Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Forêt (Word)"
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Gennaro, Matthieu de. "Modélisation de la propagation des grands incendies de forêts et élaboration d'un outil opérationnel d'aide à la lutte tactique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0148/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis work is focused on the development of a wildfire spread model and its integration into a decision-making tool for planning firefighting operations. The fire spread model is based on a network model to represent vegetation distribution on land and considers the main heat transfer mechanisms from burning to unburnt vegetation items (i.e. radiation from the flaming zone and embers, surface convection and wind-driven convection through the fuel bed, and radiative cooling from the heated fuel element to the environment). The effects of local conditions of wind, topography, and vegetation are included. To address the challenge of real-time fire spread simulations, the model is also extended in two ways. First, the Monte Carlo method is used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to create a database of radiation view factors from the flame to the fuel surface for a wide variety of flame properties and environment conditions. Second, the front-tracking method is introduced in order to reduce the amount of data to store and handle during propagation. The fire spread model is validated against data from different fire scenarios, showing it is capable of capturing the trends observed in experiments in terms of rate of spread, and area and shape of the burn, with reduced computational resources. It is then extended to evaluate fire risk at the wildland fire interface. In the frame of the TechForFire project coordinated by the NOVELTIS company, the new version of the fire spread model is coupled with the other modules of the operational chain. Finally, data from the fire of Velaux in 2015 are used to evaluate the TechForFire solution
Remy, Cécile. "Spatio-temporalité des dynamiques de feux et de végétation au cours de l'Holocène en forêt boréale coniférienne (Québec-Labrador)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS010.
Texto completo da fonteWildfire activity is projected to increase under global warming in circumboreal forests. Predictive fire models based on historical data are commonly used to anticipate fire regimes and their impacts for 2100. However, these models at large scale depend on concepts developed from only some regional data, while many studies showed that regional and local factors such as topography, soil type, vegetation composition and structure, and particular climatic and meteorological patterns can impact the fire activity.In north-eastern Canada, the eastern region of Quebec-Labrador and the western and central regions of Quebec display distinctive types of relief, climate and vegetation. The drier and flatter western region is mainly dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana), while the more humid and hilly eastern region is dominated by black spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). In this thesis, I compared the processes linked to dynamics of fire and vegetation within and among the three regions. The main objective was to test whether working at the supra-regional scale rather than at regional or local scale is enough to predict efficiently the consequences of current climatic changes on the coniferous forest dynamics in Quebec-Labrador.Results highlight the impact of fire size, hitherto underestimated, on the long-term vegetation dynamics within each region. Overall, the presence or absence of large fires promoted the propagation of jack pine or balsam fir in black spruce forests, respectively. Moreover, the prerequisite conditions for ignitions inducing large fires differ between the eastern region and the two others. This divergence is mainly explained by the predominant influence of regional topography on fire activity (ignition and propagation) in eastern region, while large climatic trends and their impacts explain better the fire activity (mainly propagation) in western and central regions.According to these results, future climate changes could increase large-fire occurrences in western and central regions of Quebec likely without significant consequences on forest composition. In the eastern region, projections are more uncertain due to a lack of full understanding of past large-fire causes. However, all assumptions for future vegetation trajectories showed that balsam fir should be still present in these landscapes.Due to the high diversity of interactions able to impact significantly fire size at regional scale, our understanding of processes linked to dynamics of disturbances and of vegetation seems to be still not sufficient to make predictions at large scale. It would be worth, first, to study more finely these processes on homogenous zones in terms of vegetation composition, topography and climate. The methodological improvement on lacustrine charcoal analysis presented in this thesis has been developed in this perspective. It allows differentiating fires that occurred in the studied lake watershed (local) from those that burned further away (regional). In the future, analyses of local fire histories combined with studies of other proxies to reconstruct the past environment at local scale should allow a better understanding of causes and consequences of fire size variations according to the various combinations of environmental factors
Capps-Tunwell, David. "WWII conflict archaeology in the Forêt Domaniale des Andaines, NW France". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22611.
Texto completo da fonteBessaad, Abdelwahab. "Les récoltes intensives de bois-énergie : risque environnemental et gain économique". Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://intranet.univ-orleans.fr/bibliotheques/theses/103711_BESSAAD_2020_archivage.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteForest-wood sector is a strategic sector for the mitigation of climate change, in particular through the production of fuelwood. However, the intensive harvesting of biomass can lead to a loss of forest soil fertility in the long term. The thesis work focuses on the sustainability of energy wood harvesting with (1) an environmental component, which concerns the assessment of nutrient returns by leaching during the pre-drying period, the characterization of exported biomass as well as the evaluation of dead wood on the ground (2) an economic component with an assessment of the economic impacts of a potential drop in productivity and their highlighting with the possible choices of cutting and silvicultural treatments.The Pre-drying operation of the trees proved to be unsatisfactory for an optimal return of nutrients contained in leaves and twigs. More than half of the nutrients remain exported from the forest after three months of pre-drying. The volumes of dead wood left on forests to maintain soil fertility and biodiversity were low (<10%) and below current recommendations. The risk of reduced productivity in the long term is therefore very high for the studied practices. From an economic side, whole-tree harvesting improves forest profitability on average by 40% compared to conventional harvesting, while a potential decrease in annual tree growth of 3% on average led to equivalent profitability as for conventional harvesting system. Maintaining recommended levels of ground residue (30%) does not significantly affect the expected profitability of the total wood harvest, -10% on average. Forest owners need to be aware of the role of harvest residues, supported technically and financially by forest managers and policies in order to ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of wood harvesting in the long term
Paradis, Gregory. "Hierarchical forest management planning : a bilevel wood supply modelling approach". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27060.
