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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Deguen, Séverine, Pauline Vasseur e Wahida Kihal-Talantikite. "Inégalités sociétales et exposome urbain". médecine/sciences 38, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021149.
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Les études épidémiologiques sont nombreuses aujourd’hui à révéler l’association entre des facteurs d’exposition environnementale et des problèmes de santé, aigus comme chroniques, survenant à différents stades de la vie. Citons, par exemple, l’exposition à la pollution de l’air associée à de nombreuses infections respiratoires, maladies cardiovasculaires et à certaines issues défavorables de la grossesse. L’exposition aux nuisances sonores est également reconnue comme pouvant augmenter le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires et perturber la qualité du sommeil. Inversement, l’accès à certaines ressources et leur disponibilité, comme les parcs, les aires de jeux, ou les espaces verts, sont associés à un meilleur état de santé, de bien-être physique et psychique et à des comportements favorables à la santé. Dans cette Synthèse, nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement à l’exposome dit « urbain », défini par Robinson et al. comme l’ensemble des éléments de l’environnement urbain favorables et défavorables à la santé, et ce, dès la vie in utero [1].
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Biedermann, Zoltán. "Colombo versus Cannanore: Contrasting Structures of Two Colonial Port Cities (1500-1700)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52, n.º 3 (2009): 413–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852009x458214.
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AbstractThis article compares the urban structures of early modern Colombo and Cannanore, two South Asian port cities controlled by the Portuguese during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and taken over by the Dutch in 1656 and 1663. It is argued that, whereas Cannanore was an urban complex marked by a set of walls that separated ethnically and religiously distinct neighborhoods, Colombo, less influenced by regulations emanating from Lisbon and Goa and more exposed to local politics in an unusual historical and military context, developed into a more integrated city surrounded by a single external wall. Although, after the Dutch takeover, Cannanore's urban structure did not change much, Colombo's, on the other hand, was entirely transformed. These contrasts draw our attention to the complexity of urban developments in the colonial contexts of South Asia between 1500 and 1700. Cet article compare les structures urbaines, à l'époque moderne, de Colombo et de Cannanore, deux villes portuaires sud-asiatiques contrôlées par les Portugais aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles puis, à partir de 1656 et 1663 respectivement, par les Hollandais. Tandis que Cannanore était un complexe urbain marqué par des murs séparant les uns des autres les quartiers habités par des groupes ethniques et religieux différent, Colombo, moins influencée par les régulations issues de Lisbonne et de Goa et plus exposée aux influences politiques locales dans un contexte historique et militaire particulier, devint une ville plus intégrative encadrée par une seule ligne de remparts. Après la conquête hollandaise, les structures urbaines furent peu altérées à Cannanore, mais entièrement transformée à Colombo en vue d'une organisation ségrégative de l'espace. Ces attitudes contrastées servent à nous alerter sur la complexité des développements urbains dans les contextes coloniaux d'Asie du Sud entre 1500 et 1700.
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Andrianou, Xanthi D., Chava van der Lek, Pantelis Charisiadis, Solomon Ioannou, Kalliopi N. Fotopoulou, Zoe Papapanagiotou, George Botsaris, Carijn Beumer e Konstantinos C. Makris. "Application of the urban exposome framework using drinking water and quality of life indicators: a proof-of-concept study in Limassol, Cyprus". PeerJ 7 (24 de maio de 2019): e6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6851.
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Background Cities face rapid changes leading to increasing inequalities and emerging public health issues that require cost-effective interventions. The urban exposome concept refers to the continuous monitoring of urban environmental and health indicators using the city and smaller intra-city areas as measurement units in an interdisciplinary approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods from social sciences, to epidemiology and exposure assessment. Methods In this proof of concept study, drinking water and quality of life indicators were described as part of the development of the urban exposome of Limassol (Cyprus) and were combined with agnostic environment-wide association analysis. This study was conducted as a two-part project with a qualitative part assessing the perceptions of city stakeholders, and quantitative part using a cross-sectional study design (an urban population study). We mapped the water quality parameters and participants’ opinions on city life (i.e., neighborhood life, health care, and green space access) using quarters (small administrative areas) as the reference unit of the city. In an exploratory, agnostic, environment-wide association study analysis, we used all variables (questionnaire responses and water quality metrics) to describe correlations between them. Results Overall, urban drinking-water quality using conventional indicators of chemical (disinfection byproducts-trihalomethanes (THM)) and microbial (coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococci) quality did not raise particular concerns. The general health and chronic health status of the urban participants were significantly (false discovery rate corrected p-value < 0.1) associated with different health conditions such as hypertension and asthma, as well as having financial issues in access to dental care. Additionally, correlations between THM exposures and participant behavioral characteristics (e.g., household cleaning, drinking water habits) were documented. Conclusion This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of using integrative approaches to develop urban exposomic profiles and identifying within-city differences in environmental and health indicators. The characterization of the urban exposome of Limassol will be expanded via the inclusion of biomonitoring tools and untargeted metabolomics.
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Ferreira, Rubio José, e Cláudio Jourge Moura de Castilho. "Agricultura urbana e gestão territorial em Recife/PE/Brasil: qual o lugar da agricultura urbana no planejamento da cidade?" Ateliê Geográfico 10, n.º 2 (13 de setembro de 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v10i2.35747.
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ResumoEste texto tem como objetivo, sobretudo, dar visibilidade a um problema significativo para vários citadinos: o lugar da agricultura urbana e das pessoas diretamente envolvidas nesta atividade, no processo de planejamento urbano, a partir de exemplos ocorridos na cidade do Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. Os principais resultados apontam que a agricultura urbana e os agricultores urbanos não são efetivamente considerados pelos técnicos das ações voltadas ao planejamento urbano de Recife. Isto, talvez, porque, a agricultura urbana se constitui de uma prática social utilizada por pessoas que pertencem a grupos sociais “hiperprecarizados” da economia urbana local. A ideia de planejamento territorial efetivo deve ser capaz de orientar políticas públicas que, a partir, também, da melhora das condições das atividades agrícolas na cidade, possam garantir a superação da perversidade das relações socioespaciais existentes em muitos lugares da cidade.Palavras-chave: Agricultura Urbana; Gestão Territorial; Planejamento da Cidade. AbstractThe aim of this text is expose an important problem with regard to urban men: the place of urban agriculture and the people direct involved in this activity. It demonstrated some steps in urban planning and the case study of Recife/Pernambuco/Brazil (city/state/country). The main results show that the urban agriculture and urban farmers are in absence of the thoughts of Recife’s planers. Maybe that happens because the urban agriculture is a social practice utilized by people from the “lowest layers” of society and in a marginal area in local urban economy. The idea of an effective territorial management is to guide public policies that promote better farming activities in city and assuring the diminution of poverty and the increase of human development in many places of the city.Keywords: Urban Agriculture; Territorial Management; Planning City. ResumenEste texto pretende, sobre todo, dar visibilidad a un problema importante para muchos habitantes de la ciudad: el lugar de la agricultura urbana y las personas directamente involucradas en esta actividad, en el proceso de planificación urbana, a partir de ejemplos que han ocurrido en las ciudades de Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. Los principales resultados exponen que la agricultura urbana y los agricultores urbanos no son, en realidad, considerados por los técnicos de acciones centradas en la planificación urbana de Recife. Esto, tal vez, porque la agricultura urbana se constituye de una práctica social utilizada por personas que pertenecen a grupos sociales “hiperprecarizados” de la economía urbana local. La idea de una planificación territorial eficaz debe ser capaz de orientar las políticas públicas, encabezada, también, por la mejora de las condiciones de las actividades agrícolas en la ciudad, para que se pueda garantizar la superación de la perversidad de las relaciones socio-espaciales existentes en muchas partes de la ciudad.Palabras clave: Agricultura urbana; Administración de Tierras; Planificación de la Ciudad.
