Bibliografias temáticas / Feature films – united states

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Feature films – united states"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

McManus, Emily J. "The Tango in Translation: Intertextuality, Filmic Representation, and Performing Argentine Tango in the United States". TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 5, n.º 1-2 (25 de março de 2014): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9w34w.

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This article analyzes representations of the Argentine tango by the U.S. media utilizing Farzaneh Farahzad’s theory of “translation as intertextual practice” and Lawrence Venuti’s theory of translated “adaptations.” I argue that the juxtaposition of Latin American and European cultural stereotypes within filmic representations of the tango has created and reinforced a highly racialized master discourse (Said Faiq) that continues to influence how the Argentine tango is perceived in the United States today. Because cultural translation occurs between a hegemonic culture and a marginalized culture, representations of the tango in the United States both create and reinforce a master discourse that inextricably ties the tango to an exoticized and eroticized Latin “Other.” I conclude by discuss how the racialized and sexualized narratives discussed throughout this paper are integrated into contemporary performance of the tango. I draw on ethnographic research with tango communities throughout the United States to illustrate how 20th century filmic representations of the tango continue to motivate, influence, and inform how, when, and why the Argentine tango is performed by U.S. dancers and musicians. Films analyzed include Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Some Like it Hot, Last Tango in Paris, and The Scent of a Woman, as well as a variety of lesser-known films and television advertisements. Although a large variety of 20th century films feature the tango, the films discussed in this paper were selected for analysis due to the frequency with which they are referenced by tango aficionados and contemporary tango dancers, musicians, and deejays performing throughout the United States today.

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Sheppard, W. Anthony. "An Exotic Enemy: Anti-Japanese Musical Propaganda in World War II Hollywood". Journal of the American Musicological Society 54, n.º 2 (2001): 303–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2001.54.2.303.

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Abstract The cinema was the most effective medium for anti-Japanese propaganda in the United States during World War II and was the site of music's most important wartime role. From shortly after Pearl Harbor to the end of the U.S. occupation of Japan in 1952, Hollywood produced a large number of films offering negative depictions of the Japanese. Music assumed multiple roles in these anti-Japanese feature films and U.S. government documentaries. Never had Orientalist and racial politics been more clearly evident in music heard by so many as in these productions. These films marshaled preexistent European music, stereotypical Orientalist signs, and traditional Japanese music against the exotic enemy. This essay analyzes some sophisticated examples of musical propaganda that offer new perspectives for the study of cross-cultural musical encounters. For many in the United States, Hollywood film music continues to shape their impressions of Japan and their perceptions of Japanese music.

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Vétu, Guillaume. "Animist influence and immutable corporeality: Repositioning the significance of Japanese cinematic zombies". East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 7, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2021): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00042_1.

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In terms of zombie film output, Japan’s is perhaps the second largest in the world after the United States and above the United Kingdom. Yet only a relatively small number of these films have received academic attention. Having sourced and verified an exhaustive catalogue of over 160 feature-length Japanese zombie films produced between 1959 and 2018, and through recent field work in Japan, including personal interviews with local film, media and folklore scholars and professionals, this article constructs a clearer overview of this uncharted corpus. It presents some of the most predominant cultural specificities of Japanese zombie films and their compelling narrative and stylistic heterogeneity. Previous assertions confined these films to a ‘cult’ sub-genre, restricting the Japanese monsters they feature to mere western imports; however, this article demonstrates that Japanese cinematic zombies defy simple categorization and repeatedly challenge some of the key posits at the centre of zombie studies, especially regarding their defining characteristics. The Japanese folklore and literary tradition in particular provides a new lens through which these popular fictional ‘Others’ can be (re-)examined, uncovering new significance and offering new insights into both Japanese and western cultures.

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Auwen, Aurora, Mark Emmons e Walter Dehority. "Portrayal of Immunization in American Cinema: 1925 to 2016". Clinical Pediatrics 59, n.º 4-5 (22 de janeiro de 2020): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819901004.

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The American media often disseminates antivaccination messages. Cinema in particular reaches many individuals and influences attitudes regarding high-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol use. We hypothesized that negative cinematic portrayals of immunization have increased over the last 3 decades. Films released in the United States featuring immunization through 2016 were identified on IMDb and viewed in their entirety by 2 reviewers. Themes were recorded, and the portrayal of immunization (positive, negative, or mixed) across each decade was assessed in a logistic regression model. Cultural references attributed to films (eg, television references) were recorded from the “connection” feature on IMDb. Fifty relevant films were identified (1925-2016). Negative/mixed portrayals of immunization were more frequent after 1990 (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-13.5), and films with positive immunization portrayals garnered significantly fewer cultural references than films with negative/mixed portrayals (mean = 9.2 vs 56.2, P = .048). American cinema features increasingly negative portrayals of immunization.

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Shrock, Joel. "Desperate Deeds, Desperate Men: Gender, Race, and Rape in Silent Feature Films, 1915–1927". Journal of Men’s Studies 6, n.º 1 (outubro de 1997): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659700600104.

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Many of the top-grossing feature films spanning from 1915–1927 utilized rape as a device for defining manhood and thereby establishing power relationships. The images of rape in these silent films idealized the power of respectable white men over the men and women of other classes and races and subordinated the women from their own social station. These movies constructed white men as heroes and guardians of morality and civilization, white women as frail but morally superior figures, and African-American and immigrant men and women as uncontrollable sexual deviants who threatened civilization. These films reflected the fears of the white middle class that massive immigration, waves of black migration to the North, and the increasingly public role of women were irrevocably changing American society and threatening the power of the traditional dominant group in the United States: white middle- and upper-class men.

