Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "First Canadian Contingent"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Consulte a lista de atuais artigos, livros, teses, anais de congressos e outras fontes científicas relevantes para o tema "First Canadian Contingent".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "First Canadian Contingent"
1
Aladejebi, Funké, Kristi A. Allain, Rhonda C. George e Ornella Nzindukiyimana. "“We The North”? Race, Nation, and the Multicultural Politics of Toronto’s First NBA Championship". Journal of Canadian Studies 56, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2020-0055.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The Toronto Raptors’ 2019 National Basketball Association (NBA) championship win, a first for the franchise and for a Canadian team, “turned hockey country into basketball nation” ( CBC Radio 2020 ). Canadians’ burgeoning embrace of the team and the sport seemed to point to a growing celebration of Blackness within the nation. However, we problematize the 2019 championship win to tell a more expansive story about how sport and national myths conceal truths about race and belonging in Canada. We explore two particular cases—the “We The North” campaign and the media coverage of Raptors superfan Nav Bhatia—to highlight the contradictory ways that the Raptors coverage mobilized symbols of the North and multiculturalism to present the team as quintessentially Canadian and rebrand basketball for Canadian audiences. We further explore how these stark contradictions manifest in the racialized policing of basketball courts in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). These cases demonstrate that the celebrations of the Raptors and basketball not only continued to police racialized bodies but also ensured that their inclusion was contingent on the maintenance of the status quo.
2
Leithner, Christian. "Economic Conditions and the Vote: A Contingent Rather Than Categorical Influence". British Journal of Political Science 23, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 339–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006645.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This article analyses the influence of economic conditions upon the behaviour of voters in elections to Australian, Canadian and New Zealand legislatures between the First and Second World Wars. It shows that this influence need be neither uniform nor unconditional: rather, it is contingent upon both political and economic phenomena. The existence of the relationship as well as its form and strength differ systematically in different settings. It varies according to the stratum of the electorate, the point in time and the type of party analysed.
3
Clarke, Nic. "‘You will not be going to this war’: the rejected volunteers of the First Contingent of the Canadian Expeditionary Force". First World War Studies 1, n.º 2 (outubro de 2010): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2010.517436.
Texto completo da fonte
4
Angus, Siobhan, e Warren Cariou. "Tar Remedies". Environmental Humanities 16, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2024): 478–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-11150099.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract This two-part essay turns to the landscapes of bitumen mining in the Athabasca tar sands in western Canada. Despite the environmental costs of the tar sands mining process, the Canadian state remains invested in oil extraction in the tar sands. Starting from the premise that the extraction and burning of this bitumen was and is not inevitable, this dialogue locates hazardous hope in the landscapes of the Athabasca region. To do so, the first section is an analysis of Warren Cariou’s photographic practice, situating his work within themes of toxicity and hope. Written by an art historian, it argues that we can read the petrographs through a mode of critical spectatorship that generates questions about how extraction makes our world and how these processes are historically contingent choices based in what society has chosen to value. The second part is a short reflection by Warren Cariou on his practice and how he theorizes hope in the context of pollution.
5
Mau, Tim A. "“Representative bureaucracy as a leadership issue: the Canadian case”". International Journal of Public Leadership 16, n.º 4 (8 de setembro de 2020): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-06-2020-0060.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
PurposeThe public administration literature on representative bureaucracy identifies several advantages from having a diverse public service workforce, but it has not explicitly focused on leadership. For its part, the public sector leadership literature has largely ignored the issue of gender. The purpose of this paper is to rectify these limitations by advancing the argument that having a representative bureaucracy is fundamentally a leadership issue. Moreover, it assesses the extent to which representativeness has been achieved in the Canadian federal public service.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with a discussion of the importance of a representative bureaucracy for democratic governance. In the next section, the case is made that representativeness is fundamentally intertwined with the concept of administrative leadership. Then, the article provides an interpretive case study analysis of the federal public service in Canada, which is the global leader in terms of women's representation in public service leadership positions.FindingsThe initial breakthrough for gender representation in the Canadian federal public service was 1995. From that point onward, the proportion of women in the core public administration exceeded workforce availability. However, women continued to be modestly under-represented among the senior leadership cadre throughout the early 2000s. The watershed moment for gender representation in the federal public service was 2011 when the number of women in the executive group exceeded workforce availability for the first time. Significant progress toward greater representativeness in the other target groups has also been made but ongoing vigilance is required.Research limitations/implicationsThe study only determines the passive representation of women in the Public Service of Canada and is not able to comment on the extent to which women are substantively represented in federal policy outcomes.Originality/valueThe paper traces the Canadian federal government's progress toward achieving gender representation over time, while commenting on the extent to which the public service reflects broader diversity. In doing so, it explicitly links representation to leadership, which the existing literature fails to do, by arguing that effective administrative leadership is contingent upon having a diverse public service. Moreover, it highlights the importance of gender for public sector leadership, which hitherto has been neglected.
