Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Exploration et cartographie"
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Guilhot, Nicolas. "Histoire d'une parenthèse cartographique : Les Alpes du Nord dans la cartographie topographique française aux 19e et 20e siècles". Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/guilhot_n.
Texto completo da fonteTian, Daji. "Optimisation de la Cartographie et de la navigation des Robots Mobiles Coopératifs". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0016/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this Ph. D., we will present firstly a single robot exploration method, then a decentralized cooperative exploration strategy for a team of mobile robots equipped with a range finders. A two dimensional map of the explored area is built in the form of a pixel figure. This is expanded by the robots by using a randomized local planner that authomatically realizes a decision between information gain and navigation cost. In our work, the map is reconstructed using a least-mean square method to reduce the errors of the sensor data. In dividing the overall task into subtasks, the intelligent controller allows reducing the robots task complexity. But the fusion of different behaviors with different objectives may cause contradiction in the procedure and alter the stability of the system. Therefore, the issue of behavior coordination mechanisms is crucial in order to realize the non-collision safety-ensured movements. A method integrated by behavior coordination and command fusion is proposed. A new approach with five basic behaviors for mobile robot navigation is discussed.Player/ Stage is an open-source software project for research in robotics and sensor systems. Its components include the Player network server and the Stage robot platform simulators providing a hardware abstraction layer to several popular robot platforms. Player is one of the most popular robot interfaces in research. We mainly use Player/Stage simulation to test our algorithms in mono-agent/multi-agent exploration, map reconstruction and robot navigation. Obtained results show that the proposed approaches are effective and can be applied in real robots
Karkar, Slim Ismael. "Parcellisation et analyse multi-niveaux de données : Application à l’étude des réseaux de connectivité cérébrale". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/KARKAR_Slim_Ismael_2011.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteOver the last decade, functional MRI has emerged as a widely used tool for mapping functions of the brain. More recently, it has been used for identifying networks of cerebral connectivity that represent the interactions between different brain areas. In this context, a recent strategy is based on a preliminary parcellation of the brain into functional regions, and then identifying functional networks from a measurement of interactions between each area. The first part of this thesis describes a novel approach for parcellation that produces regions that are homogeneous at several levels. These regions are shown to be consistent with the anatomical landmarks of the processed subjects. In the second part, we propose a new family of statistics to identify significant networks of functional connectivity. This approach enables the detection of small, strongly-connected networks as well as larger networks that involve weaker interactions. Finally, within a classification framework, we developed a group-level study, producing networks that synthesize characteristics of functional networks across the population under study
Ibekwe-Sanjuan, Fidelia. "Exploration de corpus scientifiques et techniques". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635294.
Texto completo da fonteBourdon, Étienne. "Le voyage et la connaissance des Alpes occidentales en France et en Italie de la fin du XVe siècle au début du XVIIIe siècle : 1492-1713". Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE29007.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis analyzes the relation between the experience of travel and the constitution of a new knowledge about the western Alps from 1492 to 1713 among French and Italian elites. The research leans on the study of textual and cartographic sources. The first part presents the travellers and theirs motivations as well as the reconstitution of biogeographic conditions of the western Alps. The second part is devoted to the organization of the middle Ages knowledge heritages. Al last, the fourth part puts in a prominent position the discovery of western Alps between the end of 15th century and the beginning of the 18th century
Orzanco, Maria Gabriela. "Exploration de la fusion des informations pour améliorer la fiabilité locale d'une carte forestière". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23448/23448.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn the traditional forest maps in Quebec, sharp lines represent stand boundaries, forest strata are considered equally concordant in relation to field/cartographic attributes and the woody volume estimations issue from successive regrouping of field plots. The general objective of this research is to explore how different methods can be combined to characterize stand boundaries, forest strata and woody volume estimations, from geomatic and ecological points of view, by map and field information fusion. In order to qualify boundaries, their contrast and spatial contexts are quantified. The integration of these aspects allows the detection of forest sectors where boundary identification could be easiest. A significant relationship exists among the contrast of examined variables with the existence probability of boundaries. Other boundaries are identified from the field plots. These ones correspond to homogeneous plot clusters and to strong spatial discontinuities in the field variables. The two boundary types coincide spatially when neighbourhood differences are intense. The woody volume boundaries are, in this scale, spatially dependent on forest and topographic boundaries. Regression trees are used for grouping field plots considering minimum volume variability. The most effective tree model is associated with field variables. The groups formed with this method present less spatial variability in comparison with the plot groups presently used in Quebec. The forest strata are qualified by their accord map/plot level. For many forest strata the local accord is high while the neighbourhood accord is low. The local accord is attributed to internal strata homogeneity and/or the fact that plots poorly represent the forest stratum. The neighbourhood accord is associated with positional uncertainty of field samples, of boundaries or both. Finally, in order to permit cartographic and field boundary fusion at the element level, the resolution of heterogeneity between field and forest map data must be addressed first. The spatial resolution and semantic ecological significance of cartographic units are the most important of these heterogeneities.