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Moore, Cornelius. "African Cinema in the American Video Market". Issue: A Journal of Opinion 20, n.º 2 (1992): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050153x.

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There are probably a billion videocassettes in the United States. Yet few, probably under a thousand, are African films. I want to ask why this is and describe a strategy to change it.How can one of the least known and most under-funded cinemas in the world, African cinema, find a place in the most lavishly promoted and capitalized media marketplaces on earth, the U.S. feature film market?

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Klenotic, Jeffrey. "‘Big’ and ‘little’ Quo Vadis? in the United States, 1913–1916: Using GIS to map rival modes of feature cinema during the transitional era". Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 32, n.º 41 (5 de janeiro de 2023): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2022.41.01.

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This article emanates from a geospatial database of over 600 premieres of the Cines company’s Quo Vadis? (1913), an eight-reel film distributed by George Kleine, and nearly 250 premieres of the Quo Vadis Film Company’s Quo Vadis? (1913), a three-reel film of ambiguous origins distributed by Paul De Outo. By mapping local premieres of both films across the United States from 1913 through 1916, the data show with spatiotemporal precision the spread of Quo Vadis? as one of cinema’s early blockbuster titles. Yet within this national phenomenon, the two films’ footprints reveal differing cultural geographies served by competing efforts to feature Quo Vadis? using alternative practices of distribution and exhibition. The study finds that Quo Vadis? played a more complex role mediating the rise of features than is yet known, serving rival modes of cinema where longer, more expensive films were celebrated but also contested.

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Porst. "United States v. Twentieth Century-Fox, et al. and Hollywood's Feature Films on Early Television". Film History 25, n.º 4 (2013): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/filmhistory.25.4.114.

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Miranda-Barreiro, David. "‘Little Spain’ or ‘Little Galicia’?" Journal of Romance Studies 20, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jrs.2020.26.

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This article studies three cinematic representations of the Galician migrant community in the United States: the documentaries Os 15000 de Newark (2007) and Little Spain (2014), and the feature-length film Little Galicia (2015). The analysis of these films focuses especially on the influence of their chosen framing on the migrants’ performance of their cultural identity. By assessing the performative aspect of identity, this article also examines the possibility of considering Galicianness as a transnational positioning, globally or glocally performed, rather than a geographically fixed essence.

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Garðarsdóttir, Hólmfríður. "Ante la indiferencia: Representaciones visuales que reafirman cómo la decepción utópica se vuelve distópica". Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, n.º 1 (14 de novembro de 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1449.

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Faced with indifference: Visual representations that endorse utopian expectations turning dystopic. Every year, in an attempt to reach the United States, hundreds of thousands of undocumented migrants from Central America cross Mexico atop freight trains that are referred to by names such as “The Beast” or “The Train of Death.” Driven by extreme economic conditions, civil unrest and violence in their home countries, and, in some cases, the desire to reunite with relatives already living in the United States, adult individuals, families, and even unaccompanied children and adolescents embark on this perilous journey. In doing so, they risk falling victim to abuse, extortion, sexual assault, and other forms of violence at the hands of brutal gangs, organized crime, and corrupt officials. Many lose their lives. This study examines various aspects of the passage of undocumented Central American migrants through Mexico, viewing the situation from the perspective of human rights violations and social exclusion. It addresses the specifics and realities of the migrants’ dangerous journey north, and reviews the main factors that lead these people, who are mostly from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, to leave their home countries in search of better conditions and a chance to live what they regard as the American Dream. The experiences of Central American migrants have been the subject of several documentary films which provide both a narrative and visual representation of the journey north through Mexico. This study will analyze a series of documentaries as well as the feature films Sin nombre (2009) y La jaula de oro (2013) and consider whether the films accurately illustrate the harsh realities that undocumented migrants face while attempting to reach the United States and the extent to which they provide insight into their lives and experiences.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

Ford, Conny (Conny M. ). "Differences in Marketing Mainstream and Independent Feature Films in the United States (1990-1995)". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278064/.

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The purpose of this study is (1) to examine mainstream studio films and their marketing (2) to examine independent films and their marketing (3) to explore the marketing challenges of independent films (4) to explore new developments in independent film and the emergence of crossover films (5) to explore the benefits of alliances between the major studios and independent film distributors (6) to examine the diminishing differences between major studio films and independent films.

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Frykholm, Joel. "Framing the Feature Film : Multi-Reel Feature Film and American Film Culture in the 1910s". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis : eddy.se [distributör], 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29742.

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Borglin, John. "The Birth of Two Nations : En analys av ras och sexualitet i två filmatiseringar från 1915 och 2016". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85685.

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The following study aims, through a narratological and discourse analysis, to discuss and make visable, how two films, both named The Birth of a Nation, directed by G.W. Griffith and Nate Parker respectively depict violence and sexuality in relation to race. The theoretical framework, consists of postcolonialism, race, violence, masculinity and sexuality. However, the different parts of the theoretical framework are intertwined as race, sexuality and violence are interlinked and dependent on each other. These theories were chosen in accordance to the feature films’ narratives as well as their relation to each other. The results of this study were mainly in line with previously conducted research regarding the films. However the analysis of Nate Parker’s production provided a more neuanced perspective regarding the depiction of the interlinked expressions of sexuality and racial hegemony mainly from whites. Both films use similar style figures regarding the depiciton of violence, hegemony and sexuality even though the style figures serve to portray, in Parker’s film – the whites, and in Griffith’s film – the blacks, as perpertrators. Finally, the study raises new questions for research. I claim that a larger study, containing the collected canon of feature films from 1915 until today would make for an enriched and more complete picture of how black slaves are depicted in feature films as well as how these films reflect their contemporary times.

