Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Facteur de risque génétique"
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Lecarpentier, Julie. "Étude des facteurs modificateurs du risque de cancer du sein des femmes à risque génétique élevé". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00910388.
Texto completo da fonteHaddy, Nadia. "Inflammation, athérosclérose et leurs indicateurs de risque : interleukine-6, facteur de nécrose tumorale-alpha et apolipoprotéine-E". Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN12510.
Texto completo da fonteEichenbaum-Voline, Sophie. "Détection et exclusion de facteurs de risque génétiques dans les maladies multifactorielles application à l'étude du déterminisme de la sclérose en plaques". Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05S003.
Texto completo da fonteBouchard-Mercier, Annie. "Génétique, acides gras oméga-3 et facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25719.
Texto completo da fonteChronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex and their risk factors are regulated by many factors, for example the genetic background and dietary intakes. In this project, 210 participants were recruited. Two dietary factors were identified, the Prudent dietary pattern which was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and non-hydrogenated fats and the Western dietary pattern, characterised by higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Both dietary patterns modulated the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response, cancer and/or CVD. The Western dietary pattern was also associated with a metabolite profile which comprised greater concentrations of certain amino acids as well as small chain acylcartinines. To examine the interindividual variability in the response to a nutrient, a 6 week fish oil supplementation was conducted among the 210 participants. SNPs related to genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with dietary intakes with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to the fish oil supplementation. The genetic variability within sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) gene was associated with differences in the response of insulin concentrations following fish oil supplementation. In a second cohort of 691 participants, associations between SNPs, identified in a previous GWAS conducted among the 210 participants supplemented with fish oil, and TG as well as plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were observed. This thesis also comprises a knowledge transfer section where the attitude was identified as the main determinant of the intention of dietitians to discuss nutrigenetics with their patients/clients. Globally, these results demonstrate that dietary patterns modulate the metabolism at several levels and that the response to fish oil is variable depending upon genetic profile and dietary intakes.
Larifla, Laurent. "Associaltion entre facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaire et coronaropathie aux Antilles : rôle du facteur atrial natriurétique et des polymorphismes de son gène dans l'atherothrombose et le remodelage vasculaire". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0553/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn Guadeloupe and Martinique, the low frequency ofcoronary artery disease (CAD) could be related to genetic or ethniefactors and/or specifie distribution ofcardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) properties and influence of sorne of ANP gene polymorphism that are frequent in populations of African descent could also be involved in CAD occurrence. We retrospectively studied 638 consecutive patients with documented CAO and found a high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in this population. This study also demonstrated significant differences in the prevalence of CRFs between Afro-Caribbean (AC), Caucasians and Indians migrants. The angiographie analysis of420 patients revealed that in AC, diabetes emerged as the strongest CFR related to the severity ofcoronary lesions while obesity appeared as a protective factor. After transfection by an adenoviral construct carrying the ANP gene, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulated by 10% fetal calf serum was reduced by 31% and migration by 25%. In vivo, in rat carotid artery model ofvascular injury, neointima formation and intima/media ratio was reduced by 25% and 28% respectively. In a cross-sectional study inc1uding 210 AC diabetics we found an association between rs5065 (22381> C) polymorpbism and the presence of coronary artery disease suggesting that the minor allele could have a protective effect against CAD. The odds ratio for the presence ofCAD in carriers ofthe minor allele ofthis mutation (TC / CC) was 0.50 (0.26-0.96, P = 0.038)
Debette, Stéphanie. "Facteurs de risque de l'athérosclérose carotidienne". Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S058.
Texto completo da fonteClot, Fabienne. "Etude de la composante génétique de la maladie coeliaque : analyse des gènes HLA de susceptibilité et recherche d'autres facteurs de risque génétique". Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T010.
Texto completo da fonteBourgain, Catherine. "Intérêt des populations à effet fondateur pour la recherche de facteurs de risque génétiques des maladies multifactorielles". Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T033.
Texto completo da fonteAbdelmouttaleb, Idrissia. "Évaluation comparative des facteurs de risque nutritionnels, génétiques et inflammatoires de la sténose coronaire". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10326.
Texto completo da fonteEysert, Fanny. "Etude des mécanismes impliquant le facteur de risque génétique FERMT2 dans le métabolisme de l’APP et ses conséquences dans le processus physiopathologique de la maladie d’Alzheimer". Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S040.
Texto completo da fonteThe establishment of genome-wide association study (GWAS) constitutes a major advance for the identification of new genetic susceptibility factors of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In contrast with the target gene approach, these analyses are done sans a priori and do not allow us to determine the role of the identified genes in the pathophysiological process of AD. In this context, only performing "post-GWAS analyses" can explain the molecular processes involving these genes. Our laboratory therefore aimed to identify the genetic risk factors identified by GWAS whose expression levels impact the APP metabolism. Moreover, our model allowed us to study the potential involvement of micro-RNAs (miRs) in the dysregulation of the expression of these genes.In this context, we showed that miR-4504, which is overexpressed in the brains of AD patients compared with controls, decreases the expression of FERMT2, a genetic susceptibility factor of AD. Our results show that FERMT2 under-expression is dependent on the presence of a variant (rs7143400) localized in the 3'UTR of FERMT2, which then leads to the modulation of the APP metabolism and the subsequent increase in Aβ peptide secretion.In this project, I was able to show that the effects of FERMT2 on APP metabolism require its direct inter-action with APP. In addition, using a model of primary neurons cultured in microfluidic devices enabled me to study neuronal functions of the FERMT2/APP complex. I was able to determine that FERMT2/APP interaction contributes to the regulation of axonal growth and synaptogenesis. Finally, by analyzing the long-term potentiation in the brains of mice in which FERMT2 under-expression was induced, we show a decrease in synaptic plasticity – potentially the underlying mechanism of the deleterious effect of decreased FERMT2 expression in neurons and of the pathophysiological process of AD.In conclusion, these results suggest that the genetic risk factor FERMT2, regulated by the presence of the functional variant rs7143400 and miR-4504, participates in the pathophysiological process of AD via synaptic alterations in an APP-dependent manner. This work would ultimately lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiological process leading to AD and help characterize new mechanisms involved in synaptic functions
Chouraki, Vincent. "Études d’association pangénomique appliquées à la recherche de nouveaux facteurs de risque génétique de la maladie d’Alzheimer". Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S011/document.
