Artigos de revistas: "France-Germany Comparison"

1

Rajan, Amin. "Microelectronics in industry. an international comparison: Britain, Germany, France". Futures 17, n.º 5 (outubro de 1985): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(85)90069-2.

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Wang Yang, Chiou-Rong, e Huei Lan Wang. "An International Comparison of Educational Research Review Mechanisms". Frontiers in Education Technology 1, n.º 2 (27 de setembro de 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v1n2p180.

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<em>This paper explores the current status of educational research review mechanisms, assessment and ethical mechanisms in the UK, USA, Germany, France and Australia, and assesses the merits and shortcomings of the mechanisms and ways in which to improve them in those countries. This exploration is based on the perspective of comparative education and the concept of the academic tribe of T. Becher to assess peer review mechanisms. The research results include, first, the peer review system that was gradually developed in the UK, USA, France and Germany in the 1950s, which became a common mechanism for academic gatekeeping of the quality of educational research. Second, to ensure academic excellence, peer reviewers are required to be fair, professional, and specialized in a variety of “procedural justice” designs. Third, anonymous or not, peer review depends on the subcultures of different countries or academic communities. In the UK and USA, the process tends to be more transparent, and authors can suggest potential reviewers; however, this is not the case in Germany and France. Fourth, for the purpose of improving malpractice in terms of ethics and reliability in peer review, the professional qualifications of reviewers should be evaluated regularly. Finally, the outcome of the comparative study may be used as a reference for improvement of review mechanisms for educational research in Taiwan.</em>

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Troncoso, Ricardo, Juan Cabas, Bouali Guesmi e José María Gil. "A cross-country comparison of pig production systems performance: Evidence from EU countries". Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 23, n.º 2 (22 de dezembro de 2023): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2023.02.01.

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This study estimates and analyze the technical efficiency of pork farms from five EU countries. The Generalized True Random-effects (GTRE) model was used to differentiate between persistent and transitory technical efficiency. The results show that elasticities are robust to various specifications. Spanish farms show the highest average efficiency score. In Denmark, Germany, France, and Poland, the most significant opportunities for growth are found in transitional efficiency. The degree of productive specialization in the five countries has a positive impact in the efficiency. In Denmark, Germany, and France, persistent efficiency has a positive association with the fraction of paid labor.

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Timofeev, P. P., e M. V. Khorolskaya. "European Security Dilemmas: A Comparison of Germany and France's Approaches to the Relationship of the EU and NATO Roles in Europe after 2022". Comparative Politics Russia 15, n.º 4 (11 de janeiro de 2025): 132–54. https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2024-4-15-8.

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In 2016–2017, it was the Franco-German tandem which nurtured European security integration. The leaders of both states have been used to reaching a compromise despite different approaches to Atlanticism and Europeanism balance. However, the Ukrainian conflict escalation has changed the defense policies pursued by France and Germany. This paper argues, that during the last two years the differences between the two states concerning security issues have widened. With Germany even more relying on NATO as the most important security guarantor for Europe, France tends to simultaneously argue for a stronger, more independent European defense. Amid limited resources, it became more difficult for both parties to compromise. The article compares shifts in German and French policies on three levels, that are conceptual (the role of NATO and the EU in strategic papers and addresses of the French and German leaders), program-initiative (involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives over the past two years), and military-industrial (joint projects and procurements). The research reveals that since the Ukrainian crisis escalation France and Germany have tended to rely on NATO as the main security guarantor, still the former is strongly committed to effectively strengthening European security. Germany and France differ in terms of their involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives as well as procurements. Having its own nuclear weapons and military-industrial complex, the latter is less committed to NATO, yet highly supports European defense projects, seeking economic and political benefits. Germany prioritizes proven NATO structures, bilateral initiatives, as well as transatlantic defense procurements. The paper reveals a correlation between the policies of Germany and France and their dependence on the US military-industrial complex.

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Lévy-Bruhl, D., R. G. Pebody, I. Veldhuijzen, M. Valenciano e K. Osborne. "ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part one: diphtheria". Eurosurveillance 3, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 1998): 93–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.10.00087-en.

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The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) is to coordinate and harmonise the serological surveillance of immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in eight countries in Europe (Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Finla

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Rémuzat, C., O. Mzoughi, J. Rodrigues, D. Korchagina e M. Toumi. "Hta Assessment Comparison Of Orphan Drugs In France And Germany". Value in Health 17, n.º 3 (maio de 2014): A236—A237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1380.