Delluc, Claire. "Les pays arctiques du continent américain : histoire d'un savoir géographique jusqu'à l'aube du XXe siècle". Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010631.
Texto completo da fonteThe investigation of the history of the geographical knowledge of the American artic lasted for 4 years. It was surely too short, considering how complex the topics to be discovered were. Which steps the western thought had to go by to integrate the nordic immensity which seemed so strange to it. I thus went back to the first echoes we heard of : "the heroic times" - throughout fifteen hundred years, few names of those times paved the way to exploration. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the west had a certain knowledge of the accross- the-seas lands. The people and their leaders were seized by a strong curiosity : the way to cathay's land brought the european leadership to its discoverer. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, the map of the artic world was set up, as expeditions succeeded one another, the english and the french fight but the perception of another world is born. The map technics improve, sailing and the ships improve. Important names of discoverers are found throughout the 19th century. Thanks to the technical means of the 20th century, the big north is no longer unknown, including Alaska and Labrador
Le, Guen Vincent. "Exploration de la diversité des résistances génétiques à la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa (Microcyclus ulei) par cartographie et génétique d'association au sein de populations naturelles". Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0008.
Texto completo da fonteSouth American Leaf Blight (SALB) caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei is a serious threat to worldwide rubber tree cultivation and also responsible for the poor development of this culture in South and Central America. The breeding of resistant cultivars is considered as the best way to anticipate an accidental introduction of SALB in disease free countries and to develop rubber tree cultivation in diseased areas. The main resistance source described until now proved to be ineffective against the most aggressive fungus isolates. Another resistance source identified in a Peruvian cultivar holds for more than thirty years in high infestation conditions. Genetic mapping carried out on the progeny of a cross between this cultivar and a susceptible one revealed two major resistance genes, one located on linkage group g15 and effective against M. Ulei isolates from French Guiana, and the other one on linkage group g13 effective against isolates from Bahia state (Brazil). Diversity analysis in South-West Amazonian natural populations shows populations structured in three main clusters corresponding to the Brazilian states of Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The Madre de Dios population in Peru is part of the Acre genetic cluster. Differentiation among populations is mainly explained by isolation by distance and secondarily by the existence of hydrographical basins. The linkage disequilibrium between linked neutral genetic markers is wider in Acre cluster than in Rondônia cluster, but remains low in both cases. A genetic association with the SALB resistant trait is detected with a microsatellite marker located close to the major resistance gene in linkage group g15. Another association is also detected in a genomic area where no resistant locus was expected until now. Importance of these results for breeding of new SALB resistant cultivars is discussed
Lasne, Yannick. "Imagerie radar basse fréquence pour l'exploration des zones arides terrestres et martiennes : détection de l'humidité du sous-sol et cartographie de la paléo-hydrologie". Toulouse 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00180231.