Texto completo da fonteDementia is a syndrom caused by several brain diseases progressively deteriorating cognitivefunctions and occurs more frequently in the elderly. The increased number of patients withdementia due to the ageing of the general population and the high cost of care add up tomake dementia a concerning public health issue.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It is often diagnosedafter 65 years old and has a strong genetic component. Familial forms exist and are mainlycaused by mutations in the amyloid-b protein precursor, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes.However, the vast majority of cases result from the complex interaction of environmental factors with susceptibility genes.Using a candidate gene approach, numerous genes associated with AD risk were identified,but due to technical and methodological problems, only the apoliprotein E (APOE) genewas replicated. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify frequent geneticvariants associated with disease risk in a hypothesis-free manner. Starting 2009, severalconsortia aiming to perform this type of analyses in the field of AD robustly identified fournew genes associated with AD risk, CLU, PICALM, CR1 and BIN1. However, these genes puttogether only explain a small proportion of the total genetic variance of AD and the searchfor new susceptibility genes remains an important goal for AD research.In this work, we first tried to replicate the results of the top genes reported using thecandidate gene approach, using GWAS data from the European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative(EADI). Most of these genes showed weak levels of association. Using GWAS, we were ableto identify 19 new genes associated with AD risk besides APOE, including 11 that had notbeen reported by previous studies, first through an informal collaboration between consortia,then under the name of International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Disease Project (IGAP).Assuming that use of endophenotypes related to AD would be relevant for the discoveryof genetic variants involved in the early pathophysiology of AD, we then performed aGWAS of plasma amyloid-b (Ab) concentrations. This study showed suggestive asssociationsbetween the CTXN3 gene on chromosome 5 and Ab1−42 plasma levels.To sum up, using GWAS enabled us to identify new genes associated with AD risk. Thesegenes point to interesting new research hypotheses and hopefully, to a better understandingof AD pathophysiology and development of effective drugs
Chouraki, Vincent. "Études d'association pangénomique appliquées à la recherche de nouveaux facteurs de risque génétique de la maladie d'Alzheimer". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966817.
Texto completo da fonteDupuy, Denis. "Recherche de gènes dans la région du Point de Cassure 1q42. 1 d'une translocation associée à la schizophrénie". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28864.
Texto completo da fonteSchizophrenia is a multifactorial major psychosis that involves both genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this work was to help finding one of the genes potentially involved in the susceptibility to schizophrenia. My work contributed to the elaboration of the transcriptional map of human 1q42. 1, one of the genomic regions suspected to be associated with the disease. We characterized one of genes located in this region, C1orf12. We also showed that C1orf12 is both specifically expressed in dopaminergic neurons of the substancia nigra and the motor neurons of the anterior horn. Because of its high homology to C1orf12, we also characterized another gene, SCAND2, located on chromosome 15q24-25. We established that SCAND2 originates from C1orf12 by a retrotransposition event followed by exon shuffling. Its expression profile, together with its putative involvement in the apoptotic pathway, suggested SCAND2 as candidate genes for susceptibility to Parkinson's disease or spinal lateral amyotrophy. However, no pathogenic mutation has been found in the patients screened so far
Petitclerc, Amélie. "Mépris des règles chez les jeunes enfants : trajectoires de développement, facteurs de risque précoces et étiologie génétique-environnementale". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25919/25919.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLeveziel, Nicolas. "Génétique de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge variants majeurs de prédisposition à la forme exsudative". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066183.
Texto completo da fonteYousfi, Chaymae. "Prédiction de troubles psychiatriques à partir des trajectoires neuro-développementales et des déterminants génétiques chez les enfants génétiquement à risque". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67984.
Texto completo da fonteSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder are major psychiatric disorders weighing colossally in economic, social and human terms, generally leading to the marginalization of the affected population, mainly in the absence of psychosocial and family therapies. This thesis is devoted to study and predict the development of these psychiatric disorders using neuro-developmental trajectories and genetic determinants for children at genetic risk of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP), i.e. those who are born to a parent affected by these illnesses. The main aim is to develop a predictive tool involving genetic risk scores and risk indicators, which may be useful in the intervention in the primary care clinic to distinguish the most offspring at risk of later transition to these disorders among the high-risk children born to a parent affected. The use of joint latent class mixed modeling (JLCM) of time-to-event and the evolution over time of several longitudinal outcomes, while taking into account the confounding variables effects was necessary for the study of a sample of 67 children from the population of Eastern Quebec to be stratified, after having presented theoretically their mathematical basis and examined empirically their identifiability.
Lachance, Philippe. "Corrélation entre certains polymorphismes génétiques et l'expression de certains facteurs de risque de maladie coronarienne". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26472/26472.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteHamdi, Yosr. "Evaluation of the association between common genetic variants and breast cancer risk". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28384.
Texto completo da fonteBreast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. A set of environmental and genetic factors are involved in this complex disease. This project focused on the genetic components of breast cancer susceptibility and breast cancer risk modification in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Currently, about half of the inherited susceptibility to breast cancer can be imputed to a combination of high-, intermediate-, and low-risk alleles. Thus, many as yet unknown susceptibility loci remain to be identified. Moreover, recent studies have provided evidence for the involvement of genetic risk factors that might considerably modify the risk of developing breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have shown that several genetic variants within non-coding gene regions are associated with breast cancer risk. In this project, we focused on regulatory gene variants and their association with breast cancer risk. The project was divided in two parts. In the first section, we evaluated the direct association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with differential allelic expression and breast cancer risk in order to identify new loci of breast cancer susceptibility. In the second part, we evaluated the functional impact on gene expression of variants identified within the promoter regions of selected candidate genes and then, characterize the functional impact of these variants. In summary, the first part of this project has led to the identification of a new low-penetrance locus associated with breast cancer risk on the 4q21 locus (rs11099601; odds ratio=1.05, p= 6.4 x 10-6), and two new modifiers of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutations carriers (11q22.3 locus and the wild type allele of BRCA1). The second part of the project allowed us to describe new functional variants within the promoters of the selected breast cancer gene candidates. Other association studies in larger cohorts and further functional analysis will be required to confirm these results, which will allow their inclusion in breast cancer risk prediction tools and thus ensure a more accurate estimation of breast cancer risk.
Guerardel, Audrey. "Analyse de deux gènes candidats physiologiques et positionnels de l'obésité humaine CART et PCSK1". Lille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL2S012.