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Gardette, J. M. "Insurability of river floods? Legal comparison between France and Germany". Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22, n.º 2 (junho de 1998): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6687(98)80027-9.

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Lim, Carol Sunghye, Soonil Kwon, Yun-Gyoo Lee, Youngil Koh e Dae Seog Heo. "International comparison on the factors influencing reimbursement of expensive cancer drugs." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2013): 6614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6614.

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6614 Background: Reimbursement policy for expensive cancer drugs is heterogeneous and inconsistent among countries. We compared the pattern of publically funded drug programs of ten countries. Methods: We investigated reimbursement policies of 19 indications with expensive cancer drugs (nilotinib, dasatinib, imatinib, pemetrexed, bevacizumab, sunitinib, temsirolimus, lapatinib, crizotinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, sorafenib and lenalidomide) in ten countries (Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United States). Microarray analysis methodology is adopted to cluster the countries according to the pattern of reimbursement, based on incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) and other variables of 19 indications. The earlier a country starts reimbursement for the indication, the higher reimbursement score (RS) is assigned to the country. Fairness index (FI) was determined for each country, depending on whether reimbursement decision follows ICER sequence. Results: Except for US, Japan and France were more likely to reimburse the indications (16/19), whereas Sweden and UK were less likely to reimburse them (5/19 and 6/19, respectively). From array analysis, we observed three separate groups: 1) France and Germany, 2) Korea and Japan, 3) UK, Sweden, Canada, Taiwan and Austrailia. The details of analysis will be presented. Regarding FI, Sweden (0.75), France (0.73) and UK (0.71) were the countries with high FI, in which health system was financed by general taxation and health technology assessment (HTA) was performed by government agency. Korea (0.34), Taiwan (0.40) and Germany (0.46) were the countries with low FI, in which social health insurance was financed by payroll tax or premium rather than general taxation. HTA was performed by non-government agency (Germany) or recently established government agency (2007 in Taiwan and 2009 in Korea) in these countries. Conclusions: Reimbursement policies for expensive cancer drugs are variable among the nations. Countries where health system is funded by general taxation and HTA is performed by government agency showed consistency of reimbursement policy based on ICER.

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Bryant, Christopher, Lea van Nek e Nathalie C. M. Rolland. "European Markets for Cultured Meat: A Comparison of Germany and France". Foods 9, n.º 9 (21 de agosto de 2020): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091152.

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The negative impacts of meat consumption for animals, the environment, and human health are more pressing than ever. Although some evidence points to an ongoing reduction in meat consumption in Europe, consumers are overall unwilling to cut their meat consumption in a substantial way. The present study investigates dietary identities and perceptions of cultured meat in nationally representative samples from Germany (n = 1000) and France (n = 1000). Participants were recruited through an Ipsos panel to answer an online survey, which included questions about their current and intended consumption of conventional meat, as well as questions about their opinions of cultured meat. We find that, whilst rates of vegetarianism were relatively low in France, unrestricted meat-eaters were a minority in Germany, and concern for animal welfare was the most common reason given for meat reduction. Substantial markets for cultured meat exist in both countries, although German consumers are significantly more open to the concept than the French. Strikingly, cultured meat acceptance is significantly higher amongst agricultural and meat workers, indicating that those who are closest to existing meat production methods are most likely to prefer alternatives. We found some evidence that pro-cultured meat messages, which focus on antibiotic resistance and food safety, are significantly more persuasive than those that focus on animals or the environment. Furthermore, consumers project that they would be significantly more likely to consume cultured meat that does not contain genetically modified ingredients. Overall, we find substantially large markets for cultured meat in Germany and France, and identify some potential ways to further increase acceptance in these markets. We conclude by highlighting the most promising markets for cultured meat, and highlighting a lack of antibiotics as a potentially persuasive message about cultured meat.

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Dumez, H., e A. Jeunemaître. "A Style of Economic Regulation, France 1969–86: A Comparison between France and West Germany". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 8, n.º 2 (junho de 1990): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c080139.

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Letablier, Marie-Thérèse, e Anne Salles. "Founding a Family in Times of Economic Uncertainty: A Comparison France Germany". Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies 1, n.º 2 (25 de junho de 2012): 119–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4471/generos.2012.07.