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Andrianou, Xanthi D., e Konstantinos C. Makris. "The framework of urban exposome: Application of the exposome concept in urban health studies". Science of The Total Environment 636 (setembro de 2018): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.329.
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Arps, H., S. Benz, J. Kuhlmann, D. Schreckenberg e S. Schütte. "Expositionswirkungskurven zum urbanen Gewerbelärm/Exposure-Impact-Curves on urban commercial noise". Lärmbekämpfung 17, n.º 06 (2022): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1863-4672-2022-06-14.
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Die Einführung des urbanen Gebietes in § 6a BauNVO [1] dient der Optimierung der Innenentwicklung, um die Inanspruchnahme von Flächen „auf der grünen Wiese“ zu reduzieren [2-3]. Sie soll insbesondere den Kommunen die Planung von funktionsgemischten Gebieten in innerstädtischen Lagen erleichtern [3-4]. Die Kommunen können so – zum Zwecke der verstärkten Nutzungsmischung und um mehr Wohnraum zu schaffen – Wohnen und Gewerbe enger zusammenbringen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden die zulässigen Immissionsrichtwerte der TA Lärm [5] für urbane Gebiete auf 63 dB(A) im Beurteilungszeitraum Tag (6-22 Uhr) und auf 45 dB(A) im Beurteilungszeitraum Nacht (22-6 Uhr) festgesetzt. Damit liegt der Immissionsrichtwert tagsüber 3 dB über dem der Mischgebiete; nachts ist der zulässige Immissionsrichtwert identisch. Diese Erhöhung wird vom Gesetzgeber begründet mit einem Duldungswillen bzw. Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung vor dem Hintergrund der damit verbundenen Vorteile: der „Stadt der kurzen Wege“. Das Forschungsvorhaben konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung der Geräuschimmissionen in innerstädtisch verdichteten Gebieten und geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Lärmsituation dort auf die Bevölkerung auswirkt. Damit betritt das Vorhaben Neuland; vergleichbare Untersuchungen liegen nach Kenntnis der Autorinnen und Autoren dazu bislang nicht vor. Die hier ermittelten und dargestellten Expositionswirkungskurven konzentrieren sich auf die Auswirkungen von „urbanem Gewerbelärm“. Davon umfasst sind die Gewerbelärmquellen, die typischerweise in innerstädtischem Gebiet vorzufinden sind, das heißt Gastronomie, Einzelhandel und kleinere Gewerbebetriebe oder auch Tankstellen.
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Alves, Washington Silva, e Zilda De Fátima Mariano. "Os fatores geoecológicos, geourbanos e o clima urbano de Iporá-GO: uma análise a partir do Método de Correlação Linear". Ateliê Geográfico 11, n.º 3 (30 de maio de 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v11i3.39564.
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Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em analisar a influência dos fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos no padrão da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá-GO, por meio do método estatístico de correlação linear. Os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos pautaram-se no sistema clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), com ênfase no subsistema termodinâmico. Os fatores geoecológicos (hipsometria, exposição de vertente, vegetação urbana e hidrografia) e geourbanos (densidade de construção e o uso do solo urbano), foram georreferenciado com auxílio dos softwares ArcGis 9.0, Spring 5.3 e Surfer 9.0. Os dados de temperatura do ar foram coletados entre outubro de 2012 e outubro de 2013, em intervalos de 30 minutos, com termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) e estações meteorológicas automáticas distribuídos em seis pontos da área urbana e rural de Iporá. Posteriormente, os dados foram organizados em planilhas de cálculos para análise estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que os fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos citados foram decisivos na variação espacial da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá.Palavras-chave: Climatologia, Cidade, Clima Urbano AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the influence of geoecological factors and geourbanos the standard maximum air temperature and absolute minimum in Iporá-GO, by means of statistical methods of correlation linear. The theoretical and methodological foundations guided in the urban climate system Monteiro (2003), with emphasis on thermodynamic subsystem. The geoecological factors (hipsometria, slop exposure, urban and Hydrography vegetation) and geourban (building density and the use of urban land), were georeferenced with the help of software ArcGIS 9.0, Sprint 5.3 and Surfer 9.0. The air temperature data were collected between October 2012 and October 2013, in 30-minute intervals, with hygrometer term (HT-500 model) and automatic weather stations distributed in six points of the urban and rural Iporá. Later, the data were organized into spreadsheets for statistical analysis. The results showed that geoecological mentioned factors and geourbanos were decisive in the spatial variation of the temperature of the air and maximum absolute minimum in Iporá.Keywords: Climatology, City, Urban Climate ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos en el patrón de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá-GO, a través de lo método estadístico de correlación lineal. Los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos se basan en el sistema de clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), con énfasis en el subsistema termodinámico. Los factores geoecológicos (hipsometría, hebras de exposición, hidrografía y vegetación urbana) y geourbanos (densidad de edificación y uso del suelo urbano) fueron georeferenciados con la ayuda del software ArcGIS 9.0, Spring 5.3 y Surfer 9.0. Los datos de temperatura del aire se recogieron entre octubre 2012 y octubre 2013, en intervalos de 30 minutos, con termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) y estaciones meteorológicas automáticas distribuidas en seis puntos de las zonas urbanas y rurales. Posteriormente, los datos se organizaron en las hojas de cálculo para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos citados fueron decisivos en la variación espacial de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá.Palavras clave: Climatología, Ciudad, Clima Urbano
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Gupta, Dr Varsha. "Exposure of Captive Wild Mammals in Kota Zoo India to Urban Air Pollution". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n.º 3 (1 de outubro de 2011): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2013/44.
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Gruzieva, Olena, Ayoung Jeong, Shizhen He, Zhebin Yu, Jeroen de Bont, Maria G. M. Pinho, Ikenna C. Eze et al. "Air pollution, metabolites and respiratory health across the life-course". European Respiratory Review 31, n.º 165 (10 de agosto de 2022): 220038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0038-2022.
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Previous studies have explored the relationships of air pollution and metabolic profiles with lung function. However, the metabolites linking air pollution and lung function and the associated mechanisms have not been reviewed from a life-course perspective. Here, we provide a narrative review summarising recent evidence on the associations of metabolic profiles with air pollution exposure and lung function in children and adults. Twenty-six studies identified through a systematic PubMed search were included with 10 studies analysing air pollution-related metabolic profiles and 16 studies analysing lung function-related metabolic profiles. A wide range of metabolites were associated with short- and long-term exposure, partly overlapping with those linked to lung function in the general population and with respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. The existing studies show that metabolomics offers the potential to identify biomarkers linked to both environmental exposures and respiratory outcomes, but many studies suffer from small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, a preponderance on adult lung function, heterogeneity in exposure assessment, lack of confounding control and omics integration. The ongoing EXposome Powered tools for healthy living in urbAN Settings (EXPANSE) project aims to address some of these shortcomings by combining biospecimens from large European cohorts and harmonised air pollution exposure and exposome data.
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Mambou, Jean-Romuald, e Hilaire Elenga. "Erosions, Inondations et Mauvais Drainage des Eaux Pluviales à Brazzaville : Quelles Solutions dans le Cadre d’un Réaménagement Durable de la Ville à l’Horizon 2030 ?" European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, n.º 20 (31 de julho de 2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n20p205.