Texto completo da fonteThe hierarchical forest management (HFM) planning process on public land may currently be failing on two levels. At the top level, HFM may not be providing credible assurance of long-term sustainability of timber supply and forest ecosystem integrity. At a lower level, HFM may be failing to fully realise the value-creation potential from timber-harvesting activities by over-constraining the harvest planning problem. These failures can be traced back to unrealistic assumptions implicitly embedded into long-term wood supply optimisation models, which may explain why this problem has received little attention in the literature. We model the hierarchical forest management planning process as a two-phase rolling-horizon iterative principal-agent problem, illustrate failure scenarios of the status quo planning process, and propose an improved wood supply model formulation. The classic wood supply optimisation model formulation (i.e. conventional even-flow wood supply maximisation model) does not explicitly consider the profit-maximising behaviour of the industrial fibre consumer, but instead implicitly assumes the complete consumption of the wood supply in every planning period, regardless of fibre type or value creation potential. We extend the status quo wood supply model to explicitly anticipate industrial fibre consumption behaviour, thereby improving the likelihood of the wood supply being entirely consumed in the first planning period, thus restoring the validity of the total-consumption assumption that is embedded in the long-term model formulation. We model the principal-agent relationship as a bilevel optimisation problem, where the top level (leader) represents the government wood supply planning process, and the lower level (follower) represents the timber consumption process (i.e. value creation network, or VCN). We show that the bilevel model formulation mitigates the risk of long-term wood supply failure and improves the credibility of the wood supply planning process. The bilevel wood supply model and solution methodology presented here constitute a technically feasible alternative to the methods currently used. Our bilevel model and iterative simulation framework represent a step forward in terms of value-driven forest management planning. Explicit integration of industrial objectives and constraints early on in the wood supply planning process could facilitate government-industry collaboration to realise the full value-creation potential of the public forest resource.
Ghislain, Barbara. "Diversité anatomique et efficience du bois de tension des arbres de forêt tropicale humide". Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0012/document.
Texto completo da fonteTension wood is a tissue developed by angiosperms to upright or maintain their vertical position. This tissue generates a strong tensile stress able to curve the stem upwards. In the literature, tension wood anatomy is characterized by the presence of an unlignified gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the fibre cell wall. The aims of this thesis are to study the anatomical diversity of tension wood as well as the associated mechanisms of tensile stress generation and eventual variations of uprighting efficiency in order to understand how trees upright. This thesis relies on anatomical observations of 291 tropical species, on estimations of maturation strain on adult trees and on estimations of maturation strain on artificially tilted young trees tied to a pole in a greenhouse. Our results show that the G-layer is present in the majority of the species, although it is mainly hidden by lignin. The G-layer is absent in tension wood of a few number of species. In these species, the mechanism of tensile stress generation involves the interaction of wood and bark. Although tensile stress is generated in separated tissues (wood and/or bark), these two mechanism of tensile stress generation show a similar efficiency of uprighting in juvenile trees. Results of this study open new prospects of research, including on functional role of lignin in the G-layer
Arnaud-Emery, Alexandra. "Le patrimoine fiscal du sylviculteur personne physique et personne morale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0888.
Texto completo da fonteSet up the taxation applying to the forest estate, from the purchasing to the transfer, the ownership and also the exploitation and management.The study of the taxation of the forest estate emphasize that investing in forest estate constitutes a real investment that is profitable and attractive, due to many tax-favored schemes specific applying to the forest estate.There is no equivalent in terms of the particularity of the taxation ; it is justified by the desire to avoid the disappearance of this economic activity and to promote its development and attraction for new investors.Owning any forest estate (for any natural or legal person) let the owner entering in a tax haven
Fichaux, Mélanie. "Structuration des communautés de fourmis de la litière en forêt guyanaise". Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0005/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe overall aim of this thesis is to determine the role of competitive exclusion, environmental filtering and dispersal limitation on the distribution of leaf-litter ant species in French Guianese forest. To this end, we evaluated how the diversity of ant communities varies along environmental and geographic gradients, using the three facets of diversity (i.e. taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional dimensions) at different spatial scales. Observed patterns of functional and phylogenetic structure lower than expected by chance suggest that environmental filtering acts on the distribution of ant species at the scale of sampled site. In contrast, the hypothesis of functional and/or phylogenetic overdispersion between locally co-occurring species resulting from the exclusion of similar species is not supported by our results. At the regional scale, our results show that ant communities are strongly structured by environmental variations. Spatial distance also influences the distribution of ant species throughout the region. Taken together, our results suggest that environmental filtering is the main driver structuring communities of ant species in French Guianese rainforest, both at local and regional scales. Species are distributed in a patchy way throughout the region, in response to environmental variations. Patterns of diversity are also influenced by the spatial distance at the regional scale, leading to a turnover in species composition of ant communities between distant areas
Caurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00772255.
Texto completo da fonteMoore, Talmadge N. "Citizen perspectives on community policing : an examination of theories, philosophy and principles at work". Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221273.
Texto completo da fonteDepartment of Educational Leadership
Pinkney, Kathryn Currie. "From Stockyards to Defense Plants, the Transformation of a City: Fort Worth, Texas, and World War II". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4359/.
Texto completo da fonteMoore, Zachary W. "Examining Potential Tourism Impacts of World Heritage Status: An Analysis of Fort Ancient, Ohio". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428069250.
