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1
Lee, Hyung Woo, Jae Hee Jung, Jong-Shin Lee, Soon Park e Seon-Mee Yoon. "Formulation of flame-retardant waxes and evaluation of combustion characteristics of treated wood using mass loss calorimetry". BioResources 20, n.º 1 (10 de janeiro de 2025): 1872–82. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.1.1872-1882.
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The objective of this study was to synthesize flame-retardant wax by nano-sizing a previously developed flame-retardant with favorable performance characteristics. Additionally, this study assessed the leaching resistance of wood treated with flame-retardant wax. The findings revealed that wood treated with flame-retardant wax demonstrated no notable change in the weight loss rate before and after weathering treatments. In contrast, wood treated exclusively with flame retardants exhibited a discernible increase in the extent of weight loss. Furthermore, the leached phosphorus content was measured during the weathering process, revealing that the amount extracted from wood treated with flame-retardant wax was approximately 1/20 times of that extracted from wood treated with flame-retardant agents. Therefore, that wood treated with flame-retardant wax demonstrated superior flame-retardant performance before and after weathering treatments.
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Li, Jiaqi, Zhaoyi He, Le Yu, Lian He e Zuzhen Shen. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Performance Characterization of Asphalt Modified by Nanocomposite Flame-Retardant Based on Response Surface Methodology". Materials 14, n.º 16 (4 de agosto de 2021): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164367.
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In order to improve the safety of the tunnel asphalt pavement in the event of a fire, and reduce the deterioration of the low temperature crack resistance of the asphalt by the flame retardant. The research uses aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as a smoke suppressant, diethyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADP) as a flame retardant, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a synergist to modified styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified asphalt (MA). First, the content of ATH, ADP, and HNTs was used as the response variable. The physical properties (Penetration, Softening point, Ductility) and static flame retardant properties (Limiting oxygen index meter, Ignition point) of the asphalt modified by nanocomposite flame-retardant (HNTs-CFRMA) were the response variables. The response surface methodology was used to design the test, and regression models were established to analyze the influence of flame retardants on the performance of asphalt. Then, comprehensively considering the effects of physical properties and flame retardant properties, the normalized desirability function was used to perform a multi-objective optimization design on the components of the nanocomposite flame retardant modifier to obtain the best flame retardant formula. Finally, the rheological properties of MA, conventional flame-retardant modified asphalt (CFRMA), and HNTs-CFRMA were tested based on Dynamic shear rheometer, Multiple stress creep test, Force ductility tester, and Bending beam rheometer. The performance of flame-retardant and smoke suppression were tested by the Cone calorimeter tests. The result shows that ATH, ADP, and HNTs can enhance the high temperature performance of asphalt, reduce the penetration. The addition of HNTs can increase significantly the softening point and reduce the deteriorating effect of flame retardants on the low temperature performance of asphalt; the addition of ATH and HNTs can improve significantly the flame retardancy of asphalt. Based on the desirability function of power exponent, the formulation of the nanocomposite flame retardant with better physical properties and flame retardant properties is ATH:ADP:HNTs = 3:5:1, and the total content is 9 wt%. Nanocomposite flame retardants can improve obviously the high temperature rheological properties of asphalt. The rutting factor and the cracking factor of HNTs-CFRMA improve markedly, and the irrecoverable creep compliance is reduced, compared with MA and CFRMA. Nanocomposite flame retardant can make up for the deterioration of conventional flame retardants on asphalt’s low temperature performance. At the same time, it has better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression performance.
3
Lu, Weimiao, Jiewang Ye, Lianghai Zhu, Zhenfu Jin e Yuji Matsumoto. "Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam". Polymers 13, n.º 10 (14 de maio de 2021): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101585.
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Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.
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Nguyen, Hung Kim, Wataru Sakai e Congtranh Nguyen. "Preparation of a Novel Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabric". Materials 13, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010054.
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A novel halogen-free flame-retardant formulation was prepared and coated onto cotton fabrics. The structure of phosphorus compounds in the system was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results from the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses presented that the flame retardant was coated successfully onto a cotton surface. We investigated the thermal stability and fire-retardant behaviors of cotton fabrics using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the vertical flame test. We also discuss the mechanism of flame retardance of coated cotton fabrics.
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Haveriku, Sara, Michela Meucci, Marco Badalassi, Camillo Cardelli, Giacomo Ruggeri e Andrea Pucci. "Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Polyolefin Composites Loaded with Mineral Fillers for Flame Retardant Cables". Micro 1, n.º 1 (29 de julho de 2021): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro1010008.
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Formulations based on mineral fillers and polymeric matrices of different nature were studied to obtain halogen-free flame retardant compounds (HFFR) for cable applications. The work was carried out by comparing fire-retardant mineral fillers of natural origin with synthetic mineral ones available on the market. As a reference, a formulation based on micronized natural magnesium hydroxide (n-MDH, obtained from brucite) and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with 28% by weight (11% by moles) of vinyl acetate were selected, and the mechanical and flame retardant properties compared with formulations based on secondary polymers combined with EVA, metal hydroxides, and carbonates. Notably, we found a synergistic effect in the mechanical, rheological and flame retardant properties for the composite containing a mixture of n-MDH and boehmite in a 3:1 weight ratio. Overall, the present work provided a complete and optimized recipe for the formulation of polymer composites characterized by the required flame retardant and mechanical features in electric cables applications.
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Abuhimd, Hatem, Tentu Nageswara Rao, Jung-il Song, Prashanthi Yarasani, Faheem Ahmed, Botsa Parvatamma, Asma A. Alothman, Murefah Mana AL-Anazy e Ahmad A. Ifseisi. "Influence of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles on Epoxy-Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System". Coatings 10, n.º 10 (12 de outubro de 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100968.
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Ethylenediamine modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP) and charring-foaming agents (CFA) were prepared using a simple chemical method and further used to make intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy resin. The content of MAPP and CFA was fixed at a ratio of 2:1. Nanoparticles of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4 NPs) have been introduced into the flame retardant coating formulation in various quantities to evaluate the promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs with a flame retardant coating system. The promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs on the flame retardant coating formulation was studied using a vertical burning test (UL-94V), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that the addition of MgAl2O4 effectively increased flame retardancy and met the V-0 rating at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the incorporation of MgAl2O4 NPs at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter experiments show that MgAl2O4 NPs effectively decreased peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). The FTIR results indicated that MgAl2O4 NPs can react with MAPP and generate a dense char layer that prevents the transfer of oxygen and heat.
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Barbalini, Marco, Mattia Bartoli, Alberto Tagliaferro e Giulio Malucelli. "Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics". Polymers 12, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040811.
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Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.
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Chang, SeChin, Brian Condon e Jade Smith. "Microwave Assisted Preparation of Flame Resistant Cotton Using Economic Inorganic Materials". Fibers 6, n.º 4 (6 de novembro de 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040085.
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Innovative approaches for preparing flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by utilizing a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Our attempts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with low cost inorganic formulations, such as urea and diammonium phosphate, were done successfully. The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45° angle (clothing textiles test), vertical flame (clothing textile test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). For formulations with urea only, LOI values of treated fabrics were 21.0–22.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 5.16–18.22%. For formulations comprising urea with diammonium phosphate, LOI values were greater than 29.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 1.85–7.73%. With the formulation comprising urea and diammonium phosphate, all treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test for add-on values 5.34–7.73%. Their char lengths were less than half the length of the original fabric and after-flame and after-glow times were less than 3.2 s. Additional thermal properties of desired products will be discussed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC).