Texto completo da fonteThese research tasks propose an experimental approach to study the capabilities of low frequency radar imagery for the detection of moisture in the first few meters of the terrestrial and Martian arid areas and the geological cartography of their close subsurface. In particular, the phasimetric analysis of L-band SAR images of the Pyla Dune (France) made it possible to highlight a particular behaviour of the copolarized phase difference, related to the presence of buried wet structures in the subsurface. In order to interpret and to model this phenomenon, we developed an analytical single-scattering model based on the IEM, supplemented by an analytical expression of the multiple scattering term. Simulating successfully the studied phenomenon, our model confirms the phase signal being generated by the moisture profile of hidden structures because of the multiple scattering component. It was also shown that this particular phase signature allows the detection of wet interfaces at depths more significant than those authorized by the analysis of the traditional radiometric indicators. Taking part in the program Terrestrial Analog to Mars of NASA, we also worked with the definition of the performances of an orbital P-band SAR system for detecting moisture in the upper few meters of the planet Mars, by means of the copolarized phase difference. Including a volume scattering term, our preceding IEM model shows that the presence of heterogeneities in the first meters of the Martian crust could deteriorate the performances of the copolar phase signal for the detection of moisture in term of depth of investigation. Nevertheless, our results of simulations indicate that such a SAR system, exploiting the copolar radar phase, would authorize the detection of moisture and its follow-up on a seasonal scale until some 3 meters depths in the areas presenting a favourable geological context i. E. A weak concentration of surface and subsurface scatterers. .
Le, Guen Vincent. "Exploration de la diversité des résistances génétiques à la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa (Microcyclus ulei) par cartographie et génétique d'association au sein de populations naturelles". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564595.
Texto completo da fonteAlvarez, Salvador. "La grande frontière asiatique du Nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne : l'expansion espagnole dans le Septentrion au XVIème siècle". Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0083.
Texto completo da fonteThe surrender and destruction of the Aztec capital and the conquest of rich American societies by the Castilian Crown are indeed major events but the Spaniards expected much more from their destiny in the New World. It is nethertheless a phenomenon that is not understandable without taking into account the geographical notions related to Ptolome's cosmographic model. As the northwestern portion of the American continent was represented as an extension of Asia or a region closed to it, the pacific coast became the most important borderland for the conquistadores established in New Spain, during half a century. The great expeditions in quest of lost kingdoms situated in the North stimulated the colonization of new territories. Despite the conquistadors'bad luck in their search of the Asian northwestern kingdoms, a second large frontier appeared during the second half of the sixteenth century, it was the tierra adentro that is to be related with the big septentrional terra incognita, situated between the North of New Spain and continental Asia, the conquest of which remained the main origin of Spanish expansion. Finally, when the quest of northern New Mexico was over, Spanish explorations declined suddenly and began at the same time a new process characterized by a slow and gradual occupation of new territories
Le, Corre Lucille. "Géologie de Titan à partir des données de spectro-imagerie infrarouge et Radar de la mission Cassini". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2108.
Texto completo da fonteCassini spacecraft, launched in 1997 and arrived in July 2004 at Saturn, provides images of Titan's surface in the near-infrared, medium infrared ranges and in the radio wavelengths range corresponding to the Cassini radar instrument. Previously, Titan’s surface, hidden by a thick methane-rich atmosphere opaque for the visible light, was unknown. The main work in this thesis is to analyze the dataset acquired by VIMS (Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer), in order to map Titan's surface. For each pixel of an given image, VIMS observes a spectrum between 0. 35 and 5. 11 μm. Atmospheric windows of methane allow to see the surface through the haze of aerosols and gases. By creating global mosaics of infrared images, we can infer different types of terrains. Geological features, such as cryovolcanoes, dune fields, lakes, fluvial channels, and impact craters, are studied thanks to the combination of VIMS et radar images in SAR mode in a geographic information system. They show a good correlation in morphology between radar and infrared datasets. The study of a particular cryovolcanic flow demonstrates that the composition can match spectra of mixtures of ices containing CH4, H2O, and CO2. Global mapping is useful to study the spatial distribution of geological units, features and correlation between datasets aiming to understand the nature and erosion processes prevailing on Titan's surface. A global crater count using the available radar swaths permits to estimate the surface age between 200 Myr and 2 Gyr
Vaeth, Albert. "Imagerie du volume sanguin cérébral : applications". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10205.
Texto completo da fonteAllanic, Marianne. "Gestion et visualisation de données hétérogènes multidimensionnelles : application PLM à la neuroimagerie". Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2248/document.
