing Countries: Panel Data Analysis". International Journal of Finance and Accounting 9, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2024): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.2494.
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Purpose: The impact of insurance market activity within financial development is gaining more attention in academia, as the sector experiences growth within emerging markets. The paper aims to understand which macro-economic and social variables impact the growth or decline of the non-life insurance sector broadly across European countries with a view to provide recommendations to drive increased penetration across the region.
Methodology: Using Fixed Effects Panel Data Regression and annual data from 1990 to 2021 on 10 countries, the study examines the explanatory factors of non-life insurance demand in European countries (Australia, France, Austria, Italy, Canada, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Portugal).
Findings: The study found that GDP, and urbanization and education rates have a significant negative impact on non-life insurance penetration and density; urbanization, religion, education level and rule of law can explain positively variation in non-life insurance density and penetration across countries. Countries with higher urbanization levels, higher education level, Christian or Buddhist beliefs and more effective rule of law spend more on non- life insurance than other countries. The control of corruption and government effectiveness explain negatively variance in non-life insurance.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Notably, governments can develop the non-life insurance sector through policies that support urbanization.Similarly, ensuring an environment that promotes economic freedom (such as low tariff, high personal choice, low government spending and high security of property rights) could be an effective way of promoting non-life insurance demand. In contrast, policies that help to reduce the rate of urbanization may yield a double dividend: less population and congestion in cities and better opportunities for the development of non-life insurance markets. Also, countries with high level of education, can develop the development of non- life insurance demand. Among many socio-economic factors such as income, urbanization and education level, our analysis suggests that cultural dimensions such as beliefs and rule of law play a role.
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Yozgat, Fazil. "A Simple Model about Regional Economic Cooperation – A Multidisciplinary Approach". European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, n.º 3 (30 de dezembro de 2015): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i3.p234-247.
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In this study had been investigated regional cooperation Middle East countries. This study includes, literature revive, historical background, comparison research and submitted to simple model. In this model dependent variables is economic and social development, independent variables are, population, education, culture, fiscal capital etc. Regional cooperation, which are includes social, economic and cultural are based for development. Middle East countries should be revised some economic and social cooperation in the world. These matters are important for countries. In responses to global competition their market (EU, Asia, China, North Africa) have started diversifying into new markets and production. Contrary to other economic cooperation MENA countries are differ from social and economic condition. My hypothesis is important this matter.For example, from port of Liverpool to port of Lagos distance between is 4576 mile. Time is 19.1 days. Nigeria gained independent from UK 1960, after that coined south and north. From port of Le Havre to port of Continuo distance between is 4290 mile .Time is 17.9 days. Benin gained independent from France at 1960.Many years had been some difficulties for trade two countries. Therefore regional cooperation is important .In fact, two countries Commerce City distance between is 85 mile.In this work a theoretical study and a model proposal are prepared about the information of an economic – social and political cooperation among 14 Middle- East countries and about the birth of the idea of a new cooperation (unity) while entering 21’st. century.The cooperation like EU, AET and NAFTA, BR?C-S, LAFTA, NAFTA, EEC, MERCESUR, SHANGAY-5, has brought some facilities to the economic life. It is impossible for a country today to live survive a closed economy to other countries in our globalize world.We would argue that the defining issue of economic geography is the need to explain concentrations of population and of economic activity: the distinction between manufacturing belt and farm belt, the existence of cities, the role of industry clusters. (Fujita, 1999, p. 4)Generally we talk about measuring development, in order to decision for future. So we can choose a series of indicators in different social fields, mainly economics, to describe how a particular society has progressed over the time. There are other phrases that have become important in the public debate trying to explain what development really means to a society. Among these we have: Well-being, Welfare state, Developed countries, Reducing poverty, Solution unemployment, Quality of Life, Human development, Social development etc. Classical sectors are chanced today. Today society called “Knowledge society”. Productive for work needs to quality education. Shortly, innovation policies criteria, globalization, WtrO rules, Wipo rule, Pisa scores requires new studies this field. Basically social and economic development has been result. I will explain reason and cause effect those reasons.Job creation is the first priorities in the MENA region. This model will be contributed to solution of unemployment. A free trade agreement (FTA) is a preferential arrangement among countries in which tariff rates among them are reduced to zero. However, different members of the arrangement may set external tariff for non- members at different rates (Krueger, 1997, p. 7) There are kind of agreement for example. Bilateral investment agreement, free trade agreement, regional investment agreement. I will try to my models similar to European Union.In sum up, according to Bell “Society can be viewed as three separate parts that, when integrated, create a harmonious relationship within society. The three parts: polity, market economy (techno-economic), and culture (human tradition) (Bell, 1976, p. 14) in addition to regional trade has impact of multiple effect some fields.