Texto completo da fonteCaurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0006.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD thesis addresses the issue of assessing the impacts of various climate policies on the French forest sector. It starts from the observation that, in France, most climate policies are based upon the stimulation of additional fuelwood consumption through bottom-up processes. Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of these fuelwood policies, we also analyze the impacts of two alternatives climate policies : a policy based upon carbon sequestration in forest and a policy to stimulate the forest sector through a top-down carbon tax policy. In order to test these policies, we develop a bio-economic model of the French sector called French forest sector model (FFSM). It contains two interconnected modules: the economic module represents the economy of the national forest sector in a partial equilibrium framework while the biological module represents the French forest resources dynamics. FFSM takes into account the consumption of 6 final products, the production of 3 primary products and represents tradesbetween the 22 French administrative regions and between France and the rest of the world. From FFSM, we assess the economic effectiveness of policies by interpreting policies costs and by measuring the impacts on the sector through economic variables. We also assess the environmental effectiveness by comparing their carbon balances and their impacts on the forest resource dynamics
Hamamousse, Nadjet. "Caractérisation des propriétés physiques des matériaux impliqués dans l'accélération des feux de forêt". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0621.
Texto completo da fonteEvery year, fires devastate millions of hectares of wildland and cause serious impacts on natural, economical, and human resources. Firefighters highlighted that some forest fires behave differently; they are called flashover. These fires are characterized by a sudden acceleration. Those fires are called flashover. Such phenomenon was observed in September 2000 in Palasca where two young firefighters passed away, four were seriously injured and about 5 hectares burned in few minutes. This thesis is devoted to the characterization of the physical properties of materials that can contribute to the sudden and unpredictable acceleration of fires. First, the Small World network model was validated on a historical fire. The sensitivity analysis of the model allows identifying the most important parameters that affect the fire spread. Since the flammability depends on the fuel moisture content and the flammable volatile organic compounds, these two parameters were characterized experimentally
Richou, Elsa. "La filière forêt-bois française confrontée aux défis de l’écologisation : de l’arbre «sensible» à la malforestation". Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU1080.
Texto completo da fonteSince the beginning of the 21st century, the French forest-wood sector has been considered a major player in the current debate on the impacts of climate change as well as a tool to address this issue. Wood, which is considered a "renewable" resource, is destined to become a substitute of choice for less "sustainable" resources (i.e. petrochemicals ressources). In this sense, the forest-based sector, which has clearly perceived the challenge, must, but also wishes to produce more. Therefore, the national forest and wood programme (PNFB 2016-2026) foresee an additional mobilization of 12 million cubic metres by 2026. However, the sector is nowadays facing the consequences of the increasing écologisation of the minds at work in French society. On this account, the forestry currently practised is being called into question through the promotion of the notion of malforestation. In addition, society is significantly reinvesting in the forest as a space for resourcefulness, through forest bathing, with the parallel emergence of a new approach to the forest ecosystem based on reflections on the sensitive tree.In this context, our PhD research aims to highlight, on one hand, how the forest-bases sector, and especially its industry, is being questioned by the phenomenon of écologisation ; and on the other hand, how the actors of this same sector perceive the stakes induced by this contemporary questioning
Balona, de Sà Oliveira Ana. "Fort/Da : unhomely and hybrid displacements in the work of Ângela Ferreira c. 1980-2008". Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702738.
Texto completo da fonteEllatifi, Mohammed. "L'économie de la forêt et des produits forestiers au Maroc : bilan et perspectives". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40007/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with the actual situation of the Moroccan forests. Within the framework of this work, two studies were carried out at national level, in Morocco. The first concerned grazing in forest and the second the quantification of fuel wood directly collected from forest and consumed in both rural and urban areas. The results found were very disquieting. In both cases, the total volume of fodder and fuel wood, effectively collected from forest, are 3 to 4 times the biological possibility of the forest.The rural populations exert a huge pressure on the Moroccan forest, which causes its degradation and puts in jeopardy its perenniality.This thesis work also estimated the monetary value of the various goods and services of the Moroccan forest, towards the valuation of the total economic value (TEV). This showed that the economic value of the Moroccan forest is very underestimated, which encourages its degradation and clearing.This research work also demonstrated the weak success rate of the reforestation activities, which were carried out in Morocco, during the last half century. A new strategy towards a sustainable forest management in Morocco is proposed, within the framework of the National Forest Plan.To reach this sustainable forest management, the NFP should resolve the major urgent problems which threaten the Moroccan forest, and should give a role of prime importance to the civil society actors, and to the rural populations for the supervision of this new strategy, with the participation of the forest service, in order to make of the Moroccan forest a model of sustainably managed forest, at the level of the Mediterranean region
Benadid, Farida. "La veille, catalyse de l’innovation : conception d’une méthode appliquée a la filière forêt-bois-papier". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40043/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis proposes an original methodology allowing the detection of potential themes of innovation and research which can lead to projects. This methodology is based on the strategic scanning and the knowledge management which are two components of competitive intelligence. It is applied to the Forest-Wood-Paper sector in Aquitaine and leans on two key informative supports of this sector: the Technology Plateform Forest-Wood-Paper and the COST « Forest, Products and Services ». Combining the methods of strategic scanning and knowledge management, the analyzed information ends in the construction of two cognitive maps: a mind map and a conceptual map. These last ones highlight potential themes, that is: those being able to be the object of a project of research and innovation. To be successful, these potential themes shall deal with industrial needs deserving a deepening with concerned partners. The method leads to select two themes: the intelligent cover of wooden surfaces and the use of agro-materials in the construction, which end in the execution of three projects: the collaborative project « Smart Wood Coating », a COST project « Smart and innovating technologies for wood » and the collaborative project “Housing Resource Evolution Life” (RHEV). All concern technological innovations, the two first ones are determined by environmental regulations and the last one by societal demand. This thesis brings to light and analyzes the way competitive intelligence and knowledge management can catalyze innovation
Jacob, David Karl. "Preaching Martin Luther's Small catechism at the Fort Knox Lutheran service". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p064-0141.