Texto completo da fonteNeuroimaging domain is confronted with issues in analyzing and reusing the growing amount of heterogeneous data produced. Data provenance is complex – multi-subjects, multi-methods, multi-temporalities – and the data are only partially stored, restricting multimodal and longitudinal studies. Especially, functional brain connectivity is studied to understand how areas of the brain work together. Raw and derived imaging data must be properly managed according to several dimensions, such as acquisition time, time between two acquisitions or subjects and their characteristics. The objective of the thesis is to allow exploration of complex relationships between heterogeneous data, which is resolved in two parts : (1) how to manage data and provenance, (2) how to visualize structures of multidimensional data. The contribution follow a logical sequence of three propositions which are presented after a research survey in heterogeneous data management and graph visualization. The BMI-LM (Bio-Medical Imaging – Lifecycle Management) data model organizes the management of neuroimaging data according to the phases of a study and takes into account the scalability of research thanks to specific classes associated to generic objects. The application of this model into a PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) system shows that concepts developed twenty years ago for manufacturing industry can be reused to manage neuroimaging data. GMDs (Dynamic Multidimensional Graphs) are introduced to represent complex dynamic relationships of data, as well as JGEX (Json Graph EXchange) format that was created to store and exchange GMDs between software applications. OCL (Overview Constraint Layout) method allows interactive and visual exploration of GMDs. It is based on user’s mental map preservation and alternating of complete and reduced views of data. OCL method is applied to the study of functional brain connectivity at rest of 231 subjects that are represented by a GMD – the areas of the brain are the nodes and connectivity measures the edges – according to age, gender and laterality : GMDs are computed through processing workflow on MRI acquisitions into the PLM system. Results show two main benefits of using OCL method : (1) identification of global trends on one or many dimensions, and (2) highlights of local changes between GMD states
Abu-Aisheh, Razanne. "Context-Aware Information Gathering and Processing Towards Supporting Autonomous Systems in Industry 4.0 Scenarios". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS022.
Texto completo da fonteIndustry 4.0 environments are characterized by the coexistence of a diverse set of devices, including sensors, mixed-reality displays, robots, drones, and smart objects. These systems must be capable of autonomously taking critical in-time decisions necessary to perform complex tasks without human input. One essential application for Industry 4.0 is multi-robot exploration and mapping of unknown environments, especially in critical missions such as hazard detection and search and rescue. These missions share the need to reach full coverage of the explorable space in the shortest time possible. To minimize completion time, robots in the fleet must be able to exchange information about the environment reliably with one another. However, existing exploration and mapping algorithms suffer from inaccuracies and inefficiencies due to their lack of contextual awareness of their surroundings, especially in terms of communications, lacking flexibility and adaptability to the environment, and hence, adding unnecessary delay to the mission at hand. In this thesis, we investigate the impact of communication awareness on the performance of multi-robot exploration and mapping expeditions, in terms of time to completion. We evaluate existing research in the field and demonstrate the impact of not considering communication impairments when designing such algorithms. From there, we propose Atlas, an exploration and mapping algorithm that natively takes packet loss into account, with a 100% completion ratio even with Packet Delivery Ratios (PDRs) as low as 0.1. However, Atlas on its own cannot handle scenarios where connectivity is completely lost. It also adds a significant delay to the completion of the mission, as lost packets keep getting re-transmitted periodically until they are received. One solution is relay placement. Most research on relay placement for multi-robot expeditions tend to fall into two categories. First, communication-aware relay placement based on initial Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is used. However, this requires running a full mission prior to the exploration to find the optimal position for the relays to be placed. Second, maintaining a distance (specified prior to the mission) between relays and exploration robots. These methods add to the time it takes to complete the mission. The research question becomes how can we place relays to maintain communication as reliable as possible, and also dynamically throughout the exploration mission without prior knowledge of the environment, in a way that reduces delay to the exploration and mapping time to completion. We solve this by proposing ``Connectivity Aware Relay Algorithm'' (CARA), a dynamic context-aware relay placement algorithm that does not require any prior knowledge of the environment. We developed an open-source simulator for multi-robot expeditions which we used to test both algorithms against state-of-the-art algorithms. Using both Atlas and CARA results in a dynamic context-aware multi-robot expedition that autonomously builds a map of a fully unknown environment, while dynamically placing relays when needed to maintain connectivity that outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, in terms of time to completion, by a factor of 10
Teboul, Bruno. "Le développement du neuromarketing aux Etats-Unis et en France. Acteurs-réseaux, traces et controverses". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED036/document.