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Russell, Diane. "Du storyboard au storyboardeur : étude comparative d'une activité cinématographique en France et aux États-Unis". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030067.

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Ce travail a pour point de départ une analyse quantitative de l’objet »storyboard » faite sur un large corpus. La taxinomie ainsi établie, croisée avec une approche qualitative, nous permet de mettre en lumière des codes de communication et des invariants inhérents à ce dispositif de pré-production. Cela aboutit, dans un premier temps, à la définition de l’outil storyboard parmi les autres dessins de préparation cinématographique. Le classement des données en fonction de leur période apporte ensuite une perspective nouvelle à l’analyse : c’est par l’objet, trace de sa propre histoire et vecteur de pensées, que se dessinent les interactions sociales et la professionnalisation de ceux qui le confectionnent. L’étude porte sur deux conceptions différentes de la pratique du storyboard, d’un côté et de l’autre de l’Atlantique
The starting point of this work involves a quantitative analysis of the object »storyboard » applied on a large corpus. The taxonomy here established, crossed witha qualitative approach, allows one to reveal communication codes and invariantsinherent to this preproduction device. This first leads to the definition of the toolstoryboard among other film preparation drawings. The classification of the dataaccording to its period then brings a new perspective to the analysis: it is through theobject, vestige of its own story and vector of ideas, from which are drawn the socialinteractions and the professionalization of those who manufacture it. The studyconcerns two different conceptions of the storyboarding practice, on both sides of theAtlantic Ocean

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Bhatia, Parul. "India Vaale in the United States". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935597/.

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This documentary reveals the thoughts and feelings of seven Indian students at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. It portrays that better material comforts in the U.S. condition the decision of Indian students in not returning to India even after the completion of their studies. It also shows their feelings of nostalgia for the social and cultural milieu of their home country, India. For this project 18 Indian students at the University of North Texas were interviewed and seven of them became part of the final documentary.

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Cavallero, Jonathan J. "Italian/American filmmakers in American motion pictures : the films of Capra, Scorsese, Savoca, Coppola, and Tarantino /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3301350.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Depts. of Communication and Culture and American Studies, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 26, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0413. Adviser: James Naremore.

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Roy, André 1963. "Une lecture politique de Star trek /". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61800.

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Yeung, Yuk-ngan, e 楊玉顔. "Gender representation in films". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953773.

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Zwarich, Jennifer. "Federal Films| Bureaucratic Activism and the U.S. Government Motion Picture Initiative, 1901-1941". Thesis, New York University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3635322.

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This dissertation describes the emergence and expansion of U.S. government motion picture work over the first four decades of the twentieth century. It situates the early history of federal filmmaking within the long progressive drive to reshape representative government into a more active proponent of the welfare of its citizenry and argues that despite reigning critiques to the contrary, institutional sponsorship actually gave social meaning and efficacy to this mode of social documentary. Indeed, I argue that U.S. government film production can be understood as a kind of social activism that was simultaneously propelled and limited by the contours of the federal bureaucracy. Envisioning government film work as “bureaucratic activism”—with all the power as well as the inefficiencies, entrenched rigidities, red tape, politics and establishment loyalties implied by the term “bureaucratic”—is useful here. It helps capture the contradictory nature of a pragmatic enterprise that actively and optimistically sought social change from within the confines of the status quo.

Federal films are examined in this history as spaces of complex negotiation— as points of contact between the structure(s) of the American democratic state and the imaginings of progressive bureaucrats about both their relationship to that state and its relationship to its citizens. Relying largely on original research in little-mined federal collections, I argue that the interpretations of social problems and solutions attempted in and by these film texts represent more than attempts to bolster institutional authority and reinforce the status quo (though, of course, they were such attempts). These aims were mediated by a will—evident both within the film texts and in the extemporaneous correspondence of their administrators and producers—to explain or justify such authority claims by literally and figuratively visualizing them as not arbitrary but rather in the interest of nurturing or protecting the common good. Federal films, seen in this way, don’t automatically obviate social change but instead represent attempts to relate social change to the ideal of democratic government. Viewed in the context of the specific change initiatives they were produced to aid, federal films were reflections of and on democratic governance itself.

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Dean, Adam T. "The Paradox of Creativity and Business in Feature Hollywood Filmmaking: The Relationship Between Motion Picture Production and Budgeting". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4885/.

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This study examines the relationship between movie budgeting and the creative process in Hollywood filmmaking. To understand the effects of this relationship on the creative product, several films are analyzed within the production process where conflicts between the investors and creators are observed. A case study approach is guided by theories of the production of culture, which state that creative products manufactured in the cultural industry must be analyzed in relation to their surrounds society. Findings suggest previous indicators of box office success are becoming primary influences in the filmmaking process. The study also finds that financial standards in Hollywood potentially inhibit innovation among creative participants within a limited Hollywood creative sphere.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

Fetrow, Alan G. Feature films, 1940-1949: A United States filmography. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1994.

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King, Hanson Patricia, Gevinson Alan e American Film Institute, eds. The American Film Institute film catalog of motion pictures produced in the United States: Feature films, 1911-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

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King, Hanson Patricia, Gevinson Alan e American Film Institute, eds. The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures produced in the United States: Feature films 1931-1940. Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.

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Lentz, Harris M. Feature films, 1960-1969: A filmography of English-language and major foreign-language United States releases. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 2010.