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La République du Congo, située dans une zone équatoriale à forte pluviométrie, est, de ce fait, exposée à une grande diversité de risques naturels d’origine essentiellement météorologique ou géologique, en particulier les érosions hydriques, les inondations et le mauvais drainage des eaux pluviales. Ces risques sont devenus un véritable enjeu de politique nationale pour les gouvernants et un drame pour les citoyens qui y sont confrontés chaque année, surtout en période de saison de pluies. Les solutions proposées jusqu’à présent ne sont que des mesures curatives peu efficaces et non durables. Elles portent essentiellement sur le planting des végétaux de l’espèce graminée « Chrysopogon zizanioides », dite « système vétiver ». Un projet, appliquant ce système intitulé «aménagement des bassins versants et stratégies de lutte contre l'érosion hydrique à Brazzaville» a, parmi tant d’autres, été mis en œuvre de 2011 à 2013 par le Gouvernement congolais avec le concours de la FAO. Il visait l’aménagement intégré durable des terres urbaines et périurbaines de Brazzaville au profit d'une amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire et des conditions de vie des populations concernées. Le diagnostic effectué et les hypothèses du projet étaient conformes à cette ambition, mais le choix de ses composantes et sa mise en œuvre ne pouvaient pas donner tous les résultats escomptés. Cela peut s’expliquer par le fait que tous les paramètres de la problématique n’ont pas été intégrés et surtout le projet était à vision courte, donc les solutions proposées ne pouvaient être que d’urgence. Or, ces risques ne peuvent trouver leurs solutions que dans une gouvernance urbaine assise sur une prise de décision centrée sur deux principes : l'acception performative (« la ville doit aller vers une meilleure gouvernance ») et l'acception critique (« les modalités de la gouvernance sont un impensé qui devrait être discuté pour éviter une dépossession des citoyens ») ; tout cela, en ce qui concerne Brazzaville, dans une vision stratégique globale et prospective d’un territoire urbain plus large. C’est l’objet de notre article qui propose la régénération et le réaménagement de Brazzaville à l’horizon 2030 à travers la mise en place d’un grand projet politique sur la ville. La démarche méthodologique s’articule en trois temps. Tout d’abord, un diagnostic est réalisé afin de caractériser les problèmes de la ville (érosions, inondations, mauvais drainage des eaux pluviales, mauvaise exploitation des rivières urbaines) en s’appuyant sur une recherche documentaire sélective et l’exploitation de l’enquête de terrain réalisée en 2017 par l’Observatoire Urbain de Brazzaville sur la situation des érosions à Brazzaville. Ensuite, en fonction des résultats de ce diagnostic, nous avons proposé des opérations d’aménagement participatives consistant à : (i) intégrer le fleuve Congo dans la ville par la construction d’un canal urbain navigable permettant, entre autres, de faire disparaître les grandes érosions de type I et II identifiées, (ii) aménager la ville en vue de la maîtrise de l’étalement urbain incontrôlé, la restructuration des quartiers précaires et la mise en défens des constructions dans les zones non-aedificandi, (iii) proposer un type d’habitat moderne à faible coût pour remplacer les habitations insalubres et (iv) faire de Brazzaville une ville prospère, durable, attractive et résiliente aux risques liés au climat. Nous avons terminé notre article en suggérant des outils à ce grand projet urbain politique d’être opérationnel, pratique et consensuel.
The Republic of Congo, located in an equatorial zone with high rainfall, is therefore exposed to a wide variety of natural risks of essentially meteorological or geological origin, in particular water erosion, flooding, and poor drainage of rainwater. These risks have become a real national policy issue for governments and a tragedy for citizens who are confronted with them every year, especially during the rainy season. The solutions proposed so far are only ineffective and unsustainable curative measures. They relate essentially to the planting of plants of the grass species “Chrysopogon zizanoides”, known as the “vetiver system”. A project, applying this system entitled “Development of watersheds and strategies for the fight against water erosion in Brazzaville”, has, among many others, been implemented from 2011 to 2013 by the Congolese government with the assistance of the Food and Agriculture Oganization of the United Nations, FAO. It aimed at the sustainable integrated development of urban and peri-urban land in Brazzaville for the benefit of improving food security and the living conditions of the populations concerned. The diagnosis carried out and the assumptions of the project were in line with this ambition, but the choice of its components and its implementation could not give all the expected results. This can be explained by the fact that all the parameters of the problem have not been integrated and above all, the project was short-sighted, so the solutions proposed could only be urgent. However, these risks can only find their solutions in urban governance based on decision-marking centered on two principles: performative acceptance (“the city must move towards better governance”) and critical acceptance (“the modalities of governance are one unthought which should be discussed to avoid a dispossession of the citizens”). All this, as far as Brazzaville is concerned, is in a global and prospective strategic vision of a wider urban territory.
This is the subject of our article which proposes the regeneration and redevelopment of Brazzaville by 2030 through the implementation of a major political project for the city. The methodological approach is articulated in stages. First, a diagnosis is made in order to characterize the problems of the city (erosions, floods, poor drainage of rainwater, poor exploitation of urban rivers) based on selective documentary research and the exploitation of the field survey carried out in 2017 by the urban observatory of Brazzaville on the situation of erosions in Brazzaville. Then, based on the results of this diagnosis, we proposed participatory development operations consisting of (i) integrating the Congo River into the city through the construction of a navigable urban canal allowing among other things, to eliminate particularly the tall identified type I and II erosions; (ii) develop the city with a view to controlling uncontrolled urban sprawl, restructuring precarious neighborhoods and prohibiting building in non-built-up areas; (iii) proposing a type of modern housing at moderate cost to replace unsanitary dwellings, and (iv) make Brazzaville a prosperous, sustainable, attractive and resilient city to climate-related risks. We ended our article by suggesting tools that should allow this great political urban project to be operational, practical, and consensual.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Martinez-Sancho, Lou. "Impacts de l'optimisation du mix énergétique des villes de demain : vulnérabilité, éthique, santé publique et territoires durables". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6045.