Texto completo da fonteOur research explores the comparative development of neuromarketing between the United States and France. We start by analyzing the literature on neuromarketing. We use as theoretical and methodological framework the Actor Network Theory (ANT) (in the wake of the work of Bruno Latour and Michel Callon). We show how “human and non-human” entities (“actants”): actor-network, traces (publications) and controversies form the pillars of a new discipline such as the neuromarketing. Our hybrid approach “qualitative-quantitative” allows us to build an applied methodology of the ANT: bibliometric analysis (Publish Or Perish), text mining, clustering and semantic analysis of the scientific literature and web of the neuromarketing. From these results, we build data visualizations, mapping of network graphs (Gephi) that reveal the interrelations and associations between actors, traces and controversies about neuromarketing
Sy, Mohameth François. "Utilisation d'ontologies comme support à la recherche et à la navigation dans une collection de documents". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20211/document.
Texto completo da fonteDomain ontologies provide a knowledge model where the main concepts of a domain are organized through hierarchical relationships. In conceptual Information Retrieval Systems (IRS), where they are used to index documents as well as to formulate a query, their use allows to overcome some ambiguities of classical IRSs based on natural language processes.One of the contributions of this study consists in the use of ontologies within IRSs, in particular to assess the relevance of documents with respect to a given query. For this matching process, a simple and intuitive aggregation approach is proposed, that incorporates user dependent preferences model on one hand, and semantic similarity measures attached to a domain ontology on the other hand. This matching strategy allows justifying the relevance of the results to the user. To complete this explanation, semantic maps are built, to help the user to grasp the results at a glance. Documents are displayed as icons that detail their elementary scores. They are organized so that their graphical distance on the map reflects their relevance to a query represented as a probe. As Information Retrieval is an iterative process, it is necessary to involve the users in the control loop of the results relevancy in order to better specify their information needs. Inspired by experienced strategies in vector models, we propose, in the context of conceptual IRS, to formalize ontology based relevance feedback. This strategy consists in searching a conceptual query that optimizes a tradeoff between relevant documents closeness and irrelevant documents remoteness, modeled through an objective function. From a set of concepts of interest, a heuristic is proposed that efficiently builds a near optimal query. This heuristic relies on two simple properties of semantic similarities that are proved to ensure semantic neighborhood connectivity. Hence, only an excerpt of the ontology dag structure is explored during query reformulation.These approaches have been implemented in OBIRS, our ontological based IRS and validated in two ways: automatic assessment based on standard collections of tests, and case studies involving experts from biomedical domain
Rouet, Gilles. "L'invention de l'école : étude statistique et cartographique diachronique des modèles scolaires et exploration d'un exemple régional : l'école primaire dans la Marne et les Ardennes sous la Monarchie de Juillet". Reims, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1991REIML001.
Texto completo da fonteThe examination of the example of the north of the champagne illustrates the evolutionary study of the constituent elements, noted and recognized, of the polymorphic system of elementary education between 1820 and 1876. The scholastic practices, under the "monarchie de juillet", remained dissimilar on french territory but the manifestatio of certain social demands for instruction or surveillance favoured the invention of a coherent system in its representations as in its projected reality. The guizot law accelerated this evolution, at least in part of france, anticipating obligatory scholastic attendance and compulsory way for the incorporation of teachers into the civil service system. The "raison universelle", the purpose of which was the maintenance of social order and the formation of a citizenship, founded this law on 28 june 1833. To a particulat function, organized both thanks to a determined and concilatory policy and the desires of the local actors, is associated a particular framework, space, time, rythm and obhects. Thus appeared a new generation of teachers and trained professionals who distinguished themselves in the bosom of the communities. This administration of the school premises was removed from their control and they could interest themselves much more in the pedagogic aspects of primary instruction. The invention of school, a collective space of examplary sanitation, testifies to the recognition of the status of childhood, a period devoted to the apprentice ship of knowledg and social living. The "comites locaux et superieurs" had a fundamental role in the ideological generalization and application of the system. Disapearing at the same time as the political regime, they permited the establishment oc a centralised control of elementary education. The school thus becam a state apparatus
Lazrak, El Ghali. "Fouille de données stochastique pour la compréhension des dynamiques temporelles et spatiales des territoires agricoles. Contribution à une agronomie numérique". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782768.
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