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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Extinction methods"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 7 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2025

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1

Bromham, Lindell, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, and Marcel Cardillo. "Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (2012): 4024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437.

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Predicting future species extinctions from patterns of past extinctions or current threat status relies on the assumption that the taxonomic and biological selectivity of extinction is consistent through time. If the driving forces of extinction change through time, this assumption may be unrealistic. Testing the consistency of extinction patterns between the past and the present has been difficult, because the phylogenetically explicit methods used to model present-day extinction risk typically cannot be applied to the data from the fossil record. However, the detailed historical and fossil r

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2

Geyle, Hayley M., John C. Z. Woinarski, G. Barry Baker, et al. "Quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending Australian bird and mammal extinctions." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18006.

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A critical step towards reducing the incidence of extinction is to identify and rank the species at highest risk, while implementing protective measures to reduce the risk of extinction to such species. Existing global processes provide a graded categorisation of extinction risk. Here we seek to extend and complement those processes to focus more narrowly on the likelihood of extinction of the most imperilled Australian birds and mammals. We considered an extension of existing IUCN and NatureServe criteria, and used expert elicitation to rank the extinction risk to the most imperilled species,

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3

Lombardi, Marco. "Optimal extinction measurements." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832769.

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In this paper we present XNICER, an optimized multi-band extinction technique based on the extreme deconvolution of the intrinsic colors of objects observed through a molecular cloud. XNICER follows a rigorous statistical approach and provides the full Bayesian inference of the extinction for each observed object. Photometric errors in both the training control field and in the science field are properly taken into account. XNICER improves over the known extinction methods and is computationally fast enough to be used on large datasets of objects. Our tests and simulations show that this metho

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4

Nawrot, Rafał, Daniele Scarponi, Michele Azzarone, et al. "Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (2018): 20181191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1191.

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Stratigraphic patterns of last occurrences (LOs) of fossil taxa potentially fingerprint mass extinctions and delineate rates and geometries of those events. Although empirical studies of mass extinctions recognize that random sampling causes LOs to occur earlier than the time of extinction (Signor–Lipps effect), sequence stratigraphic controls on the position of LOs are rarely considered. By tracing stratigraphic ranges of extant mollusc species preserved in the Holocene succession of the Po coastal plain (Italy), we demonstrated that, if mass extinction took place today, complex but entirely

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5

Smith, Woollcott K., and Andrew R. Solow. "Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 1 (2011): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr176.

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Abstract Smith, W. K., and Solow, A. R. 2012. Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 89–94. The number of modern extinctions in the ocean is unknown. The actual demise of the last individual of a species is essentially unobservable, so extinction can only be inferred. Statistical methods are described for inferring extinction from sighting records, species–area considerations, and taxonomic samples collected at two different times. The methods are illustrated using a variety of real datasets, including a sighting record of th

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6

Dai, Xu, and Haijun Song. "Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (2020): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.40.

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AbstractCosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammo

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7

Burgman, M. A. "Evaluating methods for assessing extinction risk." Acta Oecologica 26, no. 2 (2004): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2004.06.001.

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8

Nogueras-Lara, F., R. Schödel, N. Neumayer, et al. "GALACTICNUCLEUS: A high angular-resolution JHKs imaging survey of the Galactic centre." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038606.

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Context. The characterisation of the extinction curve in the near-infrared (NIR) is fundamental to analysing the structure and stellar population of the Galactic centre (GC), whose analysis is hampered by the extreme interstellar extinction (AV ~ 30 mag) that varies on arc-second scales. Recent studies indicate that the behaviour of the extinction curve might be more complex than previously assumed, pointing towards a variation of the extinction curve as a function of wavelength. Aims. We aim to analyse the variations of the extinction index, α, with wavelength, line-of-sight, and absolute ext

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9

Ausich, William I., Thomas W. Kammer, and Tomasz K. Baumiller. "Demise of the middle Paleozoic crinoid fauna: a single extinction event or rapid faunal turnover?" Paleobiology 20, no. 3 (1994): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012811.

