Bibliografias temáticas / Fouling

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Fouling"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 9 de junho de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Meng, Xianghao, Shujuan Meng, and Yu Liu. "The Limitations in Current Studies of Organic Fouling and Future Prospects." Membranes 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120922.

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Microfiltration and ultrafiltration for water/wastewater treatment have gained global attention due to their high separation efficiency, while membrane fouling still remains one of their bottlenecks. In such a situation, many researchers attempt to obtain a deep understanding of fouling mechanisms and to develop effective fouling controls. Therefore, this article intends to trigger discussions on the appropriate choice of foulant surrogates and the application of mathematic models to analyze fouling mechanisms in these filtration processes. It has been found that the commonly used foulant surrogate (sodium alginate) cannot ideally represent the organic foulants in practical feed water to explore the fouling mechanisms. More surrogate foulants or extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) extracted from practical source water may be more suitable for use in the studies of membrane fouling problems. On the other hand, the support vector machine (SVM) which focuses on the general trends of filtration data may work as a more powerful simulation tool than traditional empirical models to predict complex filtration behaviors. Careful selection of foulant surrogate substances and the application of accurate mathematical modeling for fouling mechanisms would provide deep insights into the fouling problems.

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Peiris, R. H., H. Budman, R. L. Legge, and C. Moresoli. "Assessing irreversible fouling behavior of membrane foulants in the ultrafiltration of natural water using principal component analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices." Water Supply 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.025.

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Natural river water is comprised of different foulant components such as natural organic matter and colloidal/particulate matter. Both individual and combined contributions of these foulant components results in different fouling behaviour. The ability to characterize these contributions that lead to reversible and irreversible membrane fouling would be beneficial for the implementation of fouling monitoring and control strategies for membrane-based drinking water treatment operations. A fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and principal component analysis-based approach was able to qualitatively estimate the accumulation of humic substances (HS)-, protein- and colloidal/particulate matter-like foulant components in membranes during the ultrafiltration (UF) of natural river water. A bench-scale flat sheet UF cross-flow set-up and successive permeation and membrane backwashing cycles were used. Analysis of the accumulation of these foulant components revealed that the increased levels of colloidal/particulate matter accumulation in the membranes appeared to have increased the extent of irreversible fouling by HS-like matter whereas lower irreversible fouling by protein-like matter was observed with increased colloidal/particulate matter accumulation. The results also indicate that the combined contributions by these foulants are important in the fouling of membranes during the UF of river water.

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Xu, Tingting, Jie Song, and Guangli Xiu. "Study on the cross-flow ultrafiltration of mixtures of macromolecular organic and inorganic salts." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 6 (February 24, 2022): 1754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.066.

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Abstract Ultrafiltration (UF) has been widely applied to water treatment in the past few decades, but severe membrane fouling is one of the most significant obstacles for its further development. In reality, the constituents of feed water are complex, and the fouling behavior could be different from that induced by a single foulant. In this study, the membrane fouling induced by mixed organic foulant (sodium alginate, SA) and inorganic ions under various conditions were investigated. The effects of ion concentration and valence on the combined fouling as well as the rejection performance were examined. The results showed that compared to SA alone, the presence of inorganic ions could aggravate the organic fouling of UF membranes significantly. The fouling became more severe as the ion concentration increased. Also, ions with higher valence tended to exacerbate the fouling compared with monovalent ions. It was also found that the existence of inorganic ions had negligible effects on the rejection of organic molecules, however, the rejection of salts can be improved because of the organic matter. In addition, the analysis of the classic fouling models showed that the complete blocking model is the main fouling mechanism of the mixed SA and inorganic salts.

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Nghiem, Long Duc, Christiane Espendiller, and Gerd Braun. "Influence of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of sulphamethoxazole by nanofiltration membranes." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.647.