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If founding a family is generally considered within the natural order of things, the factors which have an influence on the personal decision are rather unknown. This article questions the possible effects of the economic uncertainty among young people upon the decision of having a child in France and in West Germany, two countries contrasting both from the point of view of fertility as well as in regards to the transitions towards adult age. The sociodemographic approach developped here is founded on a series of qalitative interviews conducted under similar conditions in both countries. The analysis shows that the perception of economic insecurity takes forms that change according to the institutional context and especially acording to the gender conventions dominating in each country. This gender conventions lead us towards the social norms regarding parental roles, to the place of maternity and of paternity within the identity constructions both masculine and feminine, and to the social norms regarding children's care and education. From this it is derived that the way the social risk associated to the arrival of a child is experienced is higher is Germany than in France due to the value attached to the children and particularly to the cost implied by the model of "intensive maternity" that prevails inWest Germany.

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MÜLLER, T., B. G. KLUPP, C. FREULING, B. HOFFMANN, M. MOJCICZ, I. CAPUA, V. PALFI et al. "Characterization of pseudorabies virus of wild boar origin from Europe". Epidemiology and Infection 138, n.º 11 (12 de março de 2010): 1590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000361.

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SUMMARYPseudorabies virus (PrV) infections appear to be more widely distributed in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) population than assumed. In Europe, attempts to isolate and characterize the causative agents have been limited so far. We therefore collected and examined a total of 35 PrV isolates obtained from wild boar or hunting dogs in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Slovakia and Hungary between 1993 and 2008. Restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA using BamHI showed that all isolates, except one, belonged to genogroup I but different subtypes were evident. For further investigations of the phylogenetic relationships, a 732-bp fragment of the glycoprotein C (gC) gene was amplified by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed about 40 variant positions within this fragment. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences supported the separation into a clade containing isolates from North-Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), France and Spain (clade B) and an apparently more variable clade comprising isolates from Brandenburg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), Slovakia, Hungary, Italy and France (clade A).

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Mesa-Varona, Octavio, Rodolphe Mader, Martina Velasova, Jean-Yves Madec, Sophie A. Granier, Agnes Perrin-Guyomard, Madelaine Norstrom et al. "Comparison of Phenotypical Antimicrobial Resistance between Clinical and Non-Clinical E. coli Isolates from Broilers, Turkeys and Calves in Four European Countries". Microorganisms 9, n.º 4 (25 de março de 2021): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040678.

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Livestock data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are commonly collected from bacterial populations of clinical and non-clinical isolates. In contrast to data on non-clinical isolates from livestock, data on clinical isolates are not harmonized in Europe. The Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) method was applied to overcome the lack of harmonization of laboratory methods and interpretation rules between monitoring systems. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between the isolate type (clinical vs. non-clinical) and resistance to four antimicrobials (ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid) per animal category in Germany and France. Additional statistical analyses comparing clinical and non-clinical isolates were performed with the available data on the same antimicrobial panel and animal categories from the UK and Norway. Higher resistance prevalence was found in clinical isolates compared to non-clinical isolates from calves to all antimicrobials included in Germany and France. It was also found for gentamicin in broilers from France. In contrast, in broilers and turkeys from Germany and France and in broilers from the UK, a higher resistance level to ampicillin and tetracycline in non-clinical isolates was encountered. This was also found in resistance to gentamicin in isolates from turkeys in Germany. Resistance differed within countries and across years, which was partially in line with differences in antimicrobial use patterns. Differences in AMR between clinical and non-clinical isolates of Escherichia coli are associated with animal category (broiler, calf, and turkey) and specific antimicrobials. The NRI method allowed comparing results of non-harmonized AMR systems and might be useful until international harmonization is achieved.

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Zach, Matthias. "Shakespeare Translation in France and Germany in the 1950s: a Comparison". New Readings 9 (1 de janeiro de 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/newreadings.62.

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Barrell, Ray, Robert Metz e Rebecca Riley. "Recent UK Growth: A Comparison with France, Germany and the US". National Institute Economic Review 187 (janeiro de 2004): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501041871005.

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During the second half of the 1990s the UK economy enjoyed a sustained period of strong and stable growth. Since then the slowdown in the world economy that accompanied the collapse in equity markets has served until recently to moderate growth both domestically and abroad. But, in comparison to other major economies, the UK has so far emerged relatively unscathed. This could be the result of good fortune, well directed stabilisation policies or reformed institutions. Part at least of the relatively good growth performance displayed by the UK economy comes from stronger domestic demand. It is of course difficult to disentangle strong demand growth from the impacts on income of improved supply performance. We attempt to isolate those elements that are most clearly demand side stimulants.