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Yozgat, Fazil. "A Simple Model about Regional Economic Cooperation – A Multidisciplinary Approach". European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, n.º 1 (30 de dezembro de 2015): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.p234-247.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In this study had been investigated regional cooperation Middle East countries. This study includes, literature revive, historical background, comparison research and submitted to simple model. In this model dependent variables is economic and social development, independent variables are, population, education, culture, fiscal capital etc. Regional cooperation, which are includes social, economic and cultural are based for development. Middle East countries should be revised some economic and social cooperation in the world. These matters are important for countries. In responses to global competition their market (EU, Asia, China, North Africa) have started diversifying into new markets and production. Contrary to other economic cooperation MENA countries are differ from social and economic condition. My hypothesis is important this matter.For example, from port of Liverpool to port of Lagos distance between is 4576 mile. Time is 19.1 days. Nigeria gained independent from UK 1960, after that coined south and north. From port of Le Havre to port of Continuo distance between is 4290 mile .Time is 17.9 days. Benin gained independent from France at 1960.Many years had been some difficulties for trade two countries. Therefore regional cooperation is important .In fact, two countries Commerce City distance between is 85 mile.In this work a theoretical study and a model proposal are prepared about the information of an economic – social and political cooperation among 14 Middle- East countries and about the birth of the idea of a new cooperation (unity) while entering 21’st. century.The cooperation like EU, AET and NAFTA, BR?C-S, LAFTA, NAFTA, EEC, MERCESUR, SHANGAY-5, has brought some facilities to the economic life. It is impossible for a country today to live survive a closed economy to other countries in our globalize world.We would argue that the defining issue of economic geography is the need to explain concentrations of population and of economic activity: the distinction between manufacturing belt and farm belt, the existence of cities, the role of industry clusters. (Fujita, 1999, p. 4)Generally we talk about measuring development, in order to decision for future. So we can choose a series of indicators in different social fields, mainly economics, to describe how a particular society has progressed over the time. There are other phrases that have become important in the public debate trying to explain what development really means to a society. Among these we have: Well-being, Welfare state, Developed countries, Reducing poverty, Solution unemployment, Quality of Life, Human development, Social development etc. Classical sectors are chanced today. Today society called “Knowledge society”. Productive for work needs to quality education. Shortly, innovation policies criteria, globalization, WtrO rules, Wipo rule, Pisa scores requires new studies this field. Basically social and economic development has been result. I will explain reason and cause effect those reasons.Job creation is the first priorities in the MENA region. This model will be contributed to solution of unemployment. A free trade agreement (FTA) is a preferential arrangement among countries in which tariff rates among them are reduced to zero. However, different members of the arrangement may set external tariff for non- members at different rates (Krueger, 1997, p. 7) There are kind of agreement for example. Bilateral investment agreement, free trade agreement, regional investment agreement. I will try to my models similar to European Union.In sum up, according to Bell “Society can be viewed as three separate parts that, when integrated, create a harmonious relationship within society. The three parts: polity, market economy (techno-economic), and culture (human tradition) (Bell, 1976, p. 14) in addition to regional trade has impact of multiple effect some fields.
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Dumez, Hervé, e Alain Jeunemaître. "Le jeu des tarifs publics en France". Revue française d'économie 2, n.º 4 (1987): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfeco.1987.1161.
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Fliazhnikova, Ya V. "EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ATTORNEY PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL BEHAVIOR". Actual problems of native jurisprudence, n.º 05 (5 de dezembro de 2019): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/391982.
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The European experience in the legal regulation of the lawyer’s professional ethical conduct is important and necessary for any civilized community. Its positive characteristics can be useful for reforming the current legislation of Ukraine and further scientific research. Since the profession of lawyer is designed as a benchmark for the protection of human rights in relations with the government, the existence of clear standards of attorney ethics that meet the generally recognized world standards – is a necessary prerequisite for the effectiveness of the advocacy as such. It is Europe’s universally recognized values, such as the right to life, liberty and security of person, property, fair trial and others, that will only be true values if they can be protected in a civilized legal way. The article reviews the work of the eminent lawyer M. Mollo “Rules of the Bar in France” which outlines important and necessary professional personal requirements that a lawyer in a modern democratic society must meet. The individual provisions of the German Bar, which is an independent organization in the justice system, are examined. The German Bar system allows attorneys to practice law virtually as free entrepreneurs. Moreover, it is determined that the practice of advocacy in Germany contains a lot of innovations, first of which is its concern with countries that are members of the European Union. It should be noted that the author has suggested the first step for Ukraine – based on the experience of Germany – is to establish a single minimum tariff, which would be used by both law firms and individual lawyers. Based on the review of the provisions of the General Code of Practice for EU lawyers, an important next step for Ukraine has been identified is the rules on professional insurance. Attorneys should always be insured against unfounded claims that are related to insufficient professional competence, and the size of the insurance should be set within reasonable limits. It is important to note that the laws of other European countries trace the principles of the autonomy of the legal profession, independence, exclusivity, self-government and self-financing.