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This study investigated the effects of organic and colloidal fouling on the removal of a representative micropollutant sulphamethoxazole by two commercially available NF membranes. Alginate, bovine serum albumin and colloidal silica were selected as model foulants to simulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic fractions, and colloidal matter that are often found in treated effluent and surface water. Membrane fouling was related to the membrane and foulant characteristics and subsequently the separation behaviour of the micropollutant sulphamethoxazole under different solution pH. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that membrane fouling is strongly dependent on both the foulant and membrane characteristics. The complex relationship among retention mechanisms, fouling mechanisms and the effects of fouling on retention was systematically delineated. Of the three model foulants selected for this study, colloidal fouling resulted in the most significant reduction in retention of sulphamethoxazole as well as inorganic salts, while flux decline as a result of colloidal fouling was quite moderate. Reduction in retention caused by fouling was attributed to a phenomenon known as cake-enhance concentration polarisation, which was a predominant mechanism of colloidal fouling. In addition, the reported results suggested that the effect of fouling on retention is also membrane pore size dependent.

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Moyo, Welldone, Machawe M. Motsa, Nhamo Chaukura, Titus A. M. Msagati, Bhekie B. Mamba, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman, and Thabo T. I. Nkambule. "Fundamental fouling mechanisms of dissolved organic matter fractions and their implications on the surface modifications of ceramic nanofiltration membranes: insights from a laboratory scale application." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 9 (November 1, 2019): 1702–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.419.

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Abstract This work reports on the fundamental factors influencing inter-foulant and foulant-membrane interactions during simulated dissolved organic matter removal using ceramic nanofiltration. Fouling tests were performed using sodium alginate (SAL), humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model foulants. Fouling potentials of each foulant and their mixtures were investigated using feed solutions containing fixed concentrations of K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ with a total ionic strength of 10 mM. The impact of modification by atomic layer deposition on fouling mitigation was also assessed. The flux decline in the first 100 min for single foulants was 4.16 × 10−2, 2.69 × 10−2 and 1.60 × 10−2 Lm−2 for SAL, HA and BSA, respectively. These results demonstrated that for the single foulants, deposition on the membrane surface in the early stages of filtration was primarily governed by membrane-foulant interactions. Interestingly, cake filtration was the least fouling mechanism in feed solutions composed of BSA and SAL (R2 = 0.519, 0.374 for BSA + SAL and BSA + SAL + HA, respectively) and the most favorable fouling mechanism of feed solution which included HA and SAL (R2 = 0.972). The water contact angle dropped from 58o to 35° after coating, thus improving its anti-fouling properties.

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Yan, Linlin, Ruixue Li, Yu Song, Yanping Jia, Zheng Li, Lianfa Song, and Haifeng Zhang. "Characterization of the Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Evolution of the Foulants’ Composition and Aggregation Ability." Membranes 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9070085.

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In this study, the characteristics of membrane foulants were analyzed with regard to morphology, composition, and aggregation ability during the three stages of transmembrane pressure (TMP) development (fast–slow–fast rise in TMP) in a steady operational membrane bioreactor (MBR). The results obtained show that the fouling layer at the slow TMP-increase stage possessed a higher average roughness (71.27 nm) and increased fractal dimension (2.33), which resulted in a low membrane fouling rate (0.87 kPa/d). A higher extracellular DNA (eDNA) proportion (26.12%) in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) resulted in both higher zeta potential (-23.3 mV) and higher hydrophobicity (82.3%) for initial foulants, which induced and increased the protein proportion in the subsequent fouling layer (74.11%). Furthermore, the main composition of the EPS shifted from protein toward polysaccharide dominance in the final fouling layer. The aggregation test confirmed that eDNA was essential for foulant aggregation in the initial fouling layer, whereas ion interaction significantly affected foulant aggregation in the final fouling layer.

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Ouyang, Rulu, Bin Huang, Chun-Hai Wei, Hongwei Rong, Huarong Yu, Fangshu Qu, Kang Xiao, and Xia Huang. "Cake Layer Fouling Potential Characterization for Wastewater Reverse Osmosis via Gradient Filtration." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 21, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080810.