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Loch, Dietmar. "Immigrant Youth and Urban Riots: A Comparison of France and Germany". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35, n.º 5 (8 de abril de 2009): 791–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830902826236.

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Watermann, Stephanie, Caroline Schmitt, Tobias Schneider e Thomas Hackl. "Comparison of Regular, Pure Shift, and Fast 2D NMR Experiments for Determination of the Geographical Origin of Walnuts". Metabolites 11, n.º 1 (8 de janeiro de 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010039.

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1H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometric methods, was used to analyze the methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) extract of walnut (Juglans Regia L.) regarding the geographical origin of 128 authentic samples from different countries (France, Germany, China) and harvest years (2016–2019). Due to the large number of different metabolites within the acetonitrile/methanol extract, the one-dimensional (1D) 1H NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) spectra suffer from strongly overlapping signals. The identification of specific metabolites and statistical analysis are complicated. The use of pure shift 1H NMR spectra such as PSYCHE (pure shift yielded by chirp excitation) or two-dimensional ASAP-HSQC (acceleration by sharing adjacent polarization-heteronuclear single quantum correlation) spectra for multivariate analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods may be a promising method. Different types of NMR spectra (1D 1H NOESY, PSYCHE, and ASAP-HSQC) were acquired for each of the 128 walnut samples and the results of the statistical analysis were compared. A support vector machine classifier was applied for differentiation of samples from Germany/China, France/Germany, and France/China. The models obtained by conduction of a repeated nested cross-validation showed accuracies from 58.9% (±1.3%) to 95.9% (±0.8%). The potential of the 1H-13C HSQC as a 2D NMR experiment for metabolomics studies was shown.

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Watermann, Stephanie, Caroline Schmitt, Tobias Schneider e Thomas Hackl. "Comparison of Regular, Pure Shift, and Fast 2D NMR Experiments for Determination of the Geographical Origin of Walnuts". Metabolites 11, n.º 1 (8 de janeiro de 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010039.

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1H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometric methods, was used to analyze the methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) extract of walnut (Juglans Regia L.) regarding the geographical origin of 128 authentic samples from different countries (France, Germany, China) and harvest years (2016–2019). Due to the large number of different metabolites within the acetonitrile/methanol extract, the one-dimensional (1D) 1H NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) spectra suffer from strongly overlapping signals. The identification of specific metabolites and statistical analysis are complicated. The use of pure shift 1H NMR spectra such as PSYCHE (pure shift yielded by chirp excitation) or two-dimensional ASAP-HSQC (acceleration by sharing adjacent polarization-heteronuclear single quantum correlation) spectra for multivariate analysis to determine the geographical origin of foods may be a promising method. Different types of NMR spectra (1D 1H NOESY, PSYCHE, and ASAP-HSQC) were acquired for each of the 128 walnut samples and the results of the statistical analysis were compared. A support vector machine classifier was applied for differentiation of samples from Germany/China, France/Germany, and France/China. The models obtained by conduction of a repeated nested cross-validation showed accuracies from 58.9% (±1.3%) to 95.9% (±0.8%). The potential of the 1H-13C HSQC as a 2D NMR experiment for metabolomics studies was shown.

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Szymanowski, Wacław. "European Pork Chains : the Role of Stakeholders in Diversification of Quality Management Systems". Olsztyn Economic Journal 8, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2013): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3197.

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The paper presents the results of the diagnose concerning the characteristics of pork chains in 6 European Union countries: France, Greece, Spain, The Netherlands, Germany and Hungary. The aim of the paper is to present the differences and fragmentary character of the chains in the pork sector in Europe and diversification of demand for pork products in rapidly developing European markets. Determination of presence of differences in the quality management systems in 6 chosen European countries, i.e. France, Greece, Spain, The Netherlands, Germany and Hungary is the main hypothesis of the paper. Three of those differences apply to specialised pork chains (Spain, The Netherlands and Hungary) while the other three the regional pork chains (France, Greece and Germany). The nature of those chains results from the differences in utilisation of public and private quality management systems and the differences between inter-organisational quality management systems within the chains of supplies strengthening quality cohesion and safety between the links of the chain. The comparison of them allows formulating conclusions for reconstruction of the pork chains in Poland.