6
Major, Aaron, e Josh McCabe. "The Adversarial Politics of Fiscal Federalism: Tax Policy and the Conservative Ascendancy in Canada, 1988–2008". Social Science History 38, n.º 3-4 (2014): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.28.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
When and how do tax regimes become sites of social protest and support broader movements of social policy reform? This question has drawn increasing interest from political sociologists and political scientists who have looked at the ways in which tax regimes create political cleavages that create the foundations for major shifts in state policy making or become the focal points of collective identity formation, leading to “tax protests.” In this paper we seek to contribute to this line of inquiry through an examination of the politics of Canadian tax policy from 1988 through 2008. What makes this case so compelling is that during these years the debates over tax policy raged over, first, the implementation and, later, the reduction of a federal value-added tax (VAT). However, rather than fueling a broad-based tax protest, debates over the VAT heightened interprovincial political cleavages that allowed the Conservatives to tie the question of the VAT to a broader economic program of typically “neoliberal” reforms: improving private-sector competitiveness and shrinking the size of the state. Drawing on a statistical analysis of the Canadian Election Study and an historical analysis of the conflict over taxation, we show how the federal structure of the Canadian state, and its policies of revenue equalization across the provinces, created an interprovincial adversarial politics that made sales tax reduction a key issue for Canadian voters. Our findings show how recognizing the historically contingent and institutionally specific context of struggles over tax policy helps to explain cross-national variation in the politics of taxation.
7
Dawson, Stephanie E., e Garth Davies. "Gender differences in understanding police perspectives on crowd disorder". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, n.º 2 (15 de maio de 2017): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0080.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and dynamics of crowd disorder from the perspective of the police in a Canadian context, as well as to extend this perspective to include the opinions of female police officers. Design/methodology/approach A total of 460 Vancouver police officers participated in this study. Following the 2011 Stanley Cup riot, police officers received mail-based questionnaires focussed on gathering information concerning police perceptions of the crowd and the police response in riot situations. A total of 15 response items were analysed using descriptive approaches and confirmatory factor analyses. Findings The study findings revealed that, in addition to being multidimensional, the police perspective of crowd disorder may be contingent upon certain officer characteristics. Although, the police perspective can generally be categorized by four overarching constructs: dichotomous crowd, homogeneous threat, strict policing and tactical response; it becomes more complex once the officers’ gender is taken into consideration. The results suggest that the male and female police officers may have some differing views about the nature of crowds and the type of police response required to manage disorderly crowd situations. Originality/value In addition to being the first study to analyse police perceptions of crowd disorder in a Canadian context, this research is the first to include the points of view of female officers.
8
Puppe, Ian. "“With All The Ghosts that Haunt the Park...”: Haunted Recreation in Brent (Ontario)". Ethnologia Actualis 21, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2021): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eas-2021-0022.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract When I first visited Brent, the defunct logging village, now campgrounds in the northern reaches of Algonquin Provincial Park I went searching for ghost stories. Often described as a “ghost town,” Brent has been occupied since the earliest days of logging in the Ottawa River/Kiji Sibi Valley and holds an important place in the oral history of the Park. The village was a place where many died after violent accidents during the timber rush of the eighteen-hundreds, where Algonquin Anishinaabe Peoples had camped and likely held a village of their own prior to colonization. Brent was once a bustling community, the former site of the Kish-Kaduk Lodge and an important railway stopover during the First World War. Further, Brent was home to the last year round resident of the Park. Mr. Adam Pitts, known to many local cottagers as the “Mayor” passed away in his home in 1998 one year after the railroad tracks were removed by the Canadian National Railway Company and the electricity was shut off. Now his cottage is a ruin some claim to be haunted by the Mayor’s restless ghost. And there are other ghost stories I heard in Brent that haunt the edges of the colonial imagination, stalking unwary travellers as they meander through what they sometimes assume to be “pristine wilderness.” Common patterns of self-apprehension and identity formation associated with tourism and heritage management in Algonquin Park are imbued with nationalist value through a prismatic complex of cultural appropriation, the denial of complicity in colonial violence, and the contingent obfuscation of Indigenous presence and persistence in the area, a process I call haunted recreation. Countering this complex is critical for working past the historical and intergenerational trauma associated with Canadian settler-colonialism and the contemporary inequities of Canadian society.