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It is of great importance to quantitatively characterize feed fouling potential for the effective and efficient prevention and control of reverse osmosis membrane fouling. A gradient filtration method with microfiltration (MF 0.45 μm) → ultrafiltration (UF 100 kDa) → nanofiltration (NF 300 Da) was proposed to extract the cake layer fouling index, I, of different feed foulants in this study. MF, UF, and NF showed high rejection of model suspended solids (kaolin), colloids (sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin), and dissolved organic matters (humic acid) during constant-pressure individual filtration tests, where the cake layer was the dominant fouling mechanism, with I showing a good linear positive correlation with the foulant concentration. MF → UF → NF gradient filtration tests of synthetic wastewater (i.e., model mixture) showed that combined models were more effective than single models to analyze membrane fouling mechanisms. For each membrane of gradient filtration, I showed a positive correlation with the targeted foulant concentration. Therefore, a quantitative assessment method based on MF → UF → NF gradient filtration, the correlation of combined fouling models, and the calculation of I would be useful for characterizing the fouling potentials of different foulants. This method was further successfully applied for characterizing the fouling potential of real wastewater (i.e., sludge supernatant from a membrane bioreactor treating dyeing and finishing wastewater).

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Mulyawan, Rizka, and Agam Muarif. "A Review Of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling: Formation and Control." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 1, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v1i3.127.

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Membrane application in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is getting more attention especially in producing drinking water. However, RO membrane faces challenges that reduces its performance such as its permeation flux, salt rejection, additional energy demand, lifetime decrease, extra pre-treatment process, cleaning and maintenance. The challenge is the formation of fouling. RO membrane fouling can happen inside or outside the membrane and the characteristics of membrane fouling differs from one type to other types, depending on the nature and location of membrane fouling. There are several types of RO fouling, which are Biofouling, Organic Fouling, Inorganic Fouling and Colloidal Fouling. The causes of RO membrane are different from one to another. The properties and materials of the solution entering RO membrane are important as it affects the type of fouling of RO membrane fouling. All of the RO membrane foulings need to be considered during membrane usage and demand solution to be controlled. In order to control the fouling in Reverse Osmosis membrane, there have been several control solutions discovered to the membrane fouling challenges. The control solutions are specified to each one of the fouling, in spite of wide applications for some of it. The control solutions are pre-treatment, which has many methods such as photo oxidation, coagulation, scale inhibitor, ion exchange resins, granular media and membrane treatment, membrane monitoring, membrane cleaning, surface modification, and material addition to membrane or novel membrane material. With various control solutions discovered, the RO membrane still faces fouling issue and is still demanding some more advanced applicable control solutions.

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Chang, Z. H., Y. H. Teow, S. P. Yeap, and J. Y. Sum. "Membrane Fouling – The Enemy of Forward Osmosis." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 25, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v25n2.220.

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Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotically driven membrane separation process. It is potentially applied in various industries for nutrient recovery and water reclamation. Although FO showed a lesser fouling tendency than other pressure-driven membrane processes, the solutes in the feed solution would still deposit on the membrane surface, forming a fouling layer that resists water permeation. For that reason, fouling mitigation is a trending issue in the FO process. A better understanding of the fouling mechanism is required before opting for the appropriate strategy to mitigate it. This article describes the fouling mechanism based on different foulant presented in the feed, followed by a method in relieving fouling in the FO process.

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Buchori, Luqman, Heru Susanto, and Budiyono Budiyono. "SINTESIS MEMBRAN ULTRAFILTRASI NON FOULING UNTUK APLIKASI PEMPROSESAN BAHAN PANGAN." Reaktor 13, no. 1 (February 3, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.13.1.10-15.