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Fekolli, Saimir, Ervis Çela e Endi Kalemaj. "Approach of Albanian legislation to minors in conflict with the law in a comparative perspective". Social and Legal Studios 7, n.º 4 (22 de novembro de 2024): 18–27. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals4.2024.18.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the specifics of Albaniaʼs legislative approach to minors in conflict with the law in comparison with other countries to identify unique and common features. For this, the study examined and compared the general provisions of the Albanian legislation on minors in conflict with the law with the legislation of Italy, France, Germany, and the United States. It was found that Albania, like many European countries, seeks to preserve a humanistic approach to the juvenile justice system, focusing on social rehabilitation and avoidance of imprisonment wherever possible. However, in contrast to the developed juvenile justice systems in France, Germany, and Italy, the Albanian system is still undergoing reform and improvement to meet EU standards. Compared to the United States, where juvenile criminal justice is often more severe, European approaches, including Albaniaʼs, favour rehabilitation and probationary measures. The age of criminal responsibility varies substantially across the countries under study. In Albania, it is close to the age thresholds in France, Germany, and Italy. In the United States, the approach to the age of responsibility varies from state to state. In Albania, as in other European countries, special procedures have been developed for the trial of cases involving minors. Germany and France have detailed regulations on the operation of juvenile courts. In the United States, by contrast, not all states have separate juvenile courts, while minors can be tried in adult courts for especially grave crimes. In European countries (France, Germany, Italy) and partly in Albania, legislation stipulates the active involvement of the family and community in the rehabilitation process. In the United States, family and community involvement is less structured at the legislative level, which can complicate the rehabilitation process

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Steinbach, Anja, e Karsten Hank. "Intergenerational Relations in Older Stepfamilies: A Comparison of France, Germany, and Russia". Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 71, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2016): 880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw046.

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Soussi, I., M. Thivolet, A. Kornfeld, J. Brunet e M. Toumi. "A Comparison of Additional Benefit Scores in Germany (Gba) and France (Has)". Value in Health 17, n.º 7 (novembro de 2014): A430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1092.

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Hankeln, Corinna. "Mathematical modeling in Germany and France: a comparison of students’ modeling processes". Educational Studies in Mathematics 103, n.º 2 (27 de janeiro de 2020): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-019-09931-5.

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Freiberg, M., R. Schwarz e C. Khoury. "Biosimilars: Market Access and Market Penetration – A Comparison of France and Germany". Value in Health 19, n.º 7 (novembro de 2016): A442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.09.553.

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Yan, Xiaoqing, e Yufang Jia. "Comparison and Analysis on Energy Governance Models of Global Major Powers". Advances in Engineering Technology Research 5, n.º 1 (4 de maio de 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.5.1.249.2023.

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Currently, the world is facing major changes that have not occurred in a century, and global energy governance has undergone significant new changes. The energy development trends of global major powers were clarified in the Paper by studying and judging the changes in the global energy consumption structure. The performance evaluation index system for major powers on their participation in global energy governance was constructed, so that the comprehensive comparison and analysis was conducted for the participation of eight countries, including China, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, and India, in global energy governance from four dimensions of economic, technological, social, and political. Generally, the United States has the highest overall performance score in participating in global energy governance, followed by China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan, with Russia and India in the third and fourth echelons respectively. The cooperation with major economies on green governance can be strengthened by China under the framework of the United Nations, the G20 and “the Belt and Road Initiative”, and a global climate governance pattern of joint consultation, construction and sharing will form, so as to maximize the effect of global climate governance.

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Veshi, Denard, e Gerald Neitzke. "Advance Directives in Some Western European Countries: A Legal and Ethical Comparison between Spain, France, England, and Germany". European Journal of Health Law 22, n.º 4 (31 de julho de 2015): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341368.

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We have studied national laws on advance directives in various Western European countries: Romance-speaking countries (Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain), English-speaking countries (Ireland and the United Kingdom), and German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland). We distinguish two potentially complementary types of advance medical declaration: the ‘living will’ and the nomination of a legal proxy. After examining the similarities and differences between countries, we analyse in detail the legislation of four countries (Spain, France, England, and Germany), since the other countries in this survey have similar legal principles and/or a similar political approach. In conclusion, we note that in all the countries examined, advance directives have been seen as an instrument to enable the patient’s right to self-determination. Notwithstanding, in Romance-speaking countries, the involvement of physicians in the end-of-life process and risks arising from the execution of advance directives were also considered.