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Dickinson, John A. "Court Costs in France and New France in the Eighteenth Century". Historical Papers 12, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2006): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030820ar.
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Résumé L'administration de la justice en Nouvelle-France aurait été plus onéreuse qu'ont bien voulu l'affirmer plusieurs auteurs. Si les frais de cour étaient tout de même généralement moins élevés au Canada que dans la métropole, les structures de tarifs étaient sensiblement les mêmes et les variations perceptibles sont plus dues aux différences dans la durée des procédures, généralement plus courtes au Canada. De plus, même si la justice demeurait accessible au paysan, le marchand et l'élite coloniale, comme partout ailleurs, étaient quand même favorisés.
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Berbel, Julio, M. Mar Borrego-Marin, Alfonso Exposito, Giacomo Giannoccaro, Nazaret M. Montilla-Lopez e Catarina Roseta-Palma. "Analysis of irrigation water tariffs and taxes in Europe". Water Policy 21, n.º 4 (11 de abril de 2019): 806–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.197.
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Abstract Water taxation in European Union (EU) countries is adapted to local conditions and institutional trajectories and contains a variety of taxes and tariffs to finance water services and induce a higher use efficiency. After having clarified certain concepts, this work offers an overview of water taxes and tariffs charged for agricultural water use in several European Union member states, both in water-abundant areas and in water-scarce regions. Mediterranean countries, such as France, Portugal, Italy and Spain, have implemented different tax systems on agricultural water abstractions to recover the costs of the regulation, storage, and management of basin-level water services with various levels of cost recovery in accordance with the provision by the Water Framework Directive. France, Portugal, and Italy have implemented an abstraction tax applied to any water source (surface and groundwater) as an instrument to induce water saving and internalize environmental and resource costs in the irrigation sector. Despite these efforts, current taxation remains very low in the European context. On the other hand, Northern European countries (including the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark) have no fiscal instruments related to agricultural abstractions (neither for surface nor for groundwater resources).
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KHALEEL, Zahraa Hameed. "THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN FRANCHISES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN BELAD AL-SHAM(1838 - 1914)". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, n.º 05 (1 de setembro de 2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.19.18.
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The foreign franchises were - in the beginning - grants granted to foreigners by the strong Sultan as a sign of his generosity, and they continued, in fact, during the rule of the Sultan who granted them only, and their aim was to strengthen economic ties. These franchises can be renewed or canceled whenever a new ruler ascends the throne, by entering into long negotiations, and the Sublime Porte has the right to add or delete clauses specific to the state on which these franchises are presented to. The Ottoman state began granting franchises since the era of its founder Othman (128-1324 AD) when it entered into relations with its neighbors at that time, and commercial franchises were the first form of peaceful relations for the Ottoman state because its relations with the Europeans revolved around a narrow range, and that the number of foreigners in the Ottoman Empire was not large, and because the Ottomans were powerful in the beginning, there were no forces that forced them to remove them except for the free will of the grantor, as indicated by one of the historians, including: “These franchises were at the time, in principle granted, by the Sultans without prior discussions, and voluntarily granted rights and privileges to the subjects of foreign countries that had both trade and friendship relations with the Ottoman Empire. The franchises were granted unilaterally and voluntarily by the Sultan, so foreign countries followed the policy of renewal until 1740, when Sultan Mahmud I (1730-1754), permanently renewed the French franchises. All treaties concluded between the Ottoman Empire and foreign countries included a general article that stated: “Every country benefits from the franchises that will be given by treaty to other countries, in addition to the privileges it obtained by its treaties with the Sublime Porte .” The Treaty of Balta Liman , concluded on August 16, 1838, with Britain, abolished the protection system for national products, by limiting the ability of the Ottoman Empire to impose new taxes, and opened the markets of the Ottoman Empire to foreign merchants, and allowed them freedom of import and trade, which led To the imbalance in the trade balance, after determining the percentage of the customs tariff, which amounted to (3%) of the value of the goods, and this condition is not subject to reciprocity. It also included the condition that the customs tariff cannot be modified without the consent of Britain. The importance of the Balta Liman Treaty was that it not only confirmed the previous privileges, but also abolished the Ottoman monopolies. This was represented in the sixth clause of the treaty, which stipulated: “The Turkish