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1
Scott, David William. "Short- and long-term behavior of axially compressed slender doubly symmetric fiber-reinforced polymeric composite members". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19276.
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Zhang, Yuping, e mikewood@deakin edu au. "The Tensile behaviour of non-uniform fibres and fibrous composites". Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.143549.
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This work investigates the tensile behaviour of non-uniform fibres and fibrous composites. Wool fibres are used as an example of non-uniform fibres because they're physical, morphological and geometrical properties vary greatly not only between fibres but also within a fibre. The focus of this work is on the effect of both between-fibre and within-fibre diameter variations on fibre tensile behaviour. In addition, fit to the Weibull distribution by the non-brittle and non-uniform visco-elastic wool fibres is examined, and the Weibull model is developed further for non-uniform fibres with diameter variation along the fibre length. A novel model fibre composite is introduced to facilitate the investigation into the tensile behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites.
This work first confirms that for processed wool, its coefficient of variation in break force can be predicted from that of minimum fibre diameters, and the prediction is better for longer fibres. This implies that even for processed wool, fibre breakage is closely associated with the occurrence of thin sections along a fibre, and damage to fibres during processing is not the main cause of fibre breakage.
The effect of along-fibre diameter variation on fibre tensile behaviour of scoured wool and mohair is examined next. Only wet wool samples were examined in the past. The extensions of individual segments of single non-uniform fibres are measured at different strain levels. An important finding is the maximum extension (%) (Normally at the thinnest section) equals the average fibre extension (%) plus the diameter variation (CV %) among the fibre segments. This relationship has not been reported before. During a tensile test, it is only the average fibre extension that is measured.
The third part of this work is on the applicability of Weibull distribution to the strength of non-uniform visco-elastic wool fibres. Little work has been done for wool fibres in this area, even though the Weibull model has been widely applied to many brittle fibres. An improved Weibull model incorporating within-fibre diameter variations has been developed for non-uniform fibres. This model predicts the gauge length effect more accurately than the conventional Weibull model.
In studies of fibre-reinforced composites, ideal composite specimens are usually prepared and used in the experiments. Sample preparation has been a tedious process. A novel fibre reinforced composite is developed and used in this work to investigate the tensile behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites. The results obtained from the novel composite specimen are consistent with that obtained from the normal specimens.
3
Sridharan, Srinivasan. "Environmental durability of E-glass/vinylester composites in hot-moist conditions". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10144.
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4
Alvarez-Valencia, Daniel. "Structural Performance of Wood Plastic Composite Sheet Piling". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AlvarezValenciaD2009.pdf.
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Etheridge, George Alexander. "Investigation of progressive damage and failure in IM7 carbon fiber/5250-4 bismaleimide resin matrix composite laminates". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19669.
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Stoddard, William Patrick. "Lateral-torsional buckling behavior of polymer composite I-shaped members". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19275.
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Fox, Bronwyn Louise. "The manufacture, characterization and aging of novel high temperature carbon fibre composites". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011207.114246/index.html.
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8
Elmore, Jennifer Susan. "Dynamic mechanical analysis of graphite/epoxy composites with varied interphases". Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020414/.
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Rubin, Ariel. "Strenghtening of reinforced concrete bridge decks with carbon fiber composites". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19320.
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Kumar, Rajesh S. "Effects of damage and viscoelasticity on the constitutive behavior of fiber reinforced composites". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13013.
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Avila, Melissa Barter. "The effect of resin type and glass content on the fire engineering properties of typical FRP composites". Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-040307-133151/.
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Bhutta, Salman Ahmed. "Analytical modeling of hybrid composite beams". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020112/.
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Suchinda, Chatr. "Experimental and analytical investigation of the thermal behavior of a fiber reinforced polymeric bridge deck". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19250.
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Meurer, Thomas. "Wave propagation in hysteretic media". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19090.
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Olmedo, Reynaldo A. "Compression and buckling of composite panels with curvilinear fibers". Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040516/.
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Arnette, John Benjamin. "Proposed test method for the flexural testing of fiber-reinforced polymeric bridge deck panels". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21784.
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Mobuchon, Alain. "Effect of processing induced defects on the failure characteristics of graphite epoxy angles". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53235.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the bending strength and failure characteristics of AS4/3501-6 and AS4/1806 graphite/epoxy angles sections as a function of processing induced defects and porosity. The angle sections were removed from 30-inch long angles fabricated at Lockheed Georgia Company with two quasi-isotropic stacking sequences, (± 45/90₂/ ∓ 45/0₂), and (± 45/90₂ ∓ 45/0₂)₃. Various degrees of porosity were introduced into the angles using four processing techniques: a standard lay-up, a solvent wipe during lay-up, moisture introduction between plies during lay-up, and a low pressure cure cycle. Two 2.5-inch wide angle sections, each with a 1.5-inch short leg and a 3.0-inch long leg, were bonded together along their long leg to form a T-shaped specimen. Bending of the T-specimen was introduced by pressing up on the underside of the flanges while holding the base of the specimen fixed. The experimental results have shown a significant effect of the processing induced defects on the failure load and bending stiffness for AS4/3501-6 specimens, but not for AS4/1806 specimens.
An anisotropic analysis of the angle curved section was performed using Lekhnitskii's stress function approach. Stress and strain fields were studied and two failure criteria (Dual maximum stress and Tsai-Wu) were investigated in order to predict T-specimen failure load and failure mode. Reasonable correlation between prediction and experiments was found for the AS4/3501-6 (± 45/90₂/ ∓ 45/0₂)₃ T-specimens, but both failure criteria were found to be too conservative in predicting failure for the AS4/3501-6 (± 45/O₂/ ∓ 45/90₂)₃, T-specimens. The predicted failure modes were in good agreement with the experimental observations for both Iaminates.Master of Science
18
Teh, Kuen Tat. "Impact damage resistance and tolerance of advanced composite material systems". Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-170512/.
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Venkata, Vijai Kumar. "Development and testing of hurricane resistant laminated glass fiber reinforced composite window panels /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426111.
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Guo, Yifan. "Developments in moire interferometry: carrier pattern technique and vibration insensitive interferometers". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54181.
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Due to the rapid expansion of applications of composite materials, investigations of their properties have greatly increased. Since theoretical and numerical methods have many limitations for anisotropic materials, experimental methods are sometimes the only way to answer the questions. It has been proved that moire interferometry is a powerful technique in the study of composite materials.
The high sensitivity and resolution of a measurement technique is the key to determining the properties of a material which has a fine and complicated structure such as fiber reinforced composite laminates. In this paper, a carrier fringe method is introduced to increase the resolution of the fringe gradient in the moire technique. The ability of measurement is extended to the micromechanics region. High strain concentrations and the dramatic displacement variations can be determined by measuring the slopes of carrier fringes. Strain distributions across the plies (with the thickness of 125 μm) in graphite/epoxy composites and strain concentrations in the resin-rich zones (with the thickness of 10 μm) between neighboring plies are revealed by the carrier fringe technique. Three experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the application of carrier fringes to resolve fringe gradients and obtain strains. The current moire technique is limited to the optical laboratory because it is extremely sensitive to the disturbance of the environment. A vibration with magnitude of 0.2 μm can completely wash out the contrast of a moire fringe pattern. The study has been done in moving moire interferometry off the optical table. Vibration insensitive moire systems are investigated to extend the moire technique to the tests of large structures and using testing machines for loading. Vibration problems are discussed and the new ideas for eliminating vibration effects are presented. Six representative schemes are analyzed and three of these systems are built to perform experiments in rough environments such as on a hydraulic testing machine. The results show the great success of these new systems.Ph. D.