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Macroevolutionary change from the Middle to the Late Paleozoic crinoid fauna was not the result of mass extinction. The presumption that the decline of the middle Paleozoic crinoid fauna was from a single mass extinction event was tested using seriation, multidimensional scaling (MDS), binomial analysis, and bootstrapping simulations on a data set which is a comprehensive revision of old faunal lists. The data for these analyses were based on temporal distributions of 214 species from 69 late Osagean and early Meramecian localities from the midcontinental United States. The time under consider

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10

Viglietti, Pia A., Roger B. J. Benson, Roger M. H. Smith, et al. "Evidence from South Africa for a protracted end-Permian extinction on land." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (2021): e2017045118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017045118.

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Earth’s largest biotic crisis occurred during the Permo–Triassic Transition (PTT). On land, this event witnessed a turnover from synapsid- to archosauromorph-dominated assemblages and a restructuring of terrestrial ecosystems. However, understanding extinction patterns has been limited by a lack of high-precision fossil occurrence data to resolve events on submillion-year timescales. We analyzed a unique database of 588 fossil tetrapod specimens from South Africa’s Karoo Basin, spanning ∼4 My, and 13 stratigraphic bin intervals averaging 300,000 y each. Using sample-standardized methods, we ch

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11

Liu Weiping, 刘卫平, 马志亮 Ma Zhiliang, 张振荣 Zhang Zhenrong, 周孟莲 Zhou Menglian, and 韦成华 Wei Chenghua. "Ablating soot extinction characteristics diagnosis using laser induced incandescence and light extinction methods." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 4 (2015): 41018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20152704.41018.

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12

Fan, Chuanjin, Donghui Zhu, Tongtong Zhang, and Ruijia Wu. "Efficient keystone species identification strategy based on tabu search." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285575.

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As species extinction accelerates globally and biodiversity declines dramatically, identifying keystone species becomes an effective way to conserve biodiversity. In traditional approaches, it is considered that the extinction of species with high centrality poses the greatest threat to secondary extinction. However, the indirect effect, which is equally important as the local and direct effects, is not included. Here, we propose an optimized disintegration strategy model for quantitative food webs and introduced tabu search, a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, to identify keystone species

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13

Ellwood, Brooks B., Lawrence Febo, Laurie Anderson, et al. "Regional to global correlation of Eocene–Oligocene boundary transition successions using biostratigraphic, geophysical and geochemical methods." Geological Magazine 157, no. 1 (2019): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000578.

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AbstractRegional to global high-resolution correlation and timing is critical when attempting to answer important geological questions, such as the greenhouse to icehouse transition that occurred during the Eocene–Oligocene boundary transition. Timing of these events on a global scale can only be answered using correlation among many sections, and multiple correlation proxies, including biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, geochemistry and geophysical methods. Here we present litho- and biostratigraphy for five successions located in the southeastern USA. To broaden the scope of correlation, we

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14

Fox, William T. "Harmonic analysis of periodic extinctions." Paleobiology 13, no. 3 (1987): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730000885x.

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Fourier analysis of percent extinction data for genera of fossil marine animals during the past 260 million years indicates the existence of a 26 m.y. extinction cycle. The first three harmonics, which account for 51.7 percent of the sum of squares, show the major extinction trends in the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The first ten harmonics, which account for 89.5 percent of the sum of squares, are aligned with eight extinction peaks. The tenth harmonic, with a period of 26 million years, has an amplitude of 6.5 percent and accounts for 12.7 percent of the sum of squares.Several diff

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15

Kravchenko, E. M., and V. S. Doroshkevich. "EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING QUINONE EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS." Bulletin of Donetsk National University. Series А. Natural Sciences, no. 4 (December 3, 2024): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14289066.

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Using the example of the oxidation product of hydroquinone – <em>para</em>-benzoquinone – various methods for determining the extinction coefficient based on experimental data and quantum-chemical calculations (computer modeling) are compared. The methods used are applied to determine the extinction coefficient of the product of laccase oxidation of pyrocatechol (probably <em>ortho</em>-benzoquinone).  <strong><em>Key words:</em></strong> ascorbic acid, hydroquinone, laccase, oxidation, para-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, spectrophotometry.

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16

Dulvy, Nicholas K., Jim R. Ellis, Nicholas B. Goodwin, Alastair Grant, John D. Reynolds, and Simon Jennings. "Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes." Fish and Fisheries 5, no. 3 (2004): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2679.2004.00158.x.

