Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Faible quantité"
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Veja os 16 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Faible quantité".
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Larnane, Amel. "Identification par empreintes génétiques : développement et évaluation de nouvelles méthodologies pour l'analyse de traces d'ADN en faible quantité et/ou dégradé". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2024/interne/2024UPASL102.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteGenetic fingerprinting has become a cornerstone method in criminal investigations over the past three decades. However, the analysis of biological traces from crime scenes remains a major challenge, particularly when DNA is degraded and/or present in low quantities. Currently, only about 33% of traces collected for genetic analysis are usable with conventional techniques, mainly in the simplest cases. More complex traces, whether they contain insufficient amounts of DNA, degraded DNA, or are composed of mixtures, still pose difficulties, thereby limiting the identification of suspects or victims. Overcoming these obstacles is a significant challenge for forensic and judicial communities, as well as for society as a whole. This thesis aims to push these boundaries by developing new methodologies to analyze degraded and/or low-quantity DNA samples. In the first part, we sought to understand the composition of these complex traces using casework. To achieve this, we employed ultra-sensitive pulsed-field electrophoresis technology to visualize the DNA, coupled with the quantification of human DNA via Alu sequences and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to identify the presence of microorganisms. This approach revealed that human DNA was present in over 84% of cases, although often in insufficient quantities and with varying levels of degradation, while bacterial DNA predominated. In the second part, we focused on the issue of low DNA quantities by examining traces from casework. We chose to adapt a DNA amplification protocol, integrating it with an innovative robotic miniaturization technology. This strategy allowed us to make previously unusable traces analyzable with conventional methods. Finally, in the third part, we addressed the issue of degradation by analyzing Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) using targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The results indicate the possibility of establishing hybrid genetic profiles composed of short tandem repeats (STR) and SNPs from highly degraded DNA samples. These new methodologies offer a fresh perspective on the use of DNA traces in criminal investigations and emphasize the importance of redefining regulatory frameworks surrounding the multiple genetic data available from biological traces, an issue that should be central to discussions in the coming decade. These findings could transform the approach to genetic identification, with a direct impact on judicial procedures
Defresne, Michèle. "L' expression de la faible quantité en latin : parvum, paulum, pauci, dans le cadre de la théorie de l'argumentation dans la langue d'O. Ducrot". Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040055.
Texto completo da fonteFofana, Daouda. "Modélisation et conception d'électrode cathodique multicouche à faible quantité de platine et haute performance pour les piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton (PEMFC)". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2013. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6975/1/030596129.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteFaucher, Michaël. "Développement d’une nouvelle cellule de caractérisation de l’hydrophobicité naturelle et induite sur une faible quantité de minerai industriel selon les principes de la flottation de surface". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66447.
Texto completo da fonteThe flotation process is a separation technique based on the wettability difference of minerals’ surface introduced in the flotation cell to concentrate different mineral species according to this criterion. In the optics of optimizing the process, studying the wettability property of a mineral surface becomes interesting. The standard technologies used to assess this parameter are sometimes inaccurate for complex minerals due to their irregular morphology, their surface defects and their surface’s chemical heterogeneity which can bias the results. To study the wettability of mineral samples, a new surface flotation apparatus has been developed keeping in mind the necessity of obtaining a sufficient amount of separated minerals in both the overflow and underflow allowing chemical and mineralogical analyses. Comparative tests have been conducted with the new surface flotation design and two standard laboratory flotation methods using a mineral matrix composed of graphite and quartz to compare their separation efficiency. The results proved that the new design of the surface flotation generates a separation similar to the one in a Denver Cell with a lower standard deviation and using a substantially lower amount of minerals. Following the proof of concept using a simple mineral matrix, an experimental plan has been carried out with the surface flotation device testing copper zinc sulphide ore samples and frother agents. The results confirmed the compatibility of the new methods with sulphur minerals, as well as the impacts of frothers on the wettability of particles at the liquid-gas interface. A binary logistic regression using mineralogical data demonstrates a significant impact from the frothers on the probability of a particle to sink or float at the interface. In brief, the new surface flotation apparatus simulates the collision step of the flotation process without hydrodynamic influence as in conventional cells and allows the assessment of the wettability for different types of mineral samples.
Ait, Rabai Youssef. "Etude de la libération du pentachlorophénol (PCP) dans l'eau par du bois spécialement traité avec une faible quantité de PCP : effet des cycles condensation-évaporation de l'eau". Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STET4005.
Texto completo da fonteMialle, Sébastien. "Développements analytiques en spectrométrie de masse à thermo-ionisation pour l'analyse isotopique de faibles quantités". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1507/.
Texto completo da fonteIn the framework of the French transmutation project of nuclear wastes, experiments consisted in the irradiation in a fast neutron reactor of few milligrams of isotopically enriched powders. Hence, the isotopic analysis of very small amount of irradiation products is one of the main issues. The aim of this study was to achieve analytical developments in thermal ionization mass spectrometry in order to accurately analyze these samples. Several axes were studied including the new total evaporation method, deposition techniques, electron multiplier potentialities and comparison between different isotope measurement techniques. Results showed that it was possible to drastically decrease the amounts needed for analysis, especially with Eu and Nd, while maintaining an uncertainty level in agreement with the project requirements
Lyoussi, Abdallah. "Dosage, par photofissions induites, de faibles quantites d'actinides dans les dechets radioactifs enrobes". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF21618.