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La qualité de vie des citoyens est directement corrélée à l'énergie qui se transforme en travail et mouvement pour améliorer le IDH (indice de développement humain). En même temps, la production d'énergie détériore l'environnement, la santé humaine et l'écosystème global de la ville-santé. Cette thèse explore le dilemme énergétique, en étudiant l'impact de la transition vers des systèmes énergétiques à faible teneur en carbone sur la santé et les vulnérabilités urbaines. La recherche combine des méthodologies quantitatives, incluant la statistiques différentielle DOE (Design of Experiment) et la modélisation Monte Carlo (Stochastic), ainsi que des méthodes qualitatives comme post-phénoménologie pour étudier l'impact des systèmes énergétiques sur l'exposome urbain, en utilisant une étude de cas dans la ville de Oak Ridge, Tennessee. La thèse conclut qu'il existe un impact des systèmes de production d'énergie dans l'exposome urbain car des niveaux plus élevés de pollution peuvent être attribués à des populations à faible revenu et aider à établir cette corrélation. Le gradient médian du revenu des ménages suggère une relation négative entre la diminution de la richesse et l'exposition aux rejets toxiques et aux particules de diesel. La thèse souligne également 3 variables majeures, les émissions de CO2, la capacité énergétique et le LCOE, qui ont un impact sur les taux de mortalité dans la ville d'Oak Ridge, TN. Il suggérait que pour contrôler l'intensité en carbone d'une production énergétique donnée, nous pourrions réduire le taux de mortalité. Le modèle énergétique optimal 3D correspond aux émissions les plus faibles avec la capacité optimale du système et du LCOE. Pour pouvoir reproduire l'étude et les méthodologies appliquées dans cette thèse nous proposons 3 archétypes épistémologiques reproductibles (NOW-NEW-NEXT) afin de traiter le dilemme énergétique et son impact sur l'exposome énergétique urbain. Il appelle à une approche multidisciplinaire et humble pour intégrer les divers systèmes de connaissances. La thèse souligne le rôle de la post-phénoménologie dans la compréhension de l'exposome énergétique urbain et son impact sur la santé publique, suggérant que l'air non pollué est insuffisant pour créer des villes-santé. Le passage de la conscience et de l'expérience individuelles à une conscience collective est un mouvement transcendantal où passé, présent et futur contribuent à la prise de décision et à l'acceptabilité par la communauté. Ainsi, la thèse conclut qu'un équilibre entre les innovations technologiques et les approches humanistes sont nécessaires pour faire face au dilemme énergétique et préconise l'intégration de diverses épistémologies afin de faire progresser la compréhension de l'exposome énergétique urbain et son impact sur la justice environnementaleThe quality of life of inhabitants is directly correlated with energy, which is transformed into work and movement to improve the Human Development Index (HDI). At the same time, the production of energy deteriorates the environment, human health, and the overall ecosystem of a healthy city. This thesis explores the energy dilemma, researching the impact of the transition to low-carbon energy systems on urban health and vulnerabilities. The research combines quantitative methodologies, including DOE (Design of Experiments) and Monte Carlo (stochastic) modeling, with qualitative methods such as postphenomenology to study the impact of energy systems on the urban exposome, using a case study in the City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The thesis concludes that energy production systems affect the urban exposome, as higher pollution levels may place inhabitants with lower incomes at greater risk, establishing this correlation. The median household income gradient suggests a negative relationship between decreasing wealth and exposure to toxic releases and diesel particulate matter (PM). The thesis also identifies three major variables—CO2 emissions, energy capacity, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)—as impacting mortality rates in Oak Ridge, TN. It suggests that controlling the carbon intensity of a given energy production could reduce the mortality rate. The 3D optimum energy model corresponds to lower emissions with the optimal capacity of the system and LCOE. To transfer the study and methodologies applied in this thesis, we propose three replicable epistemological archetypes (NOW-NEW-NEXT) to address the energy dilemma and its impact on the urban energy exposome. This calls for a multidisciplinary and humble approach to integrate diverse knowledge systems. The thesis underscores the role of postphenomenology in understanding the urban energy exposome and its impact on public health, suggesting that non-polluted air alone is insufficient for creating healthy cities. The transition from individual consciousness and experience to a collective one is a transcendental movement where past, present, and future contribute to community decision-making and acceptability. Thus, the thesis concludes that a balance between technological innovations and humanistic approaches is necessary to tackle the energy dilemma and advocates for the integration of diverse epistemologies to advance the understanding of the urban energy exposome and its impact on environmental justice
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Adams, Helen Sarah. "Exposure assessment of urban transport users to particulate air pollution". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246812.
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Liu, Wenling. "L' écrit des enseignes commerciales : une écriture exposée chinoise dans l'espace urbain". Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0581.
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Cette thèse considère les enseignes commerciales chinoises comme écritures exposées dans l'espace urbain, tant à Pékin qu'à Paris. On analyse d'abord la dimension formelle et linguistique de l'enseigne au travers de plusieurs thèmes: l'usage de sémiotique de Peirce appliquée à l'enseigne; le nom propre et sa situiation d'étiquetage; la traduction des noms d'enseignes et la situation de digraphie existant en Chine. Une seconde partie adopte la perspective d'une socio-anthropologie de l'objet s'intéressant aux trajectoires sociales de l'enseigne et la situation de digraphie existant en Chine. Une seconde partie adopte la perspective d'une socio-anthropologie de l'objet s'intéressant aux trajectoires sociales de l'enseigne. On étudie notamment le réseau des agents intéressés par son fonctionnement(commerçant, fabricant, client, législateur). Une observation pragmatique permet également de confronter les représentations et les comportements effectifs. Une troisième partie adopte le point de vue d'une anthropologie de l'écriture mettant l'accent à la fois sur les pouvoirs s'exerçant sur l'enseigne (en particulier les normes et les réglementations) net sur l'efficacité propre de l'écriture d'enseigne, compte tenuThe purpose of this thesis is to examine Chinese commercial signs, considered as a kind of public "displayed writing" in a modern urban space, both in Beijing and Paris. In the first part we propose a formal analysis of commercial signs from a linguistic and semiotic perspective partly inspired by Peirce(s semiosis: we analyse the sign as a proper name in a situation of "labelling" (étiquetage) and we consider the problem of translating foreign marks into Chinese in a context of digraphia. The second part approaches the sign from a socio-anthropological point of view, as an object of social transactions involving distinct categopries of agents (merchant, manufacturer, customer, legislator). Empirical observation enables us to confront pragmatically ideal representations and actual behaviors. The last part is devoted to a contribution to an anthropology of writing, from a twofold vantage point: the effects of official powers on the sign (through a study of norms and regulations) and the specific efficiency possessed by writing displayed on a Chinese sign. This latter aspect is highlighted through a comparison with other forms of traditional writings traditionally imbued with magic powers (duilian)
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Strauss, Jillian. "Cyclist injury risk and pollution exposure at urban signalized intersections". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107775.
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Cycling as a mode of travel is becoming more popular especially in urban areas like Montreal, Canada. With this reality come serious concerns for cyclist safety and health. These concerns have initiated the need to study the determinants of cyclist injury risk as well as cyclist exposure to traffic-related air pollution. These two issues are particularly important at intersections where cyclists are exposed to high vehicular traffic and as a result are exposed to the risk of collisions and air pollution. With the goal of improving road safety and reducing cyclist exposure to air pollution, this report seeks to meet the following objectives, to: i) investigate the impact of motor-vehicle traffic, geometric design and built environment factors on cyclist injury occurrence and bicycle activity at signalized intersections in Montreal and ii) study the association between bicycle activity (volume) and traffic-related air pollution concentrations. As an application environment, this research makes use of a large sample of signalized intersections on the island of Montreal. In this work, cyclist injury risk was examined looking not only at aggregate cyclist and motor-vehicle flows passing through intersections but also at disaggregate traffic movements and potential conflicts. It was found that a 10% increase in bicycle flow is associated with a 5.3% increase in the frequency of cyclist injuries whereas a 10% increase in motor-vehicle flow would result in a 3.2% increase in cyclist injury occurrence. When disaggregating motor-vehicle flows into its constituent movements it becomes apparent that right turn movements have the greatest effect on injury occurrence. The conflict measure again confirms this result. Regarding the geometric design and built environment factor analysis, the presence of an arterial and bus stops were found to increase cyclist injury occurrence whereas protected left turn signals, pedestrian signals with countdown and there being three approaches instead of four were found to have the opposite effect on cyclist injury risk. From a health perspective, applying the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) land use regression model for Montreal, has revealed some interesting results. It was found that NO2 levels are highest in the central neighbourhoods of the island of Montreal which is also where cyclist flows are the