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17

Ridding, Lucy E., Adrian C. Newton, Sally A. Keith, et al. "Inconsistent detection of extinction debts using different methods." Ecography 44, no. 1 (2020): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05344.

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18

Day, Michael O., Roger B. J. Benson, Christian F. Kammerer, and Bruce S. Rubidge. "Evolutionary rates of mid-Permian tetrapods from South Africa and the role of temporal resolution in turnover reconstruction." Paleobiology 44, no. 3 (2018): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.17.

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AbstractThe Main Karoo Basin of South Africa contains a near-continuous sequence of continental deposition spanning ~80 Myr from the mid-Permian to the Early Jurassic. The terrestrial vertebrates of this sequence provide a high-resolution stratigraphic record of regional origination and extinction, especially for the mid–late Permian. Until now, data have only been surveyed at coarse stratigraphic resolution using methods that are biased by nonuniform sampling rates, limiting our understanding of the dynamics of diversification through this important time period. Here, we apply robust methods

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19

Lewis, Owen T. "Climate change, species–area curves and the extinction crisis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1465 (2005): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1712.

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An article published in the journal Nature in January 2004—in which an international team of biologists predicted that climate change would, by 2050, doom 15–37% of the earth's species to extinction—attracted unprecedented, worldwide media attention. The predictions conflict with the conventional wisdom that habitat change and modification are the most important causes of current and future extinctions. The new extinction projections come from applying a well-known ecological pattern, the species–area relationship (SAR), to data on the current distributions and climatic requirements of 1103 sp

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20

Motani, Ryosuke, Da-yong Jiang, Andrea Tintori, Cheng Ji, and Jian-dong Huang. "Pre- versus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (2017): 20170241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0241.

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The fossil record of a major clade often starts after a mass extinction even though evolutionary rates, molecular or morphological, suggest its pre-extinction emergence (e.g. squamates, placentals and teleosts). The discrepancy is larger for older clades, and the presence of a time-scale-dependent methodological bias has been suggested, yet it has been difficult to avoid the bias using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. This paradox raises the question of whether ecological vacancies, such as those after mass extinctions, prompt the radiations. We addressed this problem by using a unique temporal

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21

Nogueras-Lara, F., R. Schödel, and N. Neumayer. "Distance and extinction to the Milky Way spiral arms along the Galactic centre line of sight." Astronomy & Astrophysics 653 (September 2021): A33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040073.

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Context. The position of the Sun inside the disc of the Milky Way significantly hampers the study of the spiral arm structure given the high amount of dust and gas along the line of sight, and the overall structure of this disc has therefore not yet been fully characterised. Aims. We aim to analyse the spiral arms in the line of sight towards the Galactic centre (GC) in order to determine their distance, extinction, and stellar population. Methods. We use the GALACTICNUCLEUS survey, a JHKs high-angular-resolution photometric catalogue (0.2″) for the innermost regions of the Galaxy. We fitted s

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22

Fulton, Graham R. "Extinction: locally extinct for n years — a spatial and temporal measure." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130018.

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LOCAL extinction is often presented as a value judgment where the extinction is regarded as self-evident within a single survey. Thus it has not been subjected to evaluation by the IUCN criteria for ‘extinct’ or ‘extinct in the wild’ and may give a misleading impression of the local status of the species (IUCN 2012). I propose an expression for local extinctions as locally extinct for n number of years (i.e., L. E., n). This format allows a taxon to be identified as locally extinct within a certain geographical range, and most importantly adds a temporal component to the expression. The veraci

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23

Frick, Winifred F., Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Joseph R. Hoyt, et al. "Disease alters macroecological patterns of North American bats." Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, no. 7 (2015): 741–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527712.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in North America. Location North America and Europe. Methods We used four decades of population counts from 1108 populations to compare the local abundances of bats in North America before and after the emergence of white-nose syndrome to the situation in Europe, where the disease is endemic. We also examined t

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Frick, Winifred F., Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Joseph R. Hoyt, et al. "Disease alters macroecological patterns of North American bats." Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, no. 7 (2015): 741–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527712.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in North America. Location North America and Europe. Methods We used four decades of population counts from 1108 populations to compare the local abundances of bats in North America before and after the emergence of white-nose syndrome to the situation in Europe, where the disease is endemic. We also examined t