Texto completo da fonteBillaud, Yann. "Modélisation hybride stochastique-déterministe des incendies de forêts". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10100/document.
Texto completo da fonteMost of the area burned by forest fires is attributable to the few fires that escape initial attack to become large. As a consequence large-scale fires produce a large amount of green-house gases and particles which contribute to the global warming. Heterogeneous conditions of weather, fuel, and topography are generally encountered during the propagation of large fires. This shapes irregular contours and fractal post-fire patterns, as revealed by satellite maps. Among existing wildfire spread models, stochastic models seem to be good candidates for studying the erratic behavior of large fires, due to the above-mentioned heterogeneous conditions. The model we developed is a variant of the so-called small-world network model. Flame radiation and fuel piloted ignition are taken into account in a deterministic way at the macroscopic scale. The radiative interaction domain of a burning cell is determined from Monte Carlo simulation using the solid flame model. Some cases are studied, ranging from relatively simple to more complex geometries like an irregular flame fronts or an ethanol pool fire. Then, a numerical model is developed to investigate the piloted ignition of litters composed of maritime pine needles. A genetic algorithm is used to locate a set of model parameters that provide optimal agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data in terms of ignition time and mass loss. The model results had shown the importance of char surface oxidation for heat fluxes close to the critical flux for ignition. Finally, the small-world network model was used to simulate fire patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. Model validation was achieved to an acceptable degree in terms of contours, burned area and fractal properties, through comparison of results with data from a small controlled bushfire experiment and a historical Mediterranean fire. Therefore, it has been proven to be a powerful tool in the sizing of fortifications as fuel break areas at the wildland urban interface or in the understanding of atypical behavior in particular configurations (talweg, slope breaking, etc.). It has also been used for the optimization of an in-situ sensor network whose purpose is to detect precociously and to locate precisely small fires, preventing them from spreading and burning out of control. Our objective was to determine the minimum number and placement of sensors deployed in the forest
Gautam, Shuva Hari. "Exploring wood procurement system agility to improve the forest products industry’s competitiveness". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26319.
Texto completo da fonteThe significant downfall experienced by the Canadian forest products industry in the past decade has catalyzed the industry into a process of transformation. A concerted effort to maximize economic value from forest resources through innovation in both products and processes is currently underway. This thesis focuses on process innovation of wood procurement systems (WPS). WPS includes upstream processes and actors in the forest products supply chain, responsible for procuring and delivering raw materials from forests to manufacturing mills. The competitiveness of the industry depends on the agility of WPS to deliver the right product to the right customer at the right time. The specific aims of the thesis are to identify opportunities to improve wood procurement system agility, quantify the potential improvement in performance and propose a mechanism to anticipate its long-term impact. Agility is the ability to respond promptly and effectively to unexpected short-term fluctuation in demand. We first identify the capabilities a WPS needs to possess in order to enable agility; we then review the literature in the WPS domain to search for evidence of these capabilities. An opportunity to improve agility of WPS was then identified. It entailed providing managers with flexibility in the choice of silvicultural treatments at the operational level to permit better alignment of supply with the prevailing demand. An experiment was conducted using industry data to quantify the potential benefits associated with the approach. In scenarios where flexibility was permitted, significantly higher profits and demand fulfillment rates were observed. Next, a simulation-optimization system for hierarchical forest management planning was developed to examine the influence of operational level silvicultural flexibility on long-term wood supply. The system was implemented to a forest management unit in Québec in a rolling planning horizon basis for a 100 year horizon. The system demonstrated a capability to measure short and long-term impacts of supply decisions. It will prove to be a useful tool to better integrate forest management practices and supply chain needs.
Harvey, Danny S. "A program of lifestyle evangelism for selected adults of Cypress Lake Baptist Church, Fort Myers, Florida". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
Texto completo da fonteVillard, Erik B. "Camp Lewis, 1917-1919 : progressivism, patriotism, and the First World War /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10435.
Texto completo da fonteBilot, Nicolas. "Raisonner la filière de production de plaquettes forestières pour sa performance énergétique et l'exportation d'éléments nutritifs en forêt". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0033.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing demand for energy wood requires a better knowledge about the production system. This work is about modelling the chain producing wood chips for energy.Growth and yield models are built by forest scientists, and some models can predict contents in biomass and nutrients in trees. The study of the chain of harvesting, transforming and transporting energy wood is made by a community of forest and wood scientists, relying on principles from process engineering. Fuel qualities from elemental composition are modelled in the field of energy sciences.By connecting and completing this knowledge, the thesis proposes an original approach to consistently integrate models from the different fields of science. This bottom-up approach conserves a high level of information about the system, and a high flexibility in the configuration of the simulated chain.Original models were developed for the chain. Model formulation was made respecting the most frequent level of detail found in literature. An original model was developed to predict fuel quality relying on nutrient content predicted with models developed in forest sciences.A software tool was developed to integrate these models. “ForEnerChips” calculates material fluxes from forest growth to heating plant via the whole chain. This allows for the assessment of energy balances, and nutrient exportations and restitutions, according to choices made in the configuration of the chain (scenario analysis). Its implementation into the CAPSIS software platform allows a potential connection to about 70 growth and yield models for different species, regions or management regimes.The simulator was connected so far to a particular growth and yield model for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A scenario representative of current management practices was studied and compared to alternative scenarios. Other ideas of potential uses are suggested
Schilling, Marion. "Des forêts aux vignobles : adaptation des champignons dégradeurs de bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0300.