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Silva, Sergio Augusto Mello da. "Chapa de media densidade (MDF) fabricada com poliuretana mono-componente derivada de oleo de mamona - caracterização por metodo destrutivo e por ultra-som". [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257201.
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Orientador: Raquel GonçalvesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T00:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_SergioAugustoMelloda_D.pdf: 3060293 bytes, checksum: 3514c54e017be522e62c07231642a540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Resumo: As tecnologias para produção das chapas denominadas ¿Medium Density Fiberboard¿ (MDF), confeccionadas com fibras de madeiras de reflorestamento de baixo custo e resinas fenólicas provenientes de uréia, representam para vários setores industriais uma possibilidade de agregar valores às espécies com pouco interesse comercial, possibilitando para os seguimentos industriais investimento promissores. Um aspecto importante a ser considerado sobre a utilização de resinas fenólicas na confecção de chapas MDF é que produzem emissões tóxicas poluidoras da natureza e nocivas ao ser humano. Dentro deste contexto, de acordo com o ¿Protocolo de Quioto¿ de 1997, os países industrializados precisam diminuir suas emissões combinadas de gases de efeito estufa em pelo menos 5 % até 2012. Considerando-se as exigências do ¿Protocolo de Quioto¿, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho de chapas MDF confeccionadas com poliuretana (PU) derivada do óleo de mamona, pois este produto apresenta baixos teores de toxidez sendo classificado como não poluente e não tóxico ao ser humano. A caracterização das chapas foi realizada considerando-se a utilização do equipamento de ultra-som da Marca Steinkamp modelo BP7 com transdutoes de 45 kHz e a realização de ensaios físicos e mecânicos propostos pela EuroMDFBoard - EMB. A avaliação desenvolveu-se em três fases distintas: 1. Na fase I foram realizados estudos exploratórios com o objetivo de verificar as características do PU sendo utilizado como adesivo para confecção de chapas de Pinus caribaea. Nesta fase foram confeccionadas chapas com 5 e 10 % de PU3070, que de acordo com a caracterização física e mecânica observou-se que as chapas apresentaram resistências compatíveis com as exigências da EMB, entretanto, a forte exalação de solvente inviabilizou seu manuseio do PU3070. 2. Na fase II foram confeccionadas chapas com fibras de Pinus caribaea e Eucalyptus grandis com uma nova síntese de adesivo, denominada neste trabalho de PU7030. A caracterização física e mecânica determinou valores de resistências compatíveis com as exigências da EMB. Entretanto, verificou-se a necessidade de se ajustar o teor de umidade a temperatura e a pressão de prensagem. 3. Na fase III novas chapas foram confeccionadas com fibras de Pinus caribea e Eucalyptus grandis modificando-se o teor de umidade, a temperatura e a pressão de prensagem. Com o resultado da caracterização física e mecânica, observou-se que as alterações nas umidades, temperatura e pressão de prensagem propiciaram resistências compatíveis com a EMB, com vantagens de utilização de menores teores de PU7030 e diminuição na temperatura de prensagem, representando economia no consumo de energia. Outro aspecto muito importante estudado neste trabalho foi a caracterização das chapas utilizando ensaios não-destrutivos. Neste caso foram realizadas medições, por meio de equipamento de ultra-som, utilizando-se transdutores de faces exponenciais e planas aplicados nas direções x, y e z das chapas. A partir das medições dos tempos de propagação das ondas ultra-sônicas determinaram-se as velocidades das ondas e as constantes dinâmicas das chapas. Estas variáveis foram comparadas com as propriedades de resistência das chapas obtidas nos ensaios estáticos. Em seguida desenvolveu-se análise estatística buscando-se avaliar as correlações entre os resultados de ensaios não-destrutivos e destrutivos tendo sido possível concluir que a utilização dos métodos de ensaios não-destrutivos é viável para inferir sobre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas das chapas. Com relação à utilização da PU7030, concluiu-se que essa poliuretana possibilita a substituição da resina fenólica na confecção das chapas MDF
Abstract: While employing low cost reforestation lumber, the technologies of the fabrication of fiber plates denominated ¿Medium Density Fiberboard¿ (MDF) offer to several industrial sectors the opportunity to aggregate worth to species with little or no commercial interest, opening to them the possibility of promising profitable investments. However, the phenolic resins used in the production of MDF plates are well-known pollutants to the environment and therefore harmful to the human beings in such a way that environmentally friendly alternatives have been eagerly sought. According to that, the present work has been aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of MDF manufactured with Polyurethane Adhesive (PU) derived from Castor Oil, due to the low toxicity and to the non-polluting characteristics of the resulting adhesive. The characterization of the plates has been accomplished with the help of Steinkamp BP7 ultrasonic equipment using 45 kHz transducers and the physical and mechanical tests recommended by Euro MDF Board - EMB. The work has been developed along three distinct phases. Initially a better understanding of the characteristics of the polyurethane adhesive derived from castor oil has been acquired. It has been learnt that the adhesive exhibits the main characteristic of a monocomponent synthesis, stabilized by air humidity. During that phase, plates with 5% and 10% of polyurethane adhesive have been manufactured, called Adhesive PU3070 in this work, corresponding to 30% of solids and 70% of solvents. The properties of the plates manufactured with this synthesis have been determined and it has been found that although they have met EMB demands, the strong exhalation of solvent has ruled out its usage for MDF manufacture. As for the second phase, fiber plates have been produced with a new synthesis, called Adhesive PU7030, that is, 70% of solids and 30% of solvents. Again mechanical properties have satisfied EMB regulations. However, during the tests, it has been noticed that in order to control the quality of the final product, a fine adjusting to the values of some important Variables in the manufacture process, such as humidity level, temperature and pressing pressure, would be necessary. Accordingly, in the last phase, using Pinus caribea as fiber material, three experimental conditions have been elaborated, one for each controlled Variable, and repeated again for Eucalyptus gandis. Resulting from the adjusting of the variables, it has been observed that during the manufacture process, plates using much less adhesive than the former standards still have satisfied EMB demands fully, with advantages of a significant decrease in the pressing temperature and the corresponding energy savings. The characterization of the plates using non-destructive tests has been an important feature of the present work. Measurements have been performed in the plates by means of ultrasound equipment, using exponential as well as plane face transducers. From the readings, the propagation times of the ultrasonic waves have been evaluated, allowing to the determination of the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic waves through the material and consequently its dynamic parameters, which have been correlated to the mechanical properties of the plates, by means of a suitable statistic model. It has been concluded from the results that non-destructive test methods could as well be employed for the characterization of the physical and mechanical properties of the plates
Doutorado
Construções Rurais
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Lee, Tuan Kuan 1976. "Shear strength of reinforced concrete T-beams strengthened using carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates". Monash University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/6647.
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Thomson, Cameron Ian. "Probing the Nature of Cellulosic Fibre Interfaces with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16277.
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The material properties of fibre networks and fibre reinforced composites are strongly influenced by fibre-fibre interactions. Stress transfer between load bearing elements in such materials is often dictated by the nature of the fibre-fibre interface. Inter-fibre bonding is solely responsible for internal cohesion in paper, because all stresses transferred between fibres operate through fibre-fibre bonds. . The future development of cellulosic fibre materials will require an improved understanding of the fibre-fibre interface. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was proposed as a new tool for the study of fibre interfaces.
A protocol for covalent linkage of fluorophores to natural and regenerated cellulosic fibres was developed and the absorptive and emissive properties of these dyes were characterized. The fluorescent response of these dyed fibres in paper sheets was studied using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence micrographs of fibre crossings on glass slides were analyzed using the FRETN correction algorithm. Energy transfer from coumarin dyed fibres to fluorescein dyed fibres at the interface was observed. The FRETN surfaces for spruce and viscose rayon fibre crossings were distinctly different. The FRET microscopy method was able to detect statistically significant differences in spruce fibre interface development when fibre fraction and wet pressing were varied. The coalescence of natural cellulosic fibre interfaces during drying was also observed with the technique.
Polysaccharide films were employed as model systems for the natural and regenerated cellulose fibre interfaces. It was found that pressing cellulose films did not result in significantly increased FRETN either due to resistance to deformation or the inability to participate in interdiffusion. Conversely, xylan films demonstrated a drastic increase in the FRETN signal with increased wet pressing. These results support the previously observed differences between regenerated cellulose fibres and natural wood fibres. The results of the FRETN analysis of the polysaccharide film model systems suggest that lower molecular weight amorphous carbohydrates are likely to be significant contributors to fibre interface development.
24
Weissenbach, Gerd. "Issues in the analysis and testing of textile composites with large representative volume elements". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270465.
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Javidinejad, Amir. "An experimental stress analysis approach for pure shear testing and analysis of a fiber reinforced plastic composite". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20706.
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Pomarede, Pascal. "Détection de l'endommagement dans un composite tissé PA66,6/Fibres de verre à l'aide de techniques ultrasonores en vue d'une prédiction de la durabilité de pièces automobiles". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0024/document.
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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l'étude expérimentale approfondie d'un composite à base polyamide 66/6 renforcé par des fibres de verres tissés suivant un motif sergé 2/2. L’objectif est de proposer des solutions de Contrôle Non Destructif (CND) basées sur les ultrasons afin de détecter différents niveaux d’endommagement induis. Pour cela, une étude approfondis des mécanismes d’endommagement apparaissant lors de sollicitations en traction suivant l’axe des fibres et hors axes est réalisé. Le cas d’impact induis par poids tombant est également étudiés. En effet, ces différents cas de sollicitions entraînent l’apparition de différent mécanismes d’endommagement. Ces derniers, ainsi que leur ordre d’apparition, sont caractérisés par Microscopie Electronique à Balayage (MEB) et tomographie à rayons X principalement. L’évaluation de la réduction du module élastique pré et post chargement ainsi que la fraction volumique de vide montrent une évolution de l’endommagement plus importante lors de chargement en traction hors axes des fibres que lors de chargement suivant l’axe. Lors des essais d’impact par poids tombant différents niveaux d’énergie sont considérés en restant proche du domaine des BVID en vue d’éprouver la sensibilité des méthodes de CND. Deux méthodes de CND par ultrasons étudiées durant ce projet peuvent être mises en avant. Premièrement, par mesure de la vitesse de propagation des ondes dans plusieurs directions du composites, le tenseur de rigidité est estimé dans tous ces cas de sollicitation mécanique pour différents niveaux d’endommagement. Des indicateurs d’endommagement basés sur ces mesures montrent une évolution de l’état d’endommagement similaire à celle discutée précédemment. Deuxièmement, une étude de la détection de l’endommagement par ondes guidées est menée. Aucun changement des modes transmit n’est visible lors de l’augmentation de l’état d’endommagement. L’évolution de l’énergie du signal transmis est alors proposée et validée comme indicateur d’endommagement efficace pour des chargements en traction mais pas pour l’impact. La mesure du décalage temporel à en revanche permis une localisation et une quantification de l’endommagement induit par impactThe present study is focused on the experimental study of a polyamide 66/6 based composite reinforced by a 2/2 twill weave glass fabric. The aim is to propose Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) methods based on ultrasound that can efficiently distinguish different damage state. In order to do so, an investigation of the damage mechanisms induced by different type of mechanical solicitations. Tension along and off the axis of the fibers was considered as well as the case of drop weight impact. Those solicitations were shown to induce different damage mechanisms. The latter were characterized by means of Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray tomography mostly. The decreasing of the elastic modulus and the void volume fraction evolution were shown to be more significant for the samples loaded in tension off-axis. During the drop weight impact tests, the energies were considered in order to remain close to the Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) regime in order to experience the capability of the ultrasound based NDE methods. Two NDE methods investigated during this study deserve to be highlighted. Firstly, the stiffness tensor was estimated by means of phase velocities measurements in different propagation direction. Damage indicators based on results from this method were proposed. They were found to give results similar with the one from the evaluation of damage discussed earlier on. Secondly, a study of the damage detection using guided waves was performed. No mode conversion effect was observed from this investigation. Consequently, the signal energy was proposed as damage indicator and was found to be suitable to detect damage induced by tension but not by impact. The measure of time shift allowed obtaining a localization and evaluation of the damage induced by impact
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Promis, Geoffrey. "Composites fibres / matrice minérale : du matériau a la structure". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646976.
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Ce travail de recherche est axé sur le développement de composites à liant phosphatique et fibres de renfort en verre E pour diverses applications structurales en Génie Civil. Dans une première partie, un bilan bibliographique nous permet d'identifier les principaux facteurs aux différentes échelles (nano, micro, méso et macro) ayant une influence sur le comportement global de composites à matrice minérale. Dans un second temps, les propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des constituants sont présentées. Nous développons une méthodologie spécifique de caractérisation en traction, en compression et en cisaillement. Le développement de procédures expérimentales particulières en compression et en cisaillement permet l'identification des lois de comportement et l'évaluation des seuils d'endommagement et charges de rupture. La prévision des différents termes de rigidité élastique des systèmes composites est évaluée à partir d'expressions reprenant les principes de base de la micromécanique des composites. L'analyse du comportement à rupture est abordée au plan mésoscopique en considérant deux critères de résistance en plasticité, anisotropie (Tsai-Wu) et en contrainte normale, de cisaillement (Mohr-Coulomb). La deuxième partie de la recherche est consacrée à l'étude d'éléments structuraux mettant en oeuvre les formulations pultrudés de ces systèmes composites. L'expérimentation de poutres, présentant un rapport de la hauteur de la section à la portée de la poutre compris entre 1/15 et 1/50, met en évidence des modes de rupture spécifiques confirmant les faibles caractéristiques du matériau vis-à-vis de l'effort tranchant, du cisaillement interlaminaire et de la décohésion fibre/matrice. L'optimisation de la conception et du dimensionnement des poutres se poursuit en considérant des modifications d'ordre technologique : modification des sections par addition d'entretoises, confinement des sections par tressage circonférentiel, application d'un confinement par stratification directe. Pour chaque type de structures, nous cherchons à définir les limites de validité des méthodes de dimensionnement usuelles en examinant plus particulièrement la conformité des hypothèses de calcul (Navier-Bernoulli, Saint Venant), la cohérence des équations d'équilibre au regard de la cinématique dans chaque section. Dans un second temps, nous considérons des développements intégrant les non linéarités de comportement ou des modèles d'équilibre de type force adaptés à la redistribution interne des efforts tranchants.
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Bale, Jefri Semuel. "The damage observation of composite using non destructive testing (NDT) method". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100067/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier le comportement de l'endommagement des matériaux composites sous chargement statique et fatigue par contrôle non destructif (C.N.D) thermographie et soutenu par émission acoustique et la tomographie (CT scan). Pour cela, ce unidirectionnels composite à fibres de verre (GFRP) et discontinue composite à fibres de carbone (DCFC) ont été utilisés comme les éprouvettes qui ont fourni par PSA peugeot citröen, France. Une série d'essais mécaniques a été réalisée pour déterminer le comportement de l'endommagement sous chargement statique et fatigue. Pendant tout des essais mécanique, la thermographie a été utilisé pour l'observation en temps réel pour suivre l'évolution des températures sur la surface de l'éprouvette et supporté par émission acoustique dans certaines conditions. Cette étude a utilisé une forme rectangulaire et se compose d'éprouvettes trouées et non trouées au centre de l'éprouvette. La vitesse de déplacement constante est appliquée pour observer l'effet sur le comportement de l'endommagement sous chargement de traction statique. Sous les essais de fatigue, le paramètre constant de la fréquence et de l'amplitude de stress a été étudiée pour chaque niveau de charge pour avoir les propriétés de fatigue et l'évolution de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette. La tomographie a été utilisée pour confirmer l'apparition de l'endommagement et l'etat du matériau après l'essai de fatigue. L'analyse des résultats de l'expérimentation et de l'observation NDT montré le bon accord entre les résultats mechnical et NDT thermographie avec prise en charge par l'observation de l'émission acoustique en détecter l'apparition et la propagation de l'endommagement de GFRP PRV et DCFC sous chargement de statique en traction. Les essais en fatigue montrent que la dissipation thermique est liée à l'évolution de l'endommagement et également thermographie et peut être utilisé avec succès pour déterminer la limite d'endurance (HCFS) et la courbe de Wöhler du matériau composite. Les résultats par CT scan ont mesurée avec succès les endommagements et l'état du matériau après essai de fatigue du matériau compositeThe aim of this study is to investigate the damage behaviour of composite material in static and fatigue condition with non destructive testing (NDT) thermography method and supported by acoustic emission and also computed tomography (CT) scan. Thermography and acoustic emission are used in real-time monitoring techniques during the test. On the other hand, NDT observation of tomography is used for a post-failure analysis. In order to achive this, continuous glass fiber composite (GFRP) and discontinuous carbon fiber composite (DCFC) have been used as the test specimens which supplied by PSA Company, France. A series of mechanical testing was carried out to determine the damage behaviour under static and fatigue loading. During all the mechanical testing, thermography was used in real-time observation to follow the temperature change on specimen surface and supported by acoustic emission in certain condition. This study used rectangular shape and consist of specimen with and without circular notches (hole) at the center. The constant displacement rate is applied to observe the effect on damage behaviour under tensile static loading. Under fatigue testing, the constant parameter of frequency and amplitude of stress was explored for each load level to have the fatigue properties and damage evolution of specimen. The tomography was used to confirm the appearance of damage and material condition after fatigue testing. The analysis from the experiment results and NDT observation shown the good agreement between mechnical results and NDT thermography with supported by acoustic emission observation in detect the appearance and propagation of damage for GFRP and DCFC under static loading. Fatigue testing shows that thermal dissipation is related to the damage evolution and also thermography and can be successfully used to determine high cycle fatigue strength (HCFS) and S-N curve of fiber composite material. From post failure analysis, CT scan analysis successfully measured and evaluated damage and material condition after fatigue test for fiber composite material. v
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Gafsi, Rachid. "Capteurs de contraintes et de perturbations a fibres optiques". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0509.
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Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé et testé deux capteurs à fibres optiques intrinsèques et à modulation d'intensité, pour la mesure des contraintes mécaniques de compression et la détection des perturbations (vibrations, impacts et ondes acoustiques). Le capteur de contraintes est ponctuel. Il est basé sur le couplage de la lumière entre deux fibres optiques multimodes, faiblement fusionnées par la tranche et intégrées dans la résine époxyde. Les contraintes de compression appliquées sur le capteur induisent une augmentation de l'indice de réfraction des fibres optiques et notamment dans la zone de fusion. Ceci a pour effet le couplage de la lumière de la première fibre guidant la lumière a la seconde et qui est proportionnel à la contrainte extérieure appliquée sur le capteur. Ce capteur est dédié à la mesure des fortes valeurs de contraintes, pour les applications dans le domaine du génie civil. Le capteur de perturbations à fibre optique exploite le phénomène des interférences intermodales (bruit modal) dans les fibres optiques multimodes, guidant une lumière cohérente. C'est un capteur distribué et la fibre optique est sensible sur toute sa longueur. En effet, une fibre optique multimode guidant une lumière cohérente présente des fluctuations du déphasage entre les modes, en cas de perturbations. Afin de convertir les fluctuations de phase en une variation d'intensité, nous avons effectué un filtrage spatial, par le raccordement d'une seconde fibre ayant un diamètre du cœur plus petit que celui de la fibre sensible. Ce capteur à été intégré dans les matériaux composites utilisés en construction aéronautique et aérospatiale
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Boumarafi, Abdelkader. "Évaluation des propriétés physiques et mécaniques et les effets des cycles gel-dégel de composites fabriqués par enroulement filamentaire". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5928.
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Résumé : Le développement des matériaux composites et leur utilisation dans le domaine du génie civil ont fait l’objet d’une recherche extensive sur le renforcement des structures en béton armé. Dans ce contexte, les études sur la compréhension du comportement structural des tubes en matériaux composites (Polymère renforcé en Fibre, PRF) sont indispensables. De fait que les matériaux composites sont innovateurs, cela nous exige de procéder à des investigations expérimentales approfondies pour vérifier les hypothèses et les théories, avant de les produire à échelle industrielle.
Ce projet présente une étude expérimentale approfondie sur l’évaluation des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des nouveaux tubes en matériaux composites (PRF), et des tests sur la durabilité du matériau utilisé, et permet d’étudier l’influence de quelques facteurs environnementaux sur ces propriétés mécaniques, ces conditions sont simulées par une immersion prolongée en milieu aqueux et l'exposition à des cycles gel-dégel en milieu humide. Les tubes considérés sont produits par le procédé d’enroulement filamentaire à l’aide des fibres de verre (E) et de résine (Vinyle-Ester). Les expérimentations seront effectuées sur des échantillons normalisés prélevés à partir du tube.