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Wu, Hao, Rogelio Ortiz, Renan De Azevedo Correa, Mourad Krifa e Joseph H. Koo. "Self-Extinguishing and Non-Drip Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite: Mechanical, Thermal, and Combustion Behavior". Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Materials 1, n.º 1 (20 de janeiro de 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flret-2018-0001.
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AbstractIncorporation of flame-retardant (FR) additives and nanoclay fillers into thermoplastic polymers effectively suppresses materials flammability and melt dripping behavior. However, it largely affects other properties, such as toughness and ductility. In order to recover the lost toughness and ductility of flame retardant polyamide 6, various loadings of maleic anhydride modified SEBS elastomer were added and processed by twin screw extrusion. TEM images showed exfoliated nanoclay platelets and reveals that the clay platelets well dispersed in the polymer matrix. By balancing the ratio of flame retardants, nanoclay and elastomers, formulation with elongation at break as high as 76% was achieved. Combining conventional intumescent FR and nanoclay, UL-94 V-0 rating and the LOI value as high as 32.2 were achieved. In conclusion, effective self-extinguishing and non-drip polyamide 6 nanocomposite formulations with significant improvement in toughness and ductility were achieved.
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Jang, Eun-Suk, Xiao Jia Kang, Seok-Un Jo e Hee-Jun Park. "Preliminary investigation on the vacuum pressure impregnation performance of flame retardant for larch (Larix kaempferi) depending on grooving type". BioResources 19, n.º 4 (28 de outubro de 2024): 9606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.9606-9615.
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Due to wood’s susceptibility to fire, it is crucial to treat wood-based materials with flame retardants, especially in construction applications. This study investigated the effectiveness of various grooving types, including transverse, longitudinal, both transverse and longitudinal, and surface grooving, in enhancing the vacuum pressure impregnation of larch wood. The results revealed that transverse grooving provided a slightly greater impregnation advantage than longitudinal grooving. Moreover, exceptional impregnation performance was observed in larch samples subjected to threefold longitudinal, transverse, and surface grooving, exhibiting a remarkable improvement of 215% compared to untreated larch. However, a limitation of this study is that only one wood species and one flame retardant formulation were used. While it is meaningful as a preliminary investigation into the vacuum pressure impregnation performance of flame-retardant wood based on groove processing, further studies using various wood species and flame retardants.
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Pellerin, Solène, Fabienne Samyn, Sophie Duquesne e Véronic Landry. "Preparation and Characterisation of UV-Curable Flame Retardant Wood Coating Containing a Phosphorus Acrylate Monomer". Coatings 12, n.º 12 (29 de novembro de 2022): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121850.
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The application of a flame retardant coating is an effective solution to enhance the fire retardancy of wood flooring. However, finding the right balance between reducing the flame propagation and good overall coating properties while conserving wood appearance is complex. In order to answer this complex problem, transparent ultraviolet (UV)-curable flame retardant wood coatings were prepared from an acrylate oligomer, an acrylate monomer, and the addition of the tri(acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (TAEP), a phosphorus-based monomer, at different concentrations in the formulation. The coatings’ photopolymerisation, optical transparency, hardness, water sorption and thermal stability were assessed. The fire behaviour and the adhesion of the coatings applied on the yellow birch panels were evaluated, respectively, using the cone calorimeter and pull-off tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed on the collected burnt residues to obtain a better understanding of the flame retardancy mechanism. Our study reveals that phosphorus monomer addition improved the coating adhesion and the fire performance of the coated wood without impacting the photopolymerisation. The conversion percentage remained close to 70% with the TAEP addition. The pull-off strength reached 1.12 MPa for the coating with the highest P-monomer content, a value significantly different from the non-flame retarded coating. For the same coating formulation, the peak of heat release rate decreased by 13% and the mass percentage of the residues increased by 37% compared to the reference. However, the flame-retarded coatings displayed a higher hygroscopy. The action in the condensed phase of the phosphorus flame retardant is highlighted in this study.
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Przystas, Agnieszka, Milijana Jovic, Khalifah Salmeia, Daniel Rentsch, Laurent Ferry, Henri Mispreuve, Heribert Perler e Sabyasachi Gaan. "Some Key Factors Influencing the Flame Retardancy of EDA-DOPO Containing Flexible Polyurethane Foams". Polymers 10, n.º 10 (9 de outubro de 2018): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101115.
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The role of various additives (emulsifier, anti-dripping agent) and formulation procedures (pre-dispersion of solid additives in polyol via milling) which influence the flame retardancy of 6,6′-[ethan-1,2-diylbis(azandiyl)]bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphin-6-oxid) (EDA-DOPO) containing flexible polyurethane foams has been investigated in this work. For comparison, the flame retardancy of two additional structurally-analogous bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based compounds, i.e., ethanolamine-DOPO (ETA-DOPO) and ethylene glycol-DOPO (EG-DOPO) were also evaluated together with EDA-DOPO in flexible PU foams of various formulations. The flame retardancy of these three bridged-DOPO compounds depends on the type of PU formulation. For certain PU formulations containing EDA-DOPO, lower fire performance was observed. Addition of emulsifier and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to these PU formulations influenced positively the flame retardancy of EDA-DOPO/PU foams. In addition, dispersion of EDA-DOPO and PTFE via milling in polyol improved the flame retardancy of the PU foams. Mechanistic studies performed using a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and its coupling to FTIR showed no difference in the combustion efficiency of the bridged-DOPO compounds in PU foams. From MCC experiments it can be concluded that these bridged-DOPO compounds and their decomposition products may work primarily in the gas phase as flame inhibitors. The physiochemical behavior of additives in PU formulation responsible for the improvement in the flame retardancy of PU foams was further investigated by studying the dripping behavior of the PU foams in the UL 94 HB test. A high-speed camera was used to study the dripping behavior in the UL 94 HB test and results indicate a considerable reduction of the total number of melt drips and flaming drips for the flame retardant formulations. This reduction in melt drips and flaming drips during the UL 94 HB tests help PU foams achieve higher fire classification.
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Türk, Tülay, Zeynep Üçerler, İpek Sökmen e Murat Olgaç Kangal. "Enhancing Flame Retardancy: Enrichment of Huntite for Paint Industry Applications". Minerals 14, n.º 2 (7 de fevereiro de 2024): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020180.
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Huntite, a naturally occurring carbonate mineral, originates through the alteration processes of dolomite and magnesite. While its structural characteristics align with typical carbonate minerals, its distinction arises from its polyhedral conjunctiveness. The versatile utility of huntite spans several industries, including paint, flame retardant, plastic, polymer, and pharmaceutical sectors. Noteworthy among its diverse applications is its utilization as a flame-retardant additive in raw materials. In this investigation, three samples received from the Denizli region of Turkey were subjected to detailed analysis followed by an enrichment process involving mechanical attrition and sieving of 38 microns where undersize products were obtained, exhibiting 86.9% huntite for the H-1 sample and 91.9% huntite for the H-2–3 sample. The huntite concentrates were then incorporated into paint formulations with the objective of enhancing flame retardancy. A series of testing protocols were implemented to assess the quality of the resulting paints, ultimately yielding a fire-resistant paint formulation through utilizing the H-1 sample.
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YASIN, SOHAIL, MASSIMO CURTI, NEMESHWAREE BEHARY, ANNE PERWUELZ, STEPHANE GIRAUD, GIORGIO ROVERO, JINPING GUAN e GUOQIANG CHEN. "PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY FLAME RETARDANT FINISH FOR COTTON FABRIC: A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH". Surface Review and Letters 24, n.º 08 (dezembro de 2017): 1750114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17501141.