Texto completo da fonteEsca is one of the most devastating of the grapevine trunk diseases, that affect vineyards around the world. One of its main symptoms is white rot, also called amadou. In white rot, Fomitiporia mediterranea (M. Fischer) is the major species identified in Europe. White-rot fungi have evolved with their substrates and may have developed specifically adapted degradation and detoxification mechanisms. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how F. mediterranea is adapted to its substrate, grapevine wood. The behavior of F. mediterranea during wood degradation on different wood species was monitored. Carbon mineralization rate, wood mass loss, chemical composition in structural compounds and extractives, fungal biomass production and protein secretion (secretome) upon cultures on sawdust were measured. In a second step, the colonization of F. mediterranea on wood blocks was followed. In addition to the physiological approach, a non-targeted metabolomic approach, with molecular networking, was used to describe fungal and wood metabolomes during colonization. F. mediterranea is able to degrade several wood species, including grapevine cv. ‘Gewurztraminer' and ‘Riesling', beech and oak, in sawdust or blocks, using a simultaneous degradation pattern. Parallely, the fungus regulates its secretome in relation with its substrate: a larger number of oxidoreductases were secreted on grapevine sawdust. This could be correlated with the observed degradation of grapevine lignin and specialized metabolites, mainly stilbenes. Other factors than the structural and chemical composition of the substrate, which could be involved in the adaptation of F. mediterranea, are discussed. This work contributes to a better knowledge of the physiology of F. mediterranea, one of the key fungal species in Esca complexe disease
Tisserand, Eric. "Les forêts vosgiennes à l'ère industrielle : Naissance et formation d'une filière bois dans le département des Vosges, de la Révolution à la Grande Guerre 1790-1914". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH1138.
Texto completo da fonteIn the 19th century as the Vosges département was going through large scale industrialisation dominated by the textile industry, how did its traditional activities linked to logging take part in that economic boom? From the early nineteenth century the exploitation of its forests (occupying more than 200,000 hectares - nearly 38% of the surface of the département) was beneficial to the development of the production of sawn products (boards and roof timbers) floated down the waterways (the Moselle and mainly the Meurthe river) to be sold outside the Vosges. It also boosted the production of various wooden objects and implements. Then the logging industry experienced many changes from the 1850s and 1860s onwards, thus keeping pace with the increasing development of industry. Logging grew thanks to a more rational management of forested areas (annual rhythm of the cuttings, multiplication of the roads devoted to transport) and produced about 800,000 cubic metres of timber annually. The manufacturing organised in small and medium sized family-owned businesses gradually came to form the backbone of an industrial sector through the development of sawmilling activities (booming of family-owned sawmills), manufacturing activities (carpentry, cabinet-making and production of various wooden objects), and also a paper making sector using pulpwood. Comprised of almost 800 businesses employing a nearly 10,000 strong local workforce (managers and employees) the timber industry left a definite print on the Vosges at the turn of the 20th century and gives a fine example of the driving force played by small businesses in the progessive and smooth industrialisation of certain territories
Robert, Nicolas. "Vers une production durable de multiples services écosystémiques : Analyse par la simulation de la production jointe de bois et de non-bois en forêt". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01058410.
Texto completo da fonteTisserand, Eric. "Les forêts vosgiennes à l'ère industrielle : Naissance et formation d'une filière bois dans le département des Vosges, de la Révolution à la Grande Guerre 1790-1914". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH1138.
Texto completo da fonteIn the 19th century as the Vosges département was going through large scale industrialisation dominated by the textile industry, how did its traditional activities linked to logging take part in that economic boom? From the early nineteenth century the exploitation of its forests (occupying more than 200,000 hectares - nearly 38% of the surface of the département) was beneficial to the development of the production of sawn products (boards and roof timbers) floated down the waterways (the Moselle and mainly the Meurthe river) to be sold outside the Vosges. It also boosted the production of various wooden objects and implements. Then the logging industry experienced many changes from the 1850s and 1860s onwards, thus keeping pace with the increasing development of industry. Logging grew thanks to a more rational management of forested areas (annual rhythm of the cuttings, multiplication of the roads devoted to transport) and produced about 800,000 cubic metres of timber annually. The manufacturing organised in small and medium sized family-owned businesses gradually came to form the backbone of an industrial sector through the development of sawmilling activities (booming of family-owned sawmills), manufacturing activities (carpentry, cabinet-making and production of various wooden objects), and also a paper making sector using pulpwood. Comprised of almost 800 businesses employing a nearly 10,000 strong local workforce (managers and employees) the timber industry left a definite print on the Vosges at the turn of the 20th century and gives a fine example of the driving force played by small businesses in the progessive and smooth industrialisation of certain territories
Bernardes, Fernanda. "Webdocumentário e as funções para a interação no gênero emergente: análise de Fort McMoney e Bear 71". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/7569.