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Cocchi, John. Second feature: The best of the Bs. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1991.

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Neibaur, James L. The RKO features: A complete filmography of the feature films released or produced by RKO Radio Pictures, 1929-1960. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1994.

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Galbraith, Stuart. Japanese science fiction, fantasy, and horror films: A critical analysis of 103 features released in the United States, 1950-1992. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1994.

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Galbraith, Stuart. Japanese science fiction, fantasy, and horror films: A critical analysis and filmography of 103 features released in the United States, 1950-1992. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1994.

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Cones, John W. The feature film distribution deal: A critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.

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Haldenby, Michael R. D. An investigation of the characterisations of schools and schooling in a selection of feature films made in Britain and the United States of America since 1939. [Coventry]: typescript, 1988.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

Dixon, Shane M., e Tim Gawley. "Screening Workplace Disaster: The Case of Only the Brave (2017)". In Visualising Safety, an Exploration, 101–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33786-4_12.

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AbstractMedia influence how we define and engage with our world, shaping our interpretations, attitudes, behaviours. Feature films in which work-related injuries, deaths, and disasters are the storylines can convey occupational safety messages to large, diverse audiences. Films can entertain, act as “powerful” and “poignant” memorials to workers, heighten peoples’ awareness of events, and even deepen their understanding of the causes of workplace disasters. However, it is unclear how films actually represent the complexities of workplace injury and industrial disaster. We examined the film Only the Brave (di Bonaventura, Luckinbill (Producers), Kosinski (Director) in Only the Brave [Motion Picture] (Columbia Pictures, United States, 2017)), which recounts the story of the deaths of 19 wildland firefighters in America. In particular, we examine how the film portrays workplace disaster and the factors which led up to the event. We discuss some strengths and limitations of feature films as a form of visualizing workplace disaster.

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Rubenfeld, Sheldon, e Daniel P. Sulmasy. "Physician-Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, and Bioethics in Nazi and Contemporary Cinema". In The International Library of Bioethics, 173–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01987-6_10.

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AbstractToday, physician-assisted suicide and/or euthanasia are legal in several European countries, Canada, several jurisdictions in the United States and Australia, and may soon become legal in many more jurisdictions. While traditional Hippocratic and religious medical ethics have long opposed these practices, contemporary culture and politics have slowly weakened opposition to physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. Our chapter examines how assisted suicide and euthanasia have been presented in cinema, one of the most powerful influences on culture, by Nazi propagandists during the German Third Reich and by Western filmmakers since the end of World War II.Almost all contemporary films about assisted suicide and euthanasia, including six winners of Academy Awards, promote these practices as did Ich klage an (I Accuse) (1941), the best and archetypal Nazi feature film about euthanasia. The bioethical justifications of assisted suicide or euthanasia in both Ich klage an and contemporary films are strikingly similar: showing mercy; avoiding fear and/or disgust; equating loss of capability with loss of a reason to live; enabling self-determination and the right-to-die; conflating voluntary with involuntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia; and casting opposition as out-of-date traditionalism. Economics and eugenics, two powerful arguments for euthanasia during the Third Reich, are not highlighted in Ich klage an and are only obliquely mentioned in contemporary cinema. One dramatic difference in the cinema of the two periods is the prominence of medical professionals in Ich klage an and their conspicuous absence in contemporary films about assisted suicide and euthanasia. A discussion of the medical ethos of the two time periods reveals how cinema both reflects and influences the growing acceptance of assisted suicide and euthanasia.

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Kathleen Gallagher, B., Amy Aughinbaugh e Zannie G. Voss. "Beyond the “Studio System”: Public Support for Films in the United States". In Handbook of State Aid for Film, 463–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71716-6_26.

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Sun, Yi. "Defining Hong Kong Cinema Through Distribution: Milkyway Films in the United States". In Milkyway Image, 91–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6578-0_6.

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Wright, Ewan, Qiang Hao, Khaled Rasheed e Yan Liu. "Feature Selection of Post-graduation Income of College Students in the United States". In Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling, 38–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93372-6_4.

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Ghanoui, Saniya Lee. "From Home to School: Menstrual Education Films of the 1950s". In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 931–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_67.

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Abstract In this essay, Ghanoui examines two menstrual education films of the 1950s widely used in the United States: Molly Grows Up (1953) and As Boys Grow (1957). Ghanoui discusses how the films portrayed the menstrual cycle and how educational literature received the films. She argues that the films became popular because they eased the teaching responsibilities of school instructors without taking away their authority—the films supplemented traditional menstrual education in schools while teachers maintained jurisdiction in their classrooms.

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Crowell, Amber R., e Mark A. Fossett. "Measurement and Study Design". In Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation Across the United States, 23–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38371-7_2.

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AbstractA major feature of our study is that we use new methods for measuring residential segregation that make it possible for us to assess levels and trends in segregation with consistent accuracy and across a wider range of measurement circumstances. This includes combinations of group comparisons and community settings where trustworthy measurements of segregation previously have not been possible. More specifically, we measure the dimension of segregation known as evenness using refined versions of two familiar and widely used measures, the dissimilarity index (D) and the separation index (S). The versions of the measures we use are free of index bias, a problem that poses major challenges for measuring segregation in many situations, and thus yield index scores that are accurate and trustworthy in situations where scores obtained using conventional approaches to measuring segregation used in previous studies would be distorted by index bias. In the past, the problem of index bias forced researchers to choose between two undesirable options. One option is to measure segregation across a more comprehensive and representative range of circumstances but with an understanding that the index scores obtained are in many cases untrustworthy and potentially misleading because they are distorted by bias. The other option is to restrict the scope of the analysis to a much smaller and less representative set of combinations of group comparisons and community settings where index bias is likely to be negligible and scores for standard versions of segregation indices are trustworthy and can sustain close analysis of cases. The measurement methods we use make it possible for us to sidestep these difficult choices and avoid the undesirable consequences that accompany them. The benefit of using these new measurement methods is that we are able to obtain segregation index scores that are consistently accurate across a much broader range of measurement circumstances (e.g., combinations on group comparisons and community settings) than has been possible in previous research. The consistent accuracy of the unbiased measures enables us to draw conclusions about the levels and patterns of variation in segregation across group comparisons, across communities, and over time with greater confidence. Additionally, it allows us to selectively conduct close analysis of index scores for individual cases including, for example, tracking changes in segregation over time for a small subpopulation (e.g., Latino immigrants) in a small nonmetropolitan community, an analysis that cannot be sustained with conventional measurement practices used in past research. The task we seek to accomplish in this chapter is to first provide an overview of the conceptualization of residential segregation and the motivations for studying it and to then highlight the features of our study design that enable us to make new and important contributions to research on this topic.

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Long, Derek. "Franchising as a Strategy of National Feature Distribution in the 1910s". In The Oxford Handbook of Silent Cinema, 460–80. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496692.013.46.

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Abstract This chapter examines a hybrid form of national feature-film distribution used in the United States from the mid-1910s until at least the early 1920s: the franchise system. This system constituted a transitional model of film distribution that combined the features of the state rights system typically used for multi-reel features and the centralized release program used for short films. By combining the income and circulation benefits of state rights with the coordination, pricing, and branding advantages of program booking, franchising enabled feature distributors to build a national distribution network quickly and without significant capital investment. Through case studies of the Triangle Film Corporation and the First National Exhibitors’ Circuit, this chapter details the advantages and disadvantages of the franchise system before it became a marginal practice used by Poverty Row distributors.

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Lovejoy, Alice. "“A Treacherous Tightrope”". In Cinema's Military Industrial Complex. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520291508.003.0017.

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This chapter, by Alice Lovejoy, chronicles the United States Office of War Information’s plans to distribute forty Hollywood feature films in liberated Europe under the auspices of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force’s Psychological Warfare Division (PWD-SHAEF). From the comparative perspectives of OWI and the Allied countries for which the films were destined (Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Czechoslovakia, its central case study), it examines the economic, ideological, and pragmatic questions that intersected in these films’ selection and distribution, focusing on the tensions caused by OWI’s close relationship with the American film industry. The chapter argues that the case study of these forty films highlights Europe’s fraught political, cultural, and diplomatic relationship with American cinema on the cusp of the Cold War, as well as the complex logics underpinning film distribution in this period.

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Moore, Paul S. "Paramount Pictures, National Advertising Agencies, and the Conspicuous Distribution of First-Run Feature Films in the United States". In The Oxford Handbook of Silent Cinema, 481–502. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496692.013.31.

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Abstract Paramount Pictures was created in 1914 as a “marketing combine” of distributors for three early feature-film companies. Central to Paramount’s initial set-up was a plan to advertise on a national scale, taking advantage of pooled publicity. For the rest of the silent era, Paramount stood out among Hollywood studios for its extensive use of standardized advertising, designed and managed by publicity experts, the H. E. Lesan Agency and Hanff-Metzger, Inc. In the nascent studio system for Hollywood movies, national advertising transformed the deep pockets of Paramount studios into symbolic dominance over exhibitors. This tactic pre-dated the company’s establishment of vertically integrated ownership of first-run theaters. Where other studios occasionally promoted new feature films or popular stars, Paramount took a systematic approach to display conspicuously its trademark as a modern staple of an emerging consumer society.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

Bei, Ni. "Examining United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 Feature Usage: A Response Process Validity Study". In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1892463.

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Zhang, Zhipeng, Kang Zhou e Xiang Liu. "Broken Rail Prediction With Machine Learning-Based Approach". In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8102.

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Abstract Broken rails are the most frequent cause of freight train derailments in the United States. According to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) railroad accident database, there are over 900 Class I railroad freight-train derailments caused by broken rails between 2000 and 2017. In 2017 alone, broken rail-caused freight train derailments cause $15.8 million track and rolling stock damage costs to Class I railroads. The prevention of broken rails is crucial for reducing the risk due to broken rail-caused derailments. Although there is fast-growing big data in the railroad industry, quite limited prior research has taken advantage of these data to disclose the relationship between real-world factors and broken rail occurrence. This article aims to predict the occurrence of broken rails via machine learning approach that simultaneously accounts for track files, traffic information, maintenance history, and prior defect information. In the prediction of broken rails, a machine learning-based algorithm called extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is developed with various types of variables, including track characteristics (e.g. rail profile information, rail laid information), traffic-related information (e.g. gross tonnage recorded by time, number of passing cars), maintenance records (e.g. rail grinding and track ballast cleaning), and historical rail defect records. Area Under the Curve (AUC) is used as the evaluation metric to identify the prediction accuracy of developed machine learning model. The preliminary result shows that the AUC for one year of the XGBoost-based prediction model is 0.83, which is higher than two comparative models, logistic regression and random forests. Furthermore, the feature importance discloses that segment length, traffic tonnage, number of car passes, rail age, and the number of detected defects in the past six months have relatively greater importance for the prediction of broken rails. The prediction model and outcomes, along with future research in the relationship between broken rails and broken rail-caused derailment, can benefit railroad practical maintenance planning and capital planning.

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Narcross, Hannah, Nelson Bell, Gary Grest e Ashley Bowman. "Ionomer Films For Anti-Icing Coatings." In Proposed for presentation at the Winter Virtual Intern Symposium held February 17-17, 2022 in Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2001717.

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Goode, Katherine, Daniel Ries, James Tucker e Lyndsay Shand. "Feature Importance with Deep Echo State Models for Long-Term Climate Forecasting." In Proposed for presentation at the Climate Informatics held May 9-13, 2022 in Asheville, NC United States. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003183.

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Cerbari, Daniela. "Features organizing records in the UK". In Conferința științifică internațională studențească „Provocările contabilității în viziunea tinerilor cercetători”, ediția VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/issc2023.55.

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The United Kingdom is the country where accounting is based on features such as simplicity and freedom of professional judgment. This assignment presents what are the features of british accounting is based on insignificant state participation in the accounting regulation, the orientation of financial information towards the needs of large anonymous companies, the regulation and evolution of accounting principles through the effort of a strong liberal profession, the need to fulfill the Accounts Control missions, public relations in the services provided by audit firms. The British industrial revolution left its mark on the evolution of the accounting system. In this article, the subject of the peculiarities of accounting in Great Britain was touched upon. As well as the companies that participate in the monitoring of this process as well as in the regulation of accounting principles. We will also follow the emergence of this powerful system that is watched and studied around the world. Also the connection with the tax system, depreciation, the accounting profession will be present and we will decipher as little as possible their importance in the development of accounting.

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Li, Yichi, Shenglan Chu, Huan Zhao, Fumei Rong, Chenglin Liu, Suling Zhao, Zhen Wang e Zhouqiang Xiong. "Rapid Prediction and Evaluation of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States Based on Feature Selection and Improved ARIMAX Model". In ICAIIS 2021: 2021 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469213.3471327.

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Babuska, Tomas, John Curry, Ryan Thorpe, Michael Dugger, Frank DelRio, Morgan Jones, Nicholas Strandwitz et al. "Quality Control Metrics to Assess MoS<sub>2</sub> Sputtered Films for Tribological Applications [Slides]". In 76. Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL (United States), 15-19 May 2022. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2003247.

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Fowler, James, Samantha Rosenberg, Jessica Faubel, Melissa Meyerson, Rupesh Rajendran, Jahnavi Choundraj, Josh Kacher e Preet Singh. "Morphology and Electrochemistry Drive Corrosion of Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold Films: A Multi-Technique Analysis." In Proposed for presentation at the 242nd ECS Meeting held October 9-13, 2022 in Atlanta, Georgia United States of America. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2005686.

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Quasi, Mohammed, Nathan Jackson e Remi Dingreville. "Optimizing the piezoelectric response in AlN thin-films via high-throughput ab-initio perturbation theory simulations." In Proposed for presentation at the CINT Annual User Meeting held September 21-22, 2021 in Albuquerque, New Mexico United States. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1888687.

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Huo, Xuan, e Ming Li. "Enhancing the Unified Features to Locate Buggy Files by Exploiting the Sequential Nature of Source Code". In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/265.

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Bug reports provide an effective way for end-users to disclose potential bugs hidden in a software system, while automatically locating the potential buggy source files according to a bug report remains a great challenge in software maintenance. Many previous approaches represent bug reports and source code from lexical and structural information correlated their relevance by measuring their similarity, and recently a CNN-based model is proposed to learn the unified features for bug localization, which overcomes the difficulty in modeling natural and programming languages with different structural semantics. However, previous studies fail to capture the sequential nature of source code, which carries additional semantics beyond the lexical and structural terms and such information is vital in modeling program functionalities and behaviors. In this paper, we propose a novel model LS-CNN, which enhances the unified features by exploiting the sequential nature of source code. LS-CNN combines CNN and LSTM to extract semantic features for automatically identifying potential buggy source code according to a bug report. Experimental results on widely-used software projects indicate that LS-CNN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in locating buggy files.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Feature films – united states"

Wilkins, Justin, Andrew McQueen, Joshua LeMonte e Burton Suedel. Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), setembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42021.

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Given the reported extent of microplastics in the aquatic environment, environmentally relevant exposure information for sediments dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers will lend context to the risks posed by this contaminant during dredging. We measured the occurrence, abundance, and polymer composition of microplastics in sediments collected from nine dredged waterways and two non-dredged reference areas. The number of particles in sediment samples ranged from 162 to 6110 particles/kg dry wt., with a mean of 1636 particles/kg dry wt. Fragments were the most prevalent shape observed among the 11 study sites (100% frequency of occurrence), followed by fibers (81%), spheres (75%), foams (38%) and films (34%). Based on analyses of chemical composition of the particles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polyethylene:propylene was the most common polymer type observed. Consistent with results presented by other investigators microplastic concentrations and polymer types in bottom sediments in this study were also aligned with the most widely used plastics worldwide.

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Shinde, Victor, G. Asok Kumar, Dheeraj Joshi e Nikita Madan. Healthy Urban Rivers as a Panacea to Pandemic-Related Stress: How to Manage Urban Rivers. Asian Development Bank Institute, dezembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/vyqu8666.

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During the lockdown imposed due to the first wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, there were several media reports of citizens flouting the lockdown rules in the United States. Upon closer investigation it was found that the rules were flouted mostly so that people could spend time outdoors in natural environments. This exemplifies the role of the natural environment as a panacea to the mental stress created by pandemics. River ecosystems are perhaps the greatest natural feature of any city. Efficient management of urban rivers, therefore, is strongly correlated to crisis management during pandemics like COVID-19.

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Doty, Pamela. Cash and Counseling: Self-directed home and community long-term care. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004857.

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Cash and counseling provides an allowance that recipients can use to purchase home- and community-based long-term care services instead of receiving them from an agency. This scheme gives beneficiaries the choice and independence to self-direct the implementation of their preferred long-term care plan, using an assigned budget, under the supervision of a counselor. One feature of this program is that recipients can choose between hiring a professional or a family member as a caregiver. The objective of this document is to explore how cash and counseling works, with examples of interventions in the United States, and how it is relevant for policy-making in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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Kelsey, Tom. When Missions Fail: Lessons in ‘High Technology’ From Post-War Britain. Blavatnik School of Government, dezembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp_2023/056.

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The idea that national security and economic prosperity stem from being at the technological frontier (‘techno-nationalism’) is once again a dominant feature of global politics. The post-war United States has emerged as the key model in these discussions, with the ‘moonshot’ seen as an outstanding example of how to direct state resources towards technological breakthroughs, while the capacity of the American government is praised more generally for its ability to sponsor ground-breaking technology. This paper, however, suggests that the United States was the exception, not the rule, and that the failures of post-war Britain highlight the limitations of ‘techno-nationalism’ with vivid clarity. During the 1950s and 1960s, the British state took long-term bets on securing a leading role in the world’s technological future, specifically in the areas of supersonic flight via Concorde and nuclear power generation. The result, however, was not export glory but industrial calamity. These long-running programmes were eventually cut back in the 1970s, when it became accepted in Whitehall that Britain should no longer try to be the Science and Tech Superpower, attempting to leapfrog the United States to technological glory. Understanding this trajectory in Britain dislodges the sense that focusing on emerging technology and the long term is a silver bullet in policymaking. We must appreciate that the realities of technological power matter, and grasp that the post-war US was an unrepresentative case: no country today will have the relative level of industrial and technological might that it enjoyed at that time. While my arguments will resonate in other national contexts, my focus is on ensuring that any strategy for ‘high technology’ in the UK today continues to learn the lessons from the errors of the post-war period. It must be wary of expert capture within the state. It must also think about industrial strategy in an integrated way, across national security, economics, and foreign policy, with a policymaking machinery set up to deal with this level of complexity. Moreover, despite the attention afforded to national state funding, the UK should continue to see forging alliances as essential alongside working with international business and be clear-eyed about where it does and does not need to sustain national capabilities.

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Lalisse, Matthias. Measuring the Impact of Campaign Finance on Congressional Voting: A Machine Learning Approach. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, fevereiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp178.

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How much does money drive legislative outcomes in the United States? In this article, we use aggregated campaign finance data as well as a Transformer based text embedding model to predict roll call votes for legislation in the US Congress with more than 90% accuracy. In a series of model comparisons in which the input feature sets are varied, we investigate the extent to which campaign finance is predictive of voting behavior in comparison with variables like partisan affiliation. We find that the financial interests backing a legislator’s campaigns are independently predictive in both chambers of Congress, but also uncover a sizable asymmetry between the Senate and the House of Representatives. These findings are cross-referenced with a Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) linking legislators’ financial and voting records, in which we show that “legislators who vote together get paid together”, again discovering an asymmetry between the House and the Senate in the additional predictive power of campaign finance once party is accounted for. We suggest an explanation of these facts in terms of Thomas Ferguson’s Investment Theory of Party Competition: due to a number of structural differences between the House and Senate, but chiefly the lower amortized cost of obtaining individuated influence with Senators, political investors prefer operating on the House using the party as a proxy.

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Meardon, Stephen. A Tale of Two Tariff Commissions and One Dubious ¿Globalization Backlash? Inter-American Development Bank, janeiro de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010964.

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During much of the previous era of globalization, from the 1860s until the First World War, U.S. tariffs were surprisingly high. Present-day economic historians have suggested that U.S. protection as the result of a backlash against globalization that was the beginning of its decline. They have also argued that the backlash holds a lesson for the present: specifically, that we must attend to the distributive inequities that globalization engenders, or else globalization will again plant the seeds of its own destruction. I show that U.S. tariffs were not the product of backlash. A history of economic ideas in the nineteenth century United States, centered on two tariff commissions in 1866-1870 and 1882, reveals that the ideas debated in intellectual and policy circles alike bore no trace of globalization backlash. The important feature of U.S. intellectual and tariff policy history is not globalization backlash, but rather the absence from most historical accounts of certain thinkers and ideas that were crucial to the debate. Accordingly, the lesson that history holds for the present is not that we must attend to globalization's inequities. (That lesson is likely to stand or fall apart from history.) Instead it is that we need to attend to the /idea/ of backlash, which has a foothold in history that is deeper than the evidence. The lesson implies that to understand the present and future of globalization, what are required are histories of ideas.

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Babenko, Oksana. Ідеї екуменізму в публіцистиці митрополита Андрея Шептицького: сучасне прочитання. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11717.

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Subject of the article’s study – ecumenism of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi and reflection of this phenomenon in the works of scientists and modern Ukrainian media. Main objective of the study: analyze what Ukrainian scientists, journalists and different media are writing about Sheptytkyi’s ecumenism. Methodology: We used a bibliographic method to accumulate factual material, a qualitative content analysis to isolate the ideas of ecumenism from the journalism of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, a cultural-historical method that made it possible to consider the ideas of ecumenism in the context of the era, the connection with the historical context, as well as methods of synthesis and generalization, induction and deduction. The study process description: In our scientific article, we analyzed the doctoral dissertation of His Beatitude Lubomyr Huzar entitled «Andrei Sheptytskyi, Metropolitan of Halytskyi (1901-1944). Herald of ecumenism». His Beatitude Lubomyr defended this fundamental work at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome back in 1972. Therefore, we observed how this work reflects the historical prerequisites, features and development of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism, who, according to His Beatitude Lubomir, was a kind of innovator in this field, a person who was ahead of his time. We also analyzed the reflections on the ecumenism of Sheptytskyi´s father, doctor Ivan Datsk, which are reflected in his book «In Search of Faithfulness and Truth». In addition, we turned to the scientific text «Ecumenism of Sheptytskyi» by professors Mykola Vegesh and Mykola Palinchak. Subsequently, it was analyzed how the scientific work became a useful basis for the coverage of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism in the press. In particular, in the columns of the cultural and social site «Zbruch» in Diana Motruk’s article «In Search of Church Unity». We also turned to the «Spiritual Greatness of Lviv» website, where in 2020 an interview with Mykhailo Perun, who shot the film «Sheptytskyi: Relevant information», was published, illustrating the ecumenical initiatives of this figure. In addition, we analyzed the publication on Radio Svoboda for 2022, dedicated to the anniversary of Sheptytsky’s stepping into eternity. It is also mentioned there about of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism as his landmark activity. Subsequently, we found an article on the website «Christian and the World», where in a conversation with the scientist Dr. Andrii Sorokovskyi entitled «Andrei Sheptytskyi believed that the union is a synthesis, communion and dialogue between the East and the West, – Andrii Sorokovskyi» also analyzed the phenomenon of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism. Results: we discovered that Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism was studied not only by numerous scientists, but this meaningful legacy of his is a valuable phenomenon for media coverage. Therefore, Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism becomes the subject of interest of journalists not only of publications that write mainly on church topics, but also socio-political and artistic ones. We are sure that Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism will continue to be studied by professional scientists and representatives of the wider media community. Significance: journalism of a religious orientation, high-quality and substantiated coverage of religious processes and phenomena in the press is still something quite new for modern Ukraine. In Soviet times, journalists were afraid to write about religion in order not to incur the wrath of the authorities, so such materials could not be included in the press. That is why it is very important to study how today’s journalists cover important issues of religion, which, in addition, have a strong scientific basis. In addition, the development of ecumenism and religious unity are extremely important for building national unity, which is necessary for our state to effectively confront the enemy in full-scale war. Key words: ecumenism; Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi; media; interreleigion cooperation; dialogue.

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Herring, Theodore, Justin Tweet e Vincent Santucci. Wind Cave National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, junho de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299620.

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Wind Cave National Park (WICA), the first cave in the world to become a national park, is famous for the park’s namesake feature. Wind Cave, named for the noticeable wind-flow patterns observed as air moves in and out of the natural cave entrance, is currently the third longest cave system in the United States and seventh longest in the world. Wind Cave formed when groundwater dissolved buried layers of the fossiliferous Madison Limestone, which were deposited during the Mississippian subperiod approximately 359 to 347 million years ago. In addition to the Madison Limestone, several other formations are exposed within the park, dating from the early Proterozoic to the Holocene. The presence of fossils within the park has been known since at least the late 19th century when early settlers explored the cave to turn the geologic feature into a tourist attraction. However, most of the geologic work conducted during the park’s history has focused on the exploration and development of the cave itself, rather than its fossils. Paleontology became a bigger focus in the late 20th century when the park partnered with the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology to recover and research fossils found within the cave and on the park’s surface. Other partnerships include those with the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs and Northern Arizona University, through which researchers have studied Quaternary cave deposits found across the park. In ascending order (oldest to youngest), the geologic formations at WICA include undifferentiated lower Proterozoic rocks (Precambrian), Harney Peak Granite (Precambrian), Deadwood Formation (Cambrian–Ordovician), Englewood Limestone (Devonian–Mississippian), Madison Limestone (Mississippian), Minnelusa Formation (Pennsylvanian–Permian), Opeche Shale (Permian), Minnekahta Limestone (Permian), Spearfish Formation (Permian–Triassic), Sundance Formation (Middle–Upper Jurassic), Unkpapa Sandstone (Upper Jurassic), Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Fall River Formation (Lower Cretaceous), White River Group (Eocene–Oligocene), and Quaternary alluvium, conglomerate, and gravel deposits. The units that are confirmed to be fossiliferous within the park are the Deadwood Formation, Englewood Limestone, Madison Limestone, and Minnelusa Formation, which contain a variety of marine fossils from a shallow sea deposition environment; the Sundance Formation, which has much younger marine fossils; the Lakota Formation, which has yielded petrified wood; and the White River Group and Quaternary deposits, which contain vertebrate and invertebrate fossils deposited in and near freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds. Many of the fossils of WICA are visible from or near public trails and roads, which puts them at risk of poaching or damage, and there is evidence that fossil poaching occurred at several of the Klukas sites soon after they were discovered. Furthermore, there are several fossil sites on the tour routes within Wind Cave, which are of value to interpretation and the park experience. WICA has implemented cyclic fossil surveys in the past to monitor site conditions, and it is recommended that this paleontological resource monitoring be continued in the future.

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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo e Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, janeiro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.

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Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.

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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera e Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, fevereiro de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.

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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.

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