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The [Formula: see text]-methylol dimethyl phosphono propionamide (MDPA) flame retardant compounds are predominantly used for cotton fabric treatments with trimethylol melamine (TMM) to obtain better crosslinking and enhanced flame retardant properties. Nevertheless, such treatments are associated with a toxic issue of cancer-causing formaldehyde release. An eco-friendly finishing was used to get formaldehyde-free fixation of flame retardant to the cotton fabric. Citric acid as a crosslinking agent along with the sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst in the treatment was utilized. The process parameters of the treatment were enhanced for optimized flame retardant properties, in addition, low mechanical loss to the fabric by response surface methodology using Box–Behnken statistical design experiment methodology was achieved. The effects of concentrations on the fabric’s properties (flame retardancy and mechanical properties) were evaluated. The regression equations for the prediction of concentrations and mechanical properties of the fabric were also obtained for the eco-friendly treatment. The R-squared values of all the responses were above 0.95 for the reagents used, indicating the degree of relationship between the predicted values by the Box–Behnken design and the actual experimental results. It was also found that the concentration parameters (crosslinking reagents and catalysts) in the treatment formulation have a prime role in the overall performance of flame retardant cotton fabrics.
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Pérez, Nerea, Xiao-Lin Qi, Shibin Nie, Pablo Acuña, Ming-Jun Chen e De-Yi Wang. "Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites with Low Densities". Materials 12, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010152.
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Polypropylene (PP) is currently widely used in areas requiring lightweight materials because of its low density. Due to the intrinsic flammability, the application of PP is restricted in many conditions. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is reported as a practical flame retardant for PP, but the addition of ATH often diminishes the lightweight advantage of PP. Therefore, in this work, glass bubbles (GB) and octacedylamine-modified zirconium phosphate (mZrP) are introduced into the PP/ATH composite in order to lower the material density and simultaneously maintain/enhance the flame retardancy. A series of PP composites have been prepared to explore the formulation which can endow the composite with balanced flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and low density. The morphology, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results indicated the addition of GB could reduce the density, but decreased the flame retardancy of PP composites at the same time. To overcome this defect, ATH and mZrP with synergetic effect of flame retardancy were added into the composite. The dosage of each additive was optimized for achieving a balance of flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and density. With 47 wt % ATH, 10 wt % GB, and 3 wt % mZrP, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the composite PP-4 were reduced by 91% and 78%, respectively. At the same time, increased impact strength was achieved compared with neat PP and the composite with ATH only. Maintaining the flame retardancy and mechanical properties, the density of composite PP-4 (1.27 g·cm−3) is lower than that with ATH only (PP-1, 1.46 g·cm−3). Through this research, we hope to provide an efficient approach to designing flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites with low density.
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Brohi, Saima, Ariba Shaikh, Iqra Jameel, Muhammad Hamza, Anam Ali Memon, Iftikhar Ali Sahito e Naveed Mengal. "Sustainable flame retardant treatment for cotton fabric using non formaldehyde cross linking agent". Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2301.06.
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Most flame-retardant finishing agents have been found to have an adverse effect on our environment and human skin because of the carcinogenic chemicals in their structure. Pyrovatex CP New is an Organophosphorus based flame retardant (FR) agent widely used in FR treatment of combustible. However, the main problem related to it is the release of high formaldehyde content (a known carcinogen). When used with methylated melamine (MM) an effective cross-linker. The objective of this research was to use citric acid (CA) and its integration with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) and two different co-catalyst Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and phosphoric acid (PA) as a flame‐retardant finishing for cotton fabrics. The flammability of cotton fabric was assessed by a manual vertical flammability test, it is found that the combination of co-catalysts in FR formulation lowers the flammability of cotton. The pyrolysis characteristics and char residue yield of the treated cotton shows that the flame retardancy improves as the amount of catalyst is increased. The whiteness index, crease recovery and tensile strength of the treated cotton fabric was also significantly improved with our suggested recipe formulation. The finished cotton has significant variations in terms of its tensile strength, crease recovery, and whiteness index.
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Verret, Eric, Anthony Collin e Sophie Duquesne. "Optimization of Flame Retardant Polypropylene via Machine Learning". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2885, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2885/1/012017.
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Abstract In this study, we explore the application of Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization (MOBO), a machine learning-based method, for the development of flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) formulations. This approach leverages the power of Gaussian Processes (GPs) to accurately model the behavior in the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) flame test and uses the qNEHVI acquisition function for efficient design space exploration. We focus on a bi-objective optimization strategy, aiming to maximize LOI values while minimizing the content of flame retardant (FR) additives. Our research successfully navigates the complexities of optimizing material properties by proposing an optimal formulation within a constrained evaluation framework, comprising five iterations of three parallel evaluations with a total budget of 20 points. This work highlights MOBO’s potential as a transformative tool for advanced materials science, particularly in achieving high-performance flame-retardant materials.
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Riyazuddin, Riyazuddin, Samrin Bano, Fohad Mabood Husain, Rais Ahmad Khan, Ali Alsalme e Jamal Akhter Siddique. "Influence of Antimony Oxide on Epoxy Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System". Polymers 12, n.º 11 (17 de novembro de 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112721.
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Ethylenediamine modified Ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP), and Charring-Foaming Agents (CFA) was prepared via a simple chemical approach and further utilizes for the preparation of Epoxy resin based intumescent flame retardation coatings. The ratio belongs to MAPP and CFA was fixed at 2:1 ratio. Comparative thermo gravimetric analysis TGA study of Modified Ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) investigated. Sb2O3 was introduced into flame retardation coating formulation at various amounts to evaluate the synergistic action of Sb2O3 along with flame retardant coating system. The synergistic action of Sb2O3 on flame retardation coating formulation was studied by vertical burning test (UL-94V), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that adding Sb2O3 effectively increased flame retardancy and meets V-0 ratings at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the amalgamation of Sb2O3 at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter study results that Sb2O3 successfully minimized the combustion parameters like, Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Total Heat Release (THR). The FTIR result shows that Sb2O3 can react with MAPP and generates the dense-charred layer which prevents the transfer of heat and oxygen.
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Qin, Zuo Dong, G. J. Duns, Zhang Lin e Ji Shuang Chen. "Flame Retardant Properties of Fiber-Based Decorative Wallboard". Advanced Materials Research 487 (março de 2012): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.739.
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In this study, bamboo pulp is utilized as the main raw material for the production of compression-molded, fiber-based decorative wallboard panels which have three-dimensional geometric structure and possess environmentally compatible “green” flame retardant properties. The effectiveness of several flame retarding agents, including the Al(OH)3 single component system, the Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2 mixed system and the Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2/Zinc Borate mixed system are examined in terms of the resulting flame resistance, physical properties and oxygen indexes of the fiber-based decorative wallboard. The results show that the Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2/Zinc Borate multicomponent mixed system is the most ideal flame retardant system for such applications. Results indicate that the optimal formulation consist of: 30% Mg(OH)2/25% Al(OH)2 /15% Zinc borate (relative mass ratio). Under such conditions, the oxygen index of the fiber decorates wallboard is 34.4, and the level of formaldehyde release reaches a value of E0.
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Zarta, Rasyid. "- PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI LIMBAH PENGGERGAJIAN JENIS MERANTI (Shorea spp.) DENGAN FORMULASI BAHAN PENGHAMBAT API (Manufacture Of Particle Board From Sawmill Waste Type Meranti (Shorea spp.) With Formulation of Fire Resistance Materials)". Buletin Loupe 18, n.º 02 (30 de dezembro de 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/buletinloupe.v18i02.1673.
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This research is about the manufacture of particle board from waste Meranti wood shavings treated with fire retardants, we know that wood is a combustible material, therefore to improve the quality of wood processing, especially its resistance to fire, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze particle board resistance to fire by treating different flame retardants. This research uses three treatments, namely by providing three different flame retardants, namely Sodium Silicate, Ammonium Sulfate and Borax. Analyzed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD), each treatment sample was made with 10 replications. The results of this study indicate that the value of water content in general ranges from 14.323% to 15.718%. The density value is between 0.620 gr/cm³ to 0.715gr/cm³. Thickness development value between 7,167% to 13,500%. The elasticity value is between 8427 kgf/cm2 to 23655 kgf/cm2. The fracture strength value is between 98 kgf/cm2 to 160 kgf/cm2. And the value of burning retention or weight loss is between 33.97% to 80.83%. The effectiveness of the flame retardant material has not been achieved at the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, it is hoped that this research will be continued by increasing the concentration of the flame retardant material so that the effectiveness value can reach the 2002 ASTM E69 standard, which is > 7.5. And further research by providing fire retardant treatment is given during the process of mixing particles and adhesives on particle boards so that the cavities and wood cell walls are blocked by the presence of Urea Formaldehyde adhesive which fills the same section.
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Aguirresarobe, Robert, Itxaso Calafel, Sara Villanueva, Alberto Sanchez, Amaia Agirre, Itxaro Sukia, Aritz Esnaola e Ainara Saralegi. "Development of Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Formulations for Additive Manufacturing". Polymers 16, n.º 8 (10 de abril de 2024): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081030.
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Polymeric materials, renowned for their lightweight attributes and design adaptability, play a pivotal role in augmenting fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness in railway vehicle development. The tailored formulation of compounds, specifically designed for additive manufacturing, holds significant promise in expanding the use of these materials. This study centers on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a natural-based biodegradable polymeric material incorporating diverse halogen-free flame retardants (FRs). Our investigation scrutinizes the printability and fire performance of these formulations, aligning with the European railway standard EN 45545-2. The findings underscore that FR in the condensed phase, including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), and intumescent systems, exhibit superior fire performance. Notably, FR-inducing hydrolytic degradation, such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or EG, reduces polymer molecular weight, significantly impacting PLA’s mechanical performance. Achieving a delicate balance between fire resistance and mechanical properties, formulations with APP as the flame retardant emerge as optimal. This research contributes to understanding the fire performance and printability of 3D-printed PLA compounds, offering vital insights for the rail industry’s adoption of polymeric materials.
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Dukarski, Wojciech, Iwona Rykowska, Piotr Krzyżanowski, Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska e Marek Isbrandt. "Coating Composites Based on Polyurea Elastomers with Increased Fire Resistance and Their Use as Roofing Systems". Processes 11, n.º 8 (11 de agosto de 2023): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082421.
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This paper presents the results of tests on elastomer coatings based on polyurea–polyurethane formulation with increased fire parameters. Coatings modified with flame retardants: bis(phenylphosphate) resorcinol (RDP), trischloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were tested. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) were used to investigate the structure and thermal stability. The effectiveness of resorcinol bis(phenylphosphate) (RDP), tris chloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) on heat release rate (HRR), smoke release rate (RSR), and oxygen consumption was evaluated using cone calorimetry. The cone calorimetry results were correlated with the mechanical properties of the coatings. The cone calorimetry analysis showed suitable organophosphorus flame retardant (FR) performance, significantly decreasing HRR and oxygen consumption. Additionally, 15% TCPP caused a reduction of HRR by over 50%, obtaining 211.4 kW/m2 and pHRR by over 55%, reaching 538.3 kW/m2. However, organophosphorus flame retardants caused a significant deterioration of mechanical properties simultaneously. Introducing a mixture of two FRs (RDP/TCPP) resulted in obtaining a coating with improved fire resistance and maintained good mechanical strength. The polyurea–polyurethane coating, modified with a mixture of two RDP/TCPP retardants (10:5), was simulated for the burning of roof systems. The result of the simulation was assessed positively. Thus, finally, it was confirmed that the proposed polyurea–polyurethane coating achieved the assumed flame retardant level.
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Liu, Sun, Yi Lun Tan, Si Chun Shao, Yin Yin Hui e Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Polyhydroxy Triazine Charring Agent and Properties of its Flame Retarded Polyproylene". Advanced Materials Research 746 (agosto de 2013): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.23.
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In this study, a novel polyhydroxy triazine charring agent (PT-CA) was synthesized through the solid-state reaction of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and pentaerythritol. Meanwhile, the molecular structure of the chemical compound was determined by FTIR, elemental analysis and thermalgravimetric analysis (TG).Then it is combined with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and melamine phosphate (MP) to impart flame retardance and dripping resistance for polypropylene (PP).The fire performance of treated PP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL-94).It has been found that the treated PP with the optimal flame retardant formulation of MAPP:MA:PTCA=18:6:6 (weight ratio, formulation 10) gives an LOI of 31.5 and UL-94 V-0 rating.
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Mariappan, Thirumal, e Charles A. Wilkie. "Formulation of polyurea with improved flame retardant properties". Journal of Fire Sciences 31, n.º 6 (2 de maio de 2013): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904113486086.
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Román-Lorza, Silvia, J. Sabadell, J. J. García-Ruiz, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pérez e J. A. S. Sáez. "Fabrication and Characterization of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyolefin Foams". Materials Science Forum 636-637 (janeiro de 2010): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.198.
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Mayor advances have been made in the field of halogen-free flame retardant composites in the last years, mainly due to increasing regulatory pressures. This paper focuses in aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) as the halogen-free flame retardant and low density polyethylene (LDPE) as the polymer matrix of the fire retardancy foam. The attempt of this article is to achieve a cellular structure by foaming these materials, when high loading levels (up to 60wt %) of ATH are introduced. This is a difficult task due to the high amount of filler in the formulation. The aim is to reduce density without losing thermal and mechanical properties. In order to characterize the cellular structure as well as the thermal, mechanical and combustion properties, a complete study of the foamed samples was made by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), melt flow index (MFI), air pycnometry, mechanical testing at low strain rates, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and calorimeter bomb tests.
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Rizzolo, Daniel, Carlos E. Schvezov e Carlos A. Giudice. "Anti-condensation, Thermal Insulation and Intumescent Coating". Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, n.º 39 (1 de maio de 2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36995/j.recyt.2023.39.004.
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A formula of a paint for interior use for roofing sheet zinc was optimized. The properties developed and optimized were thermal insulation, anticondensation capacity and fire-retardant properties. A fire-retardant latex coating was used as the formulation base and three types of fillers were investigated: hollow glass microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres and expanded perlite. The thermal transfer coefficient of the different coatings, the water absorption capacity and the thermal flame transmission were evaluated. From the results, it was determined that the formulation with the best performance, both in thermal insulation and in water absorption capacity, was the one that contained expanded perlite. Regarding the thermal transmission due to the action of the flame, no significant difference was observed between the different loads used.
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Häublein, Markus, Karin Peter, Alexander Brückner e Volker Altstädt. "Evaluation of DOPO and Nano-Silica Modified Epoxy Resin Systems as Low Viscous, Flame Retardant Additives for Infusion and Injection Processing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Key Engineering Materials 809 (junho de 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.3.