Texto completo da fonteCommon obesity is a multifactorial disease, whose recent increase, is related to the modernization of life. This epidemic is the consequence of a physical inactivity and an unlimited access to over-nutrition and consumption of caloric food. Nevertheless, many familial studies and the identification of monogenic forms of obesity indicate that genetic factors are also involved. All determinants of the polygenic forms are still unknown, recent studies show the role of genes in the signalling of insulin (ENPP1) and metabolic pathways of neurotransmitters (GABA, serotonin) which would predispose to obesity in a sedentary, high calorie lifestyle. The identification of genetic factors in the polygenic diseases such as obesity is assessed by direct studies of physiological genes and by indirect analyses with positional candidate genes located in chromosomal regions of linkage to phenotype traits. Two genome wide-scans on French Caucasian families show the importance of the locus 5cen-q. Among many genes located in this region ; CART (5q12-q13) and PCSK1 (5q15-q21) genes are expressed in the central nervous system (principally in the hypothalamus) and are involved in the control of food intake and the regulation of energy homeostasis. The analysis of a 5,4 Kb region of the CART gene (Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript), including the promoter, 3 exons, introns and the 3'UTR, resulted in the identification of a promoter SNP (SNP-3608T>C) which is associated with the polygenic obesity. In a general population, this polymorphism is also associated, with subfractions of plasma cholesterol and apolipoproteins which suggests that the CART gene maybe implicated in lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Within a Danish study of menopausal women, the SNP-3608T>C was shown to effect remodelling of the bone mass (on arm BMD). PCSK1 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin type 1) Gene code for a neuroendocrine member of the family of subtilisin-like proprotein convertases and is important for the maturation of pro-hormones and neuropeptides precursors such as the proinsulin and POMC. PCSK1 gene mutations are responsible for a number of rare monogenic forms of severe obesity. The analysis of this gene in a polygenic context enabled the identification of frequent mutations including a non-synonymous exonic variant which is associated with adult and/or childhood polygenic obesity. The genetic approach validates physiological hypotheses and improves current understanding of metabolic pathways, and suggests a pleiotropic effect of the CART gene and that the CART and PCSK1 genes are implicated in polygenic obesity
Brureau, Laurent. "Cancer de la prostate en Guadeloupe : Facteurs de risque génétique et environnementaux de survenue et de récidive après prostatectomie radicale". Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0018/document.
Texto completo da fonteProstate cancer is the most common tumor pathology in West Indies. Our study aims to study risk factors of occurrence and recurrence.To carry out this study, we used the patients included in the case-control study called Karuprostate and a cohort of patients after radical prostatectomy.The main results and conclusions of my work are:a) The study of genetic factors related to the metabolism of xenobiotics and the risk of prostate cancer occurrence in Guadeloupe. The exact number (CNV) gene encoding the glutathione S transferases GSTT1 and GSTM1 were determined in 629 incident cases of prostate cancer and 622 controls. Men having 2, 3 or more copies of GSTT1 have a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer. Similarly men with 3, 4, 5 or more copies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 combined have an increased risk of disease occurrence.b) The study of genetic factors related to estrogen metabolism and the risk of prostate cancer occurrence in Guadeloupe. Five polymorphisms (SNP 3 on CYP17, CYP1B1 and COMT as well as size and UGT1A1 polymorphisms on CYP19) were studied and compared in 498 incident cases and 565 controls. Individuals with the AA genotype COMT have a significantly decreased risk of prostate cancer occurrence. No significant association was found with other studied polymorphisms. A study of 150 incident cases of prostate cancer and 150 controls from a population of Congo-Zaire was the subject of these same genotyping, with the same results.c) The influence of environmental exposure to persistent pollutants with hormonal properties of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The plasma concentrations of chlordecone, DDE (the main metabolite of DDT) and PCBs were measured in 340 subjects with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. The exhibition (preoperative) to chlordecone was found associated with a significant increased risk of biochemical recurrence. Conversely, the increasing concentrations of DDE were found associated with a significantly decreased risk of biochemical recurrence. No association was found between exposure to PCB153 and recurrence of the disease.d) The clinical and histological risk factors of recurrence of prostate cancer were studied in 964 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with a médian follow-up of 4.8 years. Diabetes, PSA, advanced clinical stage, high Gleason score, a high percentage of prostate biopsy, advanced pathological stage, the presence of positive margins are predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Our results show that the occurrence and recurrence of prostate cancer are Under influence of genetic and environmental factors. The specific genetic and environmental context in Guadeloupe may partly explain the high incidence of prostate cancer.In addition, further work will incorporate other genes in the future. The next ambitious project is the creation of a prospective cohort of all patients with all prostate cancer stages
Guinchat, Vincent. "Les comorbidités cliniques de l'autisme : une interface entre le syndrome autistique et ses causes". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066366/document.
Texto completo da fonteSuccessive definitions of autism did not reduce the extent of its clinical heterogeneity. This limits progress in understanding its etiological basis and the implementation of targeted therapeutic strategies. Comorbid disorders with autism are a complex issue because their frequency is one of the core features of clinical heterogeneity. We hypothesize that they are a better etiological clue than behavioral clinical syndromes. Our first study explores the initial instinctive concerns of parents of autistic children based on 459 open-Labelled questionnaires. Parents identify a set of symptoms comorbid to autism at a very early stage in their child's development The second study lists all the pre, peri and neonatal risk factors which have a significant, although moderate, effect on autism. .The third study lists in great detail all of the major causes of autism in a clinical epidemiological sample of 183 children with a typical autism. The 36 genetic diagnoses represent 58% of all causes which leaves a significant proportion of neurodevelopmental disorders of environmental or cryptogenic origin. The clinical, genetic and environmental differences that we identified between a non-Syndromic and syndromic autism (with comorbidities) validate the hypothesis that comorbidities are linked to a more general dysfunction and contribute to distinguishing the etiologies and provide practical information on the prognosis. A dimensional approach which includes comorbid disorders is prone to establish a fine-Grained taxonomy that point to distinct etiopathological processes
Liboutet, Muriel. "Facteurs de risques et gènes impliqués dans la carcinogenèse cutanée épithéliale". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077200.