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25

Frick, Winifred F., Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Joseph R. Hoyt, et al. "Disease alters macroecological patterns of North American bats." Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, no. 7 (2015): 741–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527712.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in North America. Location North America and Europe. Methods We used four decades of population counts from 1108 populations to compare the local abundances of bats in North America before and after the emergence of white-nose syndrome to the situation in Europe, where the disease is endemic. We also examined t

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26

Frick, Winifred F., Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Joseph R. Hoyt, et al. "Disease alters macroecological patterns of North American bats." Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, no. 7 (2015): 741–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13527712.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in North America. Location North America and Europe. Methods We used four decades of population counts from 1108 populations to compare the local abundances of bats in North America before and after the emergence of white-nose syndrome to the situation in Europe, where the disease is endemic. We also examined t

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27

Zhang, Fan, Yongduan Xue, Rende Zhao, and Mingming Xu. "A Method for Judging the Arc-Extinction Time of Resonant Grounding System Based on Frequence Difference." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2477, no. 1 (2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2477/1/012009.

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Abstract In the resonant grounding system, the accurate judgment of arc-extinction time has guiding significance for the line selection of grounding fault, the evaluation of the arc suppression effect, and the extraction and utilization of transient information after arc extinction. Aiming at the single-phase grounding fault of resonant grounding system, this paper analyzes the frequence change characteristics before and after arc extinction. It is found that the frequence of zero-sequence electrical quantity before arc extinction is power frequence, and it changes after arc extinction. It is

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28

Ascenso, J., M. Lombardi, C. J. Lada, and J. Alves. "The extinction law from photometric data: linear regression methods." Astronomy & Astrophysics 540 (April 2012): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118355.

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29

Segura, Juan, Frank M. Hilker, and Daniel Franco. "Population control methods in stochastic extinction and outbreak scenarios." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (2017): e0170837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170837.

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Mothes, Caitlin C., Stephanie L. Clements, Dishane K. Hewavithana, et al. "Use of standardized methods to improve extinction‐risk classification." Conservation Biology 34, no. 3 (2019): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13421.

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Uthe, Edward E., and John M. Livingston. "Lidar extinction methods applied to observations of obscurant events." Applied Optics 25, no. 5 (1986): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.000678.

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32

Chang, Dan, and Beth Shapiro. "Using ancient DNA and coalescent-based methods to infer extinction." Biology Letters 12, no. 2 (2016): 20150822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0822.

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DNA sequences extracted from preserved remains can add considerable resolution to inference of past population dynamics. For example, coalescent-based methods have been used to correlate declines in some arctic megafauna populations with habitat fragmentation during the last ice age. These methods, however, often fail to detect population declines preceding extinction, most likely owing to a combination of sparse sampling, uninformative genetic markers, and models that cannot account for the increasingly structured nature of populations as habitats decline. As ancient DNA research expands to i

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Greenwald, Noah, Kieran F. Suckling, Brett Hartl, and Loyal A. Mehrhoff. "Extinction and the U.S. Endangered Species Act." PeerJ 7 (April 22, 2019): e6803. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6803.

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The U.S. Endangered Species Act is one of the strongest laws of any nation for preventing species extinction, but quantifying the Act’s effectiveness has proven difficult. To provide one measure of effectiveness, we identified listed species that have gone extinct and used previously developed methods to update an estimate of the number of species extinctions prevented by the Act. To date, only four species have been confirmed extinct with another 22 possibly extinct following protection. Another 71 listed species are extinct or possibly extinct, but were last seen before protections were enac

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Nogueras-Lara, F., R. Schödel, F. Najarro, et al. "Variability of the near-infrared extinction curve towards the Galactic centre." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (September 23, 2019): L3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936322.

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Context. Due to the extreme extinction towards the Galactic centre (AV ∼ 30 mag), its stellar population is mainly studied in the near-infrared (NIR) regime. Therefore, a proper analysis of the NIR extinction curve is necessary to fully characterise the stellar structure and population of the inner part of the galaxy. Aims. We studied the dependence of the extinction index (αλ) in the NIR on the line of sight, wavelength, and extinction. Methods. We used the GALACTICNUCLEUS imaging survey, a high angular resolution catalogue (0.2″) for the inner part of the Galaxy in JHKs, and studied the spat

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35

Didier, Gilles, and Michel Laurin. "Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions." PeerJ 9 (December 9, 2021): e12577. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12577.

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Given a phylogenetic tree that includes only extinct, or a mix of extinct and extant taxa, where at least some fossil data are available, we present a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account (i) the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct and (ii) the whole phylogenetic tree to estimate extinction times, whilst previous methods do not consider the diversification process and deal with each branch

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Swift, Jillian A., Michael Bunce, Joe Dortch, et al. "Micro Methods for Megafauna: Novel Approaches to Late Quaternary Extinctions and Their Contributions to Faunal Conservation in the Anthropocene." BioScience 69, no. 11 (2019): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz105.

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Abstract Drivers of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions are relevant to modern conservation policy in a world of growing human population density, climate change, and faunal decline. Traditional debates tend toward global solutions, blaming either dramatic climate change or dispersals of Homo sapiens to new regions. Inherent limitations to archaeological and paleontological data sets often require reliance on scant, poorly resolved lines of evidence. However, recent developments in scientific technologies allow for more local, context-specific approaches. In the present article, we highligh

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Yáñez-Arenas, Arturo, Miguel Nakamura, Andrew W. Trites, et al. "An integrated system to assess marine extinctions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0293478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293478.

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More than 20 global marine extinctions and over 700 local extinctions have reportedly occurred during the past 500 years. However, available methods to determine how many of these species can be confidently declared true disappearances tend to be data-demanding, time-consuming, and not applicable to all taxonomic groups or scales of marine extinctions (global [G] and local [L]). We developed an integrated system to assess marine extinctions (ISAME) that can be applied to any taxonomic group at any geographic scale. We applied the ISAME method to 10 case studies to illustrate the possible ways

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Hjort, Minna, and Minna Ruokonen. "Extinction or evolution?" Mikael: Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen aikakauslehti 14 (April 1, 2021): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.61200/mikael.129275.

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Since the 1990s, outsourcing, streamlining and technologisation have induced profound changes in the content, organisation and location of translators’ work. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of longitudinal research, such changes must typically be pieced together from individual studies. The present paper adopts a novel approach: analysing data from a survey in which the respondents (n=223) could report on one current and two previous in-house positions, we provide an overview of the changes in in-house translators’ work in Finland from 1995 to 2018. Combining quantitative and qualitative met

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39

Wang, Steve C., and Charles R. Marshall. "Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (2016): 20150989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0989.

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Because the fossil record is incomplete, the last fossil of a taxon is a biased estimate of its true time of extinction. Numerous methods have been developed in the palaeontology literature for estimating the true time of extinction using ages of fossil specimens. These methods, which typically give a confidence interval for estimating the true time of extinction, differ in the assumptions they make and the nature and amount of data they require. We review the literature on such methods and make some recommendations for future directions.

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Trammer, Jerzy. "Genus-level versus species-level extinction rates." Acta Geologica Polonica 66, no. 3 (2016): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2016-0012.

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Abstract The average extinction rates of index species per m. y. are computed by means of a count-of-biozones metric (Trammer 2014). These rates and the average extinction rates of genera belonging to biostratigraphically important groups, calculated according to three different methods, show congruent rises and falls from the Cambrian to the Neogene. The extinction rates of genera are, thus, a relatively good predictor of species extinction rates.

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Chen, Yu, Xiao Lin, Sizhi Ai, et al. "Comparing three extinction methods to reduce fear expression and generalization." Behavioural Brain Research 420 (February 2022): 113714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113714.

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Hon-Ming Mak and H. Yanagawa. "High-extinction directional coupler switches by compensation and elimination methods." Journal of Lightwave Technology 12, no. 5 (1994): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.293984.

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Kamimoto, Takeyuki. "Characterization of Diesel Soot Aggregates by Scattering and Extinction Methods." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 45 (July 1, 2006): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/45/1/018.

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Maíz Apellániz, J., and R. H. Barbá. "Optical-NIR dust extinction towards Galactic O stars." Astronomy & Astrophysics 613 (May 2018): A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732050.