Texto completo da fonteMaron, Sébastien. "Détermination de faibles quantités de terres rares dans une matrice inorganique par une méthode de RMN". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2015. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01180438/document.
Texto completo da fonteDetermine the doping level is essential to optimize the properties of materials, e. G. Luminescence. We present an original high-accuracy method based on the 31P solid-state NMR relaxation to determine low concentrations (< 1 %) of paramagnetic lanthanide ions. Our method was first applied to a model compound, LaPO4, within the incorporation of the dopant is known. NMR experiments under static and MAS (15 kHz) conditions reveal that the 31P relaxation time T1 is strongly affected by the presence of paramagnetic ions in the vicinity of the phosphorous nuclei. A linear variation of 1 / T1 as a function of neodymium (Nd3+) or gadolinium (Gd3+) concentration is shown in the 0-10 at. % range for a homogeneous distribution of the doping ions in the matrix. In the case of a solid-state synthesis at 1450 °C, relaxation measurements show that the homogeneous distribution of doping ions is ensured when the mixing of oxide precursors is performed mechanically, in contrast with the manual grinding. The electronic relaxation times of Gd3+ and Nd3+ have been evaluated by ESR measurements under saturation conditions. This allows us to provide a semi-quantitative interpretation of the nuclear 31P relaxation measurements both in Nd and Gd doped LaPO4. In addition, the comparison between nuclear and electronic relaxation suggests that Nd-Gd codoping may improve the efficiency of Gd3+ ions, interesting for the development of relaxing agents in MRI techniques. In a last part, we generalize our method to crystalline or amorphous materials
Djaozandry, Rufin. "Détection de faibles quantités de contaminant en phase gazeuse dans un gaz par la méthode optique différentielle". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1997. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/4762/1/000638653.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteRouleau, Jean François. "Développement d'une méthode micro-onde différentielle pour la détection de faibles quantités de vapeur d'eau dans l'hexafluorure de soufre (SF6)". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2000. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6641/1/000681091.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteRojas-Aguilar, Aaron. "Application de la calorimétrie de combustion classique et de faibles quantités de substance à l'étude thermodynamique de quelques dérivés halogénés de l'acide benzoi͏̈que". Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11017.
Texto completo da fonteOurkiya, Rabah. "Couplage de réactions exo- et endothermiques : induction de la carboxy- ou de la vapogazeïfication de carbones par de faibles quantités d'oxygène vers 500°C". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL036N.
Texto completo da fonteCARTE, NATHALIE. "La trappe ionique et l'ionisation electrospray : un nouveau potentiel pour la caracterisation des biomolecules. caracterisation de biomolecules presentes en faible quantite par spectrometrie de masse et spectrometrie de masse multiple (ms n)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13081.
Texto completo da fonteGriessen, Christiane. "Contribution à l'étude de l'oxydation électrochimique du Mn(II) en Mn(III) en milieu sulfurique concentré : influences de Ag(I) comme catalyseur et de substances organiques en faible quantité /". Lausanne, 1985. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=576.
Texto completo da fonteCoudin, Élise. "Inférence exacte et non paramétrique dans les modèles de régression et les modèles structurels en présence d'hétéroscédasticité de forme arbitraire". Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1506.
Texto completo da fonteMarques, Áurea Ponte. "Why standard risk models failed in the subprime crisis? An approach based on Extreme Value Theory as a measure to quantify market risk of equity securities and portfolios". Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/1832.
Texto completo da fonteThe assessment of risk is an important and complex task with which market regulators and financial institutions are faced, especially after the last subprime crisis. It is argued that since market data is endogenous to market behaviour, statistical analysis made in times of stability does not provide much guidance in times of crisis. It is well known that the use of Gaussian models to assess financial risk leads to an underestimation of risk. The reason is because these models are unable to capture some important facts such as heavy tails which indicate the presence of large fluctuations in returns. This thesis provides an overview of the role of extreme value theory in risk management, as a method for modelling and measuring extreme risks. In this empirical study, the performance of different models in estimating value at risk and expected tail loss, using historical data, are compared. Daily returns of nine popular indices (PSI20, CAC40, DAX, Nikkei225, FTSE100, S&P500, Nasdaq, Dow Jones and Sensex) and seven stock market firms (Apple, Microsoft, Lehman Brothers, BES, BCP, General Electric and Goldman Sachs), during the period from 1999 to 2009, are modelled with empirical (or historical), Gaussian and generalized Pareto (peaks over threshold technique of extreme value theory). It is shown that the generalized Pareto distribution fits well to the extreme values using pre-crisis data. The results support the assumption of fat-tailed distributions of asset returns. As expected, the backtesting results show that extreme value theory, in both value at risk and expected tail loss estimation, outperform other models with normality assumption in all tests. Additionally, the results of the generalized Pareto distribution model are not significantly different from the empirical model. Further topics of interest, including software for extreme value theory to compute a tail risk measure, such as Matlab, are also presented.