Texto completo da fonteL/We were able to demonstrate that variants not associated to the phenotype " red hair " (Red Hair Color). As variants V60L and V92M, were strongly associated with the risk of development of CBC in french population(OR3,21 and 2,87). A "dose-gene" effect associated to the development of the CBC, meaning combined expression of several MC1R variants, in the population that we studied, was clearly identified (OR for one : 2. 17 and two variants: 7,72). Besides, we were able to correlate the genotype (C. 3944C > T ( P1315L) of the gene PTCH al the risk of developing CBC (OR 1,94) in patients with CBC multiple (OR 2,16). Il/ To establish the functional role of p16INK4A in the cell cycle arrest and the processes of DNA repair, we decided supress p16INK4A in vitro in HeLa cells by using the strategy of RNAi. HeLa Cell were used as a cellular support of our study since they are also deficient in p53 function. We shovved that the inhibition of the protein expression of p16INK4A in UVB irradiated cells did not modify the cell cycle arrest in G2/M Also. In the given experimental conditions, we did not observe significant difference in terms of DNA repair caused by UVB irradiation in cells expressing or not p16INK4A
Andriamandimby, Soa Fy. "Infection par le virus de l'Hépatite B à Madagascar : prévalence, facteurs de risque d'infection, diversité génétique, origine et dynamique de transmission". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV046.
Texto completo da fonteMadagascar is part of endemic region of HBV. Distribution is different in rural and urban area. The historic of human settlement and its insularity might impact distribution and molecular characteristic of HBV in Madagascar, we then supposed that difference observed in distribution and prevalence of HBV were due to viral variability and different pattern of viral transmission. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to determine molecular and epidemiological pattern that may influence dynamic transmission and complications of infection. Results: weighted prevalence of HBsAg was 6.9%. It varied from 3% to 26% according to area of sampling. Populations with a low socio-economic status and those living in rural areashad a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBsAg. Gene flow study showed rural area remain important in virus diffusion.HBV infection was found to be responsible of 31% of chronic liver disease encountered in the main public hospital in the capital of the country. Because of its recent emergence, its introduction dated from XIX century during colonization period. Its expansion during 1980s might be due to use of unsafe injection material mainly during malaria epidemic. Conclusion: The result of these work allowed us to advocate for a policy of struggle, in particular in the very remote areas of the island where the HBsAg prevalence is the most important and where care and preventive measures such as vaccinations are scarce
Lalloyer, Fanny. "Facteurs de risque de l'athérosclérose : modulation et régulation par les récepteurs nucléaires PPARα et RXR". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S028.
Texto completo da fonteMetabolic syndrome associates a set of symptoms predisposing to the development of atherosclerosis such as dyslipoproteinemia, glucose intolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, high blood pressure and overweight. Many studies have demonstrated the physiopathological implication of the nuclear receptors in the modulation of some of these metabolic abnormalities particularly associated with dysregulated expressions of target genes implicated in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism. Our work has focused more particularly on two nuclear recpetors, PPARα and RXR, and their implication in insulin resistance and dyslipoproteinemias. First, we investigated the role of PPARα in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Therefore, we used leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob) (model of insulin resistance and obesity) which were deficient or not in PPARα and showed an essential and beneficial role of PPARα in the adaptative response of pancreas to insulin resistance. Secondly, we aimed to analyse the implication of PPARα in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis by studying the effect of a lack of PPARα in a murine model of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, the human apolipoprotein E2-knock-in (apoE2-KI) mouse. We demonstrated that PPARα itself does not influence atherosclerosis progression under high fat diet but is necessary to mediate the atheroprotective effect of fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug widely used in humans. Finally, by using the model of apoE2-KI mice, we confirmed and precised the atheroprotective effect of rexinoids. We used LG1069 (Bexarotene*, Targretin*), RXR agonist widely used in clinical practice as an antitumoral agent. Despite the induction of hypertriglyceridemia which we demonstrated to be LXR-dependent, LG1069 protects against lesion development, in part by decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption. To conclude, thanks to the use of suitable murine models, our studies have shown a beneficial implication of the nuclear receptors PPARα and RXR in insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, two risks factors predisposing to atherosclerosis
Tcheandjieu, Gueliatcha Catherine Ines. "Etude des facteurs de risque génétiques et des interactions gène-environnement dans les cancers différenciés de la thyroïde". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS064.
Texto completo da fonteContext : Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) incidence is characterized by considerable geographic and ethnic variations. Particularly high incidence rates were observed in Melanesian women of New Caledonia. Except for the exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood and obesity, the role of other DTC risk factors is not clearly established. Genetic factors have been suggested to play an important role in DTC risk since epidemiological studies have shown that DTC has a higher familial relative risk than any other cancers. Linkage studies in multiple-case DTC families and candidate gene studies have identified polymorphisms in several genes but very few have been replicated so far. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) also identified several DTC susceptibility loci with the most robust associations reported on the loci 9q22 and 14q13. Only few susceptibility loci were highlighted by GWAS and the identified variants were shown to account less than 10% of the DTC familial risk, emphasizing that much remains to be discoveredObjectives: The main objective of this work was to study the role of genetic risk factors and their interaction with environmental factors in DTC risk. More specifically, we aimed to: 1) replicate the association between DTC risk and polymorphisms reported in candidate gene and GWAS studies in 2 case-control studies conducted in Metropolitan France and New Caledonia; 2) identify potential causal variants of DTC risk in GWAS loci 9q22 and 14q13 using fine-mapping approach; 3) identify new genetic risk factors for DTC in women using pathway approach by pooling data from 2 case-control studies conducted in France and USA..Materials and methods: The analysis of the candidate genes and of the GWAS loci were based on a European population of 508 cases and 621 controls from 2 case-control studies conducted in metropolitan France (CATHY study) and in New Caledonia (NC study) and, a Melanesian population of 156 cases and 114 controls from the NC study. The pathway analysis was conducted in a first step on European women from the CATHY study (365 cases/376 controls) and from the Young-Thyr study (83 cases /93 controls) both conducted in metropolitan France. In a second step, we pooled the data from CATHY/Young-Thyr study and USRT/UTMDACC study (332 cases/443 controls) conducted in the United States.Results: In Europeans and Melanesians, we found no association with polymorphisms reported previously by candidate genes studies. However, we observed that among these genes, GSTM1 and GSTT1 may modulate the associations between DTC risk and obesity or alcohol consumption. Some polymorphisms identified in GWAS studies at loci 9q22, 14q13 and 2q35 were replicated in Europeans and in Melanesians. In the GWAS loci 9q22 and 14q13, we identify new variants that can be functionally related to DTC pathogenesis in Europeans and Melanesians. We also reported interactions between some of these variants and parity or tobacco smoking. The analysis of candidate pathways in European women showed interactions between alcohol consumption or tobacco smoking and genes involved in the metabolism of these compounds and, between age at first menarche or oral contraception and genes involved in biosynthesis and metabolism of sex steroid hormones
Razafimanalina, Raharinoro. "Variabilité de la consommation d'alcool : approche génétique et psychobiologique chez le rat". Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28459.
Texto completo da fonteCoulon, Audrey. "Identification et caractérisation de déterminants génétiques de la perte synaptique associée à la maladie d'Alzheimer". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2023/2023ULILS058.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the prime cause of dementia, and synaptic loss is central to its pathophysiology. Although the most important risk factor is age, AD also has a significant genetic component, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 76 loci encompassing hundreds of genes associated with the risk of developing the disease. Post-GWAS functional analyses are now needed to clarify the function of these genes and to identify underlying molecular mechanisms.In this context, I have developed different in vitro approaches to identify and characterize genes and variants involved in the AD-associated synaptic loss.First, I have developed a high content screening to assess the impact of each GWAS-identified AD genetic risk factor on synapse number in rat primary hippocampal neurons. I have identified several genes whose under-expression led to a significant modulation of synaptic density. Surprisingly, one of the best hits was PLCG2, whose neuronal function was unknown so far. Second, I have characterized the impact of PLCG2 gene silencing on neuronal electrical activity and AD-associated phenotypes in a model of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neurons. Last, my work has focused on another AD genetic risk factor involved in synaptic function, the FERMT2 gene. In order to assess the functional role of the rs7143400 variant, located within FERMT2 gene 3'UTR, I have generated a cell line carrying this variant through CRISPR-Cas9 editing. This model has been used to evaluate the impact of the FERMT2 rs7143400 variant on gene expression and amyloid peptide precursor metabolism.Overall, this work helped to better understand how the PLCG2 and FERMT2 genetic risk factors influence the development of AD, giving further insights into the mechanisms involved the disease onset
Leblond, Débora. "Impact psychologique du test génétique de prédisposition aux cancers du sein et de l'ovaire chez les femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein et initiant la recherche de mutation BRCA1/2 dans leur famille". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H110.
Texto completo da fonteObjectives This research’s objectives are to measure the cognitive, emotional, functional and behavioral impact of genetic screening for BRCA1/2, and its predictors, for women initiating the search for mutation in their family. A particular interest was paid to accuracy between subjective and objective risk, as well as on the place of the fear of recurrence (FRC) and the communication of an inconclusive result, for these consultants affected by breast cancer. Method The psychological impact of the test was measured by questionnaires after the first consultation (T1) and after the test result (T2). On 289 eligible patients, 243 sent back these questionnaires at T1 and 180 participated at both assessment time. Results Half of the women have inaccurate perception of their risk of predisposition at T1. Finally, the psychological impact of genetic testing is less beneficial than hypothesized, on the emotional and functional levels, and seems to be connected to the PRC or its associated factors. The impact of the inconclusive result differs significantly slightly from other results. It neither results in false reassurance nor modifies screening intentions, mainly predicted by geneticists’s recommendations. However, level of traitanxiety and ways of coping with cancer can modify the impact of test results. Conclusion If the psychological impact of genetic screening for BRCA1/2 remains acceptable, it is nevertheless advisable not to neglect its effect on consultants already affected by breast cancer, who have to face their risk of recurrence
Dumas, Isabelle. "Les polymorphismes de gènes impliqués dans la voie de signalisation des estrogènes et la densité mammaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28031/28031.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMasson, Anne. "Médecine prédictive et maladies à révélation tardive : l'émergence d'une clinique du risque. Le modèle de la maladie de Huntington et des formes familiales de cancers". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070079.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this work is to study the impact of the practices of the predictive medicine, first, on the conception and the exercise of traditional medicine, and, moreover, on the individual who wonders about his risk to be affected, sooner or later, by the disease which strikes the family. This reflexion is about late onset diseases, with the Huntington disease and the familial cancers. The study was realized on a group of subjects at risk for Huntington disease, and who are requiring genetic testing. The identification of the unfavourable genetic status for a disease brings to a new state which is neither the health nor the illness, but which has the particularity to concern an original knowledge
Faucher, Geneviève. "Étude de la composante génétique de l'état inflammatoire associé à l'obésité". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27311/27311.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDelort, Laëtitia. "Facteurs de risque et de protection des cancers dans l'étude épidémiologique COSA (Cancers de l'Ovaire et du Sein en Auvergne) : étude des polymorphismes génétiques et des interactions gènes-environnement". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM22.
Texto completo da fonteBreast and ovarian cancer incidence is increasing around the world. The great proportion of these cancers could be explained by polymorphisms in low penetrance genes involved in major biological pathways. These genes could also interact with environmental and lifestyle factors. Thus an efficient prevention and a reduction in cancer would be conceivable with the identification of these variants. We performed a case-control study in the Auvergne region consisted of 934 women who developed breast cancer, 54 women who developed ovarian cancer and 1000 healthy women. The aim of the study was to evaluate genetic and environmental risk and protective factors for these pathologies. We genotyped the whole population for eleven polymorphisms in seven low penetrance genes involved in xenobiotic and estrogen metabolisms (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, NAT2, GSTP1, COMT, ESR, PGR). Oral contraceptive (OC) use, age at first OC use and breastfeeding were risk factors for early age at breast cancer onset. We observed a major role of central adiposity in ovarian cancer risk. We investigated the roles of polymorphisms in a multigenic model and found that COMT played an important role in breast cancer. This gene seemed to interact with other genes such as CYP1B1, ESR, GSTP1, NAT2 and with waist-to-hip ratio factor by modifying the risk. Polymorphisms in the studied genes would modify detoxication and consequently women exposure to endogenous or exogenous carcinogens. This would change individual breast cancer susceptibility. A limited role of these polymorphisms was found in ovarian cancer risk. Thus the identification of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions will lead to an individualized prevention strategy by identifying high-risk individuals
Elbaz, Alexis. "Les interactions gène-environnement : leur mesure et leurs conséquences pour l'étude des facteurs de risque des maladies multifactorielles liées à l'âge". Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T053.
Texto completo da fonteMany frequent diseases are considered as being multifactorial, that is resulting from the effect - and maybe the interaction - of several environmental and genetic risk factors. Due to growing interest in gene-environment interactions, a number of epidemiology methods have been developed. They will be reviewed, and their respective advantages and limitations discussed. As an illustration, we will present two examples of gene-environment interaction obtained in the GÉNIC study, concerning cerebral infarction and the genes coding for factor XIII and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme ; this will help us to discuss difficulties in detecting and interpreting gene-environment interactions. Because we are particularly interested in age-related diseases, we will present a model that allows to study the consequences of gene-environment interactions in the presence of competing risks of death for association studies of these diseases. According to this model, these phenomenon can bias the relation between a candidate gene and a disease, if the disease and the competing risks share an environmental risk factor, and if the latter is not taken into account in the analysis. It is a class of confounding bias, that results from an association between the genetic and the environmental risk factors. This model will allow us to put forward an explanation for findings reported by ourselves or others, and to underline the need to take environmental risk factors into account in studies investigating the role of genetic susceptibility in age-related multifactorial diseases
Le, Flem Léna. "Etude du promoteur du gène de la thrombomoduline dans la maladie thrombotique veineuse". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P031.
Texto completo da fonteSlim, Ferial Amira. "Une isoforme de Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (AIF1) impliquée dans le cancer du sein". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34495.
Texto completo da fonteBreast cancer (BC) represents one of the most common and dangerous cancers in terms of mortality and incidence among women worldwide. It is even more recurrent in developed countries including Canada [2]. BC is a complex and multifactorial disorder, its severity and response to treatment differs from case to case and its diagnosis can be tricky due to the heterogeneity of the pathology. Thus, this project aims to study a potential BC risk factor that can be used for diagnosis and treatment of BC patients. Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (AIF1) is a protein involved in many inflammatory diseases that has also been associated with cancer, however, in most studies, only one isoform has been analyzed. Our analyses of the transcriptional profile of individuals from French Canadian families with high risk of BC (BRCA1/BRCA2 or not-BRCA1/2 (BRCAX)) identified significantly and differentially expressed transcripts between the different groups. Among them, two AIF1 splice variants were highly overexpressed in the BRCAX lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) of the affected sister comparatively with her non-affected sister. Our gene expression analysis revealed that both isoforms were mostly expressed in the least aggressive BC and this expression resulted from the tumor microenvironment, AIF1v1 being mostly expressed by lymphocytes and AIF1v3 by activated macrophages. We also demonstrated the effect of docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acids (DHA) on the downregulation of AIF1 isoforms expression in BRCAX LCLs. Lastly, our data showed that AIF1 isoforms expression in breast tumors and breast adipose tissue correlated with metabolic and clinical parameters of BC patients. Ultimately, all data and information resulting from this study represent a major breakthrough for the scientific community and the cancer research field since it is the first study on AIF1v1 and its involvement in BC, breast tumor microenvironment and inflammatory reaction.
Benhamiche, Guillemette-Elsa. "Risque de cancer du poumon et expositions professionnelles aux hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques : prise en compte du mode d'exposition et des facteurs de susceptibilité génétique". Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P165.
Texto completo da fonteDumont, Julie. "Recherche de facteurs de prédisposition génétique aux maladies cardio-vasculaires : études d'association de polymorphismes affectant les gènes du métabolisme de la L-arginine et de la L-ornithine". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S063.
Texto completo da fonteTremblay, Bénédicte L. "Effet des polymorphismes des gènes des phospholipases A2 sur la variabilité interindividuelle des facteurs de risque cardiométaboliques suite à une supplémentation en acides gras oméga-3 d'origine marine". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26068.
Texto completo da fonteLes acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 (AGPI n-3), plus spécifiquement l’acide eicosapentaénoïque (AEP) et l’acide docosahexaénoïque (ADH), abaissent le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) en agissant sur différents facteurs de risque dont une diminution des triglycérides (TG) plasmatiques et de l’inflammation. Toutefois, une grande variabilité interindividuelle dans la réponse cardiométabolique à la supplémentation en AGPI n-3 est observée et elle serait en partie reliée à des facteurs génétiques. Les gènes du métabolisme des lipides, dont les phospholipases A2 (PLA2), ont été modulés suite à la supplémentation de 3 g d’AEP et d’ADH/jour pendant six semaines. Des effets de génotype*supplémentation ont été observés avec des variations des gènes des PLA2 sur les niveaux de TG et de protéine C-réactive (CRP). Les résultats suggèrent que des variations sur les gènes de PLA2 expliquent en partie la variabilité interindividuelle de la réponse des TG et de la CRP à la supplémentation en AGPI n-3.
Fish oil-derived long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering plasma triglyceride (TG) and inflammation levels. However, a large inter-individual variability is observed, which could be explained by genetic factors. Genes involved in metabolic pathways of n-3 PUFA, including phospholipases A2 (PLA2) had changes in their expression in individuals who consumed 3 g/day of EPA and DHA for 6 weeks. Genotype by supplementation interaction effect on TG and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were observed for PLA2 variations. These results suggest that variations in PLA2 genes may influence plasma TG and CRP levels during a supplementation with n-3 PUFA.
Roy, Vincent. "Modélisation de maladies cérébrovasculaires associées aux variations génétiques de RNF213 par le génie tissulaire et la culture cellulaire 3D". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67126.