greatest. The central neighbourhoods are also where Montreal's bicycle network is most dense and most frequented. Also, the corridor analysis revealed that corridors with a bicycle facility have more than twice as many cyclists as those without any facility but they also have, on average, higher air pollution levels. To investigate the indirect impact of built environment and bicycle infrastructure on the two variables of interest (cyclist injury risk and air pollution exposure at intersections), the determinants of bicycle activity were investigated. For this purpose, a bicycle activity modeling framework was developed to measure the impact of built environment, road and transit network attributes and bicycle facilities on bicycle activity. Regression models accounting for spatial autocorrelation between intersections were developed and it was found that land use mix, metro (subway) stations, schools and bicycle facilities all have a positive effect on bicycle activity whereas average street length and presence of parking entrances have a negative impact. Knowledge of the factors that increase or decrease cyclist injury occurrence combined with the knowledge of the factors that increase or decrease bicycle activity through intersections can guide engineering countermeasures and recommendations of land use strategies as well as the location of new facilities. This report provides initial insight into the currently limited body of research into cyclist injury risk and pollution exposure at urban signalized intersections.De nos jours, le vélo gagne en popularité dans les milieux urbains surtout dans les grandes villes telles que Montréal, Canada. Cette réalité présente des inquiétudes sérieuses pour la sécurité et la santé des cyclistes et exigent la nécessité d'étudier les déterminants des risques de blessure ainsi que l'exposition des cyclistes aux polluants dans l'air. Les cyclistes y sont exposés à des débits de circulation élevés qui augmentent le risque d'accidents ainsi que l'exposition aux polluants. Dans le but d'améliorer la sécurité routière et de réduire l'exposition des cyclistes aux polluants, ce rapport vise à étudier: i) l'impact du débit des véhicules motorisés, de la conception géométrique des intersections et de l'environnement dans lequel se trouvent les intersections sur l'occurrence des blessures chez les cyclistes et les volumes de cyclistes aux intersections signalisées à Montréal et ii) la relation qui existe entre le volume de cyclistes et les polluants émis par les véhicules motorisés. Ce projet fait l'étude d'un large échantillon d'intersections signalisées sur l'île de Montréal. L'occurrence des blessures chez les cyclistes aux intersections n'est pas seulement examinée en évaluant les volumes totaux mais aussi en fonction des trois mouvements (gauche, droite et tout droit) et les conflits potentiels. D'après les résultats, si le volume de cyclistes augmente de 10%, il y aura une augmentation du nombre de blessures de 5.3% alors qu'une hausse de 10% dans les débits de circulation se traduira par une hausse de blessures de 3.2%. En désagrégeant les mouvements des véhicules motorisés, il est apparent que les virages à droite représentent le plus grand danger pour les cyclistes aux intersections. En prenant en considération la conception géométrique des intersections et l'environnement bâti, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion suivante: la fréquence des accidents cyclistes augmente autour des intersections aux artères et des arrêts d'autobus. En revanche, les virages protégés à gauche, les signaux lumineux piétonniers munis de décompte et les intersections avec trois approches au lieu de quatre, diminuent le risque d'accidents. Les concentrations de dioxyde d'azote (NO2), qui ont été obtenues en appliquant la méthode de régression sur l'aménagement du territoire à Montréal, ont servi à réaliser l'impact de la pollution sur la santé des cyclistes. Les quartiers du centre qui comptent une haute densité d'aménagements cyclables, sont fréquentés par un grand nombre de cyclistes et comptent les plus grands niveaux de concentration de NO2. D'autre part, les corridors équipés d'aménagements cyclables sont fréquentés par plus que deux fois plus de cyclistes que les corridors n'en possédant pas. Le taux de pollution de ces corridors est plus élevé que la moyenne de ceux qui n'en possèdent pas. Les facteurs affectant les volumes de cyclistes sont examiné pour étudier l'impact indirect de l'environnement bâti et des aménagements cyclables sur les deux variables qui nous intéressent. Dans ce but, une méthodologie est proposée pour mesurer l'impact de l'environnement bâti, des caractéristiques de routes et de celles du transport en commun et des aménagements cyclables sur le nombre de cycliste qui traverse les intersections. Les résultats démontrent un effet positif de la mixité du territoire, des stations de métro, des écoles et de la présence des aménagements cyclables sur l'activité des cyclistes. Cependant, la longueur moyenne des routes et la présence des entrées de stationnement à proximité des intersections ont un effet négatif. Sachant les facteurs qui impactent l'occurrence des blessures et en prenant connaissance des facteurs affectant l'activité des cyclistes aux intersections aident à identifier des traitements efficaces, à faire des recommandations d'aménagement du territoire et aident aussi avec la localisation des nouveaux aménagements cyclables.
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Costa, Ana Margarida Lobo Lourenço da. "Microscale modelling of exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban areas". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11334.
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Doutoramento em Ciências Aplicadas ao AmbienteA poluição atmosférica é considerada um dos maiores problemas ambientais, afectando em particular a saúde das populações urbanas. Esta problemática tem um impacto directo no ambiente exterior, mas assume especial relevância nos espaços interiores, onde a população dispende a maior percentagem do seu tempo. Para a avaliação dos impactos da poluição atmosférica na saúde das populações é necessário proceder à estimativa da exposição humana aos poluentes atmosféricos nos ambientes exterior e interior. Os principais objectivos deste trabalho centram-se no desenvolvimento de um modelo de exposição tridimensional de microscala (MEXPO) para a estimativa da exposição individual de curto termo aos poluentes PM10 e NO2, e na sua aplicação à área urbana de Viseu, com dados de duas campanhas experimentais, com o intuito de avaliar a exposição de crianças com problemas respiratórios aos referidos poluentes. O modelo de exposição tem capacidade para estimar os campos tridimensionais de vento e de concentração no ar ambiente, considerando a influência dos edifícios existentes na área urbana. O modelo simula, igualmente, as taxas de ventilação natural e as concentrações de poluentes no interior dos edifícios. O modelo de exposição inclui um modelo Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) de qualidade do ar para a estimativa dos campos exteriores de vento e de concentração de poluentes. O referido modelo CFD foi previamente validado de acordo com uma metodologia específica para modelos de microscala, e que inclui a utilização de critérios de validação desenvolvidos para o estudo da dispersão de poluentes em áreas urbanas. A aplicação do modelo de exposição à área urbana de Viseu para os dois períodos experimentais permitiu estimar quais as crianças mais expostas a concentrações de PM10 e NO2. Estes resultados estão directamente relacionados com o tempo dispendido pelas crianças no interior das suas residências e pelos valores de concentração determinados para esses espaços interiores. As crianças mais expostas terão uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver problemas respiratórios. A metodologia desenvolvida poderá ser usada como uma primeira abordagem para a estimativa da exposição individual a poluentes, substituindo a utilização de técnicas de medição directa intrusivas e dispendiosas. O modelo de exposição desenvolvido poderá ter ainda um papel relevante na aplicação a cenários futuros de alterações climáticas com influência no clima urbano, permitindo conhecer as concentrações futuras de poluentes no espaço urbano exterior e interior, e, consequentemente, estimar a futura exposição humana a poluentes atmosféricos.
Air pollution is a major environmental health problem focusing on the ambient air quality in cities but also on the air quality of indoor environments, where people spend most of their time. In order to evaluate the real impacts of urban air pollution in the population health is necessary to undergo a complete assessment of human exposure to atmospheric pollutants that includes both outdoor and indoor exposure assessments. The main goals of this study are the development of a three-dimensional (3D) Microscale EXPOsure model (MEXPO) to estimate the short-term individual exposure to PM10 and NO2 and its application to the Viseu urban area, using experimental data from two field campaigns, in order to assess the exposure to the referred pollutants on children with known respiratory problems. To perfom this goal the exposure model is able to estimate the outdoor flow and pollutant concentrations, considering the influence of the urban built-up area, as well to assess the air exchange rates as result of natural ventilation mechanisms. The indoor pollutant concentrations on the defined microenvironments are also estimated by the model. With the purpose of estimating the outdoor pollutant dispersion, the exposure model MEXPO includes a Computational Fluid Dynamic model (CFD) model that has the advantage to fully characterize the flow and the transport of the urban air pollution on a 3D basis. The CFD model was successfully evaluated according to a established procedure, using specific model acceptance criteria that were defined in agreement with the intended model purpose, which is the study of meteorology and pollutant dispersion in urban areas. The application of MEXPO to the Viseu urban area allowed determining the most exposed children to PM10 and NO2 concentrations during both campaigns. These children are therefore more sensitive to develop respiratory problems such as asthma. The developed methodology may be seen as a valid approach to assess the individual human exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban areas, replacing direct measurement techniques that are considered invasive and expensive. The developed exposure model has also an important role in the application to future climate change scenarios with direct consequences in the urban climate, allowing to determine the future human exposure to atmospheric pollutants and, consequently, also the future outdoor and indoor atmospheric pollutants concentrations in an urban area.
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MUDELE, OLADIMEJI EZEKIEL. "Modeling Urban Areas Epidemiological Risk Exposure Using Multispectral Spaceborne Data". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1436356.
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In recent decades, the world has been fast urbanizing. More than half of the world’s human population now live in urban areas. Such high density of urban population is resulting in air and water pollution, land degradation, and infectious diseases spread risks prominence. However, the increasing quality (in terms of finer spatial and temporal resolution)and quantity of Earth Observation (EO) satellite data provide new perspectives for analysing these phenomena.
Within the specific domain of epidemiological risks dynamics in urban areas which is the focus of this work, the use of multispectral optical EO sensor data has created new opportunities. These data through their visible, near, mid, far and thermal infrared bands provide planetary-‐scale access to environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation types, location and conditions. Since these environmental variables affect the development of vectors causing infectious disease (e.g., mosquitoes), there is the possibility to use EO data to estimate them, and obtain disease risk models.
The Ae. aegypti mosquito species transmits Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya, diseases widespread in more than 100 world countries, and is concentrated in urban areas. The development of this vector depends significantly on local environmental temperature, humidity, precipitation and vegetation. In this regard, multispectral EO data can provide globally consistent and scalable sources to obtain the required environmental variable inputs, and extract significant and consistent monitoring and forecasting models for vector population.
The work reported in this thesis about this topic has led to the following results:
1) A method to map vegetation types in urban areas at high spatial resolution using Sentinel2 multispectral EO data. The results show an improvement in the quality of the resulting vegetation maps with respect to what is available by means of state-of-the-art techniques.
2) A method that combines EO-based spectral indices, temperature layers, and precipitation measurement to model the temporal evolution of the local mean Ae. aegypti population. The approach leverages the random forest (RF) machine learning (ML) technique and its embedded nonlinear features importance ranking (mean decrease impurity, MDI) to rank the effects of environmental variables and explain the resulting model.
3) A weighted generalized linear modeling (GLM) technique to predict Ae. aegypti population using multispectral EO data covariate inputs. GLMs are generally simple to implement and explain, but do not provide the same level of prediction quality as ML methods. The proposed weighted GLM compares well with ML techniques in quality, and provides capability for more explicitly interpretation of the results.
4) A recurrent neural network (RNN) technique for spatio‐temporal modeling of Ae. Aegypti population at the urban block level using multispectral EO data as inputs. This study is needed because spatial models obscure seasonality effects while temporal model are blind to spatial changes in micro-climates. The proposed technique shows great promise with respect to the use of free multispectral EO data for spatio-temporal epidemiological modeling.
All the proposed techniques have been applied in the Latin American region where the risk of Ae. aegypti vector transmitted diseases are the highest in the world. They were validated thanks to the long term partnership with the University of Alagoas in Maceio (Brazil) and the Brazilian company: ECOVEC.
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Burns, Emily. "Assessing exposure and risks of pharmaceuticals in an urban river system". Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20448/.
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Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous in the freshwater environment, a result of an increasingly urbanised water cycle. Environmental risk assessments are available for a small proportion of the over 1900 pharmaceuticals in use, raising concern over the potential risks posed by pharmaceuticals with limited data, as effects on non-target organisms have been observed. Experimentally filling these gaps is a large, costly and likely unnecessary task. Risk-based prioritisation is a potential tool for addressing this challenge by identifying which pharmaceuticals may pose risks and are therefore a priority for study. Simple exposure models are commonly used to predict environmental concentrations (PECs), however the suitability of these models for prioritisation is unknown. A scoping study targeted 95 pharmaceuticals in samples from the Rivers Ouse and Foss in York, UK, 25 were quantified. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) were compared with simple PECs based on local usage data and dilution factors. MECs and simple PECs were used to prioritise pharmaceuticals and, for the larger River Ouse, different priority lists using the two approaches emerged. This conclusion was based on limited monitoring data, therefore an HPLC-MS/MS quantification method for 33 pharmaceuticals was developed, validated and applied to a year-long monitoring campaign to build a robust monitoring dataset. Significant spatial and temporal trends were observed in both rivers apparently driven by flow, pharmaceutical usage, wastewater treatment removal, and in-stream attenuation. These drivers differently influenced concentrations in either river. The simple PECs and PECs derived from a higher-tier spatial exposure model (LF2000-WQX) were validated against annual average MECs. LF2000-WQX outperformed the simple PEC in both rivers. A re-prioritisation using LF2000-WQX demonstrated that improved predictive power translated into better agreement of prioritisation outcomes with MECs. The use of simple PECs for the prioritisation and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals should be avoided and the use of higher-tier spatial exposure models encouraged.
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Defoe, Phillip Peterson. "Urban brownfields to gardens : minimizing human exposure to lead and arsenic". Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17584.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agronomy
Ganga M. Hettiarachchi
Urban gardens have been a popular re-use option in the transformation of brownfields—located in older industrialized cities and near peri-urban developments. They provide accessible, available, and affordable supplies of fresh fruits and vegetables, effectively reducing the enigma of “food deserts” across U.S. cities. However, direct (soil ingestion, inhalation) and indirect (soil-plant-human) human exposure concerns about real or perceived trace element contamination in urban soils persist due to previous use. Elevated lead (Pb) and/or arsenic (As) concentrations were found at two (Tacoma and Seattle, WA) urban gardens. The Tacoma site was contaminated with Pb (51 to 312 mg kg-1) and As (39 to 146 mg kg-1), whereas soil Pb at the Seattle site ranged from 506 to 2,022 mg kg-1, and As concentrations were < 20 mg kg-1. Experimental design at both sites was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement (main plots: biosolids/compost vs. non-amended control; sub-plot: plant type). Tacoma site treatment included a Class A biosolids mix (TAGRO) with dolomite. The Seattle site was amended with Cedar-Grove Compost (CGC) plus dolomite. Efficacy of biosolids/compost amendment in reducing Pb and As concentrations was evaluated using root, leafy, and fruit vegetables. Soil Pb and As bioaccessibility were also evaluated. Food chain transfer of Pb and As in vegetables due to surface contamination of produce samples were evaluated on the basis of cleaning procedures. A laboratory incubation study and a controlled greenhouse experiment were conducted on soils collected from the Tacoma site. Effectiveness of addition of laboratory synthesized ferrihydrite (Fh: iron oxyhydroxide) and TAGRO mix, each alone or in combination were screened and tested on the Pb and As co-contaminated Tacoma soil. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy studies of Pb and As were conducted on incubation study samples to understand treatment-induced Pb- and As-speciation changes. Dilution of soil Pb (10 to 23%) and As (12 to 25%) were observed for biosolids amendment at the Tacoma site, while CGC amendment resulted in 20 to 50% dilution in soil Pb at the Seattle site. Biosolids and CGC amendments reduced Pb concentrations in the vegetables by 50% to 71%. At both sites, Pb concentrations of root vegetables exceeded the MLs established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Arsenic concentrations in vegetables were below an estimated ML and were reduced by 46% to 80% when grown on biosolids amended soils. Laboratory cleaning further reduced Pb and As food-chain transfer in vegetables grown in contaminated urban soils. Laboratory incubation and greenhouse studies showed dissolution of Pb in TAGRO plus Fh, and Pb concentrations in Fh amendments were significantly lower than the other amendments. Bioaccessible Pb and As were low. Significant reductions in bioaccessible As were observed when soils were amended with both TAGRO and Fh. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicated that chloropyromorphite-like (stable Pb phosphates) phases were the most dominant Pb species. Arsenic existed mainly as As5+, scorodite (FeAsO4•2H2O)-like species in all the treatments ranging from about 60% (control) to about 70% (TAGRO plus ferrihydrite). Amendments utilizing both biosolids and Fh significantly reduce human exposure risks present in urban soils contaminated with Pb and As.
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Amin, Maryse R. "Lead Exposure and the Risk of Dental Caries in Urban Children". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406901155.
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Goveia, Danielle E. "An Analysis of the Potential Risk Exposure to Lead (Pb) through Urban Community Gardens". FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/847.
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Community gardening in cities is increasing, driven by social interaction and food security. City soils are sinks for heavy metals; including neurotoxic lead (Pb). Exposure routes are primarily through inhalation/ingestion of soil, or second by ingestion of plants that have accumulated Pb. This research evaluates soil at three Liberty City, Florida sites estimating risk of Pb exposure through primary and secondary pathways.
Soil cores were collected from Liberty City, and red Malabar spinach (Basella rubra) was grown in Pb soil treatments in a greenhouse. Total soil Pb levels and plant tissues were measured after acid digestion, by ICP-OES. In Liberty City, two sites had hotspots with areas of elevated soil Pb levels. Plants grown on Pb contaminated soil all accumulated statistically significant Pb concentrations. Therefore, there is a potential risk of Pb exposure to residents in Liberty City by exposure in hotspot sites through both the primary and secondary pathways.
Livros sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Arthur, Artist C. Indecent exposure. West Babylon, NY: Urban Books, 2009.
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South Coast Air Quality Management District (Calif.), Systems Applications Inc e United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., eds. Urban air toxics exposure model: Development and application. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1988.
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Shiva Nagendra, S. M., Uwe Schlink, Andrea Müller e Mukesh Khare, eds. Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4.
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Liu, Wenling. Les enseignes commerciales chinoises: Une écriture exposée chinoise dans l'espace urbain. Paris, France: Editions You Feng, 2009.
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences e Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation (1992 : Stockholm, Sweden), eds. Risk assessment of urban air: Emissions, exposure, risk identification, and risk quantitation. [Research Triangle Park, NC]: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1994.
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. e Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation (1992 : Stockholm, Sweden), eds. Risk assessment of urban air: Emissions, exposure, risk identification, and risk quantitation. [Research Triangle Park, NC]: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1994.
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Datema, Jason Alexander. Human pulmonary function response to a controlled exposure to fine urban particulate matter. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.
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L, Landolt Marsha, United States. National Ocean Service e United States. Ocean Assessments Division. Coastal and Estuarine Assessment Branch. Pacific Office, eds. Potential toxicant exposure among consumers of recreationally caught fish from urban embayments of Puget Sound. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 1985.
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Korf, D. J. Urban drug problems and the general public: Exposure, opinions and policy preferences in 11 European cities. Amsterdam: Thesis, 1998.
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Shilton, Vaughan Francis. The significance of indoor:outdoor relationships, and physical and chemical composition in personal exposure to urban particulate matter. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 2003.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Kalms, Nicole. "Urban exposure". In The Routledge Companion to Urban Imaginaries, 159–70. Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315163956-13.
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Reisen, Fabienne. "Smoke Exposure". In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_126-1.
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Reisen, Fabienne. "Smoke Exposure". In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 930. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_126.
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Vallero, Daniel A. "Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Humans and Ecosystems". In Urban Air Pollution, 449–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9_36.
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Yao, Runming, Xizhen Huang, Tiantian Xu e Yuening Zhu. "Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Heat Exposure Risks". In Resilient Urban Environments, 13–38. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55482-7_2.
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Nazarian, Negin, e Leslie Norford. "Measuring and assessing thermal exposure". In Urban Heat Stress and Mitigation Solutions, 40–61. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003045922-3-4.
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Panis, Luc Int, Nico Bleux, Rudi Torfs, Vinit Mishra, Bas de Geus, Romain Meeusen, Grégory Vandenbulcke e Isabelle Thomas. "Exposure of Cyclists to Ultra Fine Particles". In Highway and Urban Environment, 115–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_13.
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Sabaliauskas, Kelly, e Greg Evans. "Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Urban Centres". In Urban Airborne Particulate Matter, 483–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12278-1_25.
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McBride, W. G., C. J. Carter, J. R. Bratel, G. Cooney e A. Bell. "The Sydney Study of Health Effects of Lead in Urban Children". In Lead Exposure and Child Development, 255–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0847-5_13.
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Shiva Nagendra, S. M., Mukesh Khare, Uwe Schlink e Anju Elizbath Peter. "Introduction to Urban Air Pollution". In Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment, 3–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4_1.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Aswal, Shreyansh, Chaman Banolia e Shailesh Deshpande. "Assessing the impact of prolonged air pollution exposure on COVID-19 mortality in Maharashtra, India using remotely sensed data". In Remote Sensing Technologies and Applications in Urban Environments IX, editado por Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Thilo Erbertseder e Ying Zhang, 12. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3031773.
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Pala, Daniele, Giacomo Zagami, Pietro Bosoni, Mahin Vazifehdan, Riccardo Bellazzi e Arianna Dagliati. "Land Use Regression on Interpolated Urban Graphs to Assess Personal Exposure to Air Pollution". In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 6169–74. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm62325.2024.10821729.
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Huang, Kangning. "The Urban Mosaic of Heat Exposure: The Role of Spatial Heterogeneity in Population and Temperature Distributions". In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4614–16. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642209.
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Borrego, C., J. Valente, J. H. Amorim, V. Rodrigues, P. Cascão e A. I. Miranda. "Modelling of tree-induced effects on pedestrian exposure to road traffic pollution". In Urban Transport 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut120011.
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DEGAN, GUIDO ALFARO, GIANLUCA COLTRINARI, DARIO LIPPIELLO e MARIO PINZARI. "EFFECTS OF GROUND CONDITIONS ON WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE ON CARS: A CASE STUDY OF DRIVERS OF ARMORED VEHICLES". In URBAN TRANSPORT 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut170371.
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Mitrović, Biserka, Aleksandra Đukić, Jelena Marić, Ranka Gajić e Danilo Furundžić. "The aspects of urban safety in the context of illegal urbanisation". In Urbana bezbednost i urbani razvoj, Zbornik radova sa trece naucne konferencije, Beograd, 01.07.2024., 421–38. Univerzitet u Beogradu - Fakultet bezbednosti, Beograd
Univerzitet u Beogradu - Arhitektonski fakultet, Beograd, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/ubur24421m.