Texto completo da fonteWebdocumentaries are works regarding the historical world developed for distribution and fruition in the World Wide Web. The goal of this paper is to comprehend what kind of participation this new gender proposes for users, tracing a qualitative analysis of interaction in webdocumentaries. Two webdocumentaries with different formats were selected for analyses: Fort McMoney and Bear 71. Both were examined according to the modes of interaction proposed by Gaudenzi (2013), modes of interaction by Nash (2012) and mutual and reactive interaction, defined by Primo (2000, 2011). Following the examination we present a proposal identifying three uses of interaction in webdocumentaries: to reinforce/stablish bond between user and the work/subject depicted, to reinforce the author’s argument, and to share the author’s role.
Webdocumentários são obras que tratam do mundo histórico, sendo desenvolvidas para distribuição e fruição na World Wide Web. O objetivo do trabalho é compreender que tipo de participação é proposta para os usuários nesse novo gênero, traçando uma análise qualitativa da interação em webdocumentários. Foram selecionados dois webdocumentários com formatos distintos: Fort McMoney e Bear 71. Ambos são examinados de acordo com os conceitos de modos de interação proposto por Gaudenzi (2013), os modos de interação de Nash (2012), e a interação mútua e reativa de Primo (2000, 2011). Após a análise, apresentamos uma proposta que identifica três usos da interação em webdocumentários: reforçar/estabelecer o vínculo com o usuário, reforçar o argumento do autor, e partilhar a função do autor.
Hartsell, Richard Michael. "Developing a mentoring training program for unit ministry teams at Fort Benning, Georgia preparation for servant leadership in the twenty-first century army /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
Texto completo da fonteAllen, Danny Eugene. "Developing a strategy for ministry to emerging senior adults at McGregor Baptist Church, Fort Myers, Florida". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p053-0340.
Texto completo da fonteBia, Zafinikamia Marie-Luce. "Three essays on tropical forest economics : the case of Gabon". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E021/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe following three essays focus on forest use in Gabon. The heterogeneity of countries and contexts does not allow for a single model of forest land allocation or forest land management. As a result, the external validity of country-specific research findings is fragile. However, the difficulty of obtaining general results should not hinder monographic research, as forest policies must be evaluated in their national context. That’s why this research work focuses on one country : Gabon. It proposes, through three essays, a reflection on the difficult reconciliation of economic development issues and the allocation of forest resources. The thesis is structured as follows : a first chapter analyzes the policy of log export ban and its results, the second chapter studies the link between logging companies the practices and their impacts on the local population, finally the last chapter examines the situation of the workers in the natural rubber production sector and the one of the out growers
Bigot, Christophe. "Cinématique de décomposition et rôle de protection pare-pierres du bois mort : le cas des rémanents". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058599.
Texto completo da fonteArabi, Mohsen. "An optimization and simulation framework for integrated tactical planning of wood harvesting operations and lumber production". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30029/30029.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteForest and sawmills tactical planning is based on three main elements: wood harvesting, wood transportation and wood transformation. Planning the whole supply chain, is quite complex. Tools have been built to help manager in his decision process, for example FPInterface and Optitek, which were developed by FPInnovations. The aim of this thesis is to develop an optimization module, LogiOpt, which will be integrated to simulation tools. LogiOpt is made of a mathematical model. The developed model aims at optimizing the supply chain between the forest and the mills. Using simulation software solutions and our mathematical model, we combine at the same time in our framework harvesting, transportation, wood allocation and production operations. To test our mathematical model, we used data obtained from one business year of a Quebec based wood manufacturer. We compared our results with a manual simulated tactical plan. In this regard, we observed that LogiOpt performs better in wood allocation between sawmills, harvesting in less harvesting while using wood with better output. We then end up producing more finished products at sawmills using the same wood quantity as a traditional tactical plan.
Beaudoin, Daniel. "Distributed wood procurement planning within a multi-firm environment". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25120/25120.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteFischer, Fabian. "Inférence de la structure et dynamique des forêts tropicales humides avec un modèle individu-centré". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30229.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change presents society and science with a challenge that goes beyond the temporal and spatial scales of most practical problems. It therefore requires approaches that reflect the complexity of the Earth's system. This holds particularly true for the biosphere and forest ecosystems, one of the most important sources of uncertainty in climate projections. Concerted data collection efforts, such as forest inventories, trait data bases, and new technologies, such as remote sensing, have considerably increased our ability to observe and analyze the current state of the Earth's vegetation. However, to extrapolate findings into the future and understand the feedbacks between vegetation and climate change, models are needed that assimilate these data and translate them into ecosystem dynamics. Mechanistic and individual-based forest models are a particular promising approach, since they simulate dynamics bottom-up, reconstruct forests tree by tree, and are thus able to predict patterns across scales. This PhD further develops the trait- and individual-based forest growth simulator TROLL, including intraspecific variation and plasticity in tree growth, derives a new method to translate Airborne Lidar data into virtual forest inventories and uses it to infer forest structure and ecosystem dynamics in tropical rain forests. Finally, in line with TROLL's trait-based approach, an update to a global trait base, the Global Wood Density Database is presented, exploring the contribution of evolutionary lineages to wood density variation and mapping wood density across the globe
Baker, Alan T. "Establishment of a Christian community at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, New York a systems approach integrating a Reformed theology of ministry into a military chapel setting /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1997. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p068-0086.
Texto completo da fonteAhlsvik, Elisabeth, e Brittmari Lidén. ""Så fort jag hamnar i skolan blir jag så sömnig" : Röster om skolan från elever med Asperger syndrom". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5523.
Texto completo da fonteTran, Tuong Van [Verfasser], e Gero [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Sustainability impact assessment (SIA) of alternative forest-wood supply chains (FWSCs) - a case study from Vietnam = Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung alternativer Forst-Holz-Bereitstellungsketten : eine Fallstudie aus Vietnam". Freiburg : Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1118409272/34.
Texto completo da fonteHenry, Mark A. "A model of training for outreach to soldiers at Fort Lewis, Washington, who are inactive members of the Churches of Christ". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1996. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p050-0070.
Texto completo da fonteEdvinsson, Johan. "Slaget om Liège : lärdomar från fasta försvar". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1607.
Texto completo da fonteGermany invaded its western neighbour Belgium in august 1914. Belgium had declared herself neutral in the conflict between the central powers and the allied but was still invaded. The Belgian defence revolved largely around the political will to remain neutral and was therefore ill prepared in either direction. Germany’s first attack struck at the great fortresses outside Liège. The defence of this town was tied to the local forts, which had been erected some 40 years before. The outnumbered defenders with poorly executed preparations were able to perform well against the German might. The use of forts is an old practice in war but there are still lessons to be learned from its utilisation. This study is a theory constructive case study based on a quality text study. Therefore, the battle with its pros and cons of the use of forts are presented in an attempt to derive reasonable conclusions towards the use of fixed fortifications These facts led me to form a foundation of a theory on the usefulness of fixed fortifications.
Carry, Renaud Elisabeth. "L'homme et la forêt dans la Haute-Vallée du Doubs à la fin du Moyen âge : modalités et paradoxes d'une anthropisation tardive". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839115.
Texto completo da fonteHolden, Paul. "A case study of Fort Whyte Centre's rehabilitation of the Transcona Domtar wood preservative treatment site, lessons for non-government organization involvement in brownfield rehabilitation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57546.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBeaussier, Thomas. "Évaluation économique et environnementale du développement régional d’une filière en interaction multi-secteur et multi-échelle : le cas de la filière forêt-bois du Grand Est". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0138.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis is to develop a method for quantitative assessments of the economic and environmental performance of regional development strategies, applied to the forestry sector in the region Grand Est. To this end, we adopt an approach based on the coupling of modelling tools from economics and environmental sciences. In chapter 1, we analyse couplings between 5 economic models and 3 environmental assessment tools from the existing literature. A dedicated criteria grid allows to compare their relevance to provide integrative assessments at the meso scale. Couplings between equilibrium models on the one hand, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the other hand, best meet the defined objectives. Chapter 2 details the methodological framework of the coupling between a partial equilibrium model of the French forest sector and LCA. The homogenisation of material flows between the two models makes it possible to produce economic and environmental indicators with a coherent perimeter, the ratio of which provides two eco-efficiency indicators. The first combines the economic surplus of the forest-based sector with its potential environmental impacts (Partial Eco-Efficiency, PEE); the second adds the environmental impacts avoided by substitution between wood-energy and fossil fuels, compared to a reference scenario (Full Eco-Efficiency, FEE). In Chapter 3, we use this framework to analyse different wood energy oriented bio-economy development strategies at the national level and at the regional level in the region Grand Est. For this purpose, we compare the FEE of scenarios constructed by combinations of different policies: subsidising wood energy demand, local supply, forest protection, energy crisis. Strategies integrating a stimulation of wood energy demand are the most eco-efficient, at regional and national level. This is based in particular on the benefits of avoided impacts through the substitution of wood energy for fossil fuels. The combination of the subsidy with protection measures and/or local procurement slightly increases or decreases its eco-efficiency depending on the scale of implementation. In addition, we have identified other factors determining most the eco-efficiency of a policy, such as the characteristics of the forest resource, the importance of the local wood sector, and the characteristics of neighbouring regions
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Texto completo da fonteForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Liottier, Léonor. "Bois et forêts en France méditerranéenne durant la Protohistoire : une approche des pratiques et des usages. Etude anthracologique, dendroécologique et spatiale". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30089.
Texto completo da fonteIt is a multidisciplinary study in archaeology of protohistoric times and paleoenvironnement. The subject of the thesis is « Societies, wood et forests from bronze age to Roman period, by anthracology of archaeological sites of southern France : an approach of practices and wood using ». The aim of this archaeobotanical approach is on the one hand, to understand the landscape changes under anthropic and natural effects, and on the other hand the repercussions on firewood collecting practices and wood using
Bernardes, Fernanda. "Webdocument?rio e as fun??es para a intera??o no g?nero emergente : an?lise de Fort McMoney e Bear 71". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6307.
Texto completo da fonteMade available in DSpace on 2015-09-11T11:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 474717 - Texto Completo.pdf: 2872727 bytes, checksum: 156aef3e37b8e3496e76e84ebc56c3e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20
Webdocumentaries are works regarding the historical world developed for distribution and fruition in the World Wide Web. The goal of this paper is to comprehend what kind of participation this new gender proposes for users, tracing a qualitative analysis of interaction in webdocumentaries. Two webdocumentaries with different formats were selected for analyses: Fort McMoney and Bear 71. Both were examined according to the modes of interaction proposed by Gaudenzi (2013), modes of interaction by Nash (2012) and mutual and reactive interaction, defined by Primo (2000, 2011). Following the examination we present a proposal identifying three uses of interaction in webdocumentaries: to reinforce/stablish bond between user and the work/subject depicted, to reinforce the author?s argument, and to share the author?s role.