Texto completo da fonteRNF213 has been associated as a susceptibility gene for the development cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), in particular, moyamoya disease (MMD) and intracranial aneurysms (ICA). While the exact biological functions of RNF213 remain to be demonstrated, it is known to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the development of vascular models in vitro to better characterize the role of RNF213 in CVDs. The hypothesis is that the complete invalidation of the RNF213 protein in brain endothelial cells (EC) could recreate evident phenotypes associated with the development of MMD and the formation of ICA. We have initially generated human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) deficient in RNF213 (RNF213-/- ) using the robust CRISPR-Cas9 double nickase method. At first, our work described the role that RNF213 would play in the homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance and in the early stages of MMD pathogenesis. More specifically, the loss of adherent junctions caused by the invalidation of RNF213 in hCMEC/D3 was evaluated in vitro on several parameters, such as endothelial morphology, gene expression of junctional proteins, cellular localization, permeability, immune infiltration and the secretome of inflammatory cytokines. Our data demonstrated that RNF213 deficiency provokes a significant decrease in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression, which consequently affects the proper formation of the junctional complex. A decrease in the expression of the claudin-5, b-catenin and plakoglobin genes was also measured. In addition, RNF213 loss is accompanied with a release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thereafter, the present work also demonstrated that RNF213 plays a preponderant role in the angiogenic process of hCMEC/D3. Angiogenesis has also been characterized on several aspects, such as proliferation, migration, formation of micro-capillaries on a Matrigel®-based support and in a 3D model reconstructed by tissue engineering, gene expression and secretion of angiogenic factors. Our data demonstrates a decrease in cell division rate and an increase in cell migration. In vitro studies have also shown, for the first time, a significant increase in micro-capillary formation and abundant secretion of pro-angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). More precisely, the hCMEC/D3 deficient in RNF213 forms a wider, denser and more extensive network of micro-capillaries on a Matrigel®-based support. When seeded in a more structurally complex 3D model, hCMEC/D3 form a network that can resemble to the compensatory capillary network found in MMM patients. Overall, the invalidation of the RNF213 gene in a 3D in vitro model of cerebral endothelial cells makes it possible to reproduce certain pathological phenotypes of MMM and v therefore becomes the 1st in vitro model for the study of this disease and other diseases associated with RNF213. Finally, we developed a new model of small-caliber blood vessels reconstructed by tissue engineering (TEBV) to be used to study vascular diseases and complex CVD in vitro. The direct seeding of fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells (CML) onto a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) mandrel that was pretreated with ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation facilitate the formation of circular cell sheets, which could be manipulated and stacked in top of each other. Using this novel technique, we were able to successfully generate complete TEBVs with the three main arterial layers: the adventitia, the media and the intima tunica. Taken together, our TEBV model has histological and mechanical properties similar to native human arteries. Furthermore, this optimized and standardized 3D vascular construct will accelerate the scientific progress to modelized complex vascular pathologies, such as MMD and AIC. Indeed, the generation of complete vessels derived from pathological cells or genetically edited cells could facilitate the characterization of pathogenesis and help in the development of drugs.
Falque, Laurent. "Cancers broncho-pulmonaires primitifs chez les sujets de 40 ans et moins". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23098.
Texto completo da fonteBucheton, Bruno. "Analyse des facteurs de risques dans une épidémie de leishmaniose viscérale dans l'Est du Soudan : le village de Barbar el Fugara". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20664.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteVisceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by intracellular parasites of macrophages: Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. They are transmitted to their mammalian host by various sand flies species. In humans, parasitism by these parasites remains asymptomatic in most cases. However infection is uncontrolled in some subjects leading to an intense multiplication of the parasite in the viscera and to a life threatening disease. Susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis is complex and depends on host, parasite and environmental factors. In mice, it was shown that host genetic factors are involved in the control of experimental infections. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to analyse the risk-factors for visceral leishmaniasis in an outbreak that occurred in a population living in a village of Eastern Sudan. We identified several environmental factors that were probably involved in determining exposure to the parasite in the first years of the epidemic. However, at the end of the outbreak, when most of the village inhabitants were exposed to Leishmania, the main risk-factors for disease were host factors, notably the ethnic group. Furthermore, the visceral leishmaniasis cases were not randomly distributed in the village but were clustered in some large families. A genetic study carried out on affected sib-pairs evidenced that a major locus on chromosome 22 was involved in disease susceptibility. This genome scan also suggests that two other loci on chromosome 2 (among which the NRAMP1 locus) are involved. This study shows for the first time that in human as in mice genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. Furthermore the genetic loci identified in mice only seem to play a minor role in the genetic control identified in our population. The identification, of the gene(s) underlying visceral leishmaniasis susceptibility should therefore improve our understanding of the host-parasite relationship in human. Another aspect of this work was to evaluate the predictive value of serology for visceral leishmaniasis. Our result clearly showed that, affected individuals as well as subjects who controlled Leishmania infection, mounted a high Leishmania-specific antibody response during the outbreak. Therefore in this sudanese population, high Leishmania-specific antibody responses are of poor prognostic value unlike what is observed in Brazil or in the Mediterranean area. Another implication of this observation is that in Sudan, particularly during outbreaks of the disease, serological tools such as ELISA or DAT may not be reliable for the diagnostic of visceral leishmaniasis
Laroche, Mélissa. "Lien entre la prééclampsie et les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire : étude de gènes impliqués dans le processus inflammatoire et associés au syndrome métabolique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26217/26217.pdf.
Texto completo da fontePreeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy complication characterized by increased blood pressure and proteinuria, is associated with significant maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent studies suggest that women who suffered from PE are at increased risk of long term cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and that the link between these two entities could be explained by the metabolic syndrome (MS). As inflammation appears to be a major element involved as much in PE than in MS and CVD, our research aimed to investigate the potential association between genetic variations in candidate genes involved in the inflammatory process and PE risk in a study sample that included 307 women who suffered from PE and 603 matched controls. In this regard, we analysed known polymorphisms of interleukin-1α (IL-1α; 4845G>T), interleukin-6 (IL-6; -174C>G), interleukin-10 (IL-10; -1082A>G, -2849G>A), TNF-α (TNF-α; -308G>A, -857C>T) and TNF-α receptors (TNFRІ 36A>G, TNFRІІ 676T>G) genes. Our results suggest the presence of a dose-effect of the combination of genes involved in the inflammatory process on the risk of PE.
Valéry, Christine. "Recherche de nouvelles protéines potentiellement marqueurs du mélanome et importance d'une approche de génomique fonctionnelle pour une stratégie de prédiction du risque". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20665.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLedoux, Dorothée. "Echecs précoces de gestation chez la vache laitière de race Holstein : incidences, implication dans la baisse de fertilité et facteurs de risque". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0044/document.
Texto completo da fonteCurrently, in France and the United States of America, only 30-35 % of first artificial inseminations in Holstein cows result in a calving. Pregnancy failure mainly occurs during embryonic development (fertilization failure - early embryonic mortality (FF-EEM) between D0 and D16 or late embryonic mortality (LEM) between D16 and D45 after insemination). Early pregnancy failure explains the majority of the differences in fertility between the Holstein breed and the other breeds in France, which are more fertile. There are numerous risk factors which cause pregnancy failure: animal, environmental and farm management factors. There are however, three factors which have been modified over time in Holstein cows: genetic merit, abnormal patterns of resumption of cyclicity and negative postpartum energy balance (NEB). Our objective was to identify the relationships between these three factors and early pregnancy failure after first postpartum insemination in Holstein dairy cows. Genetic merit was related to the incidence of FF-EEM and LEM. Prolonged luteal phases seemed to increase the incidence of LEM. The NEB was associated with FF-EEM and LEM. The impact of NEB on oocyte quality during the breeding period remains unclear. Our early pregnancy failure studies have helped to provide some tools to improve farm management
Melo, de Farias Ana Raquel. "Probing the Alzheimer’s disease risk gene PTK2B using human-derived induced neurons". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS062.
Texto completo da fonteAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and poses a significant global public health challenge. It is characterized by a progressive decline in cognition, memory, and behavioral functions and affects more than 55 million people worldwide. At the molecular level, AD is defined by the presence of aggregated neurofibrillary tangles within neurons and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. These pathological features are associated with alterations in neuronal activity, synapse loss, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, leading to irreversible neurodegeneration. AD etiology and pathophysiology involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified several loci carrying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AD risk. Among these loci, the one harboring the Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2β (PTK2B) is highlighted in the present work. This gene encodes a protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in calcium-induced regulation of ion channels and activation of numerous signaling pathways, such as MAP kinase. Non-synonimous genetic variations in the PTK2B locus have been associated with an increased risk of AD and are thought to regulate PTK2B expression. However, both the physiological and pathophysiological roles of PTK2B are not fully understood. In the human brain, PTK2B expression is mainly observed in glutamatergic neurons. Its expression declines during AD progression and may contribute to neuronal dysfunctions observed in the disease, such as increased electrical excitability and synaptic alterations. Therefore, understanding the role of PTK2B in human neurons may contribute to reveal the mechanisms of neuronal dysfunctions in AD. Considering that, the aims of this thesis are to uncover the cellular processes and molecular pathways regulated by PTK2B in human neurons. To that, we took advantage of isogenic human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate neurons expressing different levels of PTK2B. Next, we employed functional and molecular assays to probe the consequences of altered PTK2B expression both in a physiological and in an AD-like context. We show that reduced PTK2B expression leads to increased TAU phosphorylation at various epitopes associated with AD pathology, suggesting a central role of PTK2B in regulating TAU aggregation. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we also show that reduced PTK2B expression leads to specific transcriptional alterations related to neuronal electrical activity and synaptic transmission mainly in glutamatergic neurons. Calcium imaging experiments indicate that PTK2B downregulation contributes to increased calcium spikes frequency without affecting synchronization, indicating an elevated neuronal electrical activity. Additionally, results from electrophysiological recordings from multi-electrode array (MEA) show increased electrical activity and disrupted bursting patterns in PTK2B mutant neurons. Overall, this work sheds light on the involvement of PTK2B in AD-related cellular processes, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms and functional alterations associated with PTK2B dysregulation in human iPSC-derived neural cells
Hamidou, Bello. "Epidémiologie de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Facteurs de risque, incidence et phénotypes". Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0062/document.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. Currently in France, there is no population-based incidence data. The phenotypic profile of French patients with ALS, has not been studied. Lastly, no risk factors are confirmed for this pathology. In this context, to improve knowledge in these fields, our work consisted of three studies: (1) a study on the incidence of ALS in the Limousin region based on the database from the first French ALS register (2) a study of the phenotypes of patients from 11 French ALS centers and (3) a literature review of original epidemiological studies focusing on physical activity (PA) and ALS risk. Our work has highlighted a high crude and standardized incidence (on Europe population): 3.19 / 100 000 person-years (PY) and 2.58 / 100,000 PY respectively. Regarding phenotypic aspects, our work identified eight ALS phenotypes: (1) bulbar, (2) cervical spinal (3) lumbar spinal (4) flail leg, (5) flail arm, (6) respiratory, (7) ALS-FTD and (8) dropped head. We demonstrated that the PA itself is probably not a risk factor for ALS. As a first perspective we hope to expand the ALS Register to other French regions. In a second perspective, it would be very important to confirm our work on phenotypes on a larger and representative sample of ALS patients. Finally, regarding the relationship between PA and ALS, other work of high level of evidence are desirable to confirm the synthetic result we brought in this thesis work
Ledoux, Dorothee. "Echecs précoces de gestation chez la vache laitière de race Holstein : incidences, implication dans la baisse de fertilité et facteurs de risque". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00777964.
Texto completo da fonteAzzouzi, Abdel-Rahmène. "Facteurs de risque génétiques des tumeurs prostatiques". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA11TO34.
Texto completo da fonteJautrou, Henri. "Les tests génétiques vendus en libre accès sur l'Internet : une médicalisation sans médecin ?" Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20105/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90’s, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties (“missing heritability”, informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn’t require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn’t really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation
Fanchone, Audrey. "Comparaison de l'ingestion et de la digestion de moutons alimentés à base de fourrage verts : à l'auge et au paturagedu titre". Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0233.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences in feeding indoor or at pasture and to explain the differences. The starting hypothesises were that feeding differences exist between animals fed indoo and at pasture, when the same forage is offered, the origin of these differences is related to the presentation of the forage to the animals. The methodological studies showed that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) allow to, predict digestibility (secv = 2. 02 % and r2= 0. 77) and the chemical composition of the forage really ingested. The increase of the number of data in the calibration data set allowed to improve the prediction of digestibility (secv = 1. 75 and r2 = 0. 85). The prediction of digestibility from the fecal nitrogen method did not significantly affect the precision and the parameters of the equation. The use of the nirs and fecal nitrogen equations to predict digestibility of an independent data set allowed precise estimations. The experimental studies showed that digestibility is greater at pasture (65. 0 % indoor vs 67. 0 % at. Pasture, p < 0. 05), 2) due to selection process implemented at pasture, whereas, intake (77. 2 g 1kg bwo. 75 indoor and 64. 64 g 1kg bwo. 75, p < 0. 001) and amount of dry matier digestible intake (50. 13 g 1kg bwo. 75 indoor and 43. 33 g 1kg bwo. 75 at pasture, p < 0. 001) are greater indoor; due to greater prehensibility of forage indoor; that differences of intake and digestibility between indoor and pasture vary according to the quality and the quantity of grass offered