Les résultats de cette étude sont d’une importance cruciale pour comprendre le comportement structural (avant et après un vieillissement accéléré) des nouveaux tubes fabriqués entièrement en polymères renforcés de fibres par le procédé de l’enroulement filamentaire. // Abstract : The development of composite materials and their integration in the field of civil engineering
has been the subject of extensive research on strengthening reinforced concrete structures. In
the perspective of strengthening concrete structures by tubes made of composite materials. In
this context, the need for knowledge of the structural behaviour of tubes made from fibre
reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials is prominent. The large using of innovativeFRP
required extensive theoretical and experimental investigations.
This project presents an experimental study to evaluate both the physical and mechanical
properties of FRP-composites tubes, and to investigate the impact of some environmental
factors on their mechanical properties. The tubes are produced by a filament winding process
using fibre (E)-glass and vinyl-Ester resin. The experiments will be performed on standardized
samples of the tube.
The main objective of this project is to assess the physical and mechanical properties of
laminated FRP composites, and then test the durability of the material used in the manufacture
of the tubes. It leads to the study of the effects of some environmental factors on the
mechanical properties of material. These conditions occur during an immersion in an aqueous
medium and exposure to freeze-thaw cycles.
The results of this study are crucial to understand the structural behavior (before and after
accelerated aging) of new FRP tubes made by filament winding process.
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Arif, Muhamad Fatikul. "Mécanismes d’endommagement du polyamide-66 renforcé par des fibres de verre courtes, soumis à un chargement monotone et en fatigue : Influence de l’humidité relative et de la microstructure induite par le moulage par injection". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0008/document.
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Le présent travail s'appuie sur une approche expérimentale étendue visant l'identification des mécanismes d'endommagement en chargement quasi-statique et en fatigue du PA66/GF30, en prenant notamment en compte l'influence de la teneur en eau et de la microstructure induite par le moulage par injection. Les essais et les observations in situ au MEB mettent en exergue le rôle déterminant de l'humidité relative sur l'initiation, le niveau et la chronologie de l'endommagement. Une analyse par micro-tomographie aux rayons X sur des échantillons ayant subi un chargement de fatigue montre que l'endommagement augmente continuellement et progressivement au cours de la fatigue, et plus significativement dans la deuxième moitié de sa durée de vie. Les résultats obtenus en quasi-statique et en fatigue révèlent des mécanismes d'endommagement similaires, notamment une décohésion des interfaces fibre/matrice. Une chronologie générale de l'endommagement est établie. Celui-ci s'initie en extrémités de fibres ou plus globalement là où les fibres sont relativement proches les unes des autres. Il s'ensuit des décohésions interfaciales se propageant le long des fibres. A une contrainte en flexion plus élevée, des microfissures de la matrice peuvent apparaître et se propager par coalescence, ce qui aboutira à la rupture. Ces résultats expérimentaux permettent d'alimenter une modélisation multi-échelles de l'endommagement à fort contenu physique. Celle-ci contribuera alors à une prédiction pertinente de l'endommagement dans les thermoplastiques renforcés pour application automobileThe current work focuses on extensive experimental approaches to identify quasi-static and fatigue damage behavior of PA66/GF30 considering various effects such as relative humidity and injection process induced microstructure. By using in situ SEM tests, it was observed that relative humidity conditions strongly impact the damage mechanisms in terms of their initiation, level and chronology. The X-ray micro-tomography analysis on fatigue loaded samples demonstrated that the damage continuously increases during fatigue loading, but the evolution occurs more significantly in the second half of the fatigue life. From the results of damage investigation under quasi-static and fatigue loading, it was established that both loading types exhibit the same damage mechanisms, with fiber/matrix interfacial debonding as the principal damage mechanisms. General damage chronologies were proposed as the damage initiates at fiber ends and more generally at locations where fibers are relatively close to each other due to the generation of local stress concentrations. Afterwards, interfacial decohesions further propagate along the fiber/matrix interface. At high relative flexural stress, matrix microcracks can develop and propagate, leading to the damage accumulation and then the final failure. The experimental findings are important to provide a physically based damage mechanisms scenarios that can be integrated into multiscale damage models. These models will contribute towards reliable predictions of damage in reinforced thermoplastics for lightweight automotive applications
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Liu, Zicheng. "Electromagnetic modeling and imaging of damages of fiber-reinforced composite laminates". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS332.
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Mon travail de thèse porte sur la modélisation électromagnétique et l'imagerie de structures périodiques désorganisées. Un certain motif dans une subdivision élémentaire (une "cellule") est répété dans les autres cellules de la structure dans certaines directions de l'espace. Cette répétition est désorganisée par un changement des propriétés des matériaux et/ou géométries des parties constitutives, dans une ou plusieurs cellules. Au premier niveau de modélisation, ces panneaux sont une succession de plaques planes l'une sur l'autre. Chacun se compose d'un agencement linéaire régulier de longs cylindres avec mêmes sections circulaires finies, tous orientés dans la même direction: nous les appelons "fibres", chaque cylindre résultant de l'hypothèse d'un faisceau de fibres de petite taille. Le matériau constitutif des fibres est différent du matériau d'enrobage (matrice) et le renforce. Chaque plaque est constituée de fibres avec différents axes pour assurer la robustesse. Il y a peu ou beaucoup de plaques, avec la répétition d'une petite pile de plaques. Pour les panneaux conducteurs (à base de carbone), l'imagerie est MHz ; pour des panneaux sans pertes ou à faibles pertes (à base de verre), l'imagerie est micro-onde (quelques dizaines de GHz, voire plus, THz). Il pourrait y avoir des cylindres manquants ou déplacés à l'intérieur d'une plaque, avec des changements conséquents dans éventuellement plusieurs cellules, adjacentes ou non. Des dommages locaux peuvent également se produire, entraînant des changements dans la forme ou les propriétés électromagnétiques d'un ou plusieurs cylindres dans une ou plusieurs cellules dans une ou plusieurs plaques. Un caractère aléatoire de la distribution des inclusions pourrait tenir compte des incertitudes de positionnement par rapport aux géométries supposées. Illuminer correctement les structures et la collecte des champs résultant (dans le champ proche espérons-le, peut-être dans le champ lointain) devraient permettre leur imagerie et concourir à leur diagnostic. Ainsi, si une structure périodique sous interrogation est désorganisée, on souhaite imager cette structure tout en prenant soin au mieux de l'information préalable sur la périodicité et la désorganisation, sur les systèmes de détection, et, évidemment, à propos des besoins et des limites de l'essaiMy PhD work is about electromagnetic modeling and imaging of disorganized periodic structures. A certain pattern in an elementary subdivision (a “cell”) is repeated in the other cells of the structure into certain directions of space. This repetition is disorganized by a change of material properties and/or geometries of the constitutive parts, within one or more cells. At first level of modeling, these panels are a succession of planar plates one over the other. Each consists of a regular linear arrangement of long cylinders with same finite circular sections, all orientated into the same direction: we call them “fibers”, each cylinder resulting from the assumption of a bundle of small-size fibers. The constitutive material of the fibers differs from the embedding material (matrix) that they reinforce. Each plate is made of fibers with different axes for sturdiness. There are few or many plates, with repetition of a small stack of plates. For conductive panels (carbon-based), imaging is MHz; for lossless or weakly lossy panels (glass based), imaging is microwave (a few tens GHz, possibly more). There might be missing/displaced cylinders inside a plate, with consequent changes in possibly several cells, adjacent or not. Local damages might occur also, leading to changes in shape or electromagnetic properties of one or more cylinders in one or more cells in one or more plates. Randomness in distribution of the inclusions might account for uncertainties of positioning with respect to assumed geometries. Properly illuminating the structures and collecting the resulting fields (in the near-field hopefully, possibly in the far-field) should allow their imaging and concur to their diagnostics. So, a periodic structure under interrogation is disorganized. One wishes to successfully image the structure while taking care at best of prior information on periodicity and disorganization, on sensing systems, and obviously of needs and limitations of the testing. The PhD benefits from a grant from the Chinese Scholarship Council
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Chebbi, Houssem. "Méthode des coordonnées curvilignes pour la modélisation électromagnétique des matériaux complexes : application au contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault des matériaux composites The fast computation of eddy current distribution and probe response in homogenized composite material based on semi-analytical approach Investigation of layer interface model of multi-layer structure using semi-analytical and FEM analysis for eddy current pulsed thermography". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST004.
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Ce travail de thèse de doctorat, effectué au sein de Laboratoire de Simulation et Modélisation Électromagnétique (LSME) du CEA List, s’intègre dans le cadre du projet européen « NDTonAir » financé sous l'action « H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016- GRANT 722134 ». Le principal objectif est le développement d’un outil de simulation rapide et précis dédié au contrôle non destructif par courants de Foucault des matériaux composites homogénéisés. Comme cas d’application, on s’intéresse particulièrement à l’orientation des fibres d’une part, et d’autre part, à des défauts de type délaminage et ondulation des fibres qui se manifestent par une déformation géométrique locale des interfaces. Les méthodes semi-analytiques existantes dans la littérature, basées sur le formalisme des Dyades de Green, sont limitées jusqu’au là à des structures planes multicouches. Pour introduire des variations locales de géométrie aux interfaces, nous proposons une approche innovante basée sur un changement de coordonnées adapté au profil de la pièce et des interfaces. On propose un modèle numérique performant basé sur le formalisme covariant des équations de Maxwell. Ce formalisme unificateur englobe l'anisotropie du spécimen et les déformations locales des interfaces. La méthode de coordonnées curvilignes est usuellement utilisée pour résoudre des problèmes de diffraction sur des surfaces rugueuses dans le domaine des hautes fréquences (diffraction sur des réseaux). Ce travail de thèse s’inspire des méthodes de Fourier modale et propose de nouveaux outils adaptés au domaine des courants de Foucault. L’extension de la méthode des coordonnées curvilignes au domaine du contrôle des composites par courants de Foucault constitue l’innovation de ce travail. Deux modèles numériques ont été développés pour le calcul de l’interaction du champ émis par un capteur à courants de Foucault avec un matériau composite multicouches. Le modèle numérique développé pour le contrôle des composites plans exploite les structures particulières des matrices creuses pour réduire le temps de calcul sans limitation de nombre de modes utilisés pour la représentation du champ. Dans le cas des profils curvilignes des interfaces, le modèle permet de traiter des interfaces parallèles et quelques cas particuliers des profils non parallèles. Ce cas général présente quelques limitations qui nécessitent le développement des outils numériques complémentaires. Enfin, plusieurs configurations de contrôle ont été envisagées et les résultats numériques produits par les modèles ont été confrontés à des données de simulation par éléments finis. Quelques expérimentations ont été effectuées dans des laboratoires partenaires étrangers pour accroître notre expérience sur la validation expérimentaleThis doctoral thesis work, carried out within the Laboratory of Simulation and Modeling for Electromagnetics (LSME) of CEA List, is part of the “NDTonAir” European project funded under the action “H2020-MSCA-ITN -2016- GRANT 722134”. The main goal of the project is the development of a fast and accurate simulation tool for the non-destructive eddy current testing of homogenized composite materials. As an application case, we are particularly interested in the orientation of the fibers on the one hand, and on the other hand, in defects as delamination which are manifested by a local geometrical deformation of the interfaces. The semi-analytical methods existing in the literature, based on Green's Dyad formalism, have been limited so far to multilayered and planar structures. To introduce local variations in geometry at the interfaces, we propose an innovative approach based on a change of coordinates adapted to the profile of the local perturbation. We propose a powerful numerical model based on the covariant formalism of Maxwell's equations. This unifying formalism takes in the anisotropy of specimen and the local deformations of the interfaces. The curvilinear coordinate method is usually used to solve diffraction problems on rough interfaces in the high frequency domain (diffraction on gratings). This thesis work is inspired by Fourier Modal Methods and proposes new tools which have been adapted to the field of eddy currents. The extension of the curvilinear coordinate method to the field of eddy currents non-destructive testing technique of composites constitutes the innovation of this work. Two numerical models have been developed to calculate the interaction of the field emitted by an eddy current probe with a multilayered composite material. The numerical model developed for the evaluation of planar composite exploits the particular structures of sparse matrices to reduce the computation time without limiting the number of modes used for the modal expansion of the field. In the case of the curvilinear profiles of the interfaces, the model makes it possible to treat parallel interfaces and some particular cases of non-parallel profiles. The general case of non-identical profiles presents some limitations which require the development of complementary numerical tools. Finally, several testing configurations were considered and the numerical results produced by the models were compared to finite element simulated data. Some experiments were carried out in foreign partner laboratories to increase our experience on experimental validation
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Gratton, Michel. "Comportement d'un composite 3D carb/carb : méso-modélisation pour la prévision de la réponse sous choc". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0004.
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Ce travail, mené en collaboration avec l'aérospatiale Les Mureaux et le centre d'études de Gramat, concerne la modélisation de matériaux composites tridirectionnels carbone/carbone sous sollicitations fortement dynamiques. Pour ce type de sollicitations, la notion de matériau homogène équivalent est inadaptée. L'objet de ce travail est de tester l'aptitude d'une modélisation a l'échelle des constituants mésoscopique (torons de fibres et blocs de matrice), a reproduire la réponse du matériau sous choc. Le matériau est tout d'abord identifie a l'échelle de ses méso-constituants. A cette fin, divers essais quasi-statiques sont réalisés et une modélisation sans effet de vitesse du comportement des constituants est alors proposée. Elle prend en compte des mécanismes d'endommagement, de compaction et d'anélasticité. Une technique de changement d'échelle, basée sur les développements asymptotiques adaptée aux matériaux périodiques, est utilisée. Associée à une analyse de sensibilité et à une hiérarchisation des mécanismes non-linéaires, elle permet de déterminer les paramètres locaux du modèle a partir des réponses globales du matériau. Afin de tester le méso-modèle ainsi identifie, une partie des informations est exploitée dans un logiciel de dynamique simplifie. Ce dernier permet de simuler les essais d'impact plaque/plaque suivant une direction de torons. Des essais de compression dynamique et des essais d'écaillage (réalisés par le ceg) sont ainsi bien reproduits. Les simulations montrent des modes distincts de propagation d'ondes dans les torons et dans la matrice ainsi que des phénomènes de transferts de charges. Des essais i pulsionnels, mal reproduits par simulation, ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives, notamment sur la nécessite de compléter la modélisation du comportement des méso-constituants par une sensibilité a la vitesse de déformation.
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Rocher, Jean-Emile. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation à l’échelle mésoscopique du comportement de tissus 3D de mèches comélées". Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2035/document.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen 3D-LightTrans ayant pour objectifs la fabrication à grande à échelle et à bas coût de pièces composites. Pour parvenir à ces objectifs, des semi-produits sous forme de tissus 3D de mèches comélées ont été réalisés. Le but de ces travaux est de caractériser le comportement mécanique de ces tissus en vue d’analyser leur formabilité et d’être en mesure de prédire leur comportement pendant les processus de mise en forme utilisés lors de la fabrication des pièces composites. Le premier objectif de ces travaux était de caractériser expérimentalement le comportement mécanique des tissus 3D. Après avoir effectué un état de l’art ayant permis de définir les types et paramètres d’essais à utiliser pour la caractérisation du comportement des tissus, l’analyse des résultats de ces différents essais a permis de mettre en évidence les spécificités du comportement des tissus 3D. Le deuxième objectif des travaux était de modéliser le comportement des tissus par une approche numérique. Le choix s’étant porté sur une approche à l’échelle mésoscopique, le comportement mécanique des mèches comélées a été caractérisé expérimentalement. Les limitations du logiciel GeoFab quant à son utilisation pour la génération de modèles CAO de mailles élémentaires de tissus 3D ont été identifiées. Des améliorations permettant de répondre à ces limitations ont été proposées et leur faisabilité démontrée. Un modèle CAO d’une sous partie de la maille élémentaire d’un des tissus a alors été généré. Après avoir modélisé le comportement des mèches comélées en se basant sur les résultats de leur caractérisation expérimentale, des premières simulations éléments finis ayant permis d’obtenir des résultats encourageants ont été réalisésThis thesis is part of the European project 3D-LightTrans whose objectives are the large scale and low-cost manufacturing of composite parts. To achieve these goals, semi-finished products in the form of 3D fabrics of commingled yarns were produced. The purpose of this work is to characterize the mechanical behavior of these fabrics in order to investigate their formability and be able to predict their behavior during the forming processes used for the manufacturing of composite parts. The first objective of the work was to characterize experimentally the 3D fabrics mechanical behavior. A state of the art was realized in order to define the types and test parameters to use. The analysis of these test results allowed to highlight the specific 3D fabrics mechanical behaviour. The second objective of the work was to model the fabrics behavior using a numerical method. A mesoscopic scale approach having been selected, experimental characterization of the commingled yarns mechanical behavior was necessary. Then, GeoFab software limitations on its use for the generation of CAD models of 3D fabrics unit cells were identified. Improvements to address these limitations have been proposed and their feasibility was demonstrated. A CAD model of a sub part of one of the fabrics unit cell was then generated. After having modeled the commingled yarns behaviour using experimental results, finite element simulations were performed on fabric CAD model and first encouraging results were obtained
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Gavérina, Ludovic. "Caractérisation thermique de milieux hétérogènes par excitation laser mobile et thermographie infrarouge". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0012/document.
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De nos jours, les matériaux composites sont très largement utilisés dans l’industrie aéronautique et aérospatiale car ils ont de très bonnes tenues mécaniques, mais ces matériaux comportent de fortes hétérogénéités dues aux fibres et aux liants qui les constituent. Ainsi, depuis de nombreuses années, l’équipe TIFC «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » du département TREFLE de l’institut I2M développe des méthodes de mesure des propriétés thermophysiques de matériaux hétérogènes dans le plan ou dans l’épaisseur. Ces méthodes sont très variées du point de vue des méthodes inverses (transformée intégrale, double décomposition en valeurs singulières, …) ou expérimentale (Flash, diode laser, …). Le faible coût des diodes lasers et des systèmes de déplacement de miroirs galvanométriques ont permis de développer un système complet de scanner optique laser, monté sur un banc de mesure. Il permet de revisiter les différents types de sollicitations thermiques et de réaliser une infinité de combinaisons spatiotemporelles d’excitations thermiques par méthode laser. Ceci est une des principales originalités de ce travail. De nouvelles méthodes inverses basées sur la réponse thermique au point source impulsionnel et sur la séparabilité des champs de température ont été proposées. Ces méthodes ont permis d’estimer le tenseur de diffusivité thermique selon les axes principaux d’anisotropie, mais aussi hors des axes du repère de l’image, où il est possible de déterminer l’orientation des axes d’anisotropie, lorsque le transfert de chaleur s’effectue hors des axes du repère de l’image. Ces méthodes ont permis d’obtenir des résultats intéressants comptetenu de leur simplicité. De plus, elles ont permis d’obtenir des cartographies de diffusivités thermiques dans le plan car, comparées aux autres méthodes, elles permettent d’obtenir des estimations du tenseur de diffusivité thermique localement grâce à l’obtention d’une cartographie de flux thermique surfacique via le scanner optique laserNowadays, composite materials are widely used in the aeronautic and aerospace industries because of their high mechanical resistance. However, they have a large heterogeneity due to the fiber and matrix they are made of. In this way, for many years, the TIC team «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » from TREFLE department of I2M laboratory develops methods to measure thermal in-plane properties of heterogeneous materials such as inverses (integral transforms, double singular value decomposition…) or experimental (Flash, laser diode…) methods. The recent progress made in optical control, lasers and infrared (IR) cameras enables the development of a new scanning system (based on galvanometer-mirror) which allows the easy control of a laser hot spot spatial and temporal displacements over a plane surface. The low cost of laser diodes and optical control (galvanometric mirror) systems allows to develop a laser scanning system fixed on a test bench. We can revisit the different types of thermal excitation and realize infinite spatio-temporal combinations of thermal excitations by laser method. This is one of this thesis aims. New inverse methods based on the thermal response to an instantaneous point source heating, and temperature fields separability, have been proposed. These methods allow to estimate the thermal diffusivity tensor along the main axes of anisotropy, but also out of those axes, where it is possible to estimate the anisotropy axes orientation when the heat transfer takes place out of the image axes. These methods have produced interesting results in view of their simplicity. Moreover, they made it possible to obtain in-plane thermal diffusivities maps because, compared to the other methods, they allow to obtain, locally, thermal diffusivity tensor estimations by getting a surface heat flux map using the laser optical scanner
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Bumpus, Scott Robert John. "Experimental setup and testing of fiber reinforced composite structures". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/585.
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Campbell, I. "Failure criteria and acoustic emission as applied to composite materials". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22068.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in
Engineering. Johannesburg, 1992.This project involves the comparison of different failure criteria with experimental results for fibre composite materials, and investigates the usefulness of acoustic emission in composite testing. Three sets of specimens were tested to failure in tension. The specimens had various ply orientations and were tested using acoustic emission to determine ply failures. Carbon and glass fibre reinforced epoxy pre-impregnated specimens were used. The testing machine was an ESH testing machine, and a physical Acoustics corporation computer and data acquisition unit were used to record data from a piezo-electric sensor. Suitable failure criteria should be chosen on the basis of ply orientation and material type (eg fibre stiffness), a combination of criteria being used if necessary. Acoustic emission was successfully used to detect ply failure in multi-layered laminates.
AC2017
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Kiestler, William C. "Design and testing of fabric composite heat pipes for space nuclear power applications". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36479.
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Conventional stainless steel - water and ceramic fabric composite water
heat pipes have been built and tested. The tests have been conducted to compare
the performance characteristics between conventional and fabric composite heat
pipe radiators for space nuclear power heat rejection systems. The fabric
composite concept combines a strong ceramic fabric with a thin metal liner to form
a very lightweight heat pipe. The heat pipes tested have used identical,
homogeneous fabric wicks and water as the working fluid. One fabric composite
heat pipe has been constructed by fitting a braided aluminoborosilicate fabric tube
over the outside of the conventional stainless steel heat pipe. A more advanced
fabric composite design combines the woven fabric with a 0.25 mm (10 mil)
stainless steel tube as the liner, and reduces the mass of the heat pipe by a factor of
three.
A heat pipe testing facility was designed and built for the purpose of testing
various conventional and fabric composite heat pipes. This facility allows the
testing of heat pipes in a vacuum, at low temperatures, and can accommodate a
variety of heat pipe designs. Instrumentation and computer interfacing provide for
continuous monitoring and evaluation of heat pipe performance.
Tests show that heat pipe radiator capacity can be significantly enhanced by
using the fabric composite design. Tests comparing a conventional heat pipe with
fabric composite heat pipes achieved a 100% increase in the emissivity and heat
rejection capacity of the radiator. Since the ceramic fabric is strong enough to
withstand the internal pressure of the heat pipe, a very thin metal foil can be used
to contain the working fluid. The increase in heat rejection capacity, combined
with the significant reduction in the heat pipe mass, translates into a substantial
savings for space power systems employing fabric composite heat pipe radiators.Graduation date: 1993
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Li, Chunling. "Mechanical response of fiber-reinforced soil". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1781.
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Park, Soojae. "Durability of adhesive joints between concrete and FRP reinforcement in aggressive environments". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1285.
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Okai, Smart K. "Determination of residual stresses in a carbon-fibre reinforced polymer using the incremental hole-drilling technique". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22997.
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A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering(Mechanical Engineering
30 January 2017An extensive variety of experimental techniques exist to determining residual stresses, but few of these techniques is suitable, however, for finding the residual stresses that exist in orthotropic or anisotropic layered materials, such as carbon-fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). Among these techniques, particularly among the relaxation techniques, the incremental hole-drilling technique (IHD) has shown to be a suitable technique to be developed for this purpose. This technique was standardized for the case of linear elastic isotropic materials, such as the metallic alloys in general. However, its reliable application to anisotropic and layered materials, such as CFRP materials, needs to be better studied. In particular, accurate calculation methods to determine the residual stresses in these materials based on the measured in-depth strain relaxation curves need to be developed. In this work, existing calculation methods and already proposed theoretical approaches to determine residual stresses in composite laminates by the incremental hole-drilling technique are reviewed. The selected residual stress calculation method is implemented using MATLAB. For these calculations, specific calibration coefficients have to be numerically determined by the finite element method, using the ANSYS software. The developed MATLAB scripts are then validated using an experimental procedure previously developed. This experimental procedure was performed using CFRP specimens, with the stacking sequence [0o, 90o]5s and, therefore, this composite laminate was selected as case study in this work. Some discrepancies between the calculated stresses using the MATLAB scripts and those imposed during the experimental calibration procedure are observed. The errors found could be explained considering the limitations inherent to the incremental hole-drilling technique and the theoretical approach followed. However, the obtained results showed that the incremental hole-drilling can be considered a promising technique for residual stress measurement in composite laminates.
MT2017
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Mashau, Shivasi Christopher. "An investigation into the manufacturing of complex, three-dimensional components using continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites". Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24191.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Engineering.
Johannesburg, October 2017This research looks into the manufacturing process of complex geometries using continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP). The purpose of this work was to develop methods that will enable the production of defect free complex components. This was achieved by investigating the key process parameters in the CFRTP manufacturing process, and optimizing them in order to improve the quality of components. The investi- gations were performed with the aid of software making use of the finite element method, and this was found to be instrumental in predicting the formability of geometries. The re- search showed that the formability of complex geometry is largely determined by the ability of the laminate to be draped into the required geometry. The forming mechanisms that take place during the draping process can be linked to the formation of defects where draping is unsuccessful. The study also showed that the quality of the drape can be influenced by blank and tool design factors. It was also shown that the blank can be manipulated using a restraint mechanism to improve the formability of geometries. The effect of processing parameters such as forming speed, forming pressure and tool temperature were also investigated. The research resulted in the formulation of guidelines to follow when manufacturing CFRTP components. The developments that were made were successfully implemented to improve the formability of a complex component that had previously been difficult to form without defects.
MT2018
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Freitas, João Rui Aguiar de. "Produção e caracterização de compósitos de matriz epóxi com fibras de conteira e de sisal". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/38562.
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Existe uma grande necessidade na procura de materiais inovadores, económicos e sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento de materiais mais resistentes, duráveis e com elevada ductilidade é possível utilizando a incorporação de fibras, tais como as naturais, nos materiais compósitos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir e caracterizar compósitos com fibra de conteira e fibra de sisal, numa matriz de epóxi. Para tal, foram fabricados compósitos com percentagens de fibra a variar entre 2.5% a 10% em peso, com um tamanho de fibra de 6 mm. Estas fibras foram submetidas a um tratamento alcalino com NaOH, para garantir uma melhor adesão das fibras à matriz. Para a caracterização dos materiais, recorreu- se ao método de Arquimedes, à macroscopia e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento e as propriedades mecânicas foram obtidas através de ensaios de dureza e de tração. Os resultados mostraram uma variação pouco significativa na densidade dos compósitos com o aumento da quantidade de fibra incorporada, e também uma diminuição da resistência à tração, ductilidade e tenacidade à fratura dos materiais. Por outro lado, com este aumento da quantidade registou-se um aumento do módulo de elasticidade, assim como um aumento da dureza dos materiais compósitos. Em suma a adição de fibra aumenta de forma significativa a estabilidade dimensional dos materiais, contudo conduz a uma redução da resistência à tração.There is a great need in the search for innovative, economical and sustainable materials. The development of materials more resistant, durable and with high ductility is possible using the incorporation of fibers, such as natural fibers, in composite materials. Thus, the present work aimed to produce and characterise composites with conteira fibre and sisal fibre, in an epoxy matrix. For this, composites with fibre percentages varying between 2.5% and 10% in weight, with a fibre size of 6 mm, were fabricated. These fibres were submitted to an alkaline treatment with NaOH, to guarantee a better adhesion of the fibres to the matrix. For the characterisation of the materials, the Archimedes method, macroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used and the mechanical properties were obtained through hardness and tensile tests. The results showed a small significant variation in the density of the composites with the increase of the amount of fibre incorporated, and also a decrease in the tensile strength, ductility and fracture toughness of the materials. On the other hand, with this increase in the amount there was an increase in the modulus of elasticity, as well as an increase in the hardness of the composite materials. In summary, the addition of fibre significantly increases the dimensional stability of the materials, but leads to a reduction in tensile strength.