9
Lam, Laura, e Anna Triandafyllidou. "An unlikely stepping stone? Exploring how platform work shapes newcomer migrant integration". Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration 5, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00029_1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The rise of digital labour platform work has drawn researchers to study how migrants are impacted by greater technology dependence in the workforce, and whether platform work might accelerate migrants’ entry into precarious, low-income, contingent work. Emerging data in Canada indicate that that the proportion of gig workers is considerably higher amongst immigrants, especially recent immigrants compared to Canadian-born populations; yet, the demographics and typologies of migrants that choose to undertake platform work have been understudied. This study looks at platform work as part of the wider process of labour market integration of newly arrived migrants in Canada. Acknowledging that labour market integration is a non-linear process that involves several stop-and-go phases, we look at platform work as part of this process and question whether it is a ‘stepping-stone’ or a trap into volatile, precarious work. The study is qualitative and exploratory, based on 24 semi-structured interviews with recent migrants in Canada who have engaged in platform work. Our findings suggest that platform work can serve as a useful first step to gain footing in a new country, as platforms have low barriers of entry, require little social or material capital, and offer flexible forms of employment that can be combined either with studying or looking for another position or with working in a different full-time job. It gives migrants a subjective feeling of control over their lives and security albeit when we delve deeper, they also realize it can be a dead end. The article concludes with some critical reflections on how platform work in the greater gig economy can shape migrant integration in the host country labour market.
10
CARMODY, DANA. "THE T. EATON COMPANY LIMITED: A CASE ANALYSIS". Journal of Enterprising Culture 10, n.º 03 (setembro de 2002): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495802000104.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The T Eaton company, considered the world's first department store, was named after its founder Timothy Eaton. In 1869, it as a small dry goods business in Toronto. By 1907, at the death of its founder, it was a giant retail store, with a branch in Winnipeg, alongside a country-wide mail-order business. Innovative practices established during his time included sales for cash only and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Eaton's successors extended the Eaton empire across Canada, continuing the tradition of quality goods, prices, customer service and also fair labour practices. It became a Canadian institution. Eaton's filed for protection from its creditors in February 1997 and once again in August 1999 (see Appendix 1 for a chronology of events) under the federal Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and the Ontario Business Corporations Act (Closings). The restructuring that followed the first bankruptcy was only partially successful. However, it had a significantly positive impact on Eaton's operations, and seemed to turn things around. Were it not for bad economic news and misfortune in mid-to-late 1998 (CNW 3 and CNW 5), the plan might have worked. Store-closings, employee terminations, and a huge liquidation sale followed the second bankruptcy declared in August 1999, as did the suspension of the trading of Eaton's stock (Chron). Sears Canada Inc. agreed to purchase 16 of the Eaton's stores in September 1999 (Sears 1; Material 1). These will open by the fall of 2000 (Material 2; Sears 1). A compromise was made with Eaton's creditors (including the employees) to give them approximately $0.50 on the dollar (Olijnyk 1). A compromise was also arrived at with Eaton's shareholders whereby the latter would be given participation units in exchange for their common shares (on a one-for-one trade) (Amended; Trachuk). These participation units are to be used in a contingent and conditional settlement based upon the possible utilization of tax credits by Sears acquired as a result of Eaton's $390 million in losses since 1996 (Receivership; Amended; Trachuk). These settlement monies might or might not be realized by the former shareholders (Amended; Trachuk). Today, Eaton's is no more. In its place are many great memories by a former generation of Canadians who used to go to the Eaton's stores to buy big things that were always of high quality. "Agnes Lunn, who was visiting [Edmonton, Calgary,] from Dartmouth, N.S., said she will miss the chain because of its trustworthiness. "If you bought something from Eaton's, you knew it was worth having, you knew it would be quality," she said (Auction)." Perhaps having six of the Eaton's stores open up this fall with the Eaton's name on them will rekindle a loyalty in a new generation of Canadians?