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In the present study, a low viscous (complex viscosity between 200 to 500 mPas at 60 °C), flame retardant epoxy resin formulation is prepared and transferred to the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate using resin transfer molding (RTM) method. For the laminate production, a 12k carbon fiber fabric with an areal weight of 400 g/m2 is used to achieve a fiber volume content of approximately 60 vol % carbon fibers. Subsequently the unmodified laminate is produced, varying carbon fiber volume content to study its effect on flame retardant properties. As additives, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) modified epoxy resin and nanosilica particles delivered in an epoxy novolac masterbatch are added to the neat novolac resin system. The mixture is cured with isophorone diamine (IPDA) and polyetheramine hardener blend, resulting in a glass transition temperature of 104 °C for the unmodified laminate. Flame retardant properties of the materials are tested using cone calorimeter and thermal gravimetrical analysis. In addition, the mechanical behavior of the systems is evaluated via three-point bending method in static and dynamical loadings. In order to get deeper information on the resulting flame retardant mechanisms of the additives, the residual cone calorimeter char is analyzed with scanning electron microscopy, indicating the different flame retardant mechanisms of phosphorous and silica as well as the combination of both additives.
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Muhammad Yusuf Nurfani. "ANALYSIS OF FLAME RETARDANT POLYPROPYLENE FOR PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING USING BROMINATED AROMATIC COMPOUND". International Journal Science and Technology 1, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56127/ijst.v1i2.97.
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Flame Retardant (FR) is a type of thermoplastic material that is resistant to fire. Application of FR on various types of plastic resins such as polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and other types of plastic resins. This study discusses the analysis of Brominated Aromatic Compound as a mixture of Polypropylene to produce PP-FR types for plastic injection molding with the material formulation method to perform a flame retardant test on the results of the specimens that have been made. This study shows that PP material and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene can bind scanning microscopes with ×15,000 and ×30,000 zoom. The extrusion process results did not experience cracks after going through a chamber test of -5 ◦C to 70 ◦C for 120 hours on the specimen. In addition, the results of the flame retardant test fire can die in under 2 seconds
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Yüksel, Mehmet, Elif Vargün, Damla Karadayı e Aysen Yılmaz. "Determination of Fire Resistance, Mechanical Property and Physical Stability of Boron Phosphate Containing Wood Polymer Composites". Drvna industrija 75, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2024): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2024.0090.
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This study presents the improvement in flame retardancy of wood polymer composites (WPCs) by boron phosphate (BPO4) additive. The WPCs were manufactured by phenol formaldehyde and wood flour of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) using compression molding. Polydiphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate (PMDI) was also added to enhance the compatibility of hydrophilic wood flour and hydrophobic polymer resin. The strengthening of interfacial adhesion by PMDI incorporation resulted in better mechanical (flexural) and physical (water absorption, thickness swelling) properties. The BPO4 flame-retardant additive in WPCs formulation was first reported and thermal behaviors of composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. The BPO4 compound promoted the char formation of WPCs, and the LOI values of composites were increased from 28.7 to 35.6. The UL-94 tests also showed that the flame retardancy of composites were improved by changing the V-2 rating to V-0 with the addition of 5 wt.% BPO4.
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Shao, Si Chun, Yi Lun Tan, Liu Sun, Li Hua You e Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Flame Retardant 1,2-Bis (dimelaminium of 1-nitro-3,5-diphospha-4-oxa-3,5-dihydroxy cyclohexane) Ethane and its Application in PP". Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (agosto de 2013): 1164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1164.
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In this study, a novel flame retardant 1,2-bis (dimelaminium of 1-nitro-3,5-diphospha-4-oxa-3,5-dihydroxy cyclohexane) ethane (EAPM) was synthesized by ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic) acid (EDTMPA) and melamine in two steps. Meanwhile, its molecular structure was determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, 1H-NMR. The thermal properties were characterized by TG and DTG, which indicated the good thermostability of EAPM for processing and the considerable residual char in the final stage of combustion. The fire performance of composites blended by the novel flame retardant and polypropylene waere investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test. The results demonstrated the treated PP with the optimal flame retardant formulation of 15 w% EAPM, 5 w% charring agent and 10 w% MEL-APP was attached with an LOI of 33.3% and UL-94 V-0 rating.
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Raden Siti Amirah, Hambali, Ahmad Faiza Mohd, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, Rahmah Mohamed e Mohamed Nur Raihan. "The Effect of Glycidyl Silane as Coupling Agent in Intumescent Flame Retardant System". Advanced Materials Research 664 (fevereiro de 2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.677.
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The effect of different carbonizing agents; ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol to the char formation were studied in this research. After burning process, formulation with ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol showed chars thickness of 10 mm, 32 mm, and 45 mm. The chars’ strength at peak force was recorded at 3.20 N, 7.75 N, and 9.48 N while the burning rate of each sample were 5.23 x 10-4 mm/s, 4.20 x10-4 mm/s, and 6.24 x10-4 mm/s respectively. Formulation with glycerol as carbonizing agent showed the lowest burning rate as compared to the other formulations. Additional formulation with glycidyl silane as coupling agent in glycerol formulation was also studied. The formation of chemical bonding between silane, glycerol, and epoxy glycerol was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorption peak at 767.25 cm-1. The burning rate was 1.44 x 10-5 mm/s after silane treatment. Thermal degradation of the silane-treated resin started at 220°C as measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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Song, Wei, Muting Wu, Yanrong He, Yuzhang Wu e Wei Qu. "The Evolution of Intumescent Char in Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Amino Resin". Coatings 11, n.º 6 (12 de junho de 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060709.
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Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings have been gaining more attention. The behaviors of intumescent char in IFR coatings play the most important role in its flame-retardant properties. However, the evolution of intumescent char throughout the whole process of protection is still unclear. In this study, both the formation and shrinkage of char were studied. The formulation of IFR includes melamine modified urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame-retardant properties of the coating were measured by the cone calorimeter (CONE). The evolution of the volume and the pore size distribution of char were monitored. The morphological and chemical structures were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the evolution of intumescent char could be divided into three stages. More than 50% shrinkage of char occurs in the second stage. There are obvious transformations of the morphological and chemical structures of char between the different stages.
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Ammar, MG Muhammad, PR Sua, AB Azizah, AM Alosaimi, MA Hussein, HD Rozman e GS Tay. "Ultraviolet (UV) curable hybrid material based on palm oil: plasticization effect and flame retardancy". Polymers and Polymer Composites 31 (8 de junho de 2023): 096739112311589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911231158998.
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In this study, a UV curable hybrid material from palm oil was prepared with glycerol and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). However, the resin was brittle and flammable. Thus, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) and polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG) were added in the formulation as a flame retardant and plasticizer respectively. From the results, the gel content of UV cured films were more than 95%. The hardness, adhesion strength, impact, water absorption and wettability of the films were influenced by PPG 400 content as well as TnBP percentage. In addition, the flame retardant properties of coated wood were enhanced by PPG 400 and TnBP too. The results show that high oxygen concentration was needed to ignite the sample with a high amount of PPG 400 and TnBP. The flame retardant properties of the sample were the best for a combination of 15% PPG 400, and 5% TnBP, in the determination of limited oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 and Methenamine pill test.
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Kimberly D, Custodio, Rellona Stephanie L, Rosales Lyka Janelle D e Lazaro Bryan Louis G. "Eco-Flame Shield: Formulating a Hybrid Fire Retardant Coating Using Carbonized Rice Husk Ash, Carbonized Coconut Coir Ash, and Sodium Silicate". International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, n.º 6 (18 de dezembro de 2024): 1078–82. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.6.3556.
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This research is a quasi-experimental study that experimented and tested the effectiveness of using carbonized rice husk ash (CRHA), carbonized coconut coir ash (CCCA), and sodium silicate (SS) in developing and formulating an eco-friendly hybrid fire retardant coating that slows down fire spread, provides a non-harmful alternative to conventional fire retardants, and promotes practical solutions and fire safety measures in various applications, benefiting the environment, community, and public safety. Through experimental tests, such as Time to Ignition, Flame Spread, and Flammability tests, the necessary data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted using a quantitative approach. The results concluded that treated wood Sample 3, formulated with 10% carbonized rice husk ash (CRHA), 15% carbonized coconut coir ash (CCCA), and 75% sodium silicate (SS), was the most effective formulation compared to the other treated wood samples (Sample 1 and Sample 2) and the untreated wood sample (Sample 4). The formulated fire-retardant coating demonstrated promising results as an effective solution, reducing waste and dependence on harmful chemicals. Its potential applications extended to textiles and construction, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. Further research was recommended to explore controlled application methods and to broaden the understanding of this eco-friendly hybrid fire retardant coating, promoting wider adoption and contributing to both environmental sustainability and economic viability.
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Han, Ziwei, Peiyao Chen, Meifang Hou, Qianqian Li, Guijin Su, Jing Meng, Bin Shi e Jie Deng. "Modification of Freezing Point for Hydrogel Extinguishant and Its Effect on Comprehensive Properties in Simulated Forest Fire Rescue". Sustainability 14, n.º 2 (11 de janeiro de 2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020752.
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Hydrogels, as an emerging extinguishant, exhibit outstanding performance in forest fire rescues. However, the near-zero freezing point limits their application at low temperatures. Herein, a sensible candidate commercial extinguishant was selected for analysis, and its freezing point was modified based on the evaluation of water absorption rate, agglomeration, viscosity, and water dispersibility. Notably, the introduction of different antifreeze and flame retardant exhibited a significant disparate impact on the viscosity representative factor. Ten orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the specific formulation. When ethylene glycol, urea and ammonium bicarbonate, and xanthan gum were applied as antifreeze, flame retardant, and thickener, with the addition amounts of 5 mL, 0.08 g and 0.04 g, and 0.12 g, respectively, the hydrogel extinguishant with 1% ratio in 50 mL of ultra-water featured the remarkable performance. Compared with the original extinguishant, the freezing point of the modified sample decreased from −0.3 to −9.2 °C. The sample’s viscosity was improved from 541 to 1938 cP, and the flame retardance time was more than 120 s. The results of corrosion and biotoxicity show that the optimized hydrogel extinguishant satisfies the national standards. This understanding provides a deeper insight into the application of low-temperature extinguishants in forest fires.
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Alves, Lívia R. P. Silva Tenório, Márcio Davi Tenório C. Alves, Luzia M. Castro Honorio, Alan I. Moraes, Edson C. Silva-Filho, Ramón Peña-Garcia, Marcelo B. Furtini, Durcilene A. da Silva e Josy A. Osajima. "Polyurethane/Vermiculite Foam Composite as Sustainable Material for Vertical Flame Retardant". Polymers 14, n.º 18 (9 de setembro de 2022): 3777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183777.
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Rigid polyurethane foams were prepared by the one-step expandable foam method using casting molding followed by forming clay-based composites. Polyurethane/vermiculite foam composites (PU/VMT) were controlled based on adding the percentage of clay in the formulation. The effects of composite modifications were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) applied to the flame retardancy explored by the vertical burn test. The results indicated that adding clay controlled the particle size concerning polyurethane (PU) foams. However, they exhibited spherical structures with closed cells with relatively uniform distribution. XRD analysis showed the peaks defined at 2θ = 18° and 2θ = 73° relative to the crystallinity in formation and interaction of rigid segments were identified, as well as the influence of crystallinity reduction in composites. In the flame test, the flame retardant surface was successful in all composites, given the success of the dispersibility and planar orientation of the clay layers and the existence of an ideal content of vermiculite (VMT) incorporated in the foam matrix.
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Kovács, Zsófia, Ákos Pomázi e Andrea Toldy. "Development of Multifunctional Flame-Retardant Gel Coatings for Automotive Applications". Coatings 13, n.º 2 (2 de fevereiro de 2023): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020345.
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Due to strict safety regulations, the automotive industry requires an effective reduction of flammability in polymer components. Flame retardants are usually added to the polymer matrix, affecting the viscosity of the matrix. Another possible solution is the application of coatings containing flame retardants, which can additionally ensure good surface quality and protection against external influences. In our research, the flammability of reference and flame retarded gelcoat base materials was investigated using oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and mass loss type cone calorimetry (MLC) tests. Based on the flammability tests, the best results were obtained with the gelcoat formulation containing 15%P ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and the mixed formulation containing 5%P APP and 5%P resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), with a 55% and 64% reduction in the total heat release compared to the reference gelcoat, respectively. The two best-performing coatings were applied to polypropylene (PP) samples. 15%P APP reduced the peak heat release rate of PP by 89% compared to the reference. The gelcoat formulation containing 15%P APP was applied to polyurethane (PUR) automotive components, where the coating reduced the maximum heat release rate by 53% and shifted the time to peak heat release rate by 447 s.
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Wu, Jingxing, Jianhua Bi, Baoluo Xu, Lisha Fu e Wanjun Hao. "Enhanced Flame Retardancy of Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion Based Damping Composites Based on an APP/EG Flame-Retardant System". Materials 16, n.º 11 (23 de maio de 2023): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16113894.
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Developing flame-retarded styrene-acrylic emulsion (SAE) based damping composites is a challenging task because of their very high flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In this study, the surface modification of APP was modified by commercial titanate coupling agent ndz-201 through ball milling, and the SAE-based composite material was prepared with SAE and different ratios of modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and EG. The surface of MAPP was successfully chemically modified by NDZ-201 through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), and contact angle. The effects of different ratios of MAPP and EG on the dynamic and static mechanical properties and flame retardancy of composite materials were explored. The results showed that when MAPP:EG = 1:4, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composite material was 52.5%, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) was at the V0 level. Its LOI increased by 141.9% compared to the composite materials without flame retardant. The optimized formulation of MAPP and EG in SAE-based damping composite materials showed a significant synergistic effect on the flame retardancy of the composite material.
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Vahabi, Henri, Loïc Dumazert, Reza Khalili, Mohammad Reza Saeb e José-Marie Lopez Cuesta. "Flame retardant PP/PA6 blends: A recipe for recycled wastes". Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Materials 2, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flret-2019-0001.
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AbstractDisposal of plastics in the form of discarded scrap or waste is an environmental nightmare to the developed and under-developing countries. In this sense, modern technologies are every day growing; meanwhile recycling wastes are taking credit for higher performance to pave the way towards a cleaner planet. Recycling of polymer blends is associated with serious complexities in finding appropriate additives acting in each phase or at the interface of non-miscible polymers to attain materials with higher properties. A flame retardant system was designed and intended to play the role of typical recycled flame retardant polypropylene/polyamide (PP/PA6) blends by incorporation of two kinds of talc, sepiolite, and a phosphorus-based flame retardant. First, two types of talcs having different physical properties were added to PA6 in combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) or melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) to find the one acting as a barrier during combustion. Then, high-aspect-ratio talc that appeared more effective in the first-stage survey was then used in combination with MC, MPP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) together with a compatibilizer for PP/PA6 blend. Then, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microcalorimeter of combustion (PCFC) and cone calorimeter measurements were performed to study thermal degradation and flammability behavior. The results are indicative of successful formulation of flame retardant system containing the aforementioned precursors to be intended to the recycled PP/PA6 blends.
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Shih, Yeng Fong, Wan Ling Tsai e Venkata Krishna Kotharangannagari. "Development of Eco-Friendly Flame-Retarded High Density Polyethylene Composites". Key Engineering Materials 847 (junho de 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.847.55.
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The use of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expanded graphite (EG) as a flame retardant for polymer generally requires a relatively high amount of addition to achieve a flame-retardant effect, and is liable to cause a decrease in strength of the material. Therefore, in this study waste diatomite was used as an eco-friendly flame-retardant for high density polyethylene (HDPE) to reduce the amount of APP and EG and can reach the flame-retardant level. Moreover, the waste diatomite was heat treatment and surface modified by silane coupling agent to improve its compatibility with HDPE. The results show that the tensile strength of the HDPE drops sharply after the addition of the APP and EG. However, replace some of the APP and EG by the modified diatomite can slow down the decline and maintain the basic physical properties of the material. The impact strength of HDPE was also decreased by the addition of APP, EG and untreated diatomite. However, the impact strength of HDPE was increased after adding the surface modified diatomite. It can be seen from the experimental results that the addition of the waste diatomite modified by the silane coupling agent can reduce the usage of the flame retardant such as APP and EG, and increase the strength by increasing the compatibility between the plastic and the inorganic material. Moreover, this eco-friendly formulation can reach the UL-94 HB level, and it can be applied to interior decoration or as building materials in the future. Thus, it can not only recycle the wastes, but also reduce the threat caused by fire.
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Bellayer, S., M. Jimenez, S. Barrau e S. Bourbigot. "Fire retardant sol–gel coatings for flexible polyurethane foams". RSC Advances 6, n.º 34 (2016): 28543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02094a.
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Untreated flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstered products are prone to rapid fire growth. Sol–gel process was evaluated to flame retard it. A successful intumescent formulation gave 60% reduction of the peak of heat release rate.
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Chen, Sin-Nan, Ching Lin, Hao-Lun Hsu, Xin-Han Chen, Yu-Chang Huang, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho e Yu-Jun Lin. "Inorganic Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Hydrate". Materials 15, n.º 15 (2 de agosto de 2022): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155317.
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A magnesium potassium phosphate hydrate-based flame-retardant coating (MKPC) is formulated by dead-burnt magnesium oxide (magnesia) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), behaving as a matrix. Constituents of the MKPC include wollastonite, vermiculite, aluminum fluoride, aluminum trihydroxide, and calcium carbonate. Some of the ingredients inter-react to produce mullite whiskers at high temperatures, despite an acid-base hydration induced reaction between magnesia and KH2PO4. The MKPC’s thermal, corrosion-resistant, mechanical, and flame-resistant properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical corrosion testing, compression testing, thermogravimetric analysis, and freeze/thaw tests. The results show that with the molar ratio = 4 of magnesia to KH2PO4, MKPC demonstrates lower thermal conductivity (0.19 W/m K), along with better corrosion resistance, stronger compressive strength (10.5 MPa), and higher bonding strength (6.62 kgf/cm2) to the steel substrate. Furthermore, acceptable additives to the formulation could enhance its flame-retardancy and increase its mechanical strength as well. Mullite whisker formed from the interaction of wollastonite, aluminum trihydroxide, and aluminum fluoride acts as an outer ceramic shield that enhances mechanical strength and compactness. In addition, Mg-containing minerals with calcium carbonate treated at high temperatures, transform into magnesium calcium carbonate after releasing CO2. At the optimum composition of MKPC (magnesia/KH2PO4 molar ratio = 4; wollastonite:vermiculite = 20:10 wt.%; aluminum trihydroxide = 10 wt.%; and calcium carbonate = 5 wt.%), coated on a steel substrate, the flame-resistance limit results exhibit below 200 °C on the back surface of the steel substrate after one hour of flaming (ca. 1000 °C) on the other surface, and the flame-resistance rating results demonstrate only 420 °C on the back surface of the steel substrate after three hours of flaming (>1000 °C) on the other surface. Both requirements for the flame-resistance limit and three-hour flame-resistance rating are met with the optimum compositions, indicating that MKPC plays an effective role in establishing flame-retardancy.
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Liszkowska, Joanna, Krzysztof Moraczewski, Marcin Borowicz, Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska, Bogusław Czupryński e Marek Isbrandt. "The Effect of Accelerated Aging Conditions on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foams Modified by Cinnamon Extract". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 13 (29 de junho de 2019): 2663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132663.
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Two series of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (RPU/PIR) modified by cinnamon extract (series C_0t and CU_0t) were obtained. One RPU/PIR series contained a commercial flame retardant (C_0t) in the formulation. The other was produced without its participation (CU_0t). The basic properties of obtained foams, e.g., apparent density, brittleness, water absorption, compressive strength, flammability were examined. Afterwards, both series of foams (C_0t and CU_0t) were subjected to degradation in the climatic chamber, acting on samples of foams a defined temperature, humidity and UV radiation for a seven days. In this way, two successive series of RPU/PIR foams were obtained, which were designated, respectively, C_1t and CU_1t, Chosen properties of degraded foams such as: compressive strength, cellular structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and changes of chemical structure by FTIR spectroscopy were determined. Compressive strength and the aging resistance was also determined (against the coefficient of compressive strength variation (CV). The possible replacement of a commercial flame retardant in polyurethane formulations by the antioxidant raw material (cinnamon extract) was evaluated.
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Marques, Ana C., Helena Dias, Sandro Matos, Bruno Sargaço, Ricardo Simoes, Aster De Schrijver e João C. Bordado. "Polyurethane one-component foam formulation optimization for low free isocianate monomer content". Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, n.º 2 (28 de julho de 2016): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16639230.
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Recent changes in legislation have forced one-component foam producers to drop the amount of free monomeric isocyanate in their polyurethane systems. Also, it is required that commercial polyurethane aerosol cans exhibit at least one year of shelf life and polyurethane foams must be classified as B2 on the fire testing following DIN 4102. This paper reports on a systematic optimization study of polyurethane formulations dedicated to address these current industry requirements. A one-component foam system exhibiting simultaneously all of these parameters was achieved by reacting conventional diols, a relatively low-molecular weight monol (2-ethylhexanol), a flame retardant high-molecular weight monol (tris(bromoneopentyl)alcohol), a methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-based prepolymer (GreenAdduct 13), and a small amount of 2,4′-toluene diisocyanate. The use of monols allows producing prepolymers with low free methylene diphenyl diisocyanate by preventing chain extension and, therefore, avoiding extreme viscosity build-up. Toluene diisocyanate also promotes a lower viscosity inside the aerosol can, which enables the use of high enough quantities of high-molecular weight flame retardant monol to achieve a B2 fire test classification.
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Barbalini, Marco, Luca Bertolla, Jaromír Toušek e Giulio Malucelli. "Hybrid Silica-Phytic Acid Coatings: Effect on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Cotton". Polymers 11, n.º 10 (12 de outubro de 2019): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101664.
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New hybrid sol–gel coatings based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and phytic acid (PA) were designed and applied to cotton; the flame-retardant properties of the treated fabrics were thoroughly investigated by means of flame-spread and forced-combustion tests. The first goal was to identify the TEOS:PA weight ratio that allowed the achievement of the best flame-retardant properties, with the lowest final dry add-on on the fabrics. Therefore, different TEOS:PA sols were prepared and applied to cotton, and the resulting coated fabrics were thoroughly investigated. In particular, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was exploited for assessing the condensation degree during the sol–gel process, even for evaluating the occurrence of possible reactions between phytic acid and the cellulosic substrate or the alkoxy precursor. It was found that a total dry add-on of 16 wt % together with 70:30 TEOS:PA weight ratio provided cotton with self-extinction, as clearly indicated by flame-spread tests. This formulation was further investigated in forced-combustion tests: a significant reduction of heat release rate (HRR), of the peak of HRR, and of total heat release (THR) was found, together with a remarkable increase of the residues after the test. Unfortunately, the treated fabrics were not resistant to washing cycles, as they significantly lost their flame-retardant properties, consequently to the partial removal of the deposited hybrid coatings.
