Bibliografias temáticas / Forest-Atmosphere exchanges

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 21 de dezembro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Serra-Neto, Edivaldo M., Hardiney S. Martins, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Raoni A. Santana, Daiane V. Brondani, Antônio O. Manzi, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo R. Teixeira, Matthias Sörgel e Luca Mortarini. "Simulation of the Scalar Transport above and within the Amazon Forest Canopy". Atmosphere 12, n.º 12 (7 de dezembro de 2021): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121631.

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The parallelized large-eddy simulation model (PALM) was used to understand better the turbulent exchanges of a passive scalar above and within a forested region located in the central Amazon. Weak (2 ms−1) and strong (6 ms−1) wind conditions were simulated. A passive scalar source was introduced to the forest floor for both simulations. The simulations reproduced the main characteristics of the turbulent flow and of the passive scalar transport between the forest and the atmosphere. Noteworthily, strong and weak wind conditions presented different turbulence structures that drove different patterns of scalar exchange both within and above the forest. These results show how passive scalar concentration is influenced by the wind speed at the canopy top. Additionally, higher wind speeds are related to stronger sweep and ejection regimes, generating more intense plumes that are able to reduce the passive scalar concentration inside the forest canopy. This work was the first that used PALM to investigate scalar transport between the Amazon rainforest and the atmosphere.

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Wiedinmyer, Christine, Michael Barlage, Mukul Tewari e Fei Chen. "Meteorological Impacts of Forest Mortality due to Insect Infestation in Colorado". Earth Interactions 16, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011ei419.1.

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Abstract Physical characteristics of forests and other ecosystems control land–atmosphere exchanges of water and energy and partly dictate local and regional meteorology. Insect infestation and resulting forest dieback can alter these characteristics and, further, modify land–atmosphere exchanges. In the past decade, insect infestation has led to large-scale forest mortality in western North America. This study uses a high-resolution mesoscale meteorological model coupled with a detailed land surface model to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface variables to insect-related forest mortality. The inclusion of this land surface disturbance in the model increased in simulated skin temperature by as much as 2.1 K. The modeled 2-m temperature increased an average of 1 K relative to the default simulations. A latent to sensible heat flux shift with a magnitude of 10%–15% of the available energy in the forested ecosystem was predicted after the inclusion of insect infestation and forest dieback. Although results were consistent across multiple model configurations, the characteristics of forests affected by insect infestations must be better constrained to more accurately predict their impacts. Despite the limited duration of the simulations (one week), these initial results suggest the importance of including large-scale forest mortality due to insect infestation in meteorological models and highlight the need for better observations of the characteristics and exchanges of these disturbed landscapes.

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Pinheiro, Di Angelo Matos, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, Leonardo Deane de Abreu Sá e Antonio Ocimar Manzi. "Usando a altura do ponto de inflexão no perfil do vento para a obtenção de perfis adimensionais acima da floresta amazônica". Ciência e Natura 42 (28 de agosto de 2020): e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x53225.

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The most turbulent vortices that populate the forest-atmosphere interface have canopy height length scales. These vortices are mainly responsible for turbulent exchanges between inside and above canopy region. Thus, we used the vertical wind profiles obtained by 10 anemometers installed inside and above the forest canopy of the Rebio-Jarú experimental site, in the Amazon Rainforest. A third degree polynomial function was developed to better fit the wind profile and therefore estimate the inflection point height of the vertical wind profile (zi) a length scale associated with wind shear (Ls), and the wind speed at height zi. These length and velocity scales were used to obtain better fits for the dimensional wind profiles and turbulence statistical moments. Three dimensionless profile models were compared using friction velocity, wind velocity in zi and wind velocity at canopy height. It was observed that the dimensionless profiles using the velocity and shear calculated at zi provided support for the elaboration of more realistic parameterization of the turbulent exchange processes that occur both at the forest-atmosphere interface and inside the canopy.

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Smallman, T. L., J. B. Moncrieff e M. Williams. "WRFv3.2-SPAv2: development and validation of a coupled ecosystem–atmosphere model, scaling from surface fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> and energy to atmospheric profiles". Geoscientific Model Development 6, n.º 4 (29 de julho de 2013): 1079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1079-2013.

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Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting meteorological (WRF) model has been coupled to the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere (SPA) terrestrial ecosystem model, to produce WRF-SPA. SPA generates realistic land–atmosphere exchanges through fully coupled hydrological, carbon and energy cycles. The addition of a~land surface model (SPA) capable of modelling biospheric CO2 exchange allows WRF-SPA to be used for investigating the feedbacks between biosphere carbon balance, meteorology, and land use and land cover change. We have extensively validated WRF-SPA using multi-annual observations of air temperature, turbulent fluxes, net radiation and net ecosystem exchange of CO2 at three sites, representing the dominant vegetation types in Scotland (forest, managed grassland and arable agriculture). For example air temperature is well simulated across all sites (forest R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 1.7 °C, bias = 0.88 °C; managed grassland R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 2.7 °C, bias = −0.30 °C; arable agriculture R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 2.2 °C, bias = 0.46 °C; RMSE, root mean square error). WRF-SPA generates more realistic seasonal behaviour at the site level compared to an unmodified version of WRF, such as improved simulation of seasonal transitions in latent heat flux in arable systems. WRF-SPA also generates realistic seasonal CO2 exchanges across all sites. WRF-SPA is also able to realistically model atmospheric profiles of CO2 over Scotland, spanning a 3 yr period (2004–2006), capturing both profile structure, indicating realistic transport, and magnitude (model–data residual

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Smallman, T. L., J. B. Moncrieff e M. Williams. "WRFv3.2-SPAv2: development and validation of a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model, scaling from surface fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> and energy to atmospheric profiles". Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, n.º 1 (4 de março de 2013): 1559–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-1559-2013.

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Abstract. The Weather Research & Forecasting meteorological (WRF) model has been coupled to the Soil Plant Atmosphere (SPA) terrestrial ecosystem model, to produce WRF-SPA. SPA generates realistic land-atmosphere exchanges through fully coupled hydrological, carbon and energy cycles. The addition of a land surface model (SPA) capable of modelling biospheric CO2 exchange allows WRF-SPA to be used for investigating the feedbacks between biosphere carbon balance, meteorology and land management/land use change. We have extensively validated WRF-SPA using multi-annual observations of air temperature, turbulent fluxes, net radiation and net ecosystem exchange of CO2 at three sites, representing the dominant vegetation types in Scotland (forest, managed grassland and arable agriculture). WRF-SPA generates more realistic seasonal behaviour at the site level compared to an unmodified version of WRF, and produces realistic CO2 exchanges. WRF-SPA is also able to realistically model atmospheric profiles of CO2 over Scotland, spanning a 3 yr period (2004–2006), capturing both profile structure, indicating realistic transport, and magnitude indicating appropriate source sink distribution and CO2 exchange. WRF-SPA makes use of CO2 tracer pools and can therefore identify and quantify land surface contributions to the modelled atmospheric CO2 signal at a specified location.

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Barr, Jordan G., Vic Engel, José D. Fuentes, Joseph C. Zieman, Thomas L. O'Halloran, Thomas J. Smith e Gordon H. Anderson. "Controls on mangrove forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchanges in western Everglades National Park". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 115, G2 (junho de 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jg001186.

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Savage, K., T. R. Moore e P. M. Crill. "Methane and carbon dioxide exchanges between the atmosphere and northern boreal forest soils". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, n.º D24 (1 de dezembro de 1997): 29279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd02233.

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Lamaux, E., A. Labatut, J. Fontan, A. Lopez, A. Druilhet e Y. Brunet. "Biosphere atmosphere exchanges: Ozone and aerosol dry deposition velocities over a pine forest". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 31-31, n.º 1-2 (maio de 1994): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00547194.

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Abril, Adriana B., Patricia A. Torres e Enrique H. Bucher. "The importance of phyllosphere microbial populations in nitrogen cycling in the Chaco semi-arid woodland". Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2005): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001981.

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In tropical rain forest, the interface between leaf surfaces and the atmosphere is a fundamental pathway for nutrient cycling (particulary nitrogen), possibly even more important than the soil–plant interface (Parker 1994, Silver et al. 1996). Most important nutrient exchanges in the phyllosphere–atmosphere interface are mediated by microbial populations. For example, some authors have considered that nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere is the main mechanism for nitrogen gain in humid tropical ecosystems, because of the substantial nutrient demand resulting from a high plant productivity and the constraint imposed by the generally low nitrogen availability in soil (Ruinen 1974, Salati et al. 1982, Silver et al. 1996).

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King, Gary M., e M. Hungria. "Soil-Atmosphere CO Exchanges and Microbial Biogeochemistry of CO Transformations in a Brazilian Agricultural Ecosystem". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, n.º 9 (setembro de 2002): 4480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.9.4480-4485.2002.

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ABSTRACT Although anthropogenic land use has major impacts on the exchange of soil and atmosphere gas in general, relatively little is known about its impacts on carbon monoxide. We compared soil-atmosphere CO exchanges as a function of land use, crop type, and tillage treatment on an experimental farm in Parãna, Brazil, that is representative of regionally important agricultural ecosystems. Our results showed that cultivated soils consumed CO at rates between 3 and 6 mg of CO m−2 day−1, with no statistically significant effect of tillage method or crop. However, CO exchange for a pasture soil was near zero, and an unmanaged woodlot emitted CO at a rate of 9 mg of CO m−2 day−1. Neither nitrite, aluminum sulfate, nor methyl fluoride additions affected CO consumption by tilled or untilled soils from soybean plots, indicating that CO oxidation did not depend on ammonia oxidizers and that CO oxidation patterns differed in part from patterns reported for forest soils. The apparent Km for CO uptake, 5 to 11 ppm, was similar to values reported for temperate forest soils; V max values, approximately 1 μg of CO g (dry weight)−1 h−1, were comparable for woodlot and cultivated soils in spite of the fact that the latter consumed CO under ambient conditions. Short-term (24-h) exposure to elevated levels of CO (10% CO) partially inhibited uptake at lower concentrations (i.e., 100 ppm), suggesting that the sensitivity to CO of microbial populations that are active in situ differs from that of known carboxydotrophs. Soil-free soybean and corn roots consumed CO when they were incubated with 100-ppm concentrations and produced CO when they were incubated with ambient concentrations. These results document for the first time a role for cultivated plant roots in the dynamics of CO in an agricultural ecosystem.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Ahlm, Lars. "Aerosol exchange between forests and the atmosphere : fluxes over a tropical and a boreal forest /". Stockholm : Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38544.

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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: manuscript. Härtill 5 uppsatser.

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Maurer, Kyle D. "Effects of Climate, Forest Structure, Soil Water, & Scale on Biosphere-Atmosphere Gas Exchange in a Great Lakes Mixed-Deciduous Forest". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366036482.

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Simon, Eric. "Modeling surface-atmosphere exchange of trace gases and energy within and above the Amazon rain forest". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972311262.

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Alléon, Julien. "Vers une représentation à l'échelle globale du microclimat forestier dans le modèle de surfaces continentales ORCHIDEE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ029.

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Les dynamiques temporelles et spatiales des échanges entre les surfaces continentales et l'atmosphère sont en grande partie contrôlées par la végétation. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, la précision de la modélisation des bilans d'énergie, d'eau et de dioxyde de carbone des écosystèmes dans les modèles de surfaces continentales revêt ainsi d'un double enjeu : elle permet d'améliorer la représentation des échanges entre les surfaces et l'atmosphère et, par conséquent, d'améliorer la fiabilité des modèles de climats ; et elle permet également de comprendre et de quantifier l'impact du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes végétaux. Dans la majorité des modèles, la structure de la végétation est simplifiée, considérée équivalente à une surface d'épaisseur infinitésimale échangeant de l'eau, de l'énergie et des composés avec l'atmosphère (modèle de type "grosse-feuille"). La dynamique complexe des échanges au sein des écosystèmes végétaux, et particulièrement des forêts, incluant le microclimat intra-canopée, reste très mal ou pas représentée dans les modèles actuels. Ce microclimat joue cependant un rôle important dans la régulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse entre la végétation et l'atmosphère et son évolution dans un contexte de changement climatiques est méconnue. Cette étude présente les premières étapes effectuées dans le modèle ORCHIDEE (composante de surface du modèle de climat de l'IPSL) pour l'étude de ce microclimat intra-canopée à l'échelle globale. La représentation simpliste de type "grosse-feuille" utilisée dans ORCHIDEE est remplacée par un modèle d'échanges d'eau et d'énergie au sein de la canopée (suivant une discrétisation verticale). L'intégration de ce modèle est effectuée en deux étapes. La première s'attache à la représentation du transport de l'eau dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphère et a pour objectif de contraindre les échanges feuille-atmosphère grâce à l'état hydrique de la végétation. Ce travail s'appuie sur une représentation du potentiel hydrique dans les différents compartiments de la plante (i.e. architecture hydraulique). Cette intégration est étudiées de manière détaillée à l'échelle du site avant une étude d'impact globale. La seconde étape consiste à la mise à jour, la mise à niveau et l'amélioration d'un modèle d'échanges d'eau et d'énergie multi-couches entre la végétation et l'atmosphère précédemment implémenté dans une branche d'ORCHIDEE. L'évaluation de ce modèle est effectuée à l'échelle des sites forestiers en comparaison du modèle d'écosystèmes MuSICA sur une base de données crée à cet effet. La comparaison des gradients de température intra-canopée simulés et observés est très encourageante. Elle a aussi permis d'identifier des pistes pour l'amélioration globale du modèle. Enfin, des perspectives sont discutées pour une utilisation de ces modèles à l'échelle globale et notamment pour simuler l'évolution du microclimat sous une canopée forestière en fonction du changement climatique et des pratiques forestières
The temporal and spatial dynamics of exchanges between continental surfaces and the atmosphere are largely controlled by vegetation. In the context of climate change, accurately modeling the energy, water, and carbon dioxide balances of ecosystems in land surface models presents a dual challenge: it improves the representation of exchanges between surfaces and the atmosphere, thereby enhancing the reliability of climate models; and it also helps to understand and quantify the impact of climate change on the functioning of plant ecosystems. In most models, the structure of vegetation is simplified, treated as equivalent to an infinitesimal thickness surface exchanging water, energy, and compounds with the atmosphere (a "big-leaf" model). The complex dynamics of exchanges within plant ecosystems, particularly forests, including the intra-canopy microclimate, remain poorly represented or not represented at all in current models. However, this microclimate plays a crucial role in regulating energy and mass exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere, and its evolution in the context of climate change is not well understood. This study presents the first steps taken in the ORCHIDEE model (the land surface component of the IPSL climate model) to study this intra-canopy microclimate at a global scale. The simplistic "big-leaf" representation used in ORCHIDEE is replaced by a model of water and energy exchanges within the canopy (following vertical discretization). The integration of this model is carried out in two stages. The first focuses on representing water transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and aims to constrain leaf-atmosphere exchanges based on the water status of the vegetation. This work relies on a representation of water potential in the different compartments of the plant (i.e., hydraulic architecture). This integration is studied in detail at the site scale before conducting a global impact study. The second step involves updating, upgrading, and improving a multi-layer model of water and energy exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere previously implemented in a branch of ORCHIDEE. The evaluation of this model is conducted at the scale of forest sites in comparison to the MuSICA ecosystem model based on a database created for this purpose. The comparison of simulated and observed intra-canopy temperature gradients is very encouraging. It has also helped to identify avenues for the overall improvement of the model. Finally, prospects are discussed for using these models at a global scale, particularly to simulate the evolution of microclimate under a forest canopy in relation to climate change and forestry practices

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Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L. "Measurement of forest ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of 8¹³C-CO₂ using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and disjunct eddy covariance". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/m_cambaliza_121709.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 10, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.

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Lindauer, Matthias [Verfasser], Hans Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Schmid e Harald [Gutachter] Kunstmann. "Ecosystem-Atmosphere Exchange over a wind-throw-disturbed upland spruce forest in the Bavarian Forest National Park / Matthias Lindauer. Betreuer: Hans Peter Schmid. Gutachter: Harald Kunstmann ; Hans Peter Schmid". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1104368285/34.

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Van, Delden Lona Petra Rike. "Implications of urbanization related land use change on the Carbon and Nitrogen cycle from subtropical soils". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/109076/1/Lona_Van%20Delden_Thesis.pdf.

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This research established the first non-CO2 Global Warming Potential for subtropical peri-urban environments from the N2O and CH4 soil-atmosphere gas exchange dynamics after land use change due to urbanization. Two years of high temporal gas flux measurements identified immediate, seasonal and inter-annual C and N flux changes after turf grass establishment compared to forest and pasture land use to highlight the impact of our growing cities on the environment. Despite turf grass establishment increases soil greenhouse gas emissions, which increases the Global Warming Potential, the subtropical climate of SEQ may increase the potential to reduce these emissions in the long-term.

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Hommeltenberg, Janina [Verfasser], Hans Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmid, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Drösler, Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiese e Ankur [Akademischer Betreuer] Desai. "Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of CO2 and CH4 over Natural and Drained Bog Forest Ecosystems in Southern Germany / Janina Hommeltenberg. Gutachter: Matthias Drösler ; Ralf Kiese ; Ankur Desai ; Hans Peter Schmid. Betreuer: Hans Peter Schmid". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106689714X/34.

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Geddes, Jeffrey. "Observations of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides: From Ground Level Ozone Production to Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange in Downwind Forest Environments". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35827.

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In urban areas, emissions of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) to the atmosphere from anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion contribute to poor air quality through the production of ozone and particulate matter. Soils are also a significant global source of NOx, but at downind forest environments the deposition of transported reactive nitrogen can be much more important than local emissions. Data from a government monitoring network in the Toronto area from 2000-2007 was used to explore the impact of long-term trends in NO2 and other ozone precursors on local ozone levels. Non-linear chemistry and the influence of meteorology explained why reductions in precursor levels during this period did not lead to significant improvements in ozone. Data from this network was also used to investigate the ability of a satellite-borne spectrometer to represent spatial patterns of ground-level NO2 in the same region. Selection biases, resulting from the need to discard satellite data on cloudy days, were shown to affect locations differently and were most severe at a receptor site. The sum of all reactive nitrogen oxides including NOx is known as NOy. A custom-built instrument for high precision and time resolution measurements of reactive nitrogen oxides was tested under various lab and field conditions, and used in field work where direct biosphere-atmosphere exchange of NOy was measured by eddy covariance above two comparable North American mixed forests (Haliburton Forest Wildlife Reserve and the University of Michigan Biological Station). While these forests were found to be small net sources of NOx, they were subject to elevated rates of NOy deposition overall, driven by the transport of polluted air from upwind source regions. Wet deposition measurements were used to show that dry deposition contributed a significant fraction of total deposition during the observation periods.

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Simon, Eric [Verfasser]. "Modeling surface-atmosphere exchange of trace gases and energy within and above the Amazon rain forest / Eric Simon". 2004. http://d-nb.info/972311262/34.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Daytime turbulent exchange between the Amazon Forest and the atmosphere. [Albany, NY: Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1989.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Daytime Turbulent Exchange Between the Amazon Forest and the Atmosphere. Independently Published, 2018.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Monteny, B. A., J. M. Barbier e C. M. Bernos. "Determination of the Energy Exchanges of a Forest-Type Culture: Hevea Brasiliensis". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 211–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_14.

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Jarvis, P. G., H. S. Miranda e R. I. Muetzelfeldt. "Modelling Canopy Exchanges of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide in Coniferous Forest Plantations". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 521–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_31.

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Zhang, Zhenyu, Patrick Laux, Jussi Baade, Hassane Moutahir e Harald Kunstmann. "Regional Land–Atmosphere Interactions in Southern Africa: Potential Impact and Sensitivity of Forest and Plantation Change". In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 259–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_10.

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AbstractSouthern Africa is experiencing increasing land transformation and natural vegetation losses. Deforestation is one type of this land degradation where there are indigenous forests present, and afforestation of other nature ecosystems with timber plantations. This study performs regional coupled land–atmosphere model simulations using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model with a resolution of 12 km, to assess the impact of forest and plantation cover change on regional climate in southern Africa. Three WRF simulations were designed for different land covers: (i) MODIS-derived land cover for the year 2000 (baseline), (ii) Landsat-based forest and plantation change map during 2000–2015 overlain on the baseline and (iii) theoretical forest and plantations removal relative to the baseline. Modeling results suggest that conversion of forest and plantations landscape to croplands and sparse vegetated land may result in a warmer and drier local climate, increasing daytime temperature by up to 0.6°C during the austral summer, and regulation of energy exchanges by decreasing the latent heat flux. In addition, results suggest that the removal of forest cover in northern part of southern Africa may decrease local precipitation recycling by around 1.2%. While the benefits of conserving native forests are obvious from an ecological perspective, afforestation considerations still require more detailed and local-scale treatments along the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum.

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Lamaux, E., A. Labatut, J. Fontan, A. Lopez, A. Druilhet e Y. Brunet. "Biosphere Atmosphere Exchanges: Ozone and Aerosol Dry Deposition Velocities Over a Pine Forest". In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Why and How to Control?, 175–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0982-6_18.

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Lewellen, W. S. "Modeling Turbulent Exchange in Forest Canopies". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 481–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_29.

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Hicks, B. B. "Application of Forest Canopy—Atmosphere Turbulent Exchange Information". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 631–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_37.

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Wesely, M. L., e R. L. Hart. "Variability of Short Term Eddy-Correlation Estimates of Mass Exchange". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 591–612. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_35.

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Desjardins, R. L., J. L. MacPherson, P. Alvo e P. H. Schuepp. "Measurements of Turbulent Heat and CO2 Exchange Over Forests from Aircraft". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 645–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_38.

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Dolman, A. J., E. J. Moors, T. Grunwald, P. Berbigier e C. Bernhofer. "Factors Controlling Forest Atmosphere Exchange of Water, Energy, and Carbon". In Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, 207–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_10.

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Duyzer, Jan, Hilbrand Weststrate e Sam Walton. "Exchange of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Between the Atmosphere and Coniferous Forest". In Acid Reign ’95?, 2065–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0864-8_32.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Forest-Atmosphere exchanges"

Danilo Dragoni, Hans Peter Schmid, C.S.B. Grimmond, J.C. Randolph e J.R. White. Ecosystem-Atmosphere Exchange of Carbon, Water and Energy over a Mixed Deciduous Forest in the Midwest. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1057580.

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Hollinger, David Y., Eric A. Davidson, Andrew D. Richardson, D. B. Dail e N. Scott. Using model analyses and surface-atmosphere exchange measurements from the Howland AmeriFlux Site in Maine, USA, to improve understanding of forest ecosystem C cycling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), março de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1069294.

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