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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "France-Germany Comparison"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 8 de fevereiro de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

1

Rajan, Amin. "Microelectronics in industry. an international comparison: Britain, Germany, France". Futures 17, n.º 5 (outubro de 1985): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(85)90069-2.

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Wang Yang, Chiou-Rong, e Huei Lan Wang. "An International Comparison of Educational Research Review Mechanisms". Frontiers in Education Technology 1, n.º 2 (27 de setembro de 2018): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v1n2p180.

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<em>This paper explores the current status of educational research review mechanisms, assessment and ethical mechanisms in the UK, USA, Germany, France and Australia, and assesses the merits and shortcomings of the mechanisms and ways in which to improve them in those countries. This exploration is based on the perspective of comparative education and the concept of the academic tribe of T. Becher to assess peer review mechanisms. The research results include, first, the peer review system that was gradually developed in the UK, USA, France and Germany in the 1950s, which became a common mechanism for academic gatekeeping of the quality of educational research. Second, to ensure academic excellence, peer reviewers are required to be fair, professional, and specialized in a variety of “procedural justice” designs. Third, anonymous or not, peer review depends on the subcultures of different countries or academic communities. In the UK and USA, the process tends to be more transparent, and authors can suggest potential reviewers; however, this is not the case in Germany and France. Fourth, for the purpose of improving malpractice in terms of ethics and reliability in peer review, the professional qualifications of reviewers should be evaluated regularly. Finally, the outcome of the comparative study may be used as a reference for improvement of review mechanisms for educational research in Taiwan.</em>

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Troncoso, Ricardo, Juan Cabas, Bouali Guesmi e José María Gil. "A cross-country comparison of pig production systems performance: Evidence from EU countries". Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 23, n.º 2 (22 de dezembro de 2023): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2023.02.01.

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This study estimates and analyze the technical efficiency of pork farms from five EU countries. The Generalized True Random-effects (GTRE) model was used to differentiate between persistent and transitory technical efficiency. The results show that elasticities are robust to various specifications. Spanish farms show the highest average efficiency score. In Denmark, Germany, France, and Poland, the most significant opportunities for growth are found in transitional efficiency. The degree of productive specialization in the five countries has a positive impact in the efficiency. In Denmark, Germany, and France, persistent efficiency has a positive association with the fraction of paid labor.

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Timofeev, P. P., e M. V. Khorolskaya. "European Security Dilemmas: A Comparison of Germany and France's Approaches to the Relationship of the EU and NATO Roles in Europe after 2022". Comparative Politics Russia 15, n.º 4 (11 de janeiro de 2025): 132–54. https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2024-4-15-8.

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In 2016–2017, it was the Franco-German tandem which nurtured European security integration. The leaders of both states have been used to reaching a compromise despite different approaches to Atlanticism and Europeanism balance. However, the Ukrainian conflict escalation has changed the defense policies pursued by France and Germany. This paper argues, that during the last two years the differences between the two states concerning security issues have widened. With Germany even more relying on NATO as the most important security guarantor for Europe, France tends to simultaneously argue for a stronger, more independent European defense. Amid limited resources, it became more difficult for both parties to compromise. The article compares shifts in German and French policies on three levels, that are conceptual (the role of NATO and the EU in strategic papers and addresses of the French and German leaders), program-initiative (involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives over the past two years), and military-industrial (joint projects and procurements). The research reveals that since the Ukrainian crisis escalation France and Germany have tended to rely on NATO as the main security guarantor, still the former is strongly committed to effectively strengthening European security. Germany and France differ in terms of their involvement in NATO and the EU security initiatives as well as procurements. Having its own nuclear weapons and military-industrial complex, the latter is less committed to NATO, yet highly supports European defense projects, seeking economic and political benefits. Germany prioritizes proven NATO structures, bilateral initiatives, as well as transatlantic defense procurements. The paper reveals a correlation between the policies of Germany and France and their dependence on the US military-industrial complex.

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Lévy-Bruhl, D., R. G. Pebody, I. Veldhuijzen, M. Valenciano e K. Osborne. "ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part one: diphtheria". Eurosurveillance 3, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 1998): 93–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.10.00087-en.

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The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) is to coordinate and harmonise the serological surveillance of immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in eight countries in Europe (Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Finla

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Rémuzat, C., O. Mzoughi, J. Rodrigues, D. Korchagina e M. Toumi. "Hta Assessment Comparison Of Orphan Drugs In France And Germany". Value in Health 17, n.º 3 (maio de 2014): A236—A237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1380.

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Gardette, J. M. "Insurability of river floods? Legal comparison between France and Germany". Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 22, n.º 2 (junho de 1998): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6687(98)80027-9.

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Lim, Carol Sunghye, Soonil Kwon, Yun-Gyoo Lee, Youngil Koh e Dae Seog Heo. "International comparison on the factors influencing reimbursement of expensive cancer drugs." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n.º 15_suppl (20 de maio de 2013): 6614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6614.

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6614 Background: Reimbursement policy for expensive cancer drugs is heterogeneous and inconsistent among countries. We compared the pattern of publically funded drug programs of ten countries. Methods: We investigated reimbursement policies of 19 indications with expensive cancer drugs (nilotinib, dasatinib, imatinib, pemetrexed, bevacizumab, sunitinib, temsirolimus, lapatinib, crizotinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, sorafenib and lenalidomide) in ten countries (Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United States). Microarray analysis methodology is adopted to cluster the countries according to the pattern of reimbursement, based on incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) and other variables of 19 indications. The earlier a country starts reimbursement for the indication, the higher reimbursement score (RS) is assigned to the country. Fairness index (FI) was determined for each country, depending on whether reimbursement decision follows ICER sequence. Results: Except for US, Japan and France were more likely to reimburse the indications (16/19), whereas Sweden and UK were less likely to reimburse them (5/19 and 6/19, respectively). From array analysis, we observed three separate groups: 1) France and Germany, 2) Korea and Japan, 3) UK, Sweden, Canada, Taiwan and Austrailia. The details of analysis will be presented. Regarding FI, Sweden (0.75), France (0.73) and UK (0.71) were the countries with high FI, in which health system was financed by general taxation and health technology assessment (HTA) was performed by government agency. Korea (0.34), Taiwan (0.40) and Germany (0.46) were the countries with low FI, in which social health insurance was financed by payroll tax or premium rather than general taxation. HTA was performed by non-government agency (Germany) or recently established government agency (2007 in Taiwan and 2009 in Korea) in these countries. Conclusions: Reimbursement policies for expensive cancer drugs are variable among the nations. Countries where health system is funded by general taxation and HTA is performed by government agency showed consistency of reimbursement policy based on ICER.

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Bryant, Christopher, Lea van Nek e Nathalie C. M. Rolland. "European Markets for Cultured Meat: A Comparison of Germany and France". Foods 9, n.º 9 (21 de agosto de 2020): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091152.

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The negative impacts of meat consumption for animals, the environment, and human health are more pressing than ever. Although some evidence points to an ongoing reduction in meat consumption in Europe, consumers are overall unwilling to cut their meat consumption in a substantial way. The present study investigates dietary identities and perceptions of cultured meat in nationally representative samples from Germany (n = 1000) and France (n = 1000). Participants were recruited through an Ipsos panel to answer an online survey, which included questions about their current and intended consumption of conventional meat, as well as questions about their opinions of cultured meat. We find that, whilst rates of vegetarianism were relatively low in France, unrestricted meat-eaters were a minority in Germany, and concern for animal welfare was the most common reason given for meat reduction. Substantial markets for cultured meat exist in both countries, although German consumers are significantly more open to the concept than the French. Strikingly, cultured meat acceptance is significantly higher amongst agricultural and meat workers, indicating that those who are closest to existing meat production methods are most likely to prefer alternatives. We found some evidence that pro-cultured meat messages, which focus on antibiotic resistance and food safety, are significantly more persuasive than those that focus on animals or the environment. Furthermore, consumers project that they would be significantly more likely to consume cultured meat that does not contain genetically modified ingredients. Overall, we find substantially large markets for cultured meat in Germany and France, and identify some potential ways to further increase acceptance in these markets. We conclude by highlighting the most promising markets for cultured meat, and highlighting a lack of antibiotics as a potentially persuasive message about cultured meat.

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Dumez, H., e A. Jeunemaître. "A Style of Economic Regulation, France 1969–86: A Comparison between France and West Germany". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 8, n.º 2 (junho de 1990): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c080139.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

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Hewitson, Mark. "Reflections on the Republic in France : political thought and national comparison in Germany 1898-1914". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307386.

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2

Schoettelndreyer, Friedrich. "France, Germany, Greece and the United Kingdom an analysis and comparison of budget deficits and defense spending". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5546.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This thesis documents findings on the relationship of government budget deficits and defense spending for France, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom in detail and for NATO and OECD country collectives. The thesis topic is relevant, as many European countries are justifying their recent cuts in defense spending with high government budget deficits. The author looked at different data sources and metrics to graphically analyze the developments in government budget deficits and defense expenditures for the selected countries over a fifteen-year period and statistically analyze possible interactions between lagged budget deficits and defense expenditures for NATO and OECD country collectives. Six regression models were developed and applied to the country collectives with different time periods, from 1975 to 2009. A fixed effects regression analysis was used to determine the significance levels and the standard errors of the independent variables. The research method consisted of four activities: review of related research, analysis of government budget spending levels, analysis of defense spending levels and graphical and statistical analysis of government budget deficit and defense spending relationship. The literature survey focused on data research, theories on government budget deficits and defense spending and the European Union's Stability and Growth Pact.

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Pichler, Lothar. "Comparison of the French and German approaches to ESDP and NATO". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPichler.pdf.

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Ulrici, Mark. "Bioenergy adoption barriers across 7 EU countries : A comparison of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254803.

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Europe is trying to switch away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Bioenergy is well positioned to play a large role in this. However, bioenergy as a share of total energy used differs substantially between European countries. What causes these differences and what the barriers are to bioenergy implementation is researched in this thesis for seven EU countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. The systemic barriers to bioenergy implementation are categorised in the five categories, infrastructure, market problems, interactions, institutions, and capabilities. A literature review gives the first insight into the barriers, which is then followed by ananalysis of current policy in the seven countries. Afterwards, industry specialists are interviewed from five of the seven countries. The interviews mainly took place by email. However, one was over the phone. A semi-structured approach was used in the interviews. Lastly, voting behaviour of MEPs and the influence of the oil industry are analysed. This was done by using the Forbes most valuable companies list and ranking the biggest European oil and gas companies. These were then compared to the voting behaviour by members of the EU parliament of the countries where the companies are domiciled. The results show no systemic barriers for Denmark and Sweden. In every country a different set of problems was in the way of bioenergy. Negative public opinion may start playing an increasing role in the implementation of bioenergy in western European countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany. Currently, the UK and Belgium have policy barriers to bioenergy implementation, while France’s bioenergy sector struggles with infrastructure, market and capability problems. Germany also suffers from market problems. The oil industry does not seem to influence the behaviour of politicians significantly concerning bioenergy. Politicians from countries with large oil industry did not vote morenegatively on bioenergy directives in the EU parliament than those from countries without a large oil industry. Moreover, the public opinion towards bioenergy can have large effects on the implementation, as was observed in the Netherlands. Where this negative public opinion on bioenergy comes from is not clear. No final conclusion can be drawn on what causes the difference in bioenergy adoption in the seven countries. More research is needed into what influences the public opinion in these countries concerning bioenergy.
Europa försöker göra en omställning från fossila bränslen till förnybar energi. Bioenergi är väl positionerat för att spela en viktig roll i detta. Bioenergi är en mindre intermittent energikälla än vind och solenergi och kan därmed komplettera dessa. Bioenergi som andel av den totala energianvändningen skiljer sig emellertid väsentligt mellan europeiska länder. Vad som orsakar dessa skillnader och vilka hinder som finns för implementering av bioenergi undersöks i denna rapport för sju EU-länder: Belgien, Danmark, Frankrike, Tyskland, Nederländerna, Sverige och Storbritannien. Hindren på systemnivå för implementering av bioenergi kategoriseras i de fem kategorierna, infrastruktur, marknadsproblem, interaktioner, institutioner och kapacitet. En litteraturöversikt ger den första insikten om hinder, som sedan följs av en utläggning gällande den nuvarande lagstiftningen i de sju länderna. Efter det intervjuas branschspecialister från fem av de sju länderna. Slutligen analyseras röstbeteende i Europaparlamentet och oljeindustrins inflytande. Resultaten visar att oljebranschen inte verkar påverka politikernas beteende i betydande utsträckning beträffande bioenergi. Politiker från länder med stor oljeindustri röstade inte mer negativt gällande bioenergidirektiv i EU-parlamentet än de från länder utan stor oljebransch. Däremot kan den allmänna opinionen mot bioenergi få stora effekter på genomförandet, vilket observerades i Nederländerna. Ingen slutsats kan dras gällande varför utbredningen av bioenergi skiljer sig åt mellan de sju länderna. I varje land fanns det en rad olika hinder i vägen för implementering av bioenergi. Sverige och Danmark har inga systemproblem för implementering av bioenergi. Om den allmänna opinionen är negativt inställd till bioenergi kan det börja spela en större roll för utbredningen av bioenergi i västeuropeiska länder, som Nederländerna och Tyskland.