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Britton, Andrew, Fiona Eastwood e Robin Major. "Macroeconomic Policy in Italy and Britain". National Institute Economic Review 118 (novembro de 1986): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018611800105.

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This is the third and last in a series of articles comparing macroeconomic policy in this country and in our largest European neighbours. A comparison with France was published in the Review in November 1984 and with Germany in November last year. The Italian economy is less well known in this country than that of either France or Germany. As a result its achievements may not be so widely appreciated. There have been no doubt, and remain, serious economic problems in Italy, but on balance it is the continued vitality of that country that needs to be better understood. In particular we are bound to ask how economic policy has contributed to economic development in Italy given the very difficult political environment in which it has had to operate for much of the past decade.

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CHO, Hong Sik. "The Franco-British Relations from Hostility to Entente 1815-1914". Korean Society for European Integration 13, n.º 3 (30 de novembro de 2022): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.28.31.

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This article explains the transformation of the relationship between Britain and France from hereditary enemies to alliance partners in three stages. At first, the Franco-British couple has evolved tremendously in the long period between 1815 and 1914 from structural hostility to firm allies. The domestic political change and European international balance of power, as well as the world political evolution are analyzed for this one hundred year peace. The structural comparison is followed by more detailed and historical analysis. The period 1815-1870 forms a cycle. In 1815, France was militarily and politically defeated and has since then made a progressive comeback on international stage with the help and assistance of Britain until the Crimean War. But France was defeated again by Prussia in 1870. The second period of 1870-1914 resembles the preceding one in that France needed to recover her international status. Nevertheless the relations with Britain has been more turbulent because of the imperialistic rivalry such as planned by the German Chancellor Bismarck in order to deviate France from revenge against Germany. The long term transformation of the bilateral relationship between France and Britain has been influenced by the political regime of these two countries, their imperialistic rivalry on global scene, and the balance of power in European politics, especially in regard to the triangle France-Britain-Germany. France and Britain have been embroiled in imperial rivalry, but have finally elaborated a common front of liberal democracies against the emerging German power.

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Cook, Keziah, Rathi Suresh, Kai-Jye Lou, J. Patrick Kesslak e Doral Fredericks. "Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis – Prevalence Patterns Across the EU-5". European Neurological Review 12, n.º 02 (2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2017.12.02.87.

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Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP) is a clinical condition that affects patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and has a spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms distinct from the hallmark motor symptoms. Although prior studies have reported on the prevalence of PDP in select European nations, variations in study design complicate study-to-study comparisons. In this study, we surveyed 1,667 medical practitioners across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK (collectively, the EU-5) to estimate the prevalence of PDP or symptoms of psychosis among patients with PD. Analysis of the survey data suggest approximately 29% of the general PD population in the EU-5 exhibit signs of PDP. Among the PD population, country-specific rates of PDP are estimated at 30% in France, 27% in Germany, 34% in Italy, 30% in Spain and 21% in the UK. These rates appear in line with those reported in prior country-specific studies. Results from the subset of 437 neurologists who proceeded to take the full survey suggest the symptoms of PDP are disruptive to patients or their respective caregivers in approximately 53% of cases. These results provide a resource that enables cross-country comparison of PDP rates across these major European nations.

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Kim, Eun Kyung. "Political Economy of Bismarkian Social Safety Net Reform -Comparison of France and Germany-". Journal of international area studies 11, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2007.04.11.1.55.

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Winkler, Oliver, e Reinhold Sackmann. "Degrees of ‘eliteness’ in higher education systems: A comparison between Germany and France". Higher Education Quarterly 74, n.º 4 (14 de julho de 2020): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12269.

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Schneider, Volker, Jean-Marie Charon, Ian Miles, Graham Thomas e Thierry Vedel. "The Dynamics of Videotex Development in Britain, France and Germany: A Crossnational Comparison". European Journal of Communication 6, n.º 2 (junho de 1991): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323191006002004.

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Ben Younes, K., A. Foix Colonier, B. Amzal, Z. Angehrn e H. Karcher. "PHP42 - EARLY ACCESS PROGRAMS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRANCE, GERMANY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM". Value in Health 21 (outubro de 2018): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.09.937.

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Jarosławski, S., M. Toumi, D. Korchagina, P. Auquier e C. Dussart. "Hta Outcomes for Orphan Drugs in Oncology: Comparison of France, Germany and England". Value in Health 21 (setembro de 2018): S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.07.846.