Resumo:
This paper deals with the aspects of urban security manifested in illegal/ informal settlements and the problems of urban transformation of these settlements from the point of view of urban security. Globally, the share of these settlements is extremely large, and the number of inhabitants has long exceeded one billion. At the same time, the problem of illegal settlements in larger urban centres in Serbia has been present for several decades, and the total number of illegal buildings exceeds 2 million. Belgrade, as the capital of Serbia and an area under tremendous demographic pressure, has over 30 illegal settlements and many more parts of the settlements that are under the impact of illegal urbanisation. According to (UN-HABITAT 2007), there are three primary threats to urban security and safety in the city: crime and violence, tenure insecurity and forced evictions, and natural and manmade disasters. Exposure to risks in the urban environment is significantly higher than in planned parts of the city. Urban security and safety risks in these settlements are numerous and diverse and include a wide range of problems related to urban crime, various communicable and non-communicable diseases, waste disposal, landslides, floods, weak infrastructure, insufficient access to health services, and more. The mentioned problems make the population of illegal settlements very vulnerable. Having this in mind, UN HABITAT's Global Report on Human Settlements (2007) and the World Bank (2010) recognised the need to modify sustainable urban planning and land use in the context of these growing urban problems to ensure the effectiveness of urban policies, urban planning and design, and urban development management. The paper points out the risks to the urban safety of informal settlements while emphasising the importance of their locations, which are among the risk factors. It also recommends measures that could reduce the residents' vulnerability. In this way, we would contribute to solving the problems of illegal settlements, whose future is impossible without systemic measures related to their transformation.
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Grinshpun, S. A., M. Yermakov, L. A. Grinshpun, T. Reponen, M. Simmons, P. H. Ryan e G. K. LeMasters. "Exposure to traffic air pollutants in a major US urban area with high freeway traffic: has anything changed over the past decade?" In URBAN TRANSPORT 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut130361.
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Wurm, Michael, Raphael Tubbesing, Thomas Stark, Marlene Kühnl, Marta Sapena, Wolfgang Sulzer e Hannes Taubenböck. "Revealing landslide exposure of informal settlements in Medellín using Deep Learning". In 2023 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse57346.2023.10144128.
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Coelho, Glauci, Luciana da Silva Andrade e Vera M. R. de Vasconcellos. "Cidade emoção: o ver e o viver os espaços públicos por um grupo de jovens a partir da comunidade Carobinha no Rio de Janeiro". In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6339.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Este trabalho entende a cidade através do olhar de um grupo de jovens que habita um lugar sujeito às
condições de pobreza. O que nos move é conjecturar como, a partir das emoções, tais jovens são
capazes de construir em processos interacionais no e com o espaço urbano, a percepção de cidade ao
localizarem nesta, suas identidades. Para a caracterização desta cidade, que convencionamos chamar
“cidade emoção”, coletamos as representações que os jovens expressam em desenhos e falas sobre o
espaço urbano, uma vez que são imagens gravadas no imaginário coletivo. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa
foi entender o espaço vivenciado do Rio de Janeiro, através dos processos perceptivos de jovens que
trazem à tona a complexidade urbana à medida que revelam a identidade do território cotidiano de suas
experiências. Por conseguinte, essa relação interacional dos jovens, converte-se em uma das peças
fundamentais e tecedoras da construção do indivíduo, que analisamos com base na ideia de Vygotski
(1998). Nesse contexto teórico, nosso objeto de estudo, a cidade, se coloca culturalmente como uma
comunidade emocional, de domínio dos seus habitantes, porém, está no território apropriado o centro de
onde emana o entendimento do que é o todo urbano. This report tries to understand the city through the look of young people that lives in a place expose to
poverty conditions. What move us to try understand how, starting to the feelings, those young people are
able to construct in interaction process in and with urban space, the perception of city to the notice their
identities in it. To characterization of this city, that we decide to call “emotion city”, so was collected
representations that they usually express at drawings and speeches about the urban space, since they are
captured images at collective imaginary of the habitants. The objective of this research has been to try
understand the living area to the Rio de Janeiro, through to young peoples’ perceptive processes bring up
urban complexity as they reveal identity territory and daily experiences. Therefore, this young people’s
interactional relation became itself at one of most important parts at development for the individual that was
analyzed having at base Vygotski’s idea (1998). This theory context, our object of study, the city, take itself
culturally as one emotional neighborhood, of habitants’ domain, although it is in a territory belongs to the
city habitants, the center where the knowledge come from that is the all urban.
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Li, Jinhua, Hok Kwan Ng, Yun Zheng e Sebastian Gutierreznolasco. "Noise Exposure Maps for Urban Air Mobility". In AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3203.
Texto completo da fonteRelatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Exposome urbain"
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Padgett, Pamela E., Patricia L. Winter, Lee-Anne Milburn e Weimin Li. Measuring individual ozone exposure in Los Angeles urban parks. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, outubro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-274.
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Brown, M. J., C. Mueller, B. Bush e P. Stretz. Exposure estimates using urban plume dispersion and traffic microsimulation models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564119.
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Zheng, Siqi, Cong Sun e Matthew Kahn. Self-Protection Investment Exacerbates Air Pollution Exposure Inequality in Urban China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, junho de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21301.
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Delong-Maxey, M. PurpleAir Sensors as Effective Indicators of PM Exposure in Urban Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1880935.
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Glascoe, Lee, Akshay Gowardhan, Kristin Lennox, Matthew Simpson, Kristen Yu, Patrick Armand, Christophe Duchenne, Frederic Mariotte e Xavier Pectorin. Dispersion of Radionuclides and Exposure Assessment in Urban Environments: A Joint CEA and LLNL Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1305831.
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Slavin, Courtney. The Relationship Between Traffic Signals and Pedestrian, Bicyclist and Transit User Exposure in Urban Areas. Portland State University Library, janeiro de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.616.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow e C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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Adelekan, Ibidun, Anton Cartwright, Winston Chow, Sarah Colenbrander, Richard Dawson, Matthias Garschagen, Marjolijn Haasnoot et al. Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/supsv209.2022.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The second volume in the Summary for Urban Policymakers (SUP) series, Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, offers a concise and accessible distillation of the IPCC Working Group II Report. Cities are places of high risks from climate change, resulting from the interaction of climate change hazards, the exposure of infrastructure, people and ecosystems, the vulnerability of exposed elements and communities, and the negative or unintended effects of responses to climate change to people and ecosystems. This report assesses the feasibility and effectiveness of different adaptation options but highlights that adaptation has limits and can even lead to maladaptation, triggering unintended effects which increase risk, emissions and lock-ins. It synthesises the latest evidence on the necessary urban-led transformation, as well as evidence on operationalizing the five simultaneous system transitions across land, coastal, ocean and freshwater ecosystems; cities, regions, and infrastructure; energy and industrial systems, accelerated by societal choices. Cities and urban areas have a critical role to play in the climate resilient development needed to meet goals of climate change, human wellbeing, and ecosystem health challenges.
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Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth, Benigno López Benítez, Juan Pablo Bonilla, Ferdinando Regalia, Usama Bilal, Ana María Ibáñez, Norbert Schady et al. Inclusive Cities: Healthy Cities for All. Inter-American Development Bank, setembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004459.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This publication reports on some of the health challenges facing cities. It aims to serve as a guide for public managers and decision makers optimize the great potential of cities to improve the well-being of those who reside in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized in two parts. The first part, Health Inequalities in Latin American Cities, focuses on identifying the ways in which social inequality has led to negative health outcomes, in order to make visible the relevance of the challenge of inequality and the urgency to grapple with it. The second part, Urban Policies for Healthy Cities, focuses on how cities can contribute to improving the health standards in their population. The publication addresses critical issues for urban health, such as the interdependence between physical-social factors and health, the relationship between urban characteristics and the incidence of COVID-19, the connections between social inequality and exposure to pollution environment, the relationship between urban planning and gender violence, the power of urban interventions -such as public transport and social housing- to improve health indicators, and the relevance of having good data to improve the accessibility of health systems. All the contributions in this book are based on data and rigorous research, and present real cases of the cities of the region.
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Maranghides, Alexander, e William Mell. Framework for Addressing the NationalWildland Urban Interface Fire Problem – Determining Fire and Ember Exposure Zones using a WUI Hazard Scale. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, janeiro de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1748.
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