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Context. O stars are excellent tracers of the intervening ISM because of their high luminosity, blue intrinsic SED, and relatively featureless spectra. We are currently conducting the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS), which is generating a large sample of O stars with accurate spectral types within several kpc of the Sun. Aims. We aim to obtain a global picture of the properties of dust extinction in the solar neighborhood based on optical-NIR photometry of O stars with accurate spectral types. Methods. We have processed a carefully selected photometric set with the CHORIZOS code t

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Lallement, R., L. Capitanio, L. Ruiz-Dern, et al. "Three-dimensional maps of interstellar dust in the Local Arm: using Gaia, 2MASS, and APOGEE-DR14." Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (August 2018): A132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832832.

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Context. Gaia data and stellar surveys open the way to the construction of detailed 3D maps of the Galactic interstellar (IS) dust based on the synthesis of star distances and extinctions. Dust maps are tools of broad use, also for Gaia-related Milky Way studies. Aims. Reliable extinction measurements require very accurate photometric calibrations. We show the first step of an iterative process linking 3D dust maps and photometric calibrations, and improving them simultaneously. Methods. Our previous 3D map of nearby IS dust was used to select low-reddening SDSS/APOGEE-DR14 red giants, and thi

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Pfeifer, Sascha, Thomas Müller, Andrew Freedman, and Alfred Wiedensohler. "The influence of the baseline drift on the resulting extinction values of a cavity attenuated phase shift-based extinction monitor (CAPS PMex)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 5 (2020): 2161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2161-2020.

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Abstract. The effect of the baseline drift on the resulting extinction values of three cavity attenuated phase shift-based extinction monitors (CAPS PMex) with different wavelengths and the respective correlation with NO2 was analysed for an urban background station. A drift of more than 0.8 Mm-1min-1 was observed for ambient air, with high probability caused by traffic-emissions-driven changes in carrier gas composition. The baseline drift leads to characteristic measurement artefacts for particle extinction. Artificial particle extinction values of approximately 4 Mm−1 were observed using a

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Brocklehurst, Neil. "Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (2020): 20200154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0154.

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Adaptive radiations and mass extinctions are of critical importance in structuring terrestrial ecosystems. However, the causes and progress of these transitions often remain controversial, in part because of debates surrounding the completeness of the fossil record and biostratigraphy of the relevant fossil-bearing formations. The early–middle Permian, when a substantial faunal turnover in tetrapods coincided with a restructuring of the trophic structure of ecosystems, is such a time. Some have suggested the transition is obscured by a gap in the tetrapod fossil record (Olson's Gap), while oth

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Marshall, Charles R. "Using Confidence Intervals to Quantify the Uncertainty in the End-Points of Stratigraphic Ranges." Paleontological Society Papers 16 (October 2010): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001911.

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One of the many contributions paleontology makes to our understanding of the biosphere and its evolution is a direct temporal record of biotic events. However, assuming fossils have been correctly identified and accurately dated, stratigraphic ranges underestimate true temporal ranges: observed first occurrences are too young, and observed last occurrences are too old. Here I introduce the techniques developed for placing confidence intervals on the end-points of stratigraphic ranges. I begin with the analysis of single taxa in local sections – with the simplest of assumptions – random fossili

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Andermann, Tobias, Søren Faurby, Samuel T. Turvey, Alexandre Antonelli, and Daniele Silvestro. "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (2020): eabb2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2313.

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To understand the current biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to determine how humans have affected biodiversity in the past. However, the extent of human involvement in species extinctions from the Late Pleistocene onward remains contentious. Here, we apply Bayesian models to the fossil record to estimate how mammalian extinction rates have changed over the past 126,000 years, inferring specific times of rate increases. We specifically test the hypothesis of human-caused extinctions by using posterior predictive methods. We find that human population size is able to predict past extinctions wi

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Muscente, A. D., Rowan C. Martindale, Anirudh Prabhu, et al. "Appearance and disappearance rates of Phanerozoic marine animal paleocommunities." Geology 50, no. 3 (2021): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49371.1.

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Abstract Ecological observations and paleontological data show that communities of organisms recur in space and time. Various observations suggest that communities largely disappear in extinction events and appear during radiations. This hypothesis, however, has not been tested on a large scale due to a lack of methods for analyzing fossil data, identifying communities, and quantifying their turnover. We demonstrate an approach for quantifying turnover of communities over the Phanerozoic Eon. Using network analysis of fossil occurrence data, we provide the first estimates of appearance and dis

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