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Piot, Charles. "Auditor Reputation and Model of Governance: A Comparison of France, Germany and Canada". International Journal of Auditing 9, n.º 1 (março de 2005): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2005.00100.x.

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Proverbs, D. G., G. D. Holt e P. O. Olomolaiye. "Factors impacting construction project duration: a comparison between France, Germany and the u.k." Building and Environment 34, n.º 2 (março de 1998): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(98)00004-3.

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Rozan, Anne. "Benefit Transfer: A Comparison of WTP for Air Quality between France and Germany". Environmental and Resource Economics 29, n.º 3 (novembro de 2004): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-004-5266-x.

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Solo, Robert. "The Social Founda Nons of Industrial Power: A Comparison of France and Germany". Journal of Economic Issues 21, n.º 1 (março de 1987): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1987.11504634.

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Falcon, Julie, e Dominique Joye. "More Gender Equality, More Homogamy? A Cohort Comparison in Six European Countries". Swiss Journal of Sociology 43, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2017): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2017-0024.

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Abstract We study whether educational homogamy has increased following the rise of women’s educational attainment and of egalitarian couples in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. From the analysis of data from the European Union and Swiss Labour Force Surveys over a 15-year period (1999–2013), we observe that educational homogamy did not increase across cohorts, although we find substantial differences in the degree of homogamy according to couple arrangements.

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Lash, S., e P. Bagguley. "Labour Relations in Disorganized Capitalism: A Five-Nation Comparison". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6, n.º 3 (setembro de 1988): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d060321.

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A critique of the ‘Regulation School's' account of the development of ‘post-Fordist’ patterns of industrial relations is presented. An alternative account of the ‘disorganization’ of capitalist social relations is presented with particular emphasis on the role of agents of disorganization of labour relations, It is shown through a comparative analysis of recent developments in industrial relations in Sweden, West Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States of America that the particular patterns of disorganization will vary depending on whether capital, labour, or the state has most influence over the process of restructuring.

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Woll, Cornelia. "Bank Rescue Schemes in Continental Europe: The Power of Collective Inaction". Government and Opposition 49, n.º 3 (22 de maio de 2014): 426–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2014.5.

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Comparing bank rescue schemes in France and Germany during the banking crisis of 2008–9, this article argues that collective inaction is a little-studied aspect in the exercise of power in business–government relations. Contrary to studies that focus on lobbying, structural power or the influence of beliefs, the comparison highlights that governments depend on contributions from the financial industry during crisis management. In the negotiations to design bank support schemes, some countries, such as France, succeeded in engaging their financial sector collectively. Such public–private burden-sharing arrangements alleviate the public budget and increase mutual surveillance between banks during government support. In other countries, such as Germany, a collectively organized industry response failed, which forced the government to design an entirely public support scheme. The German government reacted to this perceived imbalance by imposing tighter banking regulation to avoid a repetition of the impotence it experienced in 2008.

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Byrne, Joseph P., e E. Philip Davis. "A Comparison of Balance Sheet Structures in Major EU Countries". National Institute Economic Review 180 (abril de 2002): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218000110.

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The UK is commonly viewed as having a ‘market oriented’ financial system, in contrast to other European countries which are seen as ‘bank dominated’. In the light of this supposition, we investigate sectoral balance sheet data for evidence of differences in financial structure between the UK and other major EU countries. It is found that the UK has much in common with Continental countries, in particular France, and they are themselves markedly heterogeneous. There is also some evidence of convergence towards a more market-oriented financial system, even in the most bank-dominated economy, Germany.

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Bruno Polli, Gustavo Henrique. "A Comparison about European Environmental Sustainability Rating Systems". U.Porto Journal of Engineering 6, n.º 2 (27 de novembro de 2020): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_006.002_0005.

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With the arising of environmental problems from the construction sector, the sustainability issues gained more space, making sustainability assessment tools emerge. These tools are based on the global definition of sustainability that meets Environmental, Economic, and Social criteria, and each system has a different and peculiar methodology. This paper aims to analyse the structure adopted by these European sustainability assessment systems: BREAM UK, DGBN (Germany), ITACA (Italy), LiderA (Portugal), and HQE (France), showing an overview of each system assisted by the SWOT Matrix, enabling the reader to better understand their differences. There are no superior or inferior systems, but each system notably performs much better in a subject or goal.