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Marti, Julio, Jimena de la Vega, De-Yi Wang e Eugenio Oñate. "Numerical Simulation of Flame Retardant Polymers Using a Combined Eulerian–Lagrangian Finite Element Formulation". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 13 (26 de junho de 2021): 5952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135952.
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Many polymer-made objects show a trend of melting and dripping in fire, a behavior that may be modified by adding flame retardants (FRs). These affect materials properties, e.g., heat absorption and viscosity. In this paper, the effect of a flame retardant on the fire behavior of polymers in the UL 94 scenario is studied. This goal is achieved essentially by applying a new computational strategy that combines the particle finite element method for the polymer with an Eulerian formulation for air. The sample selected is a polypropylene (PP) with magnesium hydroxide at 30 wt.%. For modelling, values of density, conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, and Arrhenius coefficients are obtained from different literature sources, and experimental characterization is performed. However, to alleviate the missing viscosity at a high temperature, three viscosity curves are introduced on the basis of the viscosity curve provided by NIST and the images of the test. In the experiment, we burn the specimen under the UL 94 condition, recording the process and measuring the temperature evolution by means of three thermocouples. The UL 94 test is solved, validating the methodology and quantifying the effect of FR on the dripping behavior. The numerical results prove that well-adjusted viscosity is crucial to achieving good agreement between the experimental and numerical results in terms of the shape of the polymer and the temperature evolution inside the polymer.
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Li, Jing, Jianhua Gong, Jun Shen, Kege Yang, Longhua Tan, Haoyuan Li e Jinlong Zhao. "Development and Characterization of Thermal Protection Gels for Steel Pipelines Transporting Combustible Materials". Fire 7, n.º 11 (26 de outubro de 2024): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7110382.
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Due to low costs, pipelines are commonly used for transporting hazardous substances such as combustible liquids and gasses. Currently, chemical industrial parks and gas production stations have dense pipeline networks. In the case of a pipeline leakage and subsequent fire accident, the adjacent pipelines could be directly impinged by the flame or engulfed in hot smoke, with the potential to result in a chain of accidents and catastrophic consequences. It is thus of practical importance to develop an efficient thermal protection material for pipelines. In this study, a new type of bio-based gel material was prepared for pipeline thermal protection, using guar gum (GG) as the gelling agent, sodium tetraborate (B) as the crosslinking agent and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as the fire retardant. Firstly, orthogonal experiments were conducted to examine the gelling time of the gel and determine the optimal formulations that meet the protection requirements. Subsequently, water retention, thermal stability and the microstructure of these formulations were analyzed. Finally, the thermal protection performance of the gel formulations was evaluated under the direct impingement of flames or high-temperature smoke. The results indicated that the best performance was achieved by the formulation with GG, B and MgCl2 mass fractions of 2.5, 0.6 and 0.5 wt%, respectively. This formulation also exhibited the best water retention capacity and thermal stability. In the pipeline thermal protection experiments, this formulation achieved effective protection times of 216 s (for a 90 mm diameter) and 312 s (for a 120 mm diameter) for the lower part of the pipeline under direct flame impingement. Under high-temperature smoke impingement, this formulation also showed excellent performance. These research and findings can provide an important foundation for the further development of thermal protection materials for pipelines under fire conditions.
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Pahlawan, Iwan Fajar, e Gresy Griyanitasari. "Physico-mechanical properties of cattle hide leather for working gloves with flame retardant addition". Livestock and Animal Research 18, n.º 2 (17 de julho de 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/lar.v18i2.42937.
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<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>Indonesian<strong> </strong>metal casting industry<strong> </strong>is a labor-oriented industry which involves thermal application in the workplace. Thus, it is essential to protect the workers for any risks during their activity. Leather gloves, as personal protective equipment, need to be manufactured that can prevent the workers from burn injured.<strong> </strong>The study aimed to analyze the effect of flame retardant addition on finished leather’s physical and mechanical properties for a specific article, i.e. working gloves.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The research used pickled cattle hides and commercial flame retardant as main materials. The leather chemicals used in the process are those which is commonly used to manufacture working gloves leather article. The treatments involved the addition of commercial flame retardant in fatliquoring (2%, 4%, 6% w/w) and finishing process (100 parts, 200 parts, 300 parts). The effect of flame retardant addition on shrinkage percentage, thickness, rub fastness, tensile strength, and elongation at break, were evaluated. Descriptive analysis is applied to describe the properties of the resulted finished leather.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The result shows that the addition of flame retardant in fatliquoring and finishing process indicates a variation in the leather’s physical-mechanical properties. The leather, manufactured with the addition of 4% (w/w) in fatliquoring, shrunk 7.65±1.42%, had tensile strength value at 520.48±13.79 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, good rub fastness at dry and wet basis (5 and 4/5), elongation value at 52.9±4.09%, and thickness 0.87±0.02 mm.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>it can be concluded that the use of 4% (w/w) flame retardant in fatliquoring is suggested to be the best formulation to produce working gloves leather.<strong></strong></p>
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Zhang, Huiping, Xiongxian LYU, Zijun Huang e Ying Yan. "Acoustic Performance and Flame Retardancy of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Diethyl Ethylphosphonate Rigid Polyurethane Foams". Polymers 14, n.º 3 (21 de janeiro de 2022): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030420.
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Flame-retardant water-blown rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) were synthesized by a one-pot free-rising method. We performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression strength tests, acoustic absorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as limited oxygen index, vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests to investigate the mechanical properties, acoustic performance and flame retardancy of the foams. SEM confirmed that the open-cell structures of the foams were successfully constructed with the introduction of a cell-opening agent. Upon using 20 php APP, the average acoustic absorption coefficient of the foam reached 0.535 in an acoustic frequency range of 1500–5000 Hz. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of APP and DEEP can effectively restrain mass loss of RPUFs during pyrolysis. In particular, the compressive strength of a foam composite containing 5 php APP and 15 php DEEP increased to 188.77 kPa and the LOI value reached 24.9%. In a vertical burning test and a cone calorimeter test, the joint use of APP and DEEP endowed RPUFs with a V-0 rating and they attained a THR value of 23.43 MJ/m2. Moreover, the addition of APP improved the acoustic absorption performance of the foam, verified by acoustic absorption measurements. Considering potential applications, the formulation containing 15 php APP and 5 php DEEP could be used in the preparation of a new flame-retardant acoustic absorption rigid polyurethane foam.
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Ribeiro, M. C. S., J. A. Rodrigues, António J. M. Ferreira e António Torres Marques. "Fire Behaviour Enhancement of Epoxy Polymer Mortars Modified with Flame Retardant Systems". Materials Science Forum 587-588 (junho de 2008): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.903.
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In the present study, fire reaction improvement of an epoxy polymer mortar (PM) formulation, induced by polymer modification with three different flame retardant (FR) systems, was analyzed and quantified. For this purpose, several epoxy PM formulations, modified with different contents and/or types of phosphate, metal hydroxide and brominated based FR systems, were manufactured and tested for both, fire reaction and flexural strength. The results were compared with those of plain epoxy PMs. Fire reaction of PM formulations was assessed by means of the Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter test, also known as Cone Calorimeter test. This test allows the determination of the main parameters that assess fire reaction behaviour of combustible materials: heat release rate, smoke extinction area, carbon dioxide and monoxide release rates, and ignitability. Test results revealed that all FR systems, in particular the phosphate based one, are effective in improving fire reaction performance of epoxy PMs. Moreover, this improvement is attained without significant losses of bearing carrying capacity of PM materials.