government agrees to the measures stipulated in the treaty, which include all the Ottoman Empire, in the European part of Turkey, as well as in the Asian part, Egypt and all the possessions of the Sublime Porte in Africa, and they are applied to all subjects of the regions The Ottoman Empire, whatever their status, and the Turkish government agrees that no foreign country will refuse its trade under this treaty. Foreign traders took advantage of the lack of customs duties imposed on their imported goods, which was at a rate of (3%), as well as exempting them from the fees imposed on their imported goods within the same country. %), which led to the control of foreign traders over foreign trade, which in turn was reflected in the export of agricultural products on the one hand, which led to an increase in the production of some agricultural crops for the purpose of export at the expense of other crops, and this policy resulted in specialization in agriculture, so the cultivation of some crops was limited In certain areas, depending on the presence of branches of foreign companies, which do not depend on the suitability of the land for cultivation, the cultivation of mulberry trees has spread in Syria, for the purpose of raising silkworms to produce silk that is exported to the factories of Lyon and Marseille in France. The production of raw silk in Syria reached between 1880 -1914), two and a half million kilograms in 1880, increased to (6.1) million kilograms in 1914.
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Ciceri, Marie-France. "La tarification téléphonique en France et en Europe (Telephone tariffs in France and in Europe)". Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 70, n.º 1 (1993): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.1993.1659.
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Bécuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, Bossoma Doriane N'Doua, Christophe Lévêque e Samuel Maveyraud. "Les conséquences de la politique commerciale sur la filière bois : La France et la politique Méline de 1892". Revue forestière française 74, n.º 4 (11 de dezembro de 2023): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2023.7901.
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Cet article mobilise de nouvelles données douanières sur la Troisième République afin de discuter de l’impact d’un choc protectionniste – le tarif Méline de 1892 – sur les importations et les exportations de bois françaises (environ -65 millions de francs par an). Nous montrons que la hausse massive du taux de protection douanière (passant de 0,11 % à 12,74 %) a représenté une aubaine fiscale pour l’État et a diminué les importations. Par ailleurs, nous remarquons un phénomène d’importations préventives en 1891 avant la mise en place du tarif. Nous discutons également de l’effet de ce tarif sur l’évolution de la ressource et sur la filière bois. Au contraire des inquiétudes de certains contemporains, le tarif Méline ne semble pas avoir conduit à une surexploitation des ressources.
Messages clés :• L’instauration du tarif Méline a eu un impact négatif sur les importations de bois et a représenté une aubaine fiscale pour l’État.• En amont du choc protectionniste, on observe une hausse massive des importations, peut-être due à un phénomène de stockage de la ressource.• Le tarif Méline ne semble pas avoir conduit à une surexploitation et des forêts.
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Ferrari, Mariela de. "La construction des bilinguismes tardifs. Enjeux et priorités pédagogiques". Diversité 151, n.º 1 (2007): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/diver.2007.2851.
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Les jeunes étrangers de 16 à 18 ans arrivant en France pour s’y installer durablement sont confrontés à des situations d’enseignement-apprentissage complexes et aux déracinements-enracinements qu’elles entraînent. Dans le développement de leurs compétences langagières, les histoires des migrations entourant leur situation sont ainsi lieux de paradoxes et d’entre-deux toujours à négocier…
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Swinnen, Johan, e Giulia Meloni. "Standards, Tariffs and Trade: The Rise and Fall of the Raisin Trade Between Greece and France in the Late Nineteenth Century". Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 4 (1 de agosto de 2017): 711–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017028.
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There is much debate on the impact of product and process standards on trade. The conceptual arguments are complex and empirical evidence is mixed. We analyse the impact of standards and tariffs on the dramatic rise and fall of the raisin trade between France and Greece in the course of 25 years at the end of the nineteenth century. The case illustrates how product standards can be used to address consumer concerns and to protect producer interests. Economic conditions and French policies first stimulated Greek raisin imports. Later, changing conditions and political pressures led to the introduction of tariffs and wine standards which caused major declines in Greek exports and ultimately the bankruptcy of the Greek economy. Interestingly, this trade episode of more than a century ago still has a regulatory legacy in today’s EU wine regulations.
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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton e Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment". Journal of Economic History 81, n.º 3 (setembro de 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.
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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.