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Klepacki, Bogdan, e Anna Jakóbik. "Poziom produkcji roślinnej w Polsce na tle wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n.º 53 (25 de setembro de 2004): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.15.

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In the paper the level of plant production in Poland in comparison with leading EU countries was presented. There were showed areas of some plants in Denmark, France, Nederland and Germany as well as received yields of cereals, potatoes, sugar beets and rapes compared with scored in Poland in 2002. It was stated that received yields were in Poland 25 to 38% lower than in European Union.

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Zimmermann, Karsten, e Panagiotis Getimis. "Rescaling of Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning in Europe: an Introduction to the Special Issue". Raumforschung und Raumordnung 75, n.º 3 (30 de junho de 2017): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13147-017-0482-3.

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Abstract The article gives an introduction to the special issue about recent developments in metropolitan governance in Europe. The special issue seeks to contribute to a comparison of metropolitan governance with a particular emphasis on national policy initiatives. The presentation of recent developments in the six countries Germany, Italy, France, Poland, Spain and England follows a common framework. This framework is built on theories of rescaling and governance. All six countries have experienced dynamic changes in the scale and scope of metropolitan regionalism with different results. The contributions to the special issue show national policy initiatives as well as local case studies of metropolitan governance in terms of their history, structure and recent performance. The chapters show path-dependent developments in Germany, France and Spain as well as path-breaking changes in Poland, Italy and England. All in all, besides the fact that metropolitan regions are still high on the political agenda, a high degree of variation with regard to national policies remains.

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Artyukhova, Nadiia, Anna Vorontsova, Artem Artyukhov, Yuliia Yehorova, Sergej Vasić, Pavlo Rubanov e Tetiana Vasylieva. "Analysis of trends in the structure of higher education market of European countries". Knowledge and Performance Management 8, n.º 2 (13 de dezembro de 2024): 91–108. https://doi.org/10.21511/kpm.08(2).2024.08.

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The structure of the higher education market in 2012–2021 in 38 European countries was analyzed using concentration levels and Herfindahl-Hirschman indices based on the number of higher education institutions and their share in the QS World University Rankings, and the number of students. This market in 2021 has a low concentration: the 3 countries with the largest number of higher education institutions (Germany, Ukraine, France) covered about 36% of the market in total; the 3 countries with the largest number of universities in the QS (United Kingdom, Germany, Italy) – 5%; the 3 countries with the largest number of students (Germany, France, United Kingdom) – 37%; and the 3 countries with the largest number of foreign students (United Kingdom, Germany, France) – 5%. Using parametric and non-parametric comparison tests, it was found that although the number of higher education institutions and students does not generally depend on the population’s income level, the number of universities ranked in the QS and foreign students does. The correlation analysis revealed that GDP and GNI, population, and separately the employment and unemployment rates (for ranked universities and foreign students) are important factors that determine the uneven structure of the higher education market. The identified factors formed the basis for clustering countries using Ward’s hierarchical method, which revealed the clear existence of 3 clusters: the smallest of them accumulates the 4 largest European economies with the most ranked universities; the largest (24 countries) is quite diverse, which indicates relatively equal opportunities in the market and its unification. Acknowledgment Tetiana Vasylieva and Artem Artyukhov thank project 0122U000772, and Nadiia Artyukhova thanks project 0124U000545 for carrying out their part of this research.

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Oku, Y., A. Fukushima, J. Dorey e M. Toumi. "Impact of Amnog on the Comparison of Orphan Drug Prices Between France and Germany". Value in Health 21 (setembro de 2018): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2018.07.346.

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di Fiore, David. "A Comparison of Hymn Playing Styles from the United States, France, Germany and Slovakia". Studia Scientifica Facultatis Paedagogicae Universitas Catholica Ružomberok 21, n.º 4 (2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/ssf.2022.21.4.58-67.

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Hymn playing styles can vary from country to country in addition to what is sung for Masses. This article will compare those styles and repertoire, making observations about not only the accompanying styles but also about the kind of repertoire sung.

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Oker, Natalie, Virginie Escabasse, Naif Al-Otaibi, Andre Coste e Andreas E. Albers. "Acquisition of diagnostic and surgical skills in otorhinolaryngology: a comparison of France and Germany". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 272, n.º 11 (26 de abril de 2015): 3565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-015-3632-7.

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Dabosville, Benjamin. "Court scrutiny of the economic grounds for dismissal. A comparison between France and Germany". Revue de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale, n.º 4 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rdctss.6765.

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