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Membran ultrafiltrasi (UF) telah terbukti sebagai proses yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi di bidang pemprosesan bahan pangan. Namun, peristiwa fouling dapat menurunkan kinerja membran secara signifikan. Meskipun banyak metode pengendalian fouling telah diusulkan, dalam banyak kasus kinerja proses sangat dipengaruhi oleh membran sebagai jantung dari proses. Dalam makalah ini pengendalian fouling dilakukan dengan memodifikasi permukaan membran dengan teknik kopolimerisasi foto-grafting. Acrylic acid (AA), acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), dan N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine sebagai senyawa zwitterion (ZI) digunakan sebagai monomer fungsional. Pengaruh waktu iradiasi terhadap efektifitas modifikasi telah diamati. Kinerja membran hasil modifikasi kemudian diuji dengan menggunakan berbagai model larutan foulant yang meliputi larutan protein, larutan polisakarida dan larutan polifenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat non fouling membran sangat jelas dapat ditingkatkan baik dengan PEGMA maupun dengan ZI. Secara umum, modifikasi menggunakan PEGMA menunjukkan kinerja yang lebih baik. Larutan polifenol menunjukkan karakter foulant yang paling kuat diantara model foulant.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Alharthi, Majed. "Fouling and cleaning studies of protein fouling at pasteurisation temperatures." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4892/.

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Fouling and cleaning processes impact industrial production, in terms of economics, product quality, product safety, and plant efficiency. Therefore, optimisation of fouling and cleaning processes is a significant issue, and needs a good understanding of fouling and cleaning kinetics. Ideal monitors should determine the right time when a process run should stop and when a plant will be clean in order to improve the process efficiency. This thesis investigated the fouling and cleaning behaviour of dairy fluids in a plate heat exchanger (PHE) and bench scale fouling rig, using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and WPC-/m (with added minerals) as fluid models. Fouling and cleaning monitoring methods were also investigated as new ways to operate and control the processes. Experiments displayed that fouling increased with increasing protein concentration up to a limit of approx. β-Lg 0.3 wt. %. Increasing the flow rate from 100 to 150 l/h decreased the Δ(ΔP) fouling rate for β-Lg concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5wt.% by 34, 70 and 72.7%, respectively, due to the increasing of shear stresses at the heat transfer surface. Adding minerals to WPC has lowered the temperature at which β-Lg begins to denature. The differences in fouling behaviour of WPC and WPCm had an effect on cleaning behaviour. Increasing the mineral content in WPC deposits leads to cleaning behaviour which differs completely from that of proteinaceous deposit as no pressure peak is observed.

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Fryer, P. J. "Modelling heat exchanger fouling." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377221.

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Helalizadeh, Abbas. "Mixed salt crystallisation fouling." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844179/.

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The main purpose of this investigation was to study the mechanisms of mixed salt crystallisation fouling on heat transfer surfaces during convective heat transfer and sub-cooled flow boiling conditions. To-date no investigations on the effects of operating parameters on the deposition of mixtures of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate, which are the most common constituents of scales formed on heat transfer surfaces, have been reported. As part of this research project, a substantial number of experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms controlling deposition. Fluid velocity, heat flux, surface and bulk temperatures, concentration of the solution, ionic strength, pressure and heat transfer surface material were varied systematically. After clarification of the effect of these parameters on the deposition process, the results of these experiments were used to develop a mechanistic model for prediction of fouling resistances, caused by crystallisation of mixed salts, under convective heat transfer and subcooled flow boiling conditions. It was assumed that the deposition process of calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate takes place in two successive events. These events are the combined effects related to transport phenomena and chemical kinetics. The effect of the extra deposition created on the heat transfer surface due to sub-cooled flow boiling was considered by inclusion of an enhancement factor. The newly developed model takes into account the effects of all important parameters on scaling phenomena and also considers the simultaneous precipitation and competition of various minerals in the scale formation process. Model predictions were compared with the measured experimental data when calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate form and deposit on the heat transfer surface simultaneously. While deviations ranging from 6% to 25% between model predictions and measured experimental data can be considered good in the context of such a complex process, fouling morphology is clearly a factor to be considered in more detail. This is particularly problematic in the context of more complex fouling solutions encountered in industry. Furthermore, the crystalline samples were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X- Ray Diffraction and Ion Chromatography techniques. Fractal analysis performed on Scanning Electron Microscopy photographs of the deposits was used to quantify deposit characteristics by introducing a new quantity called the fractal dimension.

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Lewis, William J. T. "Advanced studies of membrane fouling : investigation of cake fouling using fluid dynamic gauging." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646145.

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Membrane filtrations are widely used in process industries but are almost always limited by fouling, a highly studied and significant problem. This is defined as unwanted material deposited on a membrane surface or within its pores, which can significantly impair performance and/or reduce operating life. The strategies to mitigate fouling include cleaning in place, modified membranes, and optimisation of operating conditions. In order to correctly select or target improvements to any such measures a detailed mechanistic understanding of the fouling process is important, which requires more than just performance data from unit operations. One key mechanism is that of cake fouling, which describes the build-up of particle layers on the surface of the membrane. Its growth and physical properties are difficult to assess. In this project the technique of fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) has been explored as a means to study cake fouling. This simple, yet robust method allows for estimation of thickness and strength of cake fouling at high concentrations and opacity, without any prerequisite knowledge of feed properties. Studies described herein focused on microfiltrations through cellulosic membranes. FDG was used to track cake growth during filtrations of polydisperse yeast suspensions (which contained large agglomerates), demonstrating its capability to work with non-ideal, food-like substances. Later studies used more predictable suspensions of hollow glass spheres, which were used to assess various filtration models. The most effective was found to be an interpretation of the critical flux laws, which were used to successfully identify pore fouling during filtrations of Kraft lignin, an observation supported by FDG measurements. Another novel achievement of this project was the development of an automated apparatus for performing FDG in cross-flow membrane filtration. This allowed for much faster acquisition of results, and demonstrated the potential for its development into an autonomous system capable of making thickness measurements on the fly during filtrations. The most reliable protocol for determining cake growth rates was by repeated filtrations in which destructive thickness testing was performed at selected time points. This was because continuous or even repeated thickness measurements during a single filtration were found to cause too much disturbance to the fouling layer. Computational fluid dynamics was used to simulate shear stress profiles on the fouling layer, while also providing a more accurate means to calibrate the automated apparatus. Erosion caused by FDG readings, when viewed under a microscope, was found to conform to the shear stress profiles predicted by simulations.

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Shi, Xinlong. "Membrane fouling of activated sludge." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30731884.

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Sandberg, Jan. "Fouling in biomass fired boilers." Licentiate thesis, Västerås : Department of Public Technology, Mälardalen University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-219.

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Sandberg, Jan. "Fouling in biomass fired boilers." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-13204.

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This thesis describes a detailed investigation into fouling in biomass fired boilers according to fuel mixture, combustion conditions, transportation of particles by the flue gas and the probability of particles impinging and sticking onto heat transfer tubes. The effects of fouling on overall boiler performance and the efficacy of soot blowing are also investigated. Both theoretical simulations and practical experiments on a 157 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler are presented. The deposit thickness on and around a heat exchanger tube is shown to be mainly dependent on the ash particle size, as particles larger than 10 µm (Stokes number larger than 0.1) mainly impinge on the windward side of tubes. The study also shows that fuel containing small amounts of chlorine and zinc – common elements in recycled wood – may cause both higher deposit growth rates and rapid increases in corrosion rates. These elements (chlorine and zinc), together with alkali metals from the biomass have the potential to form sticky compounds that increase the deposit growth rate. Reducing deposits by soot blowing is very effective at removing loose deposits but the hard sintered part of the deposits is almost unaffected. The use of recycled wood has a larger impact on the deposit growth rate than the soot blowing interval. Numerical simulations show that deposits on the superheater tubes redistribute the heat transfer rate from the superheaters to reheater 1 and partially redistribute turbine power from the high pressure turbine to the intermediate pressure turbine

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Bradley, Stuart Edward. "Fouling resistant heat exchanger design." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239799.

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Shi, Xinlong, and 史昕龍. "Membrane fouling of activated sludge." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30731884.

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Howell, John Michael. "Whey permeate fouling of evaporators." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10686.

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Whey permeate fouling was studied to gain a better understanding of the processes involved and find methods of alleviation. An apparatus was built which allowed study of fouling under industrial conditions. It was found that pretreatment by heating at 80°C for two minutes and then centrifuging at 630 g reduced fouling in the apparatus by 94%. This was attributed to precipitation of calcium phosphate in the solution bulk during preheating, which reduced the level of supersaturation. Heat treatment with the same conditions but without centrifuging reduced fouling by only 39%. Precipitate which forms in the bulk of solution fouls in later heat treatment processes and separation of the precipitated mineral is needed to minimise fouling. Storage time affected fouling. In the short term (about 2 weeks), fouling slightly increased with storage time. When held for longer times (about 1 month) whey permeate did not appreciably foul. The use of additives was also found to be an effective alleviation method, reducing fouling by 66% with 0.1% addition (by dry weight) of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. This addition would increase the price of a ton of lactose by $16.32 /ton. Nanoftltration, ion dialysis and electrodialysis were also examined, but rejected as being uneconomic. By observing the effect of preheating and storage time it was proposed that calcium phosphate exists in whey in two forms. The majority of the minerals are associated with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) species, which tends to provide stability and prevent precipitation. In the other form the calcium phosphate is in solution as free ions. When the NPN species release minerals due to cleavage by enzymes or denaturation by heat, the concentration of ionic species increases past the solubility product and precipitation occurs.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Huuhilo, Tiina. Fouling, prevention of fouling, and cleaning in filtration. Lappeenranta: Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2005.

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Simone, Dürr, and Thomason Jeremy, eds. Biofouling. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2010.

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Dürr, Simone. Biofouling. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2010.

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Tsados, Andrew. Gas-side fouling studies. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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Melo, L. F., T. R. Bott, and C. A. Bernardo, eds. Fouling Science and Technology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2813-8.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advances in Fouling Science and Technology (1987 Alvor, Portugal). Fouling science and technology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

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Bott, T. R. Fouling of heat exchangers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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V, Bocharov B., and Institut problem ėkologii i ėvoli͡u︡t͡s︡ii im. A.N. Severt͡s︡ova., eds. Biopovrezhdenii͡a︡, obrastanie i zashchita ot nego: Klimaticheskie, biokhimicheskie i ėkotoksikologicheskie faktory. Moskva: "Nauka", 1996.

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Partaly, E. M. Obrastanie v Azovskom more =: Fouling in the Sea of Azov. Mariupolʹ: Renata, 2003.

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Zvi︠a︡gint︠s︡ev, A. I︠U︡. Morskoe obrastanie v severo-zapadnoĭ chasti Tikhogo okeana. Vladivostok: Dalʹnauka, 2005.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Giorno, Lidietta, and Napoleone D’Agostino. "Fouling." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 807–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_366.

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Giorno, Lidietta, and Napoleone D’Agostino. "Fouling." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_366-1.

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Thulukkanam, Kuppan. "Fouling." In Heat Exchangers, 62–127. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003352068-2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Fouling." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 323. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5254.

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Somerscales, Euan F. C. "Fouling." In Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers, 407–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2790-2_12.

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Howell, J. A., and M. Nyström. "Fouling Phenomena." In Membranes in Bioprocessing: Theory and Applications, 203–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2156-9_6.

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Jiang, Zhongyi, Xueting Zhao, Jinming Peng, Yanlei Su, and Hong Wu. "Fouling Release." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 815–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1282.

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Le-Clech, Pierre. "Reversible Fouling." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1736. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1709.

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D’Agostino, Napoleone, and Lidietta Giorno. "Fouling Index." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 812–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_239.

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Fane, Tony. "Irreversible Fouling." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1070–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_328.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Richter, Sonja, Jay Locklear, Mohsen Achour, Thomas Baugh, Probjot Singh, and Ross Goff. "Control of Corrosion Inhibitor Fouling in a Highly Sour System." In CORROSION 2018, 1–11. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10918.

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Abstract Black tar-like fouling material was driving frequent shut-downs and increasing corrosion in the inlet area of a gas plant that processes lean gas with high acid gas content (68%CH4, 20%CO2 and 12%H2S). Analytical work indicated that the nitrogen containing corrosion inhibitor (CI) polymerized with sulfur compounds (polysulfides, elemental sulfur and/or H2S) in a type of a vulcanization process resulting in a hard-to-clean insoluble fouling product. Corrosion testing confirmed the role of the CI in creating this fouling. A customized autoclave testing was designed to include powdered elemental sulfur circulating in the bulk fluid. This allowed for a recreation of the condition in the plant where solid elemental sulfur comes out of solution and fouling occurs. The tests reproduced the tar-like fouling substance in the presence of the incumbent corrosion inhibitor. The data showed that a surfactant (wetting agent) used to keep elemental sulfur from depositing would also protect the steel from elemental sulfur corrosion. Other CIs were tested, but none provided protection at an acceptable dosage level without forming this foulant material.

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Santos, B. G. "Corrosion and Fouling in Petrochemical Environments." In CORROSION 2009, 1–11. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09163.

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Abstract Although petrochemical process streams are primarily composed of hydrocarbons, corrosion and fouling is observed in various locations and environments in operating plants. An electrochemical high temperature and high pressure facility is used to study the corrosion behaviour of carbon, low alloy and stainless steels in several petrochemical environments. The electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and open circuit potential measurements are used to study the effect of metallurgy and surface roughness on the initiation of corrosion/fouling on carbon and stainless steels in several solutions (i.e. naphtha, raw pyrolysis gasoline and quench tower bottoms). The experiments are conducted using a quasi reference Ag metal electrode. Initial results suggest that corrosion/fouling rates vary with surface roughness and conductivity, which are controlled, by varying the concentration of water. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X ray analysis (SEM/EDX) is used to look at the nature of the deposit formed after applying the aforementioned electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to determine the solution resistance of naphtha and quench tower bottoms. A number of fouling characteristics including the time for initial surface coverage, the rate of film formation and the properties of the surface film have been studied using cyclic voltammetry and open circuit potential.

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Eaton, P. E. "Fouling Test for Refinery Process Equipment." In CORROSION 1993, 1–8. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93398.

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Abstract Heated surfaces and heat exchanger data are used to evaluate refinery process side fouling in the laboratory and plant environments. The effects of operating parameters such as crude type, velocity, and surface temperature are represented.

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Beardwood, E. S., P. Bierganns, and T. M. Duncan. "A Novel Fouling Sensor for Aqueous Systems." In CORROSION 2018, 1–16. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10674.

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Abstract Deposits on surfaces in water – bearing systems, also known as “fouling,” can lead to substantial losses in the performance of industrial processes as well as a decrease in product quality and asset life. Early detection and reduction of such deposits can, to a considerable extent, avoid such losses. However, most of the surfaces that become fouled, for example, in process water transport pipes, membrane systems, power plants, food and beverage industries to name a few, are difficult to access and the analysis of the water phase do not reveal the extent of the deposits. Furthermore, it is of interest to distinguish between microbiological and non- microbiological deposits. Although they occur together, different counter measures are necessary. Therefore, sensors are required that indicate the development of surface fouling in real time, non-destructively, in situ and can discriminate between abiotic and biotic based deposits. A new and novel sensor has been developed that provides said discriminate detection by utilizing conventional heat transfer reduction sensory coupled with ultrasonic detection of materials on the same surface concurrently. The technical aspects of the design, operation, and application will be discussed in the paper. Real time graphical detection followed by automated reduction control runs will also be presented as well as revealing if the deposit is biotic or abiotic.

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Weinell, Claus E., Jan Roll, and Nicholas Marsh. "Anti-Fouling Silicone Elastomers for Offshore Structures." In CORROSION 2006, 1–10. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06030.

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Abstract For offshore structures, marine fouling is a major economic and technical problem and the development of the offshore oil and gas industry has led to an increased focus on this topic. Accumulated fouling on the jackets of oil platforms will increase hydrodynamic load on the structure because of increased drag resistance to e.g. tidal current. Fouling also makes inspection and maintenance difficult either because of the need of free-space for non-destructive testing (NDT) or reference markers may be hidden. Hard shell fouling such as barnacles exert pressure on the surface to which they attach themselves and their basal edges can penetrate and undermine the protective coatings, leading to premature corrosion and loss of structural integrity. Controlled release antifouling coatings to combat marine fouling are commonly used. Another approach is to use fouling release (F/R) coating systems which can be silicone materials based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer which is flexible and has a low surface energy. This provides a “self-cleaning” or “easy clean” feature which can be adapted to static structures. This paper will describe experience from the laboratory and the field using silicone based F/R coatings.

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Zuniga, Patricia, Howard Klee, Kenneth Miller, and Michael Winters. "Experiences with an On-Line Fouling Monitor." In CORROSION 1990, 1–11. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90363.

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Abstract The evolution of cooling water treatment programs has been proceeding at a very fast pace in the last few years. The treatment of cooling water has become more difficult and a variety of complex chemical treatment programs are offered by the water treating vendors to handle all the potential operating problems. The monitoring of chromate-based programs relied on the use of corrosion coupons and probes under non-heat flux conditions. The use of non-chromate programs operating at an alkaline pH created a positive scaling index. The monitor described in this paper can track the deposit control capability of the treatment program under heat flux conditions. Continuous data collection is possible through a serial interface for communicating with a computer or other data-logging device.

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Tyson, Lyndsey, and Ian Fletcher. "Novel Slime Release Biocide Free Technology." In CORROSION 2014, 1–13. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4468.

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Abstract Industrial inefficiency as the result of bio-fouling accumulation is well-known. The build-up of fouling can compromise power plants and water treatment facilities that rely on optimized water flow. Hard animal fouling can also affect the structural integrity of offshore oil and gas facilities. Over the years coatings suppliers have mainly addressed the issue of bio-fouling build-up on the outside of marine vessels by using anti-fouling coatings that use active biocides to deter fouling growth. Biocide-free elastomer technology has also been developed that is particularly effective at preventing bio-fouling build-up even in static water conditions. Fouling control coatings have come a long way and although these technologies can be effective against hard shell (barnacle) and weed growth they continue to struggle against slime or micro-organism build-up. That is until now. This paper presents a novel patented technology that greatly reduces the build-up of slime paving the way to improving the efficiency of industrial installations.

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Mai, Christian, Fredrik F. Sorensen, Jesper Liniger, and Simon Pedersen. "Marine-Fouling Composition Estimation using Cost-effective Sensing." In OCEANS 2024 - Halifax, 1–4. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans55160.2024.10754572.

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Li, Wei. "A Theoretical Analysis of Fouling: Oscillatory Asymptotic Fouling Model." In 8th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-3320.

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Skiepko, Teodor. "FOULING SHAPE - YET ANOTHER FACTOR TO MITIGATE FOULING THERMAL RESISTANCE." In Proceedings of an International Conference on Mitigation of Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Economic and Environmental Implications. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/1-56700-172-6.300.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Fouling"

Xu, Xuewei. Development of Low Fouling and High Fouling-release Zwitterionic Marine Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627839.

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Malik, Aslam A. Fluoroelastomer Fouling Release Coating. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada351696.

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Kuru, W. C., and C. B. Panchal. High-temperature organic-fluid fouling unit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510329.

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Stein, Judith, Christina D. Wood, Kathryn Truby, Owen Harblin, and James Resue. Nontoxic, Self-Cleaning Silicone Fouling Release Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399920.

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Bockelie, Michael J. Mitigation of Syngas Cooler Plugging and Fouling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234451.

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Cella, James. Advanced Non-Toxic Silicone Fouling-Release Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607451.

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Daniel Molloy. Environmentally Safe Control of Zebra Mussel Fouling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/935261.

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Chatwani, A. Predictive modelling of boiler fouling. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/233295.

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Sedath, R. H., S. F. Yates, and N. N. Li. Reduced fouling of ultrafiltration membranes via surface fluorination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6695060.

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Narang, S. C., S. K. Sharma, S. C. Ventura, D. L. Roberts, and N. Ahner. Research and development to overcome fouling of membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7238494.

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