Webdocument?rios s?o obras que tratam do mundo hist?rico, sendo desenvolvidas para distribui??o e frui??o na World Wide Web. O objetivo do trabalho ? compreender que tipo de participa??o ? proposta para os usu?rios nesse novo g?nero, tra?ando uma an?lise qualitativa da intera??o em webdocument?rios. Foram selecionados dois webdocument?rios com formatos distintos: Fort McMoney e Bear 71. Ambos s?o examinados de acordo com os conceitos de modos de intera??o proposto por Gaudenzi (2013), os modos de intera??o de Nash (2012), e a intera??o m?tua e reativa de Primo (2000, 2011). Ap?s a an?lise, apresentamos uma proposta que identifica tr?s usos da intera??o em webdocument?rios: refor?ar/estabelecer o v?nculo com o usu?rio, refor?ar o argumento do autor, e partilhar a fun??o do autor.
Piriou, Jenna. "Tourbières et boisements dirigés : gestion, représentations et trajectoires géohistoriques. Application aux forêts d’Écouves (Basse-Normandie, France) et de Slieveanorra (Comté d’Antrim, Irlande du Nord)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040196.
Texto completo da fonteÉcouves (Basse-Normandie, France) and Slieveanorra (Northern Ireland) forests are punctuated with peatlands. The thesis relates historical trajectories of these two sites, which experienced synchronic paradigmatic changes, and conducts surveys on representations and management.Results show that the sociosystem weights on the birth and future of intraforest peatlands, but representations and management practices of these turfi-sylvosystems are different.From the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th, the wood of Goult was a ruined broadleaved coppice, punctuated with depreciate, indeed dangerous, peatlands. The current Slieveanorra forest was occupied with extensively grazed and exploited blanket bogs and peaty heaths.Between 1950 and 1980, the “all-afforestation” policy developed these marginal lands with exotic coniferous trees plantations. The wood of Goult, state-owned in 1955, was replanted and peatlands were afforested with Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis). Slieveanorra forest was built, from 1955 too, with land purchasing by the department of Agriculture.Since the end of the 1980’s, conservation measures have grown in number. In the forest of Écouves, they are interventionists whereas in Slieveanorra forest, they are lighter; open spaces are protected and managed at least. Normans are influenced by the PNR Normandie-Maine and ONF communication and know the environment-bog and his naturalists qualities well whereas Northern Irish know the product-turf better, which they don’t want to see disappear
Mirabel, Ariane Sandrine. "Réponse et résilience de la biodiversité d'une Forêt Tropicale après Perturbation Inescapable Taxonomists : Workable Biodiversity Management Based on a Minimum Field Work Post-Disturbance Tree Community Trajectories in a Neotropical Forest 30 Years of Post-disturbance Recruitment in a Neotropical Forest". Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0006.
Texto completo da fonteForest are currently threatened by the global changing context. Maintain the goods and services they provide require clarifying tree community diversity response to disturbance, that determine forest functioning, maintenance and resilience. This is specifically crucial in tropical forests that are both the most threatened regions and those with the highest environmental, social and economic stakes. In this context, this work studies the taxonomic and functional response to disturbance of a Neotropical community. Through post-disturbance diversity trajectories in the long term we examined the ecological processes underlying community response to disturbance, explicit the taxonomic and functional aspects of community recovery, and eventually discussed some perspectives for forest management and modeling. From the monitoring dataset of the Paracou experimental station in French Guiana we examined tree community response to disturbance over the thirty years following a disturbance gradient. First, we developed and tested a diversity estimator tackling the taxonomic uncertainties of forest inventories and improving the accuracy of biodiversity surveys. The estimator based on botanical/vernacular association probability to account of taxonomic uncertainties in various diversity measurement framework. The estimator, further used in this worked, was first calibrated to improve the estimation accuracy and was then validated with real forest inventories. The results allowed designing an inventory protocol optimizing the cost of inventories and the accuracy of the diversity measure. Second, we analyzed the post-disturbance taxonomic and functional trajectories of diversity, composition and redundant at the scale of the whole community. We combined the 30 years of botanical inventories with a large functional dataset encompassing key leaf, root, wood and life-history functional traits. Eventually, we specifically analyzed the post-disturbance recruitment processes and the diversity and composition succession.We highlighted the emergence after disturbance of deterministic processes driving community taxonomic and functional response to disturbance. Deterministic processes favored the recruitment of a restricted pool of pioneer species, similar for to all communities and disturbance intensity. Around fifteen years after disturbance, the recovery of community initial characteristics started with the recovery of stochastic processes driving non-disturbed communities. At the whole-community scale, this succession translated into a cyclic trajectory of taxonomic composition leading to a recovery of the pre-disturbance composition and a maintenance of differences among communities. Disturbance increased both taxonomic richness and evenness until an intensity threshold above which, in accordance with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the taxonomic richness decreased and the pioneers became persistently dominant. The functional trajectories however proved decoupled from taxonomic trajectories. Functional diversity increased whatever the disturbance, without any intensity threshold, and functional composition trajectories converged in the functional space without marked differences among communities. This decoupling was explained by the functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance and proved to be the slow parameter of tropical forest recovery.Our results showed a tangible taxonomic and functional recovery of communities after the gradient of disturbance but this recovery proved decades-long. In the light of those results, we discussed the practices of sustainable forest management and several perspectives of forest diversity modeling
Toïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Texto completo da fonteGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions