Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "First Congregational Church (Chatham, Mass.)"

The increase in the number of poor people during the current COVID-19 pandemic is a serious challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed almost all of the living arrangements of most people. This can be seen from the increasing economic crisis in people's lives which is increasingly concerning. One of the causes is quite significant, because many companies do mass layoffs of employees due to the economic crisis in the company. This also affects many people who lose the only job that supports their daily needs. Therefore, to reduce the level of poverty among the people and assist the government in dealing with these problems, the church can take on its role. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview or concept of the role of the church in alleviating the problem of poverty in the midst of the congregation. The research method used is library research with a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of this research, namely: First, the church needs to make training that can develop the abilities (skills) of each congregation. Second, the church needs to be an example in terms of work and in building awareness to help the poor. Third, the church needs to build healthy congregational spiritual growth.AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah masyarakat miskin di masa pandemi covid 19 saat ini, menjadi sebuah tantangan yang cukup serius. Pandemi covid-19 merubah hampir semua tatanan hidup dari sebagian besar masyarakat. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari meningkatnya krisis ekonomi dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang semakin memprihatinkan. Salah satu penyebab yang cukup signifikan, karena banyak perusahaan melakukan pemecatan secara massal kepada karyawan akibat terjadinya krisis ekonomi di perusahaan tersebut. Hal ini pun berimbas kepada banyaknya orang yang kehilangan satu-satunya pekerjaan yang menghidupi kebutuhan mereka sehari-hari. Oleh sebab itu, untuk mengurangi tingkat kemiskinan di kalangan masyarakat dan membantu pemerintah dalam menghadapi persoalan tersebut, gereja dapat mengambil perannya. Untuk itu, tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran atau konsep mengenai peran gereja dalam mengentaskan persoalan kemiskinan di tengah-tengah jemaat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian pustaka dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini, yakni: Pertama, gereja perlu membuat pelatihan yang dapat mengembangkan kemampuan setiap Jemaat. Kedua, gereja perlu menjadi teladan dalam hal bekerja dan dalam membangun kesadaran untuk menolong kaum miskin. Ketiga, gereja perlu membangun pertumbuhan spiritualitas jemaat yang sehat.

In 1593, Simon Lyra (1547-1601) was appointed cantor of the St. Elisabeth Church and Gymnasium in Breslau/Wrocław. In the same year, he drew up a list of prints and manuscripts that he considered appropriate for teaching and for use in Lutheran worship. In addition to this list, there are six music manuscripts dating from the 1580s and 1590s that either belonged to him or were collected under his direction. Taken together, Lyra’s repertoire list and the additional manuscripts contain well over a thousand items, including masses, motets, responsories, psalms, passions, vespers settings, and devotional songs. The music in the collections contain all of the items necessary for use in the liturgies performed in the St. Elisabeth Church and Gymnasium in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. This list provides valuable clues into the musical life of a well-established Lutheran church and school at the end of the sixteenth century.
 When studying collections of prints and manuscripts, I believe it is helpful to make a distinction between two types of use. Printed music represents possibilities. In other words, they are collections from which a cantor could make choices. In Lyra’s case, we can view his recommendations as general examples of what he considered liturgically and aesthetically appropriate for his time and position. On the other hand, manuscripts represent choices. The musical works in the six Bohn manuscripts associated with Lyra are the result of specific decisions to copy and place them in particular collections in a particular order. Therefore, they can provide clues as to what works were performed on which occasions. In other words, manuscripts provide a truer picture of a musical culture in a particular location.
 According to my analysis of Lyra’s recommendations, by the time he arrived at St. Elisabeth the liturgies, especially the mass, still followed Luther's Latin "Formula Missae" adopted in the 1520s. The music for the services consisted of Latin masses and motets by the most highly regarded, international composers of the first half of the sixteenth century. During his time as Signator and cantor, he updated the church and school choir repertory with music of his contemporaries, primarily composers from Central Europe. Three of these composers, Gregor Lange, Johann Knoefel, and Jacob Handl, may have been his friends and/or colleagues. In addition, some of the manuscripts collected under his direction provide evidence that the Breslau liturgies were beginning to change in the direction of the seventeenth-century Lutheran service in which the "Latin choir" gave way to more German-texted sacred music and greater congregational participation.

Mass in the Catholic Church consists of the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist. The Communion Antiphon is a song that is sung while receiving Communion, the most important moment in the Eucharistic liturgy. The proper text of the Communion Antiphon reminds us of the key words of the Liturgy of the Word that day. However, at present, the proper text of the Communion Antiphon remains as a sentence, and instead, the Communion song for common times is sung. The limited classification of hymnals and the standardized selection of songs made songs with proper texts hidden. The purpose of this study is to actively help believers sing joyfully, reflecting on the message of the Word of the day by selecting a chant suitable for the proper text of the Communion Antiphon in the liturgy of the Mass. The scope of the study is the proper text of the Communion Antiphon during Lent. The research method is to analyze and utilize the sources of the 11 Communion Antiphons of the Gregorian chant in the 『Graduale Triplex』 and select appropriate songs from the 『Catholic Chant』. Among 『Catholic chant』, 8 songs that matched the proper text were selected. In addition, 15 related songs were selected, such as the lyrics of the proper text, the same liturgical meaning, and the words of the psalms in the Communion. The sources of the Communion Antiphons during Lent are 9 Gospels and 2 Psalms. Looking at the source of the word until the time of resurrection, 1 first reading and 2 second readings are included. The organic relationship between the various sources of the proper text and the liturgical text gave elasticity to the scope of application. One of the four new proper text was changed from the psalms to the gospel, and three songs were changed within the gospel, all of which developed into more specific and active gospel messages. As a result of the research, there were far more songs suitable for the proper text than expected. The richness of the Catholic Hymnal, which was made with the devotion of many people over a long period of time, was revealed. In order to further reveal the true value of Catholic hymnal, it is necessary to supplement the classification of hymnal and the information on the sources of words in more detail. In addition, if we refrain from a uniform selection of songs and select songs based on liturgical texts, the light of the Word and the joy of praise will be doubled. This is because the essence of liturgical chant lies in the Words and prayers. Therefore, the meticulous use of Catholic hymnal is a way to faithfully follow both the spirit of the <Gregorian Chant>, which is entirely centered on the Word, and the <Liturgical Charter>, which focuses on congregational praise. As a follow-up work, I plan to select songs that make use of the proper text of the Communion Antiphons of all liturgical seasons. It is hoped that this study will awaken the importance of the proper text and selection of the Communion Antiphon, and that the proper texts of the Communion Antiphon, which are not found in the Catholic hymnal, will be born as an easy and gracious chant for the congregation.