Livros sobre o assunto "First Canadian Contingent"
1
Commission, Canadian Field Comforts. With the First Canadian contingent. Toronto: Published on behalf of the Canadian Field Comforts Commission [by] Hodder & Stoughton, 1994.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
2
With the First Canadian Contingent. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
3
With the First Canadian Contingent. Franklin Classics, 2018.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
4
With the First Canadian Contingent. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
5
With the First Canadian Contingent. Franklin Classics, 2018.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
6
The Canadian Army on Salisbury Plain: The First Canadian Contingent, October 1914-February 1915. Wellington: Halsgrove, 2012.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
7
LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEN SERVING IN THE FIRST CANADIAN CONTINGENT OF THE BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE, 1914. Naval & Military Press, 2006.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
8
List of Officers and Men Serving in the First Canadian Contingent of the British Expeditionary Force, 1914. Naval & Military Press, 2001.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
9
"G" Company, or, Every-day life of the R.C.R.: Being a descriptive account of typical events in the life of the First Canadian Contingent in South Africa. St. John, N.B: J. & A. McMillan, 1996.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
10
Richardson, Michael. Keeping the Old Flag Flying: The World War 1 Memoir of Kenneth Basil Foyster Canadian Soldier, Prisoner and Internee. BookPrintingUK.com, 2019.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "First Canadian Contingent"
1
Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos. "Good and Lucky". In Policy Success in Canada, 161–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897046.003.0009.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract Canadian immigration policy is widely considered successful in terms of policy endurance, process, programs, and politics. Canada’s focus on the recruitment of economic immigrants has been successful in a programmatic sense, while also maintaining the support of key stakeholders, enabling process success, and addressing political debates, enhancing political success. Favouring resettlement over asylum in refugee policy has addressed concerns over the abuse of the immigration system, while maintaining the support of stakeholders that benefit from the policy’s innovative private sponsorship provisions. Effective policy design is, however, only part of the story. Three contingent factors also stand behind Canada’s successful immigration policy. First, Canada’s isolated geography limits flows of asylum seekers and other unwanted immigrants. Second, the substantial power vested in the federal executive branch has enabled Canadian governments to respond to flows of unwanted migrants quickly. Third, the unplanned interaction of immigration settlement patterns, citizenship policy, and Canada’s electoral system has helped sustain a pro-immigration consensus among Canada’s major political parties. The importance of contingent factors in the success of Canadian immigration policy limits its portability. Even where policy design can be imitated, Canada’s reliance on strong executive-led actions to limit unwanted migration raises normative concerns that problematize our understanding of success in immigration policy.
2
Sarty, Roger. "The Canadian Garrison Artillery Goes to War, 1914–1918". In Manpower and the Armies of the British Empire in the Two World Wars, 56–71. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755835.003.0005.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter focuses on the garrison artillery branch of the Canadian Militia, which played a unique part in mobilization for the First World War. It cites the legislation that limited the Canadian Militia to home defense, a role in which the garrison artillery had a leading part for the protection of sea ports and which it fulfilled throughout the war. It also talks about the siege batteries of heavy howitzers for the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), the organization created in August 1914 to raise contingents for overseas service. The chapter describes officers on the rolls of the militia garrison artillery units that mobilized in 1914, which succeeded in leadership roles throughout the whole of the war. It mentions that garrison gunners benefited from an identity as an elite group of technicians especially suited for warfare in the industrial age.
3
Gottschalk, Petter. "IS/IT Outsourcing". In E-Business Strategy, Sourcing and Governance, 159–70. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-004-2.ch009.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Information technology outsourcing—the practice of transferring IT assets, leases, staff, and management responsibility for delivery of services from internal IT functions to third party vendors—has become an undeniable trend ever since Kodak’s 1989 landmark decision. In recent years, private and public sector organizations worldwide have outsourced significant portions of their IT functions, among them British Aerospace, British Petroleum, Canadian Post Office, Chase Manhattan Bank, Continental Airlines, Continental Bank, First City, General Dynamics, Inland Revenue, JP Morgan, Kodak, Lufthansa, McDonnell Douglas, South Australian Government, Swiss Bank, Xerox, and Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Hirsheim & Lacity, 2000). How should firms organize their enterprise-wide activities related to the acquisition, deployment, and management of information technology? During the 1980s, IT professionals devoted considerable attention to this issue, primarily debating the virtues of centralized, decentralized, and federal modes of governance. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, IT researchers anticipated and followed these debates, eventually reaching considerable consensus regarding the influence of different contingency factors on an enterprise’s choice of a particular governance mode (Sambamurthy & Zmud, 2000).
4
Bellaviti, Sean. "Introduction". In Música Típica, 1–17. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936464.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It was some time after I first met Panamanian vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Lucho de Sedas, in early 2005, that he began playing a custom designed Fender Stratocaster whenever he performed for audiences in Toronto. In contrast to the sleek B. C. Rich Gunslinger Assassin that had followed him from Panama, Lucho’s new electric guitar had emblazoned on its front the tricolored Panamanian flag. This new guitar would become a key part of his signature look, for it communicated his connection to and love of country. Indeed, for the highly diverse contingent of Hispanic Canadians that made up the audience for his music in his newly adopted land, the instrument was also the most striking if not principal reference to the musician’s nationality. This is because—as Lucho would remark to me on several occasions—Panamanian music is little known outside of Panama. This lack of familiarity with the music to which he had devoted his life was deeply felt by Lucho, who is not only a household name in his own country, but had risen to fame performing the most widely embraced form of popular music in Panama....
5
Meurer, Ulrich. "The Shards of Zadar". In Classics and Media Theory, 187–210. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846024.003.0008.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
By ‘unearthing’ artefacts from folded layers of time, media archaeology undermines linear historical discourse: in this regard, this chapter addresses an exemplary art-based project on the origins of cinema that takes the epistemological metaphor of ‘excavation’ at its word. In 2011, the Canadian artist Henry Jesionka discovers several ancient bronze and glass objects on a Croatian beach, dates the pieces to the first century CE, and identifies them as components of an intricate Graeco-Roman mechanism for the projection of moving images. This rewriting of media history not only illustrates how traits of materiality and contingency interfere with teleological history; it also reflects on industrial capitalism’s paradox claims of ‘reason’ and the ideological presuppositions of progress: Cornelius Castoriadis’s notion of a merely simulated Rationality of Capitalism (1997) suggests that traditional narratives of technological invention are invariably organized around a clandestine and insufficiently repressed nucleus of the unforeseen, unpredictable, and irrational. By admitting to a similar element of chance or lost control, Jesionka’s Ancient Cinema project and new founding myth of cinema comment on the logic of media archaeology as an expression of late capitalism’s waning belief in its own rationale.
6
Popadiuk, Natalee, e Nancy Arthur. "University-to-Work Transition for Emerging Adult International Students in Canada". In Young Adult Development at the School-to-Work Transition, 402–22. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190941512.003.0018.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter explores the contextual layers associated with emerging adult international students during their university-to-work transition. First, the authors examine the term, emerging adulthood, to consider the relevance for use with international students. Next, they discuss cultural identity development theories that can be applied to international students. Included is a look at how popular dualistic theories that position Western cultures as primarily individualistic and Eastern cultures as collectivist may be no longer relevant. Further, they explore theories that provide evidence that social identity is fluid and contingent on comparisons to both in-groups and out-groups. Thus, each time an international student finds themselves in a new context with different people, they need to renegotiate their identities and their sense of belonging. In this exploration, the authors also delve into how social capital theory—the benefit one derives from belonging to social groups, networks, or institutions—may be conceptualized with international students, and they show how social support and social capital are closely intertwined. In discussing the importance of personal ties, such as family and friends, they explore the nuances of local and home support. Regarding institutional support, they discuss the critical importance of university faculty and supervisors in becoming a new source of social capital and in creating new bridging relationships and social networks in the destination country. Through our examination of international students’ university-to-career transition, the authors broaden and deepen the current understanding by unpacking the contextual layers of emerging adulthood, identity development, social relationships, and social capital.
7
Shirley, Ian, Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian Pool e St John. "The Income of Families: Earnings and Transfers". In Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, 359–76. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290254.003.0023.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract The economic situation of families with children is largely contingent on five factors: the rate of employment; the level of wages; the number of earners in the family; and the size and the composition of the family, i.e., the number of children and whether the family is headed by one or two parents. Government income transfers can offset some of the consequences of the other four factors, but in the US such transfers have been modest. Except during the 1930s, the gross domestic product (GDP) rose steadily from the beginning of the twentieth century. Per capita real GDP increased by about two-thirds between World War II and 1974 but only by about one-fourth between 1974 and 1992. Families’ standard of living improved steadily between World War II and 1974 but later stagnated, with different consequences for different types of families. The rnid-1970s may be thought of as the post-World War II watershed in the economic situation of families. The slowdown in economic growth following the first world-wide oil shortage had significant consequences for family economic well-being. Family income inequality increased during the latter period, with shares in family income rising only for the highest quintile, declining for the three lowest, and remaining stable for the fourth (US Bureau of the Census, 1992). The economic situation of the poor also worsened during these years.