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Read, Peter Frederick [Verfasser]. "On culture and commerce: a comparison of government support for book publishing in Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom / Peter Frederick Read". Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110350357X/34.

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Giunti, Giulia. "The impact of increased standard flexibility on disclosure practices : a comparison of the introduction of IFRS 8 in the UK, Germany, France and Italy and its impact on companies' segment disclosures". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110694.

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Following a series of reporting scandals in the early 2000s, several researchers studied the gradual shift toward more principles-based accounting systems. There seems to be a general belief that the adoption of international principles-based accounting standards will improve financial reporting quality worldwide, although little evidence is provided for this claim. At the same time several studies claim that heterogeneity in countries’ environmental factors will not lead to harmonized accounting practices and that important differences will remain even though there is common international accounting system. This study contributes to the literature regarding a shift toward more principles-based standards by investigating the effect of increased requirements’ flexibility on disclosure practices in an international environment characterized by harmonized accounting regulations but heterogeneous disclosure practices. The standards that are used are IFRS 8 Operating segment and its predecessor IAS 14R Segment Reporting. IFRS 8 took effect from January 1 2009. The countries included in the study represent the four largest economies in Europe, namely the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The methodology used is quantitative and follows a positivistic research approach. This study investigates the impact that a regulatory change has on disclosure practices by observing data reported in the annual reports and asserts the eventual differences between the two standards and across the four countries. The study provides evidence of only a marginal change in segment disclosure practices after the introduction of IFRS 8. The change is mostly characterized by a loss of key information indicating that more flexible requirements negatively impact accounting practices. This implies that if the purpose of a regulatory change is to assure a certain level of information, more rigid requirements are to be preferred. Further, this study shows that, opposed to expectations; disclosure practices are more heterogeneous under more rules-based standards. However, there is indication that the reason for increased homogeneity is that companies listed in the UK and Germany, presenting a higher amount of segment information under IAS 14R, have decreased the information under IFRS 8. It seems thus that standard enforceability decreases under more flexible disclosure requirements.

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Rypáčková, Lucie. "Komparace správního soudnictví v České republice a vybraných evropských státech". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196516.

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This thesis analyses the administrative justice system, which represents one of the key control mechanisms of the public administration in The Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to compare the administrative justice system of The Czech Republic with selected European models of the administrative justice system such as the French and German justice systems. The result of this comparison highlights the differences in justice systems and considers the possibility of implementing these models in The Czech legal system.The administrative justice system in The Czech Republic has been developing since 2003, when The Act N. 150/2002 came into effect. The operating administrative justice system in The Czech Republic is characterized by the following criteria: statutory framework, power and jurisdiction of the administrative court, organization of the administrative justice system and the course of the judicial administrative proceedings. The following chapters discuss the French and German models of the administrative justice system and analyze the similarities with the Czech system.The final chapter compares the individual administrative justice systems and their most important differences.

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Dheeriya, P. L. (Prakash Lachmandas). "A Comparison of Money Demand in Four Industrialized Countries Using Seemingly Unrelated Regressions". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330950/.

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In this study, the possibility that money demand of one country might be affected by macroeconomic activities of other countries is investigated. We use the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique, which takes into account all covariances between residuals of country-specific money demand equations. Efficiency of estimates using the SUR technique is enhanced because it uses information contained in the contemporaneous correlation of the error terms. The hypothesis of economic interdependence is tested. A proxy for foreign influence, deviation from interest rate parity (DIRP), is tested for significance in the money demand function.

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Oehmichen, Anna. "Terrorism and anti-terror legislation: the terrorised legislator? : a comparison of counter-terror legislation and its implications on human rights in the legal systems of the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany and France /". Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018699344&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Kukačová, Sára. "České správní soudnictví z hlediska srovnání se systémem francouzským a německým". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261736.

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Diploma thesis is devoted to the theme of Czech administrative justice, its current form and comparison with chosen models of European administrative justice, that is with French and German model. Goal of the thesis is on the basis of description and analysis of these models of administrative justice to get the comparison and evaluation of the differences and positive and negative elements of chosen models in relation to Czech system of administrative justice. The first part focuses on rather theoretical side and the introduction to this problem. Fundamental terms and characteristics are described and the concept of administrative justice is put to a broader scope. There is also mentioned the historical development of administrative justice in the Czech lands from year 1848 until the present day. The second part is devoted to the study of specific current legislation of chosen countries - Czech Republic, France and Germany. On this foundation is in the closing part accomplished the analysis and comparison of particular systems of administrative justice together with stating their mutual positives and negatives.

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Livros sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

1

Grosse, Ernst Ulrich. Understanding France in comparison with Germany: An introduction. Berne: Peter Lang, 1994.

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2

Dufour, Christian. Industrial relations in small companies: A comparison: France, Sweden and Germany. Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2007.

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3

teollisuusministeriö, Finland Kauppa ja, ed. Comparison of public special financing programs for SMEs: Canada, Finland, France, Germany and Norway. [Helsinki, Finland]: Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2000.

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1964-, Baret Christophe, Lehndorff Steffen e Sparks Leigh, eds. Flexible working in food retailing: A comparison between France, Germany, Great Britain, and Japan. New York: Routledge, 2000.

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5

Jong, W. M. de. International comparison of decision-making on infrastructure: Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, Switzerland, United States. The Hague: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, 1999.

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1964-, Baret Christophe, Lehndorff Steffen e Sparks Leigh, eds. Flexible working in food retailing: A comparison between France, Germany, the United Kindom and Japan. London: Routledge, 2000.

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7

Tony, Kausal, e Defense Systems Management College, eds. A comparison of the defense acquisition systems of France, United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. Fort Belvoir, Va: Defense Systems Management College, 1999.

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8

Great Britain. Office of Water Services. e Water Research Centre (Great Britain), eds. International comparison of the demand for water: A comparison of the demand for water in three European countries, England and Wales, France and Germany. Birmingham [England]: OFWAT, 1997.

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9

Steffen, Monika. The fight against AIDS: An international public policy comparison between four European countries : France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy. Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1996.

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10

Arnold, Brian J. Comparison and assessment of the tax treatment of foreign-source income in Canada, Australia, France, Germany and the United States. Ottawa, Ont: Technical Committee on Business Taxation, 1996.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

1

Herrmann-Pillath, Carsten. "How to Research Complex Systems: A Methodological Comparison of Ordoliberalism and Regulation Theory". In Institutional Economics in France and Germany, 272–301. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04472-8_10.

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François, Etienne. "Comparison — the Way to Understanding: Conclusions". In Vertriebene and Pieds-Noirs in Postwar Germany and France, 272–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137508416_14.

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Prutsch, Markus J. "Constitutional Practice: A Comparison". In Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany, 121–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137291653_5.

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Marcus, Ivan G. "The Song of Songs in German Ḥasidism and the School of Rashi: A Preliminary Comparison". In Jewish Culture and Society in Medieval France and Germany, XI 181—XI 189. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003421054-11.

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Gottschall, Karin, Bernhard Kittel, Kendra Briken, Jan-Ocko Heuer, Sylvia Hils, Sebastian Streb e Markus Tepe. "A Comparison of Public Employment Regimes in Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom". In Public Sector Employment Regimes, 107–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137313119_5.

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Koenig, Matthias. "Incorporating Muslim Migrants in Western Nation States—A Comparison of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany". In After Integration, 43–58. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02594-6_3.

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Sun, Xinghua, Qian Wu, Qianqian Song e Yingwei Shi. "A Comparative Analysis of the Time Content in Textbooks from Eight Countries". In Recent Advances in Mathematics Textbook Research and Development, 348–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8426-4_48.

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AbstractIn this paper, we report on a comparison of the treatment of the time content in primary mathematics textbooks used in eight countries, involved China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States. For this purpose, we develop and apply a framework to analyse the similarities and differences of the time content in textbooks, especially the distribution characteristics of time concepts at different cognitive stages and the involved sub-concepts. We find both similarities and differences co-exist in the arrangement structure and grade distribution among these textbooks. We also draw on the results and our analysis to provide suggestions and directions for future textbook compiling about the time content.

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Čtvrtník, Mikuláš. "Personality Rights, Privacy, and Post-mortem Privacy Protection in Archives: International Comparison, Germany and “Protection of Legitimate Interests”". In Archives and Records, 19–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18667-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter together with Chaps. 3 and 4, will address the protection of personality rights in archives in the broader context of the issue of access to archival records, and in some respects also on the general level of the protection of information not only of personal nature. In doing so, it will focus on several selected specific situations, models, or special procedural settings that can be encountered in the archival systems of some countries, namely the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, and it will also touch on the situation in the USA and some other countries that may also serve as inspirational moments that could potentially be used in other archival systems. Special attention will be paid to post-mortem protection of personality and privacy. This chapter will introduce several illustrative examples from some countries and show how archival legislation can complement the scope of law regulating the field of post-mortem privacy protection. The chapter will focus on introductory general international comparison, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the archival sector and its relation to the protection of personal data and personal information of living persons, the right to be forgotten together with the freedom of expression, right to access to information and will conclude with an analysis of the specific situation in Germany.

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Koopmans, Ruud. "Globalization or Still National Politics? A Comparison of Protests against the Gulf War in Germany, France, and the Netherlands". In Social Movements in a Globalizing World, 57–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27319-5_4.

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Hobbach, Raphaela. "Crisis Comparison: The Relevance of European Solidarity During the Euro Crisis Versus the Migration Crisis in France and Germany". In European Solidarity, 115–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76175-2_7.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

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Lauerova, Dana, e John Sharples. "STYLE: Comparison of Engineering Assessment Methods". In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78438.

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The paper presents results of a sub-task of the STYLE project currently running within the 7th Framework EU programme by way of an overview of deterministic engineering assessment methods (EAM) used for evaluation of flawed nuclear plant components, as used in various European countries (Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Spain, Finland and Sweden). Within STYLE, several mock-up experiments are being performed on specimens containing structural features. Structural features being considered include (1) dissimilar metal welds, (2) repair welds, and (3) austenitic cladding on a ferritic pipe. The overview thus focuses on the evaluation of flaws contained within each of these three types of features. Information on the procedures and codes applied in the various countries are given: KTA standard, ASME Code in Germany; ZG Appendix of RCC-M, A16 Appendix of RCC-MRx, and App. 5.4–5.6 of RSE-M in France; R6 in the UK; BS7910, R6 in the Netherlands; VERLIFE, ASME Code in the Czech Republic; ASME Code in Spain; SSM Handbook, ASME Code in Finland; and SSM Handbook, ASME Code, ProSACC in Sweden. An overview and brief description of the different methods is included in the paper, highlighting the commonalities and differences among the various approaches.

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Sharples, John. "STYLE: Comparison of Leak-Before-Break Methodologies Applied in Europe". In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78303.

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The paper presents results of a sub-task of the STYLE project currently running within the 7th Framework EU programme by way of an overview of leak-before-break (LBB) methodologies used in the nuclear industry of several European countries (Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Spain and Hungary). In relation to the various participating countries, the overview specifically focuses on: practices and procedures; regulatory position; evolution; application; past, present and planned future LBB research activities; and, future plans. A qualitative comparison of the different methods employed in the various countries is included with the commonalities and differences among the approaches being highlighted.

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Mauerhofer, E., A. Havenith, C. Carasco, E. Payan, J. Kettler, J. L. Ma e B. Perot. "Quantitative comparison between PGNAA measurements and MCNP calculations in view of the characterization of radioactive wastes in Germany and France". In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty-Second International Conference. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4802364.

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Brumovsky, Milan. "Comparison of PTS Guides for Reactor Pressure Vessel Integrity Assessment". In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15419.

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Integrity of reactor pressure vessels (RPV) are of the most importance for safety of the whole NPP. From all potential regimes, Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) regimes during emergency cooling conditions are the most severe and most important. Several nuclear codes are based in similar approaches but their procedures differ and are based on national knowledge and approach to fracture mechanics as well as non-destructive methods of reactor pressure vessel testing. The paper will compare requirements and procedures for PTS evaluation in accordance with RCC-M code in France [2], KTA in Germany [3], Russian original code PNAEG from 1989 [5] and new procedure from 2004 for WWER vessels [4], as well as VERLIFE procedure and IAEA-NULIFE VERLIFE [6] procedure for WWER RPVs and finally ASME Code requirements [1] including US NRC RG approach. Detailed comparison of individual parameters in calculations are compared — material properties, degradation of materials, calculated defects size and form, fracture mechanics approach, warm pre-stressing possibility etc.

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Brumovsky, Milan. "Comparison of PTS Guides for Reactor Pressure Vessel Integrity Assessment". In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97342.

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Integrity of reactor pressure vessels (RPV) are of the most importance for safety of the whole NPP. From all potential regimes, Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) regimes during emergency cooling conditions are the most severe and most important. Several nuclear codes are based in similar approaches but their procedures differ and are based on national knowledge and approach to fracture mechanics as well as non-destructive methods of reactor pressure vessel testing. The paper will compare requirements and procedures for PTS evaluation in accordance with RCC-M code in France [2], KTA in Germany [3], Russian original code PNAEG from 1989 [5] and new procedure from 2004 for WWER vessels [4], as well as VERLIFE procedure and IAEA-NULIFE VERLIFE [6] procedure for WWER RPVs and finally ASME Code requirements [1] including US NRC RG approach. Detailed comparison of individual parameters in calculations are compared — material properties, degradation of materials, calculated defects size and form, fracture mechanics approach, warm pre-stressing possibility etc.

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6

HEGRON, Lise, e Boris GEYNET. "Proficiency testing for the calibration of masses". In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), editado por Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201910001.

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The CT2M organized in 2018 a european inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) for the calibration of masses. The proficiency testing was particulary intended for the calibration laboratories (accredited or not) but also the testing laboratories carrying out their own calibrations and / or controls of their masses. This circuit took place between April 2018 to October 2018 in five European countries: England, France, Germany, Portugal and Switzerland. The results were processed according to the statistical principle of ISO 13528 [1] and in compliance with the requirements of ISO 17043 [2]. This article presents the organization of this inter-laboratory comparison and the results. The performances of the participants are evaluated and an interpretation of the results is proposed in order to highlight the predominant influence parameters on the mass calibration results (nominal values: 200mg, 2g, 20g, 200g and 20kg).

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Zhong, Zhimin, Jian Min e Kai Li. "Codes Comparison and Analysis of Weld Cladding Ultrasonic Testing in Nuclear Power Plants". In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15086.

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This paper briefly introduces the weld cladding structure, its common defects during the manufacture and operation stage and its application in pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants. Some ultrasonic testing codes or standards for nuclear power plant pressure vessel or piping, such as ASME BPVC volume V & III & XI, Germany KTA 3201.3 and 3201.4 code, France RCC-M and RSE-M code, and Russia code of light water nuclear power plants were discussed. The difference of those codes and some feed backs have been analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, these works really benefit the compiling of NB/T 20003.2-2010, Non-destructive Testing for Mechanical Components in Nuclear Island of Nuclear Power Plants-Part 2: Ultrasonic Testing, as China building more and more nuclear power plants. It was concluded that we shall pay more attention to the inspection of cladding, not only at manufacture stage but in operation outage stage. One of important work is periodically updating the inspection standard revision. It was believed that improving the cladding defects inspection reliability and effectiveness is very important to the safety of nuclear power plants operation in China and in the world.

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Siviero, E., M. Culatti e A. Zanchettin. "Riccardo Morandi and his Legacy in the Realization of Italian Concrete Bridges". In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0291.

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<p>The realization of concrete bridges in Italy in the last century started a bit later in comparison to other Europena countries such as Germany and France. However, the work of important designers such as Arturo Danusso, Eugenio Miozzi, Giulio Krall gave a huge impulse to bridge engineering in Italy, reducing the gap with leading countries. In particular, the role of Riccardo Morandi was quite exceptional, due to his innovative design criteria which are very well represented, for example, in the Storms River bridge in South Africa and in the Fiumarella Bridge in Catanzaro. The recent tragedy of the collapse of Polcevera viaduct in Genova is instrumental in discussing the different approaches needed when dealing with important existing bridges and the possibile retrofitting techniques.</p>

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Dopheide, D., B. Mickan, R. Kramer, M. P. van der Beek, G. J. Blom e J. P. Vallet. "The International BIPM/CIPM Key Comparison Reference Value for Natural Gas Flow at High Pressure and Its Metrological Meaning for Natural Gas Trading". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79151.

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The paper describes the background of the European Harmonized Reference Value for the cubic meter of Natural Gas at high pressure, which is in use in Germany, The Netherlands and France since May 4th, 2004. The harmonization process began on November 1st, 1999 between Germany and The Netherlands and has been finalized on May 4, 2004 due to the incorporation of the French LNE to the Harmonized Reference Value. The outcome was named: “Harmonized European Natural Gas Cubic Meter” as realized by three independent National Metrology Institutes. The prerequisites of the harmonization process, underlying procedures, results obtained so far and the mutual benefits will be pointed out as well as the economic consequences for the European market as well as for the international user. The paper shows the degree of equivalence between the three participating NMIs PTB, LNE and NMi-VSL. Under auspices of the BIPM (International Bureau for Weight and Measurers) as well as the CIPM (International Conference for Weight and Measures), which is the highest metrological authority worldwide, so called Key Comparisons (KC) have been conducted to get international reference values for all quantities of interest. Among these KCs, the flow area is of economic importance and Key Comparisons for natural gas flow at high pressure and larger flow rates have been conducted successfully. The outcome of such a KC is the international Key Comparisons Reference Value (KCRV), which is then considered to be the worldwide best available realization of Natural Gas Flow at high pressure. These KCs have been conducted among the National Primary Standards of all nations worldwide, represented by their National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and have been finalized in December 2004 and the KCRV has been approved by the BIPM in April 2005. It turns out at last that the international recommended reference value is exactly the same as the above mentioned European Harmonized Reference Value.

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Sousa, Sara, Carla Henriques e Joana Leite. "Exploring the Value of the Sea: A Study of the Blue Economy in the EU and Portugal". In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.15.

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This paper examines the concept of the "blue economy" in the context of the European Union (EU) and Portugal, exploring the economic importance of the sea and its resources. First, it provides an overview of the EU blue economy and its contribution to the overall EU economy over the last decade. Data from the European Commission shows that coastal tourism is the most important sector both in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA) and employment, with the four largest EU countries (Spain, Germany, Italy, and France) being the largest contributors to the EU blue economy. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the performance of Portuguese coastal tourism in comparison to other European coastal countries, particularly in relation to the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that Portugal's GVA generated by the coastal tourism sector was consistently lower than the respective mean of all other European coastal countries in several years. The statistical tests confirm these results and suggest that Portugal's coastal tourism sector may need more attention and efforts to improve its economic performance.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "France-Germany Comparison"

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Bond, Stephen, Julie Elston, Jacques Mairesse e Benoit Mulkay. Financial Factors and Investment in Belgium, France, Germany and the UK:A Comparison Using Company Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, janeiro de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5900.

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Nomura, Koji, e Mun S. Ho. APO Productivity Databook 2024. Asian Productivity Organization, outubro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/sqvz2821.

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The 17th edition of the APO Productivity Databook offers in-depth analyses of economic growth and productivity in Asia from 1970 to 2022, with projections extending to 2035. It covers baseline indicators for 31 Asian economies, including 21 APO members, 10 nonmembers, and reference economies such as Australia, the EU, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA. A detailed productivity account in the APO Productivity Database (APO-PDB) is developed for 21 APO members, four nonmember Asian countries, and the USA, with detailed insights on the roles of capital and labor inputs and total factor productivity in economic growth. The Asia25 economies covered by the APO-PDB accounted for 91% of Asian GDP (in PPP terms) in 2022. Authored by Dr. Koji Nomura (Keio University) and Dr. Mun S. Ho (Harvard University) under the consultancy of Professor W. Erwin Diewert (University of British Columbia), this edition incorporates the latest estimates published through May 2024. Several economies have made significant revisions to their official national accounts, while Bhutan, Saudi Arabia, and the USA published new benchmark-year national accounts in 2023. Using extensive auxiliary information, this edition constructs harmonized retrospective estimates dating back to 1970. The APO Productivity Databook serves as an essential resource for policymakers and researchers, offering harmonized international comparisons over more than half